JP5373834B2 - 希土類磁石およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
希土類磁石およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5373834B2 JP5373834B2 JP2011029445A JP2011029445A JP5373834B2 JP 5373834 B2 JP5373834 B2 JP 5373834B2 JP 2011029445 A JP2011029445 A JP 2011029445A JP 2011029445 A JP2011029445 A JP 2011029445A JP 5373834 B2 JP5373834 B2 JP 5373834B2
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- diffusion
- magnet
- rare earth
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- diffusing
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- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 79
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 67
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- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- FRNOGLGSGLTDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N thulium atom Chemical compound [Tm] FRNOGLGSGLTDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
- H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/06—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder
- H01F1/08—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder pressed, sintered, or bound together
- H01F1/086—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder pressed, sintered, or bound together sintered
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- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/1003—Use of special medium during sintering, e.g. sintering aid
- B22F3/1007—Atmosphere
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- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
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- C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
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- H01F41/0253—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing permanent magnets
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- H01F41/0293—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing permanent magnets diffusion of rare earth elements, e.g. Tb, Dy or Ho, into permanent magnets
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
- H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/047—Alloys characterised by their composition
- H01F1/053—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals
- H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
- H01F1/057—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B
- H01F1/0571—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes
- H01F1/0575—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together
- H01F1/0577—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together sintered
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Hard Magnetic Materials (AREA)
- Manufacturing Cores, Coils, And Magnets (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Description
(1)すなわち、本発明の希土類磁石の製造方法は、希土類磁石合金からなる粉末粒子の成形体または焼結体である磁石材と保磁力を向上させる拡散元素を含む拡散材とを近接して配置させる配置工程と、加熱した該拡散材から蒸発した該拡散元素の蒸気に加熱した該磁石材を曝して該磁石材内へ該拡散元素を拡散させる拡散工程と、を備える希土類磁石の製造方法であって、
前記拡散工程は、前記磁石材と前記拡散材を独立して加熱することにより、該磁石材の加熱温度である磁石材温度(Tm)を該拡散材の加熱温度である拡散材温度(Td)よりも高くすると共に850〜900℃にし、さらに該磁石材温度と該拡散材温度との温度差(ΔT=Tm−Td)を20〜130℃とする工程であることを特徴とする
希土類磁石の製造方法。
(1)本発明は上述した製造方法としてのみならず、その方法に適した希土類磁石の製造装置としても把握される。すなわち本発明は、拡散処理または焼結を行う処理室と、該処理室内のガス圧を制御するガス圧制御手段と、該処理室内で希土類磁石合金からなる粉末粒子の成形体または焼結体である磁石材と保磁力を向上させる拡散元素を含む拡散材とを近接して配置させる配置手段と、該磁石材を加熱する磁石材加熱手段と、該拡散材を加熱する拡散材加熱手段と、該磁石材加熱手段により加熱される磁石材の加熱温度である磁石材温度(Tm)を制御する磁石材温度制御手段と、該拡散材加熱手段により加熱される拡散材の加熱温度である拡散材温度(Td)を制御する拡散材温度制御手段とを備え、加熱した該拡散材から蒸発した該拡散元素の蒸気に加熱した該磁石材を曝して該磁石材内へ該拡散元素を拡散させ得ることを特徴とする希土類磁石の製造装置としても把握し得る。
本発明は上述した製造方法としてのみならず、その製造方法により得られた希土類磁石としても把握される。この「希土類磁石」は、希土類磁石素材や希土類磁石部材などを含み、その形態を問わない。例えば、希土類磁石はブロック状でも、環状でも、薄膜状でもよい。本発明の希土類磁石は、高磁気特性のものを対象としているので、基本的に異方性希土類磁石であるが、等方性希土類磁石であってもよい。
(1)本明細書でいう希土類元素(R)には、スカンジウム(Sc)、イットリウム(Y)、ランタノイドを含む。ランタノイドは、ランタン(La)、セリウム(Ce)、プラセオジム(Pr)、ネオジム(Nd)、サマリウム(Sm)、ユウロピウム(Eu)、ガドリニウム(Gd)、テルビウム(Tb)、ジスプロシウム(Dy)、ホルミウム(Ho)、エルビウム(Er)、ツリウム(Tm)、イッテルビウム(Yb)およびルテチウム(Lu)などがある。
ものであり、拡散元素(保磁力向上元素)を含むものである。代表的な拡散元素として、Dy、Tb、Ho等の拡散希土類元素(Rd)がある。拡散材はそれらの単体または合金からなると好ましい。なお、拡散工程に用いる拡散材は単種のみからなっても複数種からなってもよい。
10 処理室
20 準備室
M 磁石材
D 拡散材
本発明の希土類磁石の製造方法は、被処理材である磁石材へ拡散元素の蒸気源である拡散材を接近配置する配置工程と、その拡散元素の蒸気に磁石材を曝して拡散処理を行う拡散工程からなる。ここでは本発明の主たる特徴部分である拡散工程について説明する。
こうして本発明の拡散工程によれば、処理時間が0.5〜20時間さらには1〜10時間程度で十分に拡散元素を磁石材内に拡散させることが可能である。
磁石材は希土類磁石合金からなる粉末粒子の成形体または焼結体からなる。ここではその粉末粒子について詳述する。
(1)組成
粉末粒子は、希土類元素の一種以上であるRmとBと残部が遷移金属(TM:主にFe)および不可避不純物および/または改質元素とからなる希土類磁石合金(以下単に「磁石合金」という。)からなる。
本発明の希土類磁石は、素材であっても最終製品またはそれに近いものであってもよく、その用途や形態は問わない。本発明の希土類磁石は、例えば、電動機のロータまたはステータなどの各種電磁機器、磁気ディスクなどの磁気記録媒体、リニアアクチュエータ、リニアモータ、サーボモータ、スピーカー、発電機等に用いられる。
《拡散処理装置》
本発明に係る拡散処理に用いることができる拡散処理装置(希土類磁石の製造装置)1の概要図を図1に示した。拡散処理装置1は、処理室10と、この処理室10に連通する準備室20と、両者の連通を自在に切り換えられる開閉式のゲート(遮蔽手段)30と、処理室10内に設けられ磁石材Mを載置する載置台(配置手段)11と、処理室10と準備室20との間で拡散材Dを移動させるエレベータ(移動手段)21と、エレベータ21に取り付けられ拡散材Dを加熱するフラットヒータ(拡散材加熱手段)22と、近接配置した磁石材Mおよび拡散材Dを囲繞し、拡散材Dから生じた蒸気雰囲気に磁石材Mを効率的に曝す囲いである蒸気パック13とを備える。
〈試料の製造〉
この拡散処理装置1を用いて、拡散処理を施した各試料(希土類異方性焼結磁石)を製造した。以下、この拡散処理について詳述する。
拡散処理を施す磁石材(焼結体)を次のように製造した。先ずFe−31.5%Nd−1%B−1%Co−0.2%Cu(単位は質量%)の磁石合金を鋳造した。この磁石合金を水素粉砕した後、さらにジェットミルで粉砕することにより、平均粒径D50(メジアン径)=6μmの磁石粉末を得た。ジェットミルによる粉砕は窒素雰囲気で行った。
拡散元素の蒸気源となる拡散材としてDy単体(金属Dy)を用意した。この拡散材を用いて、上述した磁石材に次のような蒸気法による拡散処理を施した。
得られた各試料について、パルス励磁型磁気特性測定装置を用いて保磁力を測定した。また、それら各試料中に拡散したDy量を電子線マイクロアナライザー(EPMA)および高周波誘導結合プラズマ質量分析(ICP)により測定した。こうして得られた各試料の測定結果を表1に併せて示した。また各試料の拡散処理前後の保磁力差(ΔHcJ:kOe)を、その試料中へ拡散した拡散元素の拡散量(ΔRd、本実施例ではΔDy:質量%)で除した値である保磁力向上率を、さらに拡散処理時間(t:時間)で除して求めた拡散効率((ΔHcJ/ΔDy)/t:(kOe/質量%)/時間)を算出して、表1に併せて示した。さらに図2には、磁石材温度(Tm)と拡散材温度(Td)との温度差(ΔT=Tm−Td)と単位時間あたりのDy拡散量との関係を示した。
表1および図2に示す結果から、適切な磁石材温度(Tm)と拡散材温度(Td)を選択して拡散処理を行うことにより、短時間の加熱であっても、拡散元素(Dy)を磁石内部に十分に拡散させ得ることが明らかとなった。そして、同一の処理室10内で磁石材と拡散材とを同温で加熱していた従来の拡散処理と比較すると、本発明に係る拡散処理によれば、上記の拡散効率が正に桁違い(10〜1000倍)に向上し、希少なDy量を抑制しつつ、短時間で効率的に保磁力を向上させ得ることが明らかとなった。
Claims (6)
- 希土類磁石合金からなる粉末粒子の成形体または焼結体である磁石材と保磁力を向上させる拡散元素を含む拡散材とを近接して配置させる配置工程と、
加熱した該拡散材から蒸発した該拡散元素の蒸気に加熱した該磁石材を曝して該磁石材内へ該拡散元素を拡散させる拡散工程と、
を備える希土類磁石の製造方法であって、
前記拡散工程は、前記磁石材と前記拡散材を独立して加熱することにより、該磁石材の加熱温度である磁石材温度(Tm)を該拡散材の加熱温度である拡散材温度(Td)よりも高くすると共に850〜900℃にし、さらに該磁石材温度と該拡散材温度との温度差(ΔT=Tm−Td)を20〜130℃とする工程であることを特徴とする希土類磁石の製造方法。 - 前記磁石材は前記粉末粒子の成形体であり、
前記拡散工程は該成形体を焼結させる焼結工程中になされる請求項1に記載の希土類磁石の製造方法。 - 前記拡散工程は、前記焼結工程の昇温過程中または冷却過程中になされる請求項2に記載の希土類磁石の製造方法。
- 前記拡散元素は希土類元素の一種以上である拡散希土類元素(以下「Rd」と表す。)であり、
前記拡散材温度(Td)は770〜830℃である請求項1または3に記載の希土類磁石の製造方法。 - 前記磁石材温度と前記拡散材温度との温度差(ΔT=Tm−Td)は50〜130℃である請求項1または4に記載の希土類磁石の製造方法。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれかの製造方法により得られたことを特徴とする希土類磁石。
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