JP5357514B2 - クリソスポリウムセルラーゼ及び使用方法 - Google Patents
クリソスポリウムセルラーゼ及び使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5357514B2 JP5357514B2 JP2008284868A JP2008284868A JP5357514B2 JP 5357514 B2 JP5357514 B2 JP 5357514B2 JP 2008284868 A JP2008284868 A JP 2008284868A JP 2008284868 A JP2008284868 A JP 2008284868A JP 5357514 B2 JP5357514 B2 JP 5357514B2
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- Prior art keywords
- cellulase
- activity
- chrysosporium
- neutral
- alkaline
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Description
酵素分析 CMCase分析法は、酵素基質としてカルボキシルメチルセルロースを使用し、加水分解の初期速度を測定し、ソモギー(Somogyi)とネルソン(Nelson)の方法に従って発現した還元糖の量を定量化した。この方法は、非特許文献12に記述されている。エンド-1,4-β-グルカナーゼ活性は、非特許文献13(エンド粘度分析法)に従って可溶基質カルボキシメチルセルロースの粘度減少速度として粘度測定的に(viscometrically)分析された。濾紙活性(FPA)又は全セルラーゼ活性は基質として濾紙を使用し、50mgの濾紙試料から2 mgのグルコースを発現するのに必要な活性を評価した。本分析法は、全セルラーゼ活性または真正セルラーゼの測定法として生物工学委員会(IUPAC)に基づいており、非特許文献14に記述されている。アビセラーゼ(Avicelase)活性は、非特許文献15に記載されているように)アビセル-セルロース(Avicell-cellulose)ならば、加水分解中の還元糖構造の初期速度として評価した。セロビアーゼの分析法は基質としてセルビオースを使用し、発現したグルコース量を測定した非特許文献16に記述されている。β-グルコシダーゼ活性の分析法は、基質としてp-ニトロフェニル-β-D-クルコシドを使用した非特許文献17に記述されている。タンパク質は、非特許文献18によるローリー(Lowry)法によって決定された。RBB-CMCase分析法は、可溶基質RBB-カルボキシメチルセルロース(レマゾルブリリアントブルー(Remazolbrilliant Blue)によって染色されるカルボキシメチルセルロース)からの染料発現の決定に基づいている−分析法の参考として非特許文献19を参照。エンド-セルラーゼは、アズリン架橋(Azurine-crosslinked)されたHE-セルロースを基質として、セルザイム分析法を使用して測定することもできる(非特許文献20を参照)。
株は、ロシア連邦の極東のソラ湖(Sola Lake)(ロシアの太平洋の沿岸、モスクワから約5000マイル東)からの森林アルカリ性土壌試料から分離された。混合土壌試料は、10の異なる場所から収集された。各試料の1グラムは、100ml無菌水と一緒にフラスコに入れられて1分間超音波ディスペンサーで音波処理された(0.44 Amp、22KHz)。懸濁液(1:500に希釈)は、100mg/Lのストレプトマイシンを含んだツァペック(Czapek)培地(pH5.5-6.0)の入ったペトリ皿に接種された。この研究は3つの複製品について実施された。様々な色、形及び大きさのコロニーは2番目の分離工程で同定された。更なる試料の分離は、プレートにおいてツァペック培地、麦芽寒天、ポテトデキストロース寒天培地、又はpH7.5のゲッチンソン(Getchinson)塩類培地で実行された(表2)。プレートは、数日間約28℃で接種された。セルラーゼの製造体の選択は、表1に示されている構成要素を含むセルロース寒天プレートにおいて行われた。非晶質セルロースの調整についてはメソッヅオブエンザイモロジー(methods of emzymology)、160A巻において記述されている。
ポテトデキストロース寒天培地上でのC1株の成長は7日後に55-60mmの直径のコロニーを与える。C1コロニーは、白いクリーム色を示し、表面がビロード状で、中央がわずかにあがった表面を有する。コロニーの端は平らで薄く繊維状である。コロニーの裏側は淡いクリーム色をしている。
サットン(Sutton)分類(非特許文献21)によれば、本発明のC1株は、ヒホミケス(Hyphomycetales)目モニリアシー(Moniliaceae)科クリソスポリウム属クリソスポリウム・ラクノウェンス・ガーグ1966種に属する。本分類はC1株の以下の特徴の観察に基づいた。
C1株は、220rpmで回転されて28℃で恒温処理されたた800ml振盪フラスコで成長された。C1株は、5g/Lの様々な栄養素、ある場合には、2g/Lの微結晶セルロースを含む塩類ゲッチンソン培地(表2参照)(pH7.5)で成長された。100ml培地が各フラスコに添加された。
1. 振盪フラスコにおける生成 C1株は、220rpmで回転されて28℃で恒温処理された800ml振盪フラスコで成長された。フラスコ毎の成長培地100mlは、25g/Lのテンサイパルプ、15g/Lの大麦麦芽及び5g/Lの小麦糠を含む塩類ゲッチンソン培養液(表2参照)(pH7.5)であった。細胞固形分は遠心分離され、無細胞の上澄は更なる試験のために乾燥されて保存された。C1セルラーゼ調製#s 47.1.1乃至47.15.1がこの方法で作られた。C1調製#47.16.1が同一の方法で作られたが、無細胞の上澄は遠心分離後乾燥前に10kDaカットオフ膜を使用して限外ろ過された。C1調製#47.18.1乃至47.22.1はゲッチンソン培養液により振盪フラスコで同一の方法で作られたが、ラクトース(0.5%w/v)及びペプトン(0.5%w/v)がテンサイパルプ、大麦麦芽及び小麦糠の代わりに含まれている。細胞固形分は遠心分離され、無細胞の上澄は更なる試験のために乾燥されて保存された。調製#s 47.1000、47.1001、47.2000及び47.2001が、それらは他のクリソスポリウム株を使用して生成された点を除いて、調製#47.1.1乃至47.15.1と同一の方法によって振盪フラスコで作られた。特に、47.2001はクリソスポリウム・パノラム(Chrysosporium pannorum)、調製47.2000はクリソスポリウム・プルノサム(Chrysosporium pruinosum)、調製47.1001はクリソスポリウム・ケラチノフィラム(Chrysosporium keratinophilim)、そして、調製47.1000はクリソスポリウム・クイーンズランディカム(Chrysosporium quenslandicum)(例8参照)により生成された。これらC1調製のタンパク質含有量及び活性指紋を表4に示す。
野生型フミコーラ・グリシー・ヴァー・サーモイディア(Humicola grisea var. thermoidea)の調製#14.22.1はATCC 16453株より調製し、野生型フミコーラ・インソレンス(Humicola insolens)調製#14.23.1は、ATCC 16454株から生成した。これらフミコーラ野生型調製は、C1調製#47.1.1〜#47.15.1の調製(振盪フラスコにおける生成)に関して上述されたのと同一の方法を使用して振盪フラスコにおいて生成された。
C1酵素調製#47.0528のFPA、CMCase活性及びエンドグルカナーゼ活性が、商業用のフミコーラ・インソレンス(デニマックス(Denimax)XT)及び野生ATCC型フミコーラ(調製#14.22.1フミコーラ・グリシー・ヴァー・サーモイディア (ATCC 16453)及び14.23.1フミコーラ・インソレン(ATCC 16454)中性セルラーゼに比較された。その結果を表6に示す。C-1 #47.0528の総活性は、野生型フミコーラ由来又は商業用のフミコーラ・インソレン調製由来のそれよりも明らかに高かった。C-1 47.0528の特定CMCase及びエンドグルカナーゼ活性(乾燥調製1g当たり又はタンパク質1g当たりユニット)は、表6に挙げた全ての試験フミコーラ調製よりも高かった。C-1 #47.0528の特定FPA活性はフミコーラ野生型調製#14.22.1及び14.23の特定FPA活性よりも高く、フミコーラ・インソレン商業製品デニマックス XTの特定FPA活性より僅かに低かった。C1セルラーゼのpHと熱安定性はデニマックス XTと同様であった。
C1のFPAとCMCase活性は、約pH6乃至7及び約50乃至60℃で最適の安定性と活性を示した。CMCase活性の最適pHは約6.5及び最適温度は約55℃であった(表8、9参照)。pH8.0 (50℃)でCMCaseは活性80%、FPAは活性78%を有し、pH9.0 (50℃)でCMCaseは活性65%、FPAは活性52%有している(表7参照)。
クリソスポリウム属の様々な株のセルラーゼ生成試験が行われた。これらの株の正式名称と起源を以下に示す。
2. ATCC 34151 クリソスポリウム・パノラム
3. ATCC 24782 クリソスポリウム・プルイノサム
ロシア微生物収集所(VKM)由来の株は以下のものを含んでいる。
2. VKMF-2875 クリソスポリウム・ケラチノフィラム
3. VKMF-2120 クリソスポリウム・ロバタム
4. VKMF-2121 クリソスポリウム・マーダリウム
5. VKMF-2116 クリソスポリウム・クイーンズランディカム
6. VKMF-2117 クリソスポリウム・クイーンズランディカム
7. VKMF-2877 クリソスポリウム・トロピカム
本研究では、2種類の成長培地が使用された。即ち、培地Aは、圧搾テンサイ、大麦麦芽、小麦糠を含有するゲッチンソン、培地Bは、ペプトンとラクトースを含有するゲッチンソンである。培地の組成を表10に示す。
47.2000 - ATCC 24782 クリソスポリウム・プルイノサム
47.1001 - VKMF-2875 クリソスポリウム・ケラチノフィラム
47.1000 - VKMF-2116 クリソスポリウム・クイーンズランディカム
これらの調製のタンパク質含有率と活性指紋を表4に示す。
A. 2-L特別洗濯機による試験 本システムは、ごく少量の酵素を用いた擦り切れとバックステイニンングに関連したストーンウォッシュ性能特性を評価する。
0.01CA=クエン酸緩衝系
T.レッセイCP=トリコデマ・レッセイ由来の商業的酸性セルラーゼ製品
データカラー擦り切れ=表側からの反射率、値が高ければ高いほどより多く擦り切れる
ブランク=9.1
データカラーバックステインニング=裏側からの反射率、値が低ければ低いほどより多くバックステインニング
%OWG=例えば、1%OWGに対して、1lbの酵素が衣服100lbに使用される。
擦切れ/色褪せ − ++++++(+6)最大(++++(4)以上を良好と見なし、市販の中性セルラーゼ(デニマックス XT等)と同等であった)
バックステインニング − 数値が低いほど良好(どのジーンズのバックステインニングレベルも、ノボ社製のデニマックス TX使用時と同等と判定された)。中性セルラーゼを使用することにより、Trhchodermaのような従来の酸性セルラーゼに比べ、バックステインニングをかなり低減することができた(実施例13参照)。
%0WG − 衣類重量に対する割合(%)。例えば、乾燥重量100ポンドのジーンズに対して1% OWGとは、酵素使用量が1ポンドであることを意味する。
試験#1
2ジーンズ、重量1343gr
水比6:1
pH5.5
温度54℃
酵素:C1(調製#47.6.1)12gr
(0.9%)
研磨時間90分
ドロップバス
66℃で非イオン洗剤でリンス5分
ドロップバス
冷リンス
ドロップバス
49℃でカチオン柔軟剤で5分柔軟
取出し及び乾燥
試験 #2 酵素としてデニマックス 700 T(2% OWFG, 28.9g)を用い、洗濯条件をpH7.0, 54℃とした以外は、試験 #1に同じ。
A. 綿生地の汚れ落とし
C1セルラーゼ標品#47.6.1の洗濯性能を、洗濯性能試験法PW 09406(Solvay)にしたがって試験した。綿生地の汚れ(インク)落ちを、デルタ反射率(%)で調べた。アルカリプロテアーゼOpticlean L500の存在下および非存在下における洗濯試験により、C1セルラーゼ標品(#47.6.1)とノボ ・ノルディスク社製のセルジメ(Celluzyme) 0.7 Tを比較した。試験結果を表17に示す。
セリンプロテアーゼとして、トリプシン(3.2 μM, ウシ膵臓由来、活性10,000-30,000 N-ベンジル-L-アルギニンエチルエステル(BAEE), Sigma社製T-8253)、およびα-キモトリプシン(8μM, ウシ膵臓由来、40-60 U/mg, Sigma社製 C-4129)を使用した。
酢酸からクエン酸緩衝剤(キレート剤)に変更しても、C1のCMCase活性(緩衝液のモル濃度0.1 M, pH4.5,50℃および57℃)に影響は現れなかった。表19を参照。
クリソスポリウムの異なる株に由来するセルラーゼ標品#47.1000, 47.1001, 47.2001と2リットル容の専用洗濯機を用い、pH6.5、50℃、60分間の条件で、135gの糊抜きデニム地ジーンズ生地の洗濯試験を行った。各実験ごとのCMCase活性の合計値は、336 U/回で一定とした。
1. 精製用C1標品の選択 C1セルラーゼ標品#47.11.1を精製用に選択した。その根拠は、47.11.1が(i)タンパク含有量が多く、(ii)FPAおよびカルボキシメチルセルラーゼ活性が高いからである(表4参照)。
DEAE-Toyopearlイオン交換クロマトグラフィー後、画分Iの一時的なCMCase活性曲線を異なるpH(5.2-8.7)下、50℃で測定した結果を表22に示す。画分IのCMCase活性は、pH5.2-7.2で最も安定であった(但し、3時間経過以降は活性が約30〜45%失われる)。pH7.7では約1時間後に60%の活性が失われ、pH8.3およびpH8.7では0.5時間後に50%の活性が失われた。pH8.3では、CMCase活性が3時間後に100%消失し、pH8.7では2時間後に100%消失した。
Avicel(微結晶セルロース)を基質に用いた吸着試験を行った結果、画分IとIIは結晶性基質に結合しなかったが、画分NBはAvicelに結合し、その時の分布係数は0.2 L/gであった。色々な基質に対する画分NB、I、IIの特異的活性を表23に示す。これら3つの画分はいずれも、CMCase、エンドグルカナーゼ、アヴィセラーゼ、β−グルカナーゼ、キシラナーゼの各活性を有していたが、画分NBだけは画分IおよびIIとは異なり、β−グルカナーゼ活性を有していなかった。画分NB、I、IIのマイクロデニム洗濯試験を行ったところ、画分IとIIはpH7で同程度の活性を有していたが、画分NBの活性はより低かった(マイクロデニム洗濯試験による)。
1. 接種材料の調製
バッチ発酵用の接種材料または発端培養物は、下記のように調製した。先ず、C-1胞子培養液1 mlを2個のフラスコの各々に接種し、計2.0リットルの接種材料を調製する。発端培養物は、150 rpmにて30℃で56時間、インキュベートした。
震盪フラスコで調製された2リットルの上記培養物を、60リットル容発酵槽内で40リットルの培地に接種した。発酵用培地の組成は、下記の通りである。
ブフナー漏斗にWhatman54濾紙、および濾材として10 g/LのCelite 503を装填し、発酵培養物中の懸濁固形物を濾過により取り除いた。濾液を集め、10,000 MWカットオフ型中空繊維フィルターを用いた限外濾過を行ってセルラーゼを濃縮した。濃縮液を凍結乾燥した。乾燥濃縮物を、セルラーゼ標品47.0325と命名した。この標品の活性を、表4に示す。
C1株の胞子形成培養物を含むPridham 寒天プレート(酵母エキス4 g/L、麦芽エキス10 g/L、ブドウ糖10 g/L、寒天15 g/L)を用いて、胞子懸濁液を調製した。プレートに10 mlの0.05% Tween 80を満たした。懸濁液をねじ蓋付きの滅菌試験管に移し、ボルテックス・ミキサーを「強」にセットして1分間攪拌した。次に、懸濁液をカラムで濾過し、菌糸体を除去した。胞子数を数え、水1 ml当たりの胞子数が7×106個となるように希釈した。この胞子懸濁液の10 mlに対し、Pen-Ray 紫外線ランプの光を720 μWatt/cm2にて75秒間照射した。照射期間中を通じ、滅菌したペーパークリップを磁気攪拌子代わりに用い、胞子懸濁液を穏やかに攪拌した。照射後、胞子懸濁液をアルミホイルで包んだ試験管に移し、水で希釈し、減光下、下記のNH4最小培地で培養した。30℃で20日間インキュベーションを行ったところ、大きなコロニーが認められ、コロニーの周囲には広範囲にわたってセルロースが透明化した領域が存在していた。
1. 接種材料の調製
バッチ発酵用の発端培養物は、実施例13(第1節)と同様に調製した。
2リットルの上記培養物を、下記のようにして40リットルの培地に接種した。
pH は約7.0に保ち、pHをNH3を用いて6.9より高く保ち、H2SO4を用いて7.1より低く保った。恒温時間は87時間とし、必要に応じて震盪と曝気を行い、溶存酸素量を飽和量の30%より高く保った。40時間後、下記の培養液を5分毎に5.0 mlずつ、計3.0リットル添加した。
ブフナー漏斗にWhatman54濾紙、および濾材として10 g/LのCelite 503を装填し、懸濁固形物を濾過により取り除いた。濾液を集め、10,000 MWカットオフ型中空繊維フィルターを用いた限外濾過を行ってセルラーゼを濃縮した。濃縮液は、凍結乾燥法により乾燥した。濃縮物を、セルラーゼ調製47.0528と命名した(活性は表4に示す)。
この分析は、Megazyme Pty.Ltd.社(シドニー, NSW2101,オーストラリア)製の セラジメCタブレットと分析キットを用いて行った。使用した基質はアズリン架橋型HE-セルロース(AZCL-セルロース)であり、Cellazyme Cタブレットとして市販されており、購入後すぐに使用できる。概略を述べると、0.025 M酢酸緩衝液(pH4.5)に溶解した酵素標品(必要に応じ希釈)0.5 mlをガラス製試験管(16×122 mm)に入れ、40℃で5分間、平衡化した。Cellazyme Cタブレットを添加して、試験反応を開始させる(攪拌は行わない)。40℃で正確に10秒後、Trizma Base溶液(10.0 mL, 2% w/v, Sigma Chemical Co.,ミズーリ州セントルイス)を添加して反応を停止させ、ボルテックス・ミキサーで攪拌した。試験管を室温に約5分間放置した後、スラリーを再び攪拌し、Whatman No.1濾紙(直径9 cm)を用いて濾過し、濾液の590nmにおける吸光度を測定した。吸光度の測定は、ブランクを用いて行った。ブランクには、基質と酵素が共に含まれているが、Cellazyme Cタブレットを添加する前にTrizma Baseを添加している。このスラリーは、40℃ではなく、室温に保った。各測定ごとにブランクは1種類を使用し、分光器のゼロ点調整に利用した。
実施例17 … 毛羽除去および増白(退色防止)のための洗剤洗濯試験
この試験は、AATCC技術マニュアル1997(1995年改訂)に収載の“家庭洗濯試験条件の標準化”と題するAATCCモノグラフに準拠して行った。ここでは、Kenmore社製の標準トップローディング型の洗濯機とKenmore社製の家庭用衣類乾燥機を使用した。試験衣類として、大人サイズの赤色の靴下(綿88%、ポリエステル10%、ライクラ2%)でスタイルの異なる3種類(平リブ編み、厚手リブ編み、ワッフル織り)を用いた。ソックスは3グループに分け、各グループには各スタイルを同数割り当て、各スタイルの未洗濯品を対照用とした。各グループの概略重量は1 kgであった。
Claims (6)
- 受託番号VKM F-3500Dを有するクリソスポリウム・ラクノウェンス・ガーグ27K。
- 中性及び/又はアルカリpHで高められたセルラーゼ活性を作るクリソスポリウム属の変異体株を生成する方法であって、
(a) クリソスポリウム属の菌類の胞子を変異し、
(b) 工程(a)による前記胞子を培養し、
(c) 中性及び/又はアルカリセルラーゼ活性のレベルを高めるために工程(b)による前記培養物をスクリーニングすることを有する方法であって、
前記クリソスポリウム属の菌類は、受託番号VKM F-3500Dを有するクリソスポリウム・ラクノウェンス・ガーグ27Kであることを特徴とする方法。 - 前記変異工程では、前記胞子への紫外線照射の処理を行う請求項2記載の方法。
- 前記変異工程では、前記胞子への化学的変異原の処理を行う請求項2記載の方法。
- 前記化学的変異原は、亜硝酸、N-メチル-N’-ニトロ-N-ニトロソグアニジン、又は4-ニトロキノロン-N-オキシドである請求項4記載の方法。
- クリソスポリウムのセルラーゼ酵素をコードする遺伝子を分離する方法であって、
(a) 野生型又は変異体のクリソスポリウムによって作られる中性及び/又はアルカリ性セルラーゼ組成物からタンパクを分離し、
(b) 工程(a)で分離された前記タンパクの全体又は一部を配列決定し、
(c) 工程(b)の前記配列に由来する核酸プローブを生成し、
(d) 工程(c)の前記核酸プローブを用いて野生型又は変異体のクリソスポリウムライブラリーをスクリーニングし、
(e) 前記プローブで認識された核酸配列を分離し、
(f) 工程(e)で分離された前記核酸配列を配列決定することを有する方法であって、
前記野生型又は変異体のクリソスポリウムは、受託番号VKM F-3500Dを有するクリソスポリウム・ラクノウェンス・ガーグ27Kであることを特徴とする方法。
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JP2001506845A (ja) | 2001-05-29 |
DK0932688T3 (da) | 2012-02-13 |
US20030157595A1 (en) | 2003-08-21 |
AU743909B2 (en) | 2002-02-07 |
EA003295B1 (ru) | 2003-04-24 |
EP0932688B1 (en) | 2011-11-23 |
CN1177933C (zh) | 2004-12-01 |
JP2009065975A (ja) | 2009-04-02 |
EP0932688A1 (en) | 1999-08-04 |
CA2268384A1 (en) | 1998-04-16 |
ES2377629T3 (es) | 2012-03-29 |
CN1237207A (zh) | 1999-12-01 |
KR100641878B1 (ko) | 2006-11-02 |
TR199900771T2 (xx) | 1999-06-21 |
IL129350A0 (en) | 2000-02-17 |
IL129350A (en) | 2007-10-31 |
BR9711876A (pt) | 2000-10-24 |
KR20000049127A (ko) | 2000-07-25 |
BR9711876B1 (pt) | 2013-11-12 |
US5811381A (en) | 1998-09-22 |
WO1998015633A1 (en) | 1998-04-16 |
US20110237485A1 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
US7892812B2 (en) | 2011-02-22 |
EA199900274A1 (ru) | 1999-12-29 |
US6015707A (en) | 2000-01-18 |
ATE534733T1 (de) | 2011-12-15 |
JP2012147801A (ja) | 2012-08-09 |
AU4741597A (en) | 1998-05-05 |
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