JP5409004B2 - 金被覆金属粒子を含む酸素還元電極触媒及びその使用 - Google Patents
金被覆金属粒子を含む酸素還元電極触媒及びその使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5409004B2 JP5409004B2 JP2008534522A JP2008534522A JP5409004B2 JP 5409004 B2 JP5409004 B2 JP 5409004B2 JP 2008534522 A JP2008534522 A JP 2008534522A JP 2008534522 A JP2008534522 A JP 2008534522A JP 5409004 B2 JP5409004 B2 JP 5409004B2
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- Prior art keywords
- gold
- platinum
- oxygen
- metals
- palladium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 384
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 186
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 165
- 239000010411 electrocatalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 20
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 20
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 title claims description 20
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 title claims 8
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 title description 10
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 375
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 111
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229910001020 Au alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000003353 gold alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910001260 Pt alloy Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 287
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 180
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 133
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 121
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 121
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 74
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 69
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 68
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 66
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 64
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 63
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 59
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 56
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 56
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 55
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 55
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 54
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 47
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
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- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
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- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
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- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 40
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 32
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 29
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 20
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 19
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 19
- -1 platinum ions Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- 229910002058 ternary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 14
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 13
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- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
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- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 7
- SDKPSXWGRWWLKR-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;9,10-dioxoanthracene-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].O=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=CC=C2S(=O)(=O)[O-] SDKPSXWGRWWLKR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
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- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
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- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GZRDJPGWGMWUQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Re].[Au] Chemical compound [Re].[Au] GZRDJPGWGMWUQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
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- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- WGQYCBTWBQPWIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Re].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Re].[Co].[Ni] WGQYCBTWBQPWIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TYYOGQJRDAYPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Re].[Cu] Chemical compound [Re].[Cu] TYYOGQJRDAYPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JVPKRZKKZLPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Re].[Cu].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Re].[Cu].[Co].[Ni] JVPKRZKKZLPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SCLXXLGHAIYULA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Re].[Fe].[Cu] Chemical compound [Re].[Fe].[Cu] SCLXXLGHAIYULA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKLIWVAUCXTCJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Re].[Fe].[Ni] Chemical compound [Re].[Fe].[Ni] OKLIWVAUCXTCJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGDMDZWCFNRYNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Rh].[Fe].[Co] Chemical compound [Rh].[Fe].[Co] WGDMDZWCFNRYNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QKGPHOLBTUQGIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Rh].[Fe].[Ni] Chemical compound [Rh].[Fe].[Ni] QKGPHOLBTUQGIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CRPNUIQUWVJXDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ru].[Ni].[Cu] Chemical compound [Ru].[Ni].[Cu] CRPNUIQUWVJXDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YPPQDPIIWDQYRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ru].[Rh] Chemical compound [Ru].[Rh] YPPQDPIIWDQYRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002099 adlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LXQXZNRPTYVCNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N americium atom Chemical compound [Am] LXQXZNRPTYVCNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005619 boric acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon carbon Chemical compound C.C CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YIDNHDZOSVRLHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt copper gold Chemical compound [Co].[Cu].[Au] YIDNHDZOSVRLHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SFOSJWNBROHOFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt gold Chemical compound [Co].[Au] SFOSJWNBROHOFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MOFMLVFVLDPJME-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt gold iron nickel Chemical compound [Ni][Fe][Co][Au] MOFMLVFVLDPJME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYEPGGGMSRDRBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt gold nickel Chemical compound [Ni][Co][Au] CYEPGGGMSRDRBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QNWDQRWHBHBLSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt iron platinum Chemical compound [Fe].[Co].[Pt] QNWDQRWHBHBLSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JSYNHMJWVRXLLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt iron ruthenium Chemical compound [Fe].[Co].[Ru] JSYNHMJWVRXLLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZEWGRSAJWPFTRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt rhenium Chemical compound [Co].[Re] ZEWGRSAJWPFTRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SUCYXRASDBOYGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt rhodium Chemical compound [Co].[Rh] SUCYXRASDBOYGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLWBWEUXNYUQKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt ruthenium Chemical compound [Co].[Ru] VLWBWEUXNYUQKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QRJOYPHTNNOAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper gold Chemical compound [Cu].[Au] QRJOYPHTNNOAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DJWBVXORGIEBLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper gold iron Chemical compound [Cu][Fe][Au] DJWBVXORGIEBLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IUNUQZUNCWXDMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper iron platinum Chemical compound [Fe][Pt][Cu] IUNUQZUNCWXDMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KGFCEQRGMKLNOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper osmium Chemical compound [Cu][Os] KGFCEQRGMKLNOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XPPWAISRWKKERW-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper palladium Chemical compound [Cu].[Pd] XPPWAISRWKKERW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBLJAACUUGHPMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper platinum Chemical compound [Cu].[Pt] WBLJAACUUGHPMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNWNJTQIXVJQEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper rhodium Chemical compound [Cu].[Rh] HNWNJTQIXVJQEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006880 cross-coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LJSQFQKUNVCTIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl sulfide Chemical compound CCSCC LJSQFQKUNVCTIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011549 displacement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002019 disulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WNAHIZMDSQCWRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecane-1-thiol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCS WNAHIZMDSQCWRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003411 electrode reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium atom Chemical compound [Eu] OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- WYADCRADVFPHNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde oxirane Chemical compound O=C.C1CO1 WYADCRADVFPHNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium atom Chemical compound [Gd] UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021397 glassy carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NPEWZDADCAZMNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold iron Chemical compound [Fe].[Au] NPEWZDADCAZMNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MSNOMDLPLDYDME-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Au] MSNOMDLPLDYDME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VBXGEZFROCINDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold nickel platinum Chemical compound [Ni][Pt][Au] VBXGEZFROCINDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001922 gold oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006459 hydrosilylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DDQZSLVVXJOWDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Ir] DDQZSLVVXJOWDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ILNKLXHFYKXPKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium osmium Chemical compound [Os].[Ir] ILNKLXHFYKXPKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OMEXLMPRODBZCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron rhodium Chemical compound [Fe].[Rh] OMEXLMPRODBZCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITXSHZFXAHDNMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron ruthenium Chemical compound [Fe].[Ru] ITXSHZFXAHDNMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001725 laser pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UJRJCSCBZXLGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel rhenium Chemical compound [Ni].[Re] UJRJCSCBZXLGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DEPMYWCZAIMWCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel ruthenium Chemical compound [Ni].[Ru] DEPMYWCZAIMWCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZCOBXFFBQJQHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane-1-thiol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCS KZCOBXFFBQJQHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IYZXTLXQZSXOOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium platinum Chemical compound [Os].[Pt] IYZXTLXQZSXOOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003003 phosphines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLROVYAPLOFLNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N protactinium atom Chemical compound [Pa] XLROVYAPLOFLNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008213 purified water Substances 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005546 reactive sputtering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003281 rhenium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052713 technetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N technetium atom Chemical compound [Tc] GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WMXCDAVJEZZYLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylthiol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)S WMXCDAVJEZZYLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FHCPAXDKURNIOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrathiafulvalene Chemical compound S1C=CSC1=C1SC=CS1 FHCPAXDKURNIOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005270 trialkylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- RKBCYCFRFCNLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N triisopropylamine Chemical compound CC(C)N(C(C)C)C(C)C RKBCYCFRFCNLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGNTWNVBGLNYDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triisopropylphosphine Chemical compound CC(C)P(C(C)C)C(C)C IGNTWNVBGLNYDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004832 voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/94—Non-porous diffusion electrodes, e.g. palladium membranes, ion exchange membranes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/9083—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Description
アノード: 2H2 → 4H+ + 4e- (1)
カソード: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- → 2H2O (2)
正味の反応: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O (3)
特に好ましい態様において、金原子の準-単原子層は、1またはそれ以上の合金生成金属の準-単原子層を含み、金合金単原子層を生成する。該1またはそれ以上の合金生成金属は、好ましくは遷移金属である。より好ましくは、該金の外殻における、該1またはそれ以上の合金生成金属は、パラジウム(Pd)、プラチナ(Pt)、ルテニウム(Ru)、レニウム(Re)、ロジウム(Rh)、イリジウム(Ir)、およびオスミウム(Os)から選択される。
該金製の外殻は、任意の適当な厚みを持つことができる。好ましくは、該金製の外殻は、原子的に薄いものである。このような原子的に薄い該金製の外殻は、例えば金原子の数層までの厚みを持つことができる。より好ましくは、このような原子的に薄い該金製の外殻は、金原子の、準-単原子、単原子、二原子または三原子程度の厚みを持つ層であり、あるいはこれらの組み合わせである。
PdxAu1-x、PtxAu1-x、RexAu1-x、RhxAu1-x、IrxAu1-x、RuxAu1-x、およびOsxAu1-x
で表すことができ、ここでxは、上記定義通りである。金の二成分合金組成物の幾つかの具体的な例は、以下に列挙するとおりである:
Pd0.01Au0.99, Pd0.1Au0.9, Pd0.2Au0.8, Pd0.3Au0.7, Pd0.4Au0.6, Pd0.5Au0.5, Pd0.6Au0.4, Pd0.7Au0.3, Pd0.8Au0.2, Pd0.9Au0.1, Pd0.95Au0.05, Pt0.01Au0.99, Pt0.1Au0.9, Pt0.2Au0.8, Pt0.3Au0.7, Pt0.5Au0.5, Pt0.7Au0.3, Pt0.8Au0.2, Pt0.9Au0.1, Pt0.95Au0.05, Re0.1Au0.9, Re0.2Au0.8, Re0.3Au0.7, Re0.4Au0.6, Re0.5Au0.5, Re0.6Au0.4, Re0.7Au0.3, Re0.8Au0.2, Re0.9Au0.1, Rh0.1Au0.9, Rh0.2Au0.8, Rh0.3Au0.7, Rh0.5Au0.5, Rh0.7Au0.3, Rh0.8Au0.2, Rh0.9Au0.1, Ir0.1Au0.9, Ir0.2Au0.8, Ir0.3Au0.7, Ir0.5Au0.5, Ir0.7Au0.3, Ir0.8Au0.2, Ir0.9Au0.1, Ru0.1Au0.9, Ru0.2Au0.8, Ru0.3Au0.7, Ru0.5Au0.5, Ru0.7Au0.3, Ru0.8Au0.2, Ru0.9Au0.1, Os0.2Au0.8, Os0.5Au0.5, およびOs0.8Au0.2。
PtxPdyAu1-x-y, PtxReyAu1-x-y, PtxRhyAu1-x-y, PtxIryAu1-x-y, PtxRuyAu1-x-y, PtxOsyAu1-x-y, PdxReyAu1-x-y, PdxRhyAu1-x-y, PdxIryAu1-x-y, PdxRuyAu1-x-y, PdxOsyAu1-x-y, IrxRhyAu1-x-y, IrxRuyAu1-x-y, IrxOsyAu1-x-y, IrxReyAu1-x-y, RhxRuyAu1-x-y, RhxOsyAu1-x-y, RhxReyAu1-x-y, OsxRuyAu1-x-y, RexRuyAu1-x-y, およびRexOsyAu1-x-y。
PtxPdyRezAu1-x-y-z, PtxRhyRezAu1-x-y-z, PtxIryRezAu1-x-y-z, PtxRuyRezAu1-x-y-z, PtxOsyRezAu1-x-y-z, PdxRhyRezAu1-x-y-z, PdxIryRezAu1-x-y-z, PdxRuyRezAu1-x-y-z, PdxOsyRezAu1-x-y-z, IrxRhyRezAu1-x-y-z, IrxRuyRezAu1-x-y-z, IrxOsyRezAu1-x-y-z, RhxRuyRezAu1-x-y-z, RhxOsyRezAu1-x-y-z, OsxRuyRezAu1-x-y-z, PtxPdyRhzAu1-x-y-z, PtxPdyIrzAu1-x-y-z, PdxRhyIrzAu1-x-y-z, PdxIryRuzAu1-x-y-z, PdxRhyRuzAu1-x-y-z, およびRhxIryRuzAu1-x-y-z。
ReOv, RhOv, RuOv, IrOv, TaOv, NbOv, TiOv, ZrOv, MoOv, またはOsOv
ここで、下付記号vは、化学量論的なまたは非-化学量論的な割合の、適当な一般的または具体的な数値である。
M1 0.01M2 0.99, M1 0.05M2 0.95, M1 0.1M2 0.9, M1 0.2M2 0.8, M1 0.3M2 0.7, M1 0.33M2 0.67, (i.e., M1M2 2), M1 0.4M2 0.6, M1 0.5M2 0.5 (i.e., M1M2), M1 0.6M2 0.4, M1 0.66M2 0.33 (i.e., M1 2M2), M1 0.7M2 0.3, M1 0.75M2 0.25 (i.e., M1 3M2), M1 0.8M2 0.2 (i.e., M1 4M2), M1 0.9M2 0.1, M1 0.95M2 0.05, and M1 0.99M2 0.01
ここで、M1およびM2は、貴金属、およびより好ましくは、プラチナ、パラジウム、金、レニウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、ルテニウム、およびオスミウムから選択される貴金属の、1種またはその組合せを表す。
Pt0.2Pd0.8, Pt0.3Pd0.7, Pt0.33Pd0.67 (即ち、PtPd2), Pt0.4Pd0.6, Pt0.5Pd0.5 (即ち、PtPd), Pt0.6Pd0.4, Pt0.66Pd0.33 (即ち、Pt2Pd), Pt0.7Pd0.3, Pt0.75Pd0.25 (即ち、Pt3Pd), およびPt0.8Pd0.2 (即ち、Pt4Pd)。
Pt0.2Re0.8, Pt0.3Re0.7, Pt0.33Re0.67 (即ち、PtRe2), Pt0.4Re0.6, Pt0.5Re0.5 (即ち、PtRe), Pt0.6Re0.4, Pt0.66Re0.33 (即ち、Pt2Re), Pt0.7Re0.3, Pt0.75Re0.25 (即ち、Pt3Re), およびPt0.8Re0.2 (即ち、Pt4Re)。
Pt0.2Rh0.8, Pt0.3Rh0.7, Pt0.33Rh0.67 (即ち、PtRh2), Pt0.4Rh0.6, Pt0.5Rh0.5 (即ち、PtRh), Pt0.6Rh0.4, Pt0.66Rh0.33 (即ち、Pt2Rh), Pt0.7Rh0.3, Pt0.75Rh0.25 (即ち、Pt3Rh), およびPt0.8Rh0.2 (即ち、Pt4Rh)。
Pt0.2Ir0.8, Pt0.3Ir0.7, Pt0.33Ir0.67 (即ち、PtIr2), Pt0.4Ir0.6, Pt0.5Ir0.5 (即ち、PtIr), Pt0.6Ir0.4, Pt0.66Ir0.33 (即ち、Pt2Ir), Pt0.7Ir0.3, Pt0.75Ir0.25 (即ち、Pt3Ir), およびPt0.8Ir0.2 (即ち、Pt4Ir)。
Pt0.2Ru0.8, Pt0.3Ru0.7, Pt0.33Ru0.67 (即ち、PtRu2), Pt0.4Ru0.6, Pt0.5Ru0.5 (即ち、PtRu), Pt0.6Ru0.4, Pt0.66Ru0.33 (即ち、Pt2Ru), Pt0.7Ru0.3, Pt0.75Ru0.25 (即ち、Pt3Ru), およびPt0.8Ru0.2 (即ち、Pt4Ru)。
Pt0.2Au0.8, Pt0.3Au0.7, Pt0.33Au0.67 (即ち、PtAu2), Pt0.4Au0.6, Pt0.5Au0.5 (即ち、PtAu), Pt0.6Au0.4, Pt0.66Au0.33 (即ち、Pt2Au), Pt0.7Au0.3, Pt0.75Au0.25 (即ち、Pt3Au), およびPt0.8Au0.2 (即ち、Pt4Au)。
Pd0.2Re0.8, Pd0.3Re0.7, Pd0.33Re0.67 (即ち、PdRe2), Pd0.4Re0.6, Pd0.5Re0.5 (即ち、PdRe), Pd0.6Re0.4, Pd0.66Re0.33 (即ち、Pd2Re), Pd0.7Re0.3, Pd0.75Re0.25 (即ち、Pd3Re), およびPd0.8Re0.2 (即ち、Pd4Re)。
Pd0.2Rh0.8, Pd0.3Rh0.7, Pd0.33Rh0.67 (即ち、PdRh2), Pd0.4Rh0.6, Pd0.5Rh0.5 (即ち、PdRh), Pd0.6Rh0.4, Pd0.66Rh0.33 (即ち、Pd2Rh), Pd0.7Rh0.3, Pd0.75Rh0.25 (即ち、Pd3Rh), およびPd0.8Rh0.2 (即ち、Pd4Rh)。
Pd0.2Ir0.8, Pd0.3Ir0.7, Pd0.33Ir0.67 (即ち、PdIr2), Pd0.4Ir0.6, Pd0.5Ir0.5 (即ち、PdIr), Pd0.6Ir0.4, Pd0.66Ir0.33 (即ち、Pd2Ir), Pd0.7Ir0.3, Pd0.75Ir0.25 (即ち、Pd3Ir), およびPd0.8Ir0.2 (即ち、Pd4Ir)。
Pd0.2Ru0.8, Pd0.3Ru0.7, Pd0.33Ru0.67 (即ち、PdRu2), Pd0.4Ru0.6, Pd0.5Ru0.5 (即ち、PdRu), Pd0.6Ru0.4, Pd0.66Ru0.33 (即ち、Pd2Ru), Pd0.7Ru0.3, Pd0.75Ru0.25 (即ち、Pd3Ru), およびPd0.8Ru0.2 (即ち、Pd4Ru)。
Pd0.2Au0.8, Pd0.3Au0.7, Pd0.33Au0.67 (即ち、PdAu2), Pd0.4Au0.6, Pd0.5Au0.5 (即ち、PdAu), Pd0.6Au0.4, Pd0.66Au0.33 (即ち、Pd2Au), Pd0.7Au0.3, Pd0.75Au0.25 (即ち、Pd3Au), およびPd0.8Au0.2 (即ち、Pd4Au)。
Re0.2Rh0.8, Re0.3Rh0.7, Re0.33Rh0.67 (即ち、ReRh2), Re0.4Rh0.6, Re0.5Rh0.5 (即ち、ReRh), Re0.6Rh0.4, Re0.66Rh0.33 (即ち、Re2Rh), Re0.7Rh0.3, Re0.75Rh0.25 (即ち、Re3Rh), およびRe0.8Rh0.2 (即ち、Re4Rh)。
Re0.2Ir0.8, Re0.3Ir0.7, Re0.33Ir0.67 (即ち、ReIr2), Re0.4Ir0.6, Re0.5Ir0.5 (即ち、ReIr), Re0.6Ir0.4, Re0.66Ir0.33 (即ち、Re2Ir), Re0.7Ir0.3, Re0.75Ir0.25 (即ち、Re3Ir), およびRe0.8Ir0.2 (即ち、Re4Ir)。
Re0.2Ru0.8, Re0.3Ru0.7, Re0.33Ru0.67 (即ち、ReRu2), Re0.4Ru0.6, Re0.5Ru0.5 (即ち、ReRu), Re0.6Ru0.4, Re0.66Ru0.33 (即ち、Re2Ru), Re0.7Ru0.3, Re0.75Ru0.25 (即ち、Re3Ru), およびRe0.8Ru0.2 (即ち、Re4Ru)。
Re0.2Au0.8, Re0.3Au0.7, Re0.33Au0.67 (即ち、ReAu2), Re0.4Au0.6, Re0.5Au0.5 (即ち、ReAu), Re0.6Au0.4, Re0.66Au0.33 (即ち、Re2Au), Re0.7Au0.3, Re0.75Au0.25 (即ち、Re3Au), およびRe0.8Au0.2 (即ち、Re4Au)。
Rh0.2Ir0.8, Rh0.3Ir0.7, Rh0.33Ir0.67 (即ち、RhIr2), Rh0.4Ir0.6, Rh0.5Ir0.5 (即ち、RhIr), Rh0.6Ir0.4, Rh0.66Ir0.33 (即ち、Rh2Ir), Rh0.7Ir0.3, Rh0.75Ir0.25 (即ち、Rh3Ir), およびRh0.8Ir0.2 (即ち、Rh4Ir)。
Rh0.2Ru0.8, Rh0.3Ru0.7, Rh0.33Ru0.67 (即ち、RhRu2), Rh0.4Ru0.6, Rh0.5Ru0.5 (即ち、RhRu), Rh0.6Ru0.4, Rh0.66Ru0.33 (即ち、Rh2Ru), Rh0.7Ru0.3, Rh0.75Ru0.25 (即ち、Rh3Ru), およびRh0.8Ru0.2 (即ち、Rh4Ru)。
Rh0.2Au0.8, Rh0.3Au0.7, Rh0.33Au0.67 (即ち、RhAu2), Rh0.4Au0.6, Rh0.5Au0.5 (即ち、RhAu), Rh0.6Au0.4, Rh0.66Au0.33 (即ち、Rh2Au), Rh0.7Au0.3, Rh0.75Au0.25 (即ち、Rh3Au), およびRh0.8Au0.2 (即ち、Rh4Au)。
Ir0.2Ru0.8, Ir0.3Ru0.7, Ir0.33Ru0.67 (即ち、IrRu2), Ir0.4Ru0.6, Ir0.5Ru0.5 (即ち、IrRu), Ir0.6Ru0.4, Ir0.66Ru0.33 (即ち、Ir2Ru), Ir0.7Ru0.3, Ir0.75Ru0.25 (即ち、Ir3Ru), およびIr0.8Ru0.2 (即ち、Ir4Ru)。
Ir0.2Au0.8, Ir0.3Au0.7, Ir0.33Au0.67 (即ち、IrAu2), Ir0.4Au0.6, Ir0.5Au0.5 (即ち、IrAu), Ir0.6Au0.4, Ir0.66Au0.33 (即ち、Ir2Au), Ir0.7Au0.3, Ir0.75Au0.25 (即ち、Ir3Au), およびIr0.8Au0.2 (即ち、Ir4Au)。
Au0.2Ru0.8, Au0.3Ru0.7, Au0.33Ru0.67 (即ち、AuRu2), Au0.4Ru0.6, Au0.5Ru0.5 (即ち、AuRu), Au0.6Ru0.4, Au0.66Ru0.33 (即ち、Au2Ru), Au0.7Ru0.3, Au0.75Ru0.25 (即ち、Au3Ru), およびAu0.8Ru0.2 (即ち、Au4Ru)。
Au0.2Os0.8, Au0.3Os0.7, Au0.33Os0.67 (即ち、AuOs2), Au0.4Os0.6, Au0.5Os0.5 (即ち、AuOs), Au0.6Os0.4, Au0.66Os0.33 (即ち、Au2Os), Au0.7Os0.3, Au0.75Os0.25 (即ち、Au3Os), およびAu0.8Os0.2 (即ち、Au4Os)。
M1 0.01M2 0.01M3 0.98, M1 0.02M2 0.03M3 0.95, M1 0.05M2 0.05M3 0.9, M1 0.1M2 0.1M3 0.8, M1 0.2M2 0.1M3 0.7, M1 0.2M2 0.2M3 0.6, M1 0.1M2 0.3M3 0.6, M1 0.2M2 0.3M3 0.5, M1 0.1M2 0.4M3 0.5, M1 0.3M2 0.3M3 0.4, M1 0.1M2 0.5M3 0.4, M1 0.2M2 0.4M3 0.4, M1 0.4M2 0.3M3 0.3, M1 0.1M2 0.6M3 0.3, M1 0.2M2 0.5M3 0.3, M1 0.4M2 0.4M3 0.2, M1 0.5M2 0.3M3 0.2, M1 0.1M2 0.7M3 0.2, M1 0.4M2 0.5M3 0.1, M1 0.3M2 0.6M3 0.1, M1 0.1M2 0.8M3 0.1, and M1 0.2M2 0.75M3 0.05、
ここにおいて、M1、M2およびM3各々は、貴金属、およびより好ましくは、プラチナ、パラジウム、金、レニウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、ルテニウム、およびオスミウムから選択される金属の一種またはその組合せを表す。
M1 0.01M4 0.99, M1 0.02M4 0.98, M1 0.05M4 0.95, M1 0.1M4 0.9, M1 0.2M4 0.8., M1 0.3M4 0.7, M1 0.4M4 0.6, M1 0.5M4 0.5, M1 0.6M4 0.4, M1 0.7M4 0.3, M1 0.8M4 0.2, M1 0.9M4 0.1, M1 0.95M4 0.05, M1 0.98M4 0.02, and M1 0.99M4 0.01、
ここで、M1は貴金属を表し、およびより好ましくは、プラチナ、パラジウム、金、レニウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、ルテニウム、およびオスミウムから選択される金属を表し、またM4は、第一列遷移金属、およびより好ましくは、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、または銅を表す。
Pt0.2X0.8, Pt0.33X0.67 (即ち、PtX2), Pt0.4X0.6, Pt0.5X0.5 (即ち、PtX), Pt0.66X0.33 (即ち、Pt2X), Pt0.75X0.25 (即ち、Pt3X), Pt0.8X0.2 (即ち、Pt4X), Pd0.2X0.8, Pd0.33X0.67 (即ち、PdX2), Pd0.4X0.6, Pd0.5X0.5 (即ち、PdX), Pd0.66X0.33 (即ち、Pd2X), Pd0.75X0.25 (即ち、Pd3X), Pd0.8X0.2 (即ち、Pd4X), Ru0.2X0.8, Ru0.33X0.67 (即ち、RuX2), Ru0.4X0.6, Ru0.5X0.5 (即ち、RuX), Ru0.66X0.33 (即ち、Ru2X), Ru0.75X0.25 (即ち、Ru3X), Ru0.8X0.2 (即ち、Ru4X), Au0.2X0.8, Au0.33X0.67 (即ち、AuX2), Au0.4X0.6, Au0.5X0.5 (即ち、AuX), Au0.66X0.33 (即ち、Au2X), Au0.75X0.25 (即ち、Au3X), Au0.8X0.2 (即ち、Au4X), Re0.2X0.8, Re0.33X0.67 (即ち、ReX2), Re0.4X0.6, Re0.5X0.5 (即ち、ReX), Re0.66X0.33 (即ち、Re2X), Re0.75X0.25 (即ち、Re3X), Re0.8X0.2 (即ち、Re4X), Rh0.2X0.8, Rh0.33X0.67 (即ち、RhX2), Rh0.4X0.6, Rh0.5X0.5 (即ち、RhX), Rh0.66X0.33 (即ち、Rh2X), Rh0.75X0.25 (即ち、Rh3X), Rh0.8X0.2 (即ち、Rh4X), Ir0.2X0.8, Ir0.33X0.67 (即ち、IrX2), Ir0.4X0.6, Ir0.5X0.5 (即ち、IrX), Ir0.66X0.33 (即ち、Ir2X), Ir0.75X0.25 (即ち、Ir3X), およびIr0.8X0.2 (即ち、Ir4X)、
ここで、Xは第一列遷移金属の一種またはその組合せ、およびより好ましくは、ニッケル、コバルト、鉄、および銅の一種またはその組合せを表す。
M1 0.01M4 0.01M5 0.98, M1 0.02M4 0.03M5 0.95, M1 0.05M4 0.05M5 0.9, M1 0.1M4 0.1M5 0.8, M1 0.1M4 0.2M5 0.7, M1 0.1M4 0.3M5 0.6, M1 0.1M4 0.4M5 0.5, M1 0.2M4 0.1M5 0.7, M1 0.2M4 0.2M5 0.6, M1 0.2M4 0.3M5 0.5, M1 0.2M4 0.4M5 0.4, M1 0.2M4 0.75M5 0.05, M1 0.3M4 0.3M5 0.4, M1 0.3M4 0.1M5 0.6, M1 0.4M4 0.1M5 0.5, M1 0.4M4 0.4M5 0.2, M1 0.4M4 0.3M5 0.3, M1 0.5M4 0.3M5 0.2, M1 0.5M4 0.4M5 0.1, M1 0.6M4 0.3M5 0.1, M1 0.6M4 0.2M5 0.2, M1 0.7M4 0.2M5 0.1, M1 0.8M4 0.1M5 0.1, M1 0.9M4 0.05M5 0.05, M1 0.95M4 0.02M5 0.03, およびM1 0.98M4 0.01M5 0.01、
ここで、M1は貴金属、およびより好ましくは、プラチナ、パラジウム、金、レニウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、ルテニウム、およびオスミウムから選択される金属を表し、またM4およびM5は、各々独立に、第一列遷移金属、およびより好ましくは、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、または銅を表す。
M1 0.01M2 0.01M4 0.98, M1 0.02M2 0.03M4 0.95, M1 0.05M2 0.05M4 0.9, M1 0.1M2 0.1M4 0.8, M1 0.2M2 0.1M4 0.7, M1 0.2M2 0.2M4 0.6, M1 0.1M2 0.3M4 0.6, M1 0.2M2 0.3M4 0.5, M1 0.1M2 0.4M4 0.5, M1 0.3M2 0.3M4 0.4, M1 0.1M2 0.5M4 0.4, M1 0.2M2 0.4M4 0.4, M1 0.4M2 0.3M4 0.3, M1 0.1M2 0.6M4 0.3, M1 0.2M2 0.5M4 0.3, M1 0.4M2 0.4M4 0.2, M1 0.5M2 0.3M4 0.2, M1 0.1M2 0.7M4 0.2, M1 0.4M2 0.5M4 0.1, M1 0.3M2 0.6M4 0.1, M1 0.1M2 0.8M4 0.1, およびM1 0.2M2 0.75M4 0.05、
該モル組成において、M1およびM2は、夫々独立に、貴金属を表し、またM4は第一列遷移金属を表す。
Pt0.1Pd0.1X0.8, Pt0.2Pd0.2X0.6, Pt0.4Pd0.4X0.2, Pt0.5Pd0.2X0.3, Pt0.2Pd0.6X0.2, Re0.1Pd0.1X0.8, Re0.2Pd0.2X0.6, Re0.4Pd0.4X0.2, Re0.5Pd0.2X0.3, Re0.2Pd0.6X0.2, Rh0.1Pd0.1X0.8, Rh0.2Pd0.2X0.6, Rh0.4Pd0.4X0.2, Rh0.5Pd0.2X0.3, Rh0.2Pd0.6X0.2, Ir0.1Pd0.1X0.8, Ir0.2Pd0.2X0.6, Ir0.4Pd0.4X0.2, Ir0.5Pd0.2X0.3, Ir0.2Pd0.6X0.2, Ru0.1Pd0.1X0.8, Ru0.2Pd0.2X0.6, Ru0.4Pd0.4X0.2, Ru0.5Pd0.2X0.3, Ru0.2Pd0.6X0.2, Au0.1Pd0.1X0.8, Au0.2Pd0.2X0.6, Au0.4Pd0.4X0.2, Au0.5Pd0.2X0.3, Au0.2Pd0.6X0.2, Re0.1Pt0.1X0.8, Re0.2Pt0.2X0.6, Re0.4Pt0.4X0.2, Re0.5Pt0.2X0.3, Re0.2Pt0.6X0.2, Rh0.1Pt0.1X0.8, Rh0.2Pt0.2X0.6, Rh0.4Pt0.4X0.2, Rh0.5Pt0.2X0.3, Rh0.2Pt0.6X0.2, Ir0.1Pt0.1X0.8, Ir0.2Pt0.2X0.6, Ir0.4Pt0.4X0.2, Ir0.5Pt0.2X0.3, Ir0.2Pt0.6X0.2, Ru0.1Pt0.1X0.8, Ru0.2Pt0.2X0.6, Ru0.4Pt0.4X0.2, Ru0.5Pt0.2X0.3, Ru0.2Pt0.6X0.2, Au0.1Pt0.1X0.8, Au0.2Pt0.2X0.6, Au0.4Pt0.4X0.2, Au0.5Pt0.2X0.3, およびAu0.2Pt0.6X0.2、
該モル組成において、Xは第一列遷移金属、およびより好ましくは、ニッケル、コバルト、鉄、または銅を表す。
実施例1:金-被覆プラチナナノ粒子の製造
金-被覆プラチナナノ粒子(Au/Ptとも記載する)を、プラチナナノ粒子上に、金の単原子層を堆積することによって製造した。該金は、Zhang等(上記文献)によって記載された、レドックス置換法を利用して堆積した。
この方法においては、約3-10nm径のプラチナナノ粒子を、適当な電極上に置き、窒素雰囲気中で、〜50mM CuSO4/0.10M H2SO4水性溶液に浸漬した該電極に、適当な還元電位を印加することにより、銅の単原子層(銅付加レイヤー(copper adlayer))を、該プラチナナノ粒子上に堆積した。銅-被覆Ptナノ粒子を含む該電極を、精製水で濯いで、溶液内に存在する銅(2+)イオンを除去した。該銅の単原子層を、金の単原子層で置換するために、Ptナノ粒子を含む該電極を、次に適当な金塩(例えば、HAuCl4)の、〜1.0mM水性溶液に浸漬した。銅を金により完全に置換するために、1-2分間浸漬した後に、該電極を、再度濯いだ。
実施例2:金単原子層-被覆プラチナナノ粒子の電極触媒活性の測定
Claims (46)
- 導電性支持体に結合した、金-被覆金属粒子を含み、該金-被覆金属粒子が、金または金合金製の、原子的に薄い外殻によって少なくとも部分的に封入された、貴金属-含有コアを含むことを特徴とする、酸素-還元電極触媒であって、
該金製の原子的に薄い外殻が、金原子の、準-単原子層、単原子層、二原子層、三原子層、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、前記酸素-還元電極触媒。 - 該外殻が、他の合金生成金属が存在しない状態において、金で構成される、請求項1記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該外殻が、1またはそれ以上の合金生成金属の存在下において、金で構成される、請求項1記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該外殻が、金の準-単原子層で構成されている、請求項1記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該金の準-単原子層が、金以外の金属の一種またはその組合せでできた、準-単原子層との組合せであり、結果として金合金の単原子層を生成する、請求項4記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該金以外の金属の一種またはその組合せが、遷移金属群から選択される、請求項5記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該遷移金属が、パラジウム、プラチナ、レニウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、ルテニウム、オスミウム、およびこれらの混合物から選択される、請求項6記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、プラチナ、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、レニウム、オスミウム、およびルテニウムからなる群から選択される金属で構成される、請求項1記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、プラチナで構成される、請求項8記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、プラチナ、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、レニウム、オスミウム、金およびルテニウムからなる群から選択される、2またはそれ以上の金属で構成される均質な組成物を含む、請求項1記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、プラチナおよびパラジウムで構成される、請求項10記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、プラチナ、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、レニウム、オスミウム、金およびルテニウムからなる群から選択される、2またはそれ以上の金属で構成される不均質な組成物を含む、請求項1記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、レニウム、オスミウム、金およびルテニウムからなる群から選択される、1またはそれ以上の金属と組合せた、プラチナで構成される、請求項12記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、プラチナとパラジウムとで構成される、請求項13記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、パラジウムを含む内側サブコアで構成され、該内側サブコアが、プラチナの外側サブシェルによって、少なくとも部分的に封入されている、請求項14記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該プラチナの外側サブシェルが、原子的に薄いものである、請求項15記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、第一列遷移金属からなる群から選択される、1またはそれ以上の金属と組合せた、プラチナ、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、レニウム、オスミウム、ルテニウムおよび金からなる群から選択される、1またはそれ以上の金属で構成される均質な組成物を含む、請求項1記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、第一列遷移金属からなる群から選択される、1またはそれ以上の金属と組合せた、プラチナ、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、レニウム、オスミウム、ルテニウムおよび金からなる群から選択される、1またはそれ以上の金属で構成される不均質な組成物を含む、請求項1記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、第一列遷移金属からなる群から選択される、1またはそれ以上の金属で構成される、内側サブコアを含み、該内側サブコアが、プラチナ、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、レニウム、オスミウム、およびルテニウムからなる群から選択される、1またはそれ以上の金属で構成される、外側サブシェルによって、少なくとも部分的に封入されている、請求項18記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該第一列遷移金属が、鉄、コバルトおよびニッケルから選択される、請求項19記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該外側サブシェルが、プラチナで構成される、請求項19記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該内側サブコアが、鉄、コバルトおよびニッケルから選択される、1またはそれ以上の金属で構成され、該外側サブシェルが、プラチナで構成される、請求項19記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該金-被覆金属粒子が、1nm〜100nmなる範囲の粒径を持つ、請求項1記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該金-被覆金属粒子が、3〜10nmなる範囲の粒径を持つ、請求項23記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 該金-被覆金属粒子が、5nmなる粒径を持つ、請求項24記載の酸素-還元電極触媒。
- 導電性支持体に結合した、金-被覆プラチナナノ粒子を含み、該ナノ粒子が、金または金合金製の、原子的に薄い外殻によって少なくとも部分的に封入された、プラチナまたはプラチナ合金コアを含むことを特徴とし、
該原子的に薄い外殻が、金原子の、準-単原子層、単原子層、二原子層、三原子層、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、酸素-還元電極触媒。 - (i) 金または金合金製の、原子的に薄い外殻によって少なくとも部分的に封入された、貴金属-含有コアを含む、金-被覆金属粒子に結合した、導電性支持体を含む酸素-還元カソード;
(ii) アノード;
(iii) 該酸素-還元カソードと、該アノードとを接続している導電性接点;および
(iv) 該酸素-還元カソードおよび該アノードと、相互に接触状態にある、イオン-伝導性電解液、を含むことを特徴とし、
該原子的に薄い外殻が、金原子の、準-単原子層、単原子層、二原子層、三原子層、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、燃料電池。 - 該貴金属-含有コアが、プラチナ、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、レニウム、オスミウム、およびルテニウムからなる群から選択される金属で構成される、請求項27記載の燃料電池。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、プラチナを含む、請求項28記載の燃料電池。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、プラチナ、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、レニウム、オスミウム、金、およびルテニウムからなる群から選択される、2またはそれ以上の金属で構成される均質な組成物を含む、請求項27記載の燃料電池。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、プラチナとパラジウムとで構成される、請求項30記載の燃料電池。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、プラチナ、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、レニウム、オスミウム、金、およびルテニウムからなる群から選択される、2またはそれ以上の金属で構成される不均質な組成物を含む、請求項27記載の燃料電池。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、レニウム、オスミウム、金、およびルテニウムからなる群から選択される、1またはそれ以上の金属と組合せた、プラチナで構成される、請求項32記載の燃料電池。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、プラチナとパラジウムとで構成される、請求項33記載の燃料電池。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、パラジウムを含む内側サブコアで構成され、該内側サブコアが、プラチナの外側サブシェルによって、少なくとも部分的に封入されている、請求項34記載の燃料電池。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、第一列遷移金属からなる群から選択される、1またはそれ以上の金属と組合せた、プラチナ、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、レニウム、オスミウム、ルテニウムおよび金からなる群から選択される、1またはそれ以上の金属で構成される均質な組成物を含む、請求項27記載の燃料電池。
- 該貴金属-含有コアが、第一列遷移金属からなる群から選択される、1またはそれ以上の金属と組合せた、プラチナ、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、レニウム、オスミウム、ルテニウムおよび金からなる群から選択される、1またはそれ以上の金属で構成される不均質な組成物を含む、請求項27記載の燃料電池。
- 該導電性支持体が、炭素を主成分とするものである、請求項27記載の燃料電池。
- 該導電性支持体が、カーボンブラック、グラファイト化炭素、グラファイト、活性炭、カーボンナノチューブ、またはフラーレンである、請求項38記載の燃料電池。
- 電気エネルギーの製造方法であって、該方法が、以下の諸工程:
(i) (a) 金または金合金製の、原子的に薄い外殻によって少なくとも部分的に封入された、貴金属-含有コアを含む、金-被覆金属粒子に結合した、導電性支持体を含む酸素-還元カソード;
(b) アノード;
(c) 該酸素-還元カソードと、該アノードとを接続している導電性接点;および
(d) 該酸素-還元カソードおよび該アノードと、相互に接触状態にある、イオン-伝導性電解液を含む燃料電池を製造する工程;
(ii) 該酸素-還元カソードと酸素とを接触させる工程;および
(iii) 該アノードと、燃料源とを接触させる工程、
を含むことを特徴とし、
該原子的に薄い外殻が、金原子の、準-単原子層、単原子層、二原子層、三原子層、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、上記方法。 - 該燃料源が、水素ガスである、請求項40記載の方法。
- 該水素ガスが、改質メタノールから生成される、請求項41記載の方法。
- 該水素ガスが、改質メタンから生成される、請求項41記載の方法。
- 該水素ガスが、改質ガソリンから生成される、請求項41記載の方法。
- 該燃料源が、アルコールである、請求項40記載の方法。
- 該アルコールが、メタノールである、請求項45記載の方法。
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KR101314839B1 (ko) | 2013-10-04 |
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CA2627312C (en) | 2015-02-17 |
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US7704919B2 (en) | 2010-04-27 |
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