JP5518041B2 - インフルエンザウイルスワクチン抗原の調製における改良 - Google Patents
インフルエンザウイルスワクチン抗原の調製における改良 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5518041B2 JP5518041B2 JP2011500313A JP2011500313A JP5518041B2 JP 5518041 B2 JP5518041 B2 JP 5518041B2 JP 2011500313 A JP2011500313 A JP 2011500313A JP 2011500313 A JP2011500313 A JP 2011500313A JP 5518041 B2 JP5518041 B2 JP 5518041B2
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Description
本発明はインフルエンザワクチン調製の分野にある。
現在一般に使用されるインフルエンザワクチンは、引用文献1の第17章および18章に記載されている。それらは生ウイルスまたは不活化ウイルスに基づいており、不活化ワクチンは、ウイルスまるごとに、「分割(スプリット)」ウイルスに、または精製された表面抗原(赤血球凝集素およびまた通常はノイラミニダーゼを含む)に基づいてもよい。
本発明者らは、分解されたインフルエンザウイルスからワクチン抗原を調製するための既存のプロセスに対する多数の改良を考案している。
既存の精製プロセスでは、インフルエンザビリオンを第二の界面活性剤(例えば、CTAB)による分割の前に第一の界面活性剤(例えば、ポリソルベート、例えば、ポリソルベート80)に曝す。この第一の界面活性剤は、ウイルスの不活化の前に用いるが、第二の界面活性剤は不活化の後に添加する。この第二の界面活性剤は、このプロセスの後の方で除去されるが、第一の界面活性剤は残り、それによって抗原の溶解性が促進される。
インフルエンザワクチンのための分割手順には、可溶化濃度の界面活性剤を用いるビリオンの処理を包含する。適切な界面活性剤としては、ポリソルベート(Tween)[6]、Triton X−100[6、10、15]、臭化セチルトリメチルアンモニウム(CTAB)[9、16]、およびデオキシコール酸塩[2、17]が挙げられる。
既存の精製プロセスでは、インフルエンザビリオンは、Tris緩衝液中で分割の前、間および後に維持される。対照的に、本発明の第三の局面によれば、このビリオンは、リン酸塩緩衝液中で分割の前、間および後に維持される。この緩衝液の交換は、特にH5サブタイプインフルエンザAウイルスでの抗原収率の20倍を超える増大をともなっていた。
既存の精製プロセスでは、半精製(semi−purified)の分割後インフルエンザ表面抗原をさらに、ポリエーテルスルホン(PES)膜による限外濾過/ダイアフィルトレーションによって精製する。対照的に、本発明の第四の局面によれば、限外濾過はセルロース膜を用いる。この膜交換(疎水性およびタンパク質保持を低下させる)は、特にH5サブタイプインフルエンザAウイルスでの抗原収率の20倍を超える増大をともなっていた。
既存の精製プロセスにおいて細胞培養発酵培地成分からインフルエンザビリオンを分離するために、インフルエンザビリオンを、培養ハーベストから樹脂上に捕獲する。樹脂に対する結合は、いくつかの株に関しては不十分であることが観察されている。
本発明は、インフルエンザA、BおよびCウイルスを含む任意の適切なインフルエンザウイルスから抗原を調製する場合に用いられ得る。これはヒトに感染し得るインフルエンザAウイルスの株での使用に特に有用である。
本発明のプロセスは、インフルエンザビリオンを含んでいる出発材料に対して行ってもよい。これらのビリオンは卵(例えば、特定病原体除去卵(specific pathogen free egg))または細胞培養物中のいずれかで増殖したウイルスの産物であり得る。インフルエンザウイルス増殖のための現在の標準的な方法は、孵化鶏卵を用い、ここではウイルスは卵の内容物(尿膜腔液)から精製される。しかし、近年ではウイルスは動物細胞培養で増殖され、そして速度および患者のアレルギーの理由で、この増殖方法が好ましい。
本発明のプロセスは代表的には、ウイルスが不活化されその感染性が除かれる工程を包含する。ウイルスを不活化するための化学的手段としては、以下の薬剤のうちの1つ以上の有効量での処理が挙げられる:界面活性剤、ホルムアルデヒド(例えば、ホルマリンとして)、β−プロピオラクトン、メチレンブルー、ソラレン(psoralen)、カルボキシフラーレン(C60)またはそれらの任意の組み合わせ。ウイルス不活化の他の方法、例えば、バイナリーエチルアミン(binary ethylamine)、アセチルエチレンイミンまたはガンマ線照射もしくはUV光などが当該分野で公知である。
分割ビリオンは精製されたビリオンを界面活性剤(イオン性または非イオン性)および/または溶媒を用いて処理して、サブビリオンの調製物を生成することによって得られる。上で言及されるとおり、インフルエンザウイルスを分割する方法は当該分野で周知であり、これには「Tweenエーテル」法が挙げられる。分割は代表的には、丸ごとのビリオン(これは感染性であっても非感染性であってもよい)に対して行われる。分裂の結果、ウイルスタンパク質の完全または部分的な可溶化がもたらされ、ウイルスの完全性が変更される。BEGRIVAC(商標)、FLUARIX(商標)、FLUZONE(商標)、およびFLUSHIELD(商標)という製品は分割ワクチンである。
分割工程後、分割界面活性剤は吸着によって除去されることが通常である。例えば、引用文献14は、Amberlite XAD−4(マクロ網状架橋芳香族ポリマー(macroreticular cross−linked aromatic polymer))をCTAB/Tween分割工程の後に添加して界面活性剤を除去することを報告している。次いでこのポリマーはそれ自体濾過によって除去される。
本発明は、インフルエンザウイルス分割手順における種々の改良を提供し、それによって分割ウイルスワクチンの製造に用いられ得る。しかし、さらに、本発明によって調製される分割ビリオンは、例えば、精製されたインフルエンザウイルス表面抗原(赤血球凝集素、および代表的にはノイラミニダーゼ)が得られるように、さらに処理されてもよい。上述のとおり、このタイプのワクチンを調製するプロセスは当該分野で周知であって、FLUVIRIN(商標)、AGRIPPAL(商標)およびINFLUVAC(商標)という製品がこのようなワクチンである。例えば、分割ビリオンの超遠心分離を用いて、精製された表面抗原を調製してもよい。同様に、分割ビリオンのゾーン勾配遠心分離を用いてもよい(引用文献9の実施例1を参照のこと)。
本発明のワクチン組成物は、その組成物を投与される患者で惹起される免疫応答(体液性および/または細胞性)を増強するように機能し得るアジュバントを含んでもよい。本発明で用いられ得るワクチンアジュバントとしては限定するものではないが以下が挙げられる:
●ミネラル含有組成物(カルシウム塩およびアルミニウム塩(またはそれらの混合物)を含む)。カルシウム塩としては、リン酸カルシウム(例えば、引用文献72で開示される「CAP」粒子)が挙げられる。アルミニウム塩としては、水酸化物、リン酸塩、硫酸塩などが挙げられ、この塩は任意の適切な形態をとる(例えば、ゲル、結晶、アモルファスなど)。これらの塩に対する吸着は好ましい。ミネラル含有組成物はまた、金属塩の粒子として処方されてもよい[73]。水酸化アルミニウムおよびリン酸アルミニウムとして公知のアジュバントが用いられ得る。これらの名称は慣習的であるが、簡便のために用いられるに過ぎず、存在する実際の化合物の正確な説明でもない(例えば、引用文献157の第9章を参照のこと)。本発明は、アジュバントとして一般的に用いられる任意の「水酸化物」または「リン酸塩」アジュバントを用いてもよい。「水酸化アルミニウム」として公知のアジュバントは代表的にはオキシ水酸化アルミニウム塩であり、これは通常は少なくとも部分的に結晶性である。「リン酸アルミニウム」として公知のアジュバントは、代表的にはヒドロキシリン酸アルミニウムであり、これはまたしばしば少量の硫酸塩(すなわち、ヒドロキシリン酸アルミニウム硫酸塩)も含む。それらは、沈殿によって得てもよく、沈殿の間の反応条件および濃度は、塩におけるヒドロキシルへのリン酸塩の置換の程度に影響する。本発明は、水酸化アルミニウムおよびリン酸アルミニウムの両方の混合物を用いてもよい。この場合、水酸化アルミニウムよりもリン酸アルミニウムが多く(例えば、少なくとも2:1、例えば、≧5:1、≧6:1、≧7:1、≧8:1、≧9:1などの重量比)あってもよい。患者への投与のための組成物中のAl+++の濃度は好ましくは10mg/ml未満、例えば、≦5mg/ml、≦4mg/ml、≦3mg/ml、≦2mg/ml、≦1mg/mlなどである。好ましい範囲は、0.3〜1mg/mlである。1用量あたり最大で0.85mgが好ましい。
式中、Rは水素、直鎖または分枝鎖の、非置換または置換の、飽和または不飽和のアシル基、アルキル基(例えば、シクロアルキル基)、アルケニル基、アルキニル基およびアリール基、またはその薬学的に受容可能な塩もしくは誘導体からなる群より選択される。例としては限定するものではないが:カスアリン(casuarine)、カスアリン−6−α−D−グルコピラノース、3−epi−カスアリン、7−epi−カスアリン、3,7−ジepi−カスアリンなどが挙げられる。
●スクアレン、Tween80、およびSpan85のサブミクロンエマルジョン。エマルジョンの組成は容積として、約5%スクアレン、約0.5%ポリソルベート80および約0.5%Span85であり得る。重量の観点では、これらの比は、4.3%スクアレン、0.5%ポリソルベート80および0.48%Span85になる。このアジュバントは、参考文献157の第10章および参考文献158の第12章により詳細に記載されるように、「MF59」[154〜156]として公知である。上記MF59エマルジョンは、クエン酸イオン(例えば、10mMのクエン酸ナトリウム緩衝液)を含むことが有利である。
患者への投与のための本発明の組成物は、薬学的に受容可能である。それらは、抗原に加えて成分を含んでもよく、例えば、それらは、代表的には、1種以上の薬学的キャリアおよび/もしくは賦形剤を含む。このような成分の完全な考察は、参考文献171において入手可能である。
ワクチンは送達の時点で、特にアジュバントが用いられているとき、即時に調製されてもよい。従って、本発明は、混合のために準備された種々の構成要素を含んでいるキットを提供する。このキットによってアジュバントおよび抗原を、使用の時点まで別々に保持することが可能になる。この構成は水中油型エマルジョンのアジュバントを用いる場合に有用であり得る。
本発明の組成物(またはキット成分)のための適切な容器としては、バイアル、シリンジ(例えば、使い捨てシリンジ)、鼻用スプレーなどが挙げられる。これらの容器は無菌でなければならない。
本発明のワクチンは、ヒト患者への投与のために適切であり、本発明は、患者における免疫応答を惹起するための方法を提供し、この方法は、本発明の組成物をこの患者に投与する工程を包含する。
上記で考察されるとおり、本発明は、分解されたインフルエンザウイルスからワクチン抗原を調製するための既存のプロセスに対する多数の改良を提供する。別々に用いるのと同様、これらの改良を組み合わせて用いてもよい。このような組み合わせを含んでいるプロセスによって得られる分裂させられたビリオンをインフルエンザワクチンの調製のために用いてもよい。
「含む(comprising)」という用語は、「含む(including)」および「からなる(consisting)」を包含し、例えば、Xを「含む」組成物は、排他的にXからなってもよいし、またはさらなる何かを含んでいてもよい(例えば、X+Y)。
インフルエンザAウイルスのH5N1株をMDCK細胞で首尾よく増殖させた。この株から精製された表面糖タンパク質を調製するための最初の試みでは、H1N1株で以前に首尾よく用いられたプロセスを用いたが、このプロセスは極めて良くなかった。ウイルスHAの95%より多くがCTABベースの分割工程後に失われており、CTABを除去するために用いた工程でもHAの75%より多くが除去された。さらに、最終のHAは抗原的に損傷されており、そのかなりの部分がSRIDで検出されなかった。従ってH1N1のプロセスを改変した。
Claims (11)
- インフルエンザビリオンを分裂させるためのプロセスであって:(i)界面活性剤の非存在下でインフルエンザビリオンを含んでいる組成物を得る工程と;(ii)界面活性剤の非存在下で該インフルエンザビリオンを不活化する工程と;(iii)該不活化ビリオンを100mM以上のイオン強度を有している緩衝液において第一の界面活性剤を含んでいる試薬を用いて分割する工程と;(iv)該第一の界面活性剤を第二の界面活性剤と交換する工程とを包含するプロセス。
- 前記(i)、(ii)および(iii)工程がリン酸緩衝液の存在下で行われる請求項1に記載のプロセス。
- インフルエンザワクチンを調製するためのプロセスであって、ここで(a)赤血球凝集素含有抗原調製物は、請求項1〜2のいずれかに記載のプロセスによりインルフエンザビリオンが分裂させられるプロセスによってウイルスから得られ、かつ(b)該赤血球凝集素含有抗原調製物が該ワクチンの調製のために用いられる、プロセス。
- 前記インフルエンザビリオンがインフルエンザAウイルス由来である、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載のプロセス。
- 前記インフルエンザビリオンがH5赤血球凝集素サブタイプのインフルエンザAウイルス由来である、請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載のプロセス。
- 前記インフルエンザビリオンが卵から調製される、請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載のプロセス。
- 前記インフルエンザビリオンが哺乳動物細胞培養物から調製される、請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載のプロセス。
- 前記ワクチンが1株あたり7.5μgで赤血球凝集素を含む、請求項3〜7のいずれか1項に記載のプロセス。
- 前記ワクチンがアジュバントを含む、請求項3〜8のいずれか1項に記載のプロセス。
- 前記アジュバントが水中油型エマルジョンを含む、請求項9に記載のプロセス。
- 請求項3〜10のいずれか1項に記載のプロセスによって調製される、患者において免疫応答を惹起するためのワクチン。
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2009
- 2009-03-18 EP EP09721484.5A patent/EP2268309B1/en not_active Revoked
- 2009-03-18 AU AU2009227674A patent/AU2009227674C1/en active Active
- 2009-03-18 JP JP2011500313A patent/JP5518041B2/ja active Active
- 2009-03-18 ES ES09721484.5T patent/ES2535101T3/es active Active
- 2009-03-18 CN CN2009801100894A patent/CN101998990B/zh active Active
- 2009-03-18 US US12/933,379 patent/US20110014230A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-03-18 EP EP18203041.1A patent/EP3459563A1/en active Pending
- 2009-03-18 EA EA201071086A patent/EA201071086A1/ru unknown
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- 2009-03-18 WO PCT/IB2009/005122 patent/WO2009115917A2/en active Application Filing
- 2009-03-18 CA CA2718430A patent/CA2718430A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-03-18 EP EP15151835.4A patent/EP2889042A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-03-18 KR KR1020107021840A patent/KR20100135766A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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EP2268309A2 (en) | 2011-01-05 |
WO2009115917A3 (en) | 2010-02-04 |
ES2535101T3 (es) | 2015-05-05 |
EP2268309B1 (en) | 2015-01-21 |
EA201071086A1 (ru) | 2011-04-29 |
CA2718430A1 (en) | 2009-09-24 |
AU2009227674B2 (en) | 2014-10-16 |
JP2011515387A (ja) | 2011-05-19 |
WO2009115917A2 (en) | 2009-09-24 |
US10946088B2 (en) | 2021-03-16 |
CN101998990B (zh) | 2013-11-27 |
US20210205438A1 (en) | 2021-07-08 |
EP2889042A2 (en) | 2015-07-01 |
EP3459563A1 (en) | 2019-03-27 |
US20160158341A1 (en) | 2016-06-09 |
CN101998990A (zh) | 2011-03-30 |
NZ587798A (en) | 2013-06-28 |
US20110014230A1 (en) | 2011-01-20 |
KR20100135766A (ko) | 2010-12-27 |
AU2009227674C1 (en) | 2015-01-29 |
AU2009227674A1 (en) | 2009-09-24 |
EP2889042A3 (en) | 2015-10-14 |
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