JP5230341B2 - 二次電池用非水電解液及び該電解液を用いた非水電解液二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池用非水電解液及び該電解液を用いた非水電解液二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5230341B2 JP5230341B2 JP2008262477A JP2008262477A JP5230341B2 JP 5230341 B2 JP5230341 B2 JP 5230341B2 JP 2008262477 A JP2008262477 A JP 2008262477A JP 2008262477 A JP2008262477 A JP 2008262477A JP 5230341 B2 JP5230341 B2 JP 5230341B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- aqueous electrolyte
- secondary battery
- electrolyte
- disiloxane
- carbonate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims description 112
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims description 20
- -1 aromatic chain carbonate compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 102
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- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
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- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 23
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
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- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 3
- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- YBGYBFGZEYINNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoro-[2-[fluoro(dimethyl)silyl]ethyl]-dimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(F)CC[Si](C)(C)F YBGYBFGZEYINNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQEOIZLEQLETQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoro-[3-[fluoro(dimethyl)silyl]propyl]-dimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(F)CCC[Si](C)(C)F BQEOIZLEQLETQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AAZVKFHAHSPMNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoro-[4-[fluoro(dimethyl)silyl]-2-methylbutyl]-dimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](F)(C)CC(C)CC[Si](C)(C)F AAZVKFHAHSPMNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWYYWNKVCNKIMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoro-[4-[fluoro(dimethyl)silyl]butyl]-dimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(F)CCCC[Si](C)(C)F GWYYWNKVCNKIMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AWLORIDHIJNGFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoro-[6-[fluoro(dimethyl)silyl]hexyl]-dimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(F)CCCCCC[Si](C)(C)F AWLORIDHIJNGFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OURPFVNTSPJJBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoro-dimethyl-(3-propoxypropyl)silane Chemical compound CCCOCCC[Si](C)(C)F OURPFVNTSPJJBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001973 fluoroelastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- KGPPDNUWZNWPSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N flurotyl Chemical compound FC(F)(F)COCC(F)(F)F KGPPDNUWZNWPSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC=O WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UQEAIHBTYFGYIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethyldisiloxane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C UQEAIHBTYFGYIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROCSCYHXUBXLGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-3-yl hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound CCCC(CC)OC(O)=O ROCSCYHXUBXLGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWWYBYNZFWRRSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyphosphanyloxyphosphinous acid;1,2,3,4-tetrakis(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl)biphenylene Chemical compound OPOPO.CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1C(C(=C1C=2C(=CC(=CC=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)C=2C(=CC(=CC=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)=C(C=2C3=CC=CC=2)C3=C1C1=CC=C(C(C)(C)C)C=C1C(C)(C)C GWWYBYNZFWRRSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002847 impedance measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical group [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni] RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001288 lysyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001463 metal phosphate Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YHLVIDQQTOMBGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl prop-2-enyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OCC=C YHLVIDQQTOMBGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AUUBCQYRIBDKHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl prop-2-ynyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OCC#C AUUBCQYRIBDKHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical group CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Propyl acetate Natural products CCCOC(C)=O YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011331 needle coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXRSHKZFNKUGQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyl diphenyl phosphite Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OCCCCCCCC)OC1=CC=CC=C1 AXRSHKZFNKUGQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006864 oxidative decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium;triphenylphosphane Chemical compound [Pd].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCOZIPAWZNQLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC YCOZIPAWZNQLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001392 phosphorus oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005033 polyvinylidene chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- QLNJFJADRCOGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionamide Chemical compound CCC(N)=O QLNJFJADRCOGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionitrile Chemical compound CCC#N FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene glycol Substances CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- LVTJOONKWUXEFR-FZRMHRINSA-N protoneodioscin Natural products O(C[C@@H](CC[C@]1(O)[C@H](C)[C@@H]2[C@]3(C)[C@H]([C@H]4[C@@H]([C@]5(C)C(=CC4)C[C@@H](O[C@@H]4[C@H](O[C@H]6[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O6)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]6[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O6)[C@H](CO)O4)CC5)CC3)C[C@@H]2O1)C)[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 LVTJOONKWUXEFR-FZRMHRINSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000011835 quiches Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000979 retarding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- DCKVNWZUADLDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sec-butyl acetate Chemical compound CCC(C)OC(C)=O DCKVNWZUADLDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019812 sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001027 sodium carboxymethylcellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SUBJHSREKVAVAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;methanol;methanolate Chemical compound [Na+].OC.[O-]C SUBJHSREKVAVAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- MBDNRNMVTZADMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolene Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CC=CC1 MBDNRNMVTZADMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- LVEOKSIILWWVEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecyl 3-(3-oxo-3-tetradecoxypropyl)sulfanylpropanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCSCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCCCCCCCC LVEOKSIILWWVEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WUPCFMITFBVJMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrakis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl) butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylate Chemical compound C1C(C)(C)N(C)C(C)(C)CC1OC(=O)CC(C(=O)OC1CC(C)(C)N(C)C(C)(C)C1)C(C(=O)OC1CC(C)(C)N(C)C(C)(C)C1)CC(=O)OC1CC(C)(C)N(C)C(C)(C)C1 WUPCFMITFBVJMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NZNAAUDJKMURFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrakis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylate Chemical compound C1C(C)(C)NC(C)(C)CC1OC(=O)CC(C(=O)OC1CC(C)(C)NC(C)(C)C1)C(C(=O)OC1CC(C)(C)NC(C)(C)C1)CC(=O)OC1CC(C)(C)NC(C)(C)C1 NZNAAUDJKMURFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VSAISIQCTGDGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus hexaoxide Chemical compound O1P(O2)OP3OP1OP2O3 VSAISIQCTGDGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YODZTKMDCQEPHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiodiglycol Chemical compound OCCSCCO YODZTKMDCQEPHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQBLOZGVRHAYGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris-decyl phosphite Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCOP(OCCCCCCCCCC)OCCCCCCCCCC QQBLOZGVRHAYGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Description
以下、本発明で提案する2−アルケニル基が珪素原子に直接結合したジシロキサンの効果について詳述する。
本発明で提案する2−アルケニル基が珪素原子に直接結合したジシロキサンは、高温劣化の原因物質、具体的にはヘキサフルオロリン酸アニオンやテトラフルオロホウ酸アニオンから熱平衡反応によって発生するペンタフルオロリンやトリフルオロホウ素を安定化する効果があり、それによって、該非水電解液を用いた非水電解液二次電池の高温劣化の抑制が達成される。
これに対し、従来の添加剤である2−アルケニル基が結合していないジシロキサン、例えば、ヘキサメチルジシロキサンや1,3−ジビニル1,1,3,3−テトラメチルジシロキサンは、高温の非水電解液中でジシロキサンの結合が切れて、フルオロシランに分解する。このため、これらの2−アルケニル基が結合していないジシロキサンには、ペンタフルオロリンやトリフルオロホウ素を長期にわたって安定化する効果はない。
本発明で提案する2−アルケニル基が珪素原子に直接結合したジシロキサンは、高温の電解液中でフルオロシランに分解することはないので、長期にわたってペンタフルオロリンやトリフルオロホウ素を安定化する効果が発現する。
即ち、2−アルケニル基が珪素原子に直接結合したジシロキサンを添加した本発明の二次電池用非水電解液を非水電解液二次電池に使用することによって、高温保存を経ても高い電気容量と低い内部抵抗を維持する非水電解液二次電池を提供することができる。これは、従来の添加剤では得ることができなかったものである。
LixM1O2 (8)
(式(8)中のM1は1種類以上の遷移金属元素を示し、xの値は電池の充放電状態によって異なるが、通常0.05≦x≦1.10である)で表され、(8)式の化合物は、一般に層状構造を有する。
上記溶媒の使用量は、負極活物質に対して、通常50〜200質量%程度、好ましくは60〜150質量%である。
これらのフィルムは、電解液がしみ込んでイオンが透過し易いように、微多孔化がなされている。この微多孔化の方法としては、高分子化合物と溶剤の溶液をミクロ相分離させながら製膜し、溶剤を抽出除去して多孔化する「相分離法」と、溶融した高分子化合物を高ドラフトで押し出し製膜した後に熱処理し、結晶を一方向に配列させ、さらに延伸によって結晶間に間隙を形成して多孔化をはかる「延伸法」等が挙げられ、用いられるフィルムによって適宜選択される。
<非水電解液二次電池の作製手順>
1.正極の作製
正極活物質としてLiNi0.8Co0.17Al0.03O285質量部と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック12質量部と、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム塩(CMC)1質量部と、ポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)1質量部とを、水80質量部に分散させ、さらに結着剤としてポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)1質量部を追加し分散させ、スラリーとした。このスラリーをアルミニウム製の正極集電体両面に塗布し、乾燥後、プレス成型して、正極板とした。その後、この正極板を所定の大きさにカットし、電流取り出し用のリードタブ溶接部となる部分の電極合剤を掻き取ることでシート状正極を作製した。
負極活物質として黒鉛炭素材料粉末98質量部と、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム塩(CMC)1質量部とを、水98質量部に分散させ、さらに結着剤としてスチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)1質量部を追加し分散させ、スラリーとした。このスラリーを銅製の負極集電体両面に塗布し、乾燥後、プレス成型して、負極板とした。その後、この負極板を所定の大きさにカットし、電流取り出し用のリードタブ溶接部となる部分の電極合材を掻き取ることでシート状負極を作製した。
エチレンカーボネート25体積%、エチルメチルカーボネート40体積%、ジメチルカーボネート30体積%、及びジエチルカーボネート5体積%からなる混合溶媒に、電解質塩としてLiPF6を1モル/リットルの濃度で溶解し、試験化合物Aとして、本発明で提案する2−アルケニル基が珪素原子に直接結合したジシロキサン、若しくは下記〔化10〕に示す化合物、又は試料化合物B若しくは試料化合物Cを〔表1〕又は〔表2〕記載の配合で添加して非水電解液を調製した。
得られたシート状正極及びシート状負極を、厚さ25μmのポリエチレン製の微多孔フィルムを介した状態で巻回させて、巻回型電極体を形成した。得られた巻回型電極体をケースの内部に挿入し、ケース内に保持した。このとき、シート状正極あるいはシート状負極のリードタブ溶接部に一端が溶接された集電リードを、ケースの正極端子あるいは負極端子にそれぞれ接合した。その後、非水電解液を巻回型電極体が保持されたケース内に注入し、ケースを密閉、封止して、φ18mm、軸方向の長さ65mmの円筒型リチウム二次電池を作製した。
1.放電容量比の測定方法
リチウム二次電池を、雰囲気温度20℃の恒温槽内に入れ、充電電流0.3mA/cm2(0.2C相当の電流値)で4.2Vまで定電流定電圧充電し、放電電流0.3mA/cm2(0.2C相当の電流値)で3.0Vまで定電流放電する操作を5回行った。その後、充電電流0.3mA/cm2(0.2C相当の電流値)で4.2Vまで定電流定電圧充電し、放電電流0.3mA/cm2(0.2C相当の電流値)で3.0Vまで定電流放電し、この6サイクル目の放電容量を初期放電容量とした。この初期放電容量から、下記式に従い、放電容量比(%)を求めた。尚、測定は20℃の雰囲気で行った。
放電容量比(%)=[(初期放電容量)/(実施例1における初期放電容量)]×100
上記初期放電容量を測定した各リチウム二次電池について、先ず、充電電流1.5mA/cm2(1C相当の電流値)で3.75Vまで定電流定電圧充電し、交流インピーダンス測定装置(モバイル計測ステーションCompactStat)を用いて、周波数100kHz〜0.02Hzまで走査し、縦軸に虚数部、横軸に実数部を示すコール−コールプロットを作成した。続いて、このコール−コールプロットにおいて、円弧部分を円でフィッティングして、この円の実数部分と交差する二点のうち、大きい方の値を初期内部抵抗とした。この初期内部抵抗から、下記式に従い、内部抵抗比(%)を求めた。
内部抵抗比(%)=「(初期内部抵抗/(実施例1における初期内部抵抗)]×100
1.放電容量回復率の測定方法
20℃において4.2Vまで充電したリチウム二次電池を、雰囲気温度80℃の恒温槽内に入れて30日間保存した(高温保存試験)。高温保存試験を終えたリチウム二次電池を、雰囲気温度20℃の恒温槽内に入れ、充電電流0.3mA/cm2(0.2C相当の電流値)で4.2Vまで定電流定電圧充電し、放電電流0.3mA/cm2(0.2C相当の電流値)で3.0Vまで定電流放電し、このときの放電容量を高温保存試験後の放電容量とした。この高温保存試験後の放電容量と、上記初期放電容量とから、下記式に従い、放電容量回復率(%)を求めた。
放電容量回復率(%)=[(高温保存試験後の放電容量)/(初期放電容量)]×100
内部抵抗増加率(%)=「(高温保存試験後の内部抵抗−初期内部抵抗)/(初期内部抵抗)]×100
上記3の方法で調製した非水電解液のうち、〔表3〕記載の非水電解液について、高温保存試験を実施した。この試験結果について〔表3〕に示す。尚、高温保存試験の試験方法は、以下の通りである。
〔表3〕記載の各非水電解液を、200mlのステンレスのボトルに密閉して、雰囲気温度60℃の恒温槽内に30日間保存した。30日間保存後、各非水電解液を室温に戻し、ジシロキサンの分解によって生成するフルオロシランを、0.1規定のナトリウムメトキシドのメタノール溶液を使用した中和滴定により確認した。尚、フルオロシランの生成量は、HFの含有量に換算した中和滴定値により評価した。
〔表3〕の結果から明らかなように、2−アルケニル基が珪素原子に直接結合したジシロキサンを添加した本発明の二次電池用非水電解液では、高温保存を行ってもジシロキサンは分解しておらず、フルオロシランは生成していないことが確認できた。これに対し、2−アルケニル基が珪素原子に結合していないジシロキサンでは、ジシロキサンが分解し、フルオロシランが生成することによって、中和滴定値が上昇した。このことから、2−アルケニル基が珪素原子に直接結合することにより、高温の非水電解液中でのジシロキサン構造が安定化され、それによって、非水電解液二次電池の高温保存時の劣化を抑制する機能が発現すると理解することができる。
1a 正極集電体
2 負極
2a 負極集電体
3 電解液
4 正極ケース
5 負極ケース
6 ガスケット
7 セパレータ
10 コイン型の非水電解液二次電池
10’ 円筒型の非水電解液二次電池
11 負極
12 負極集合体
13 正極
14 正極集合体
15 電解液
16 セパレータ
17 正極端子
18 負極端子
19 負極板
20 負極リード
21 正極
22 正極リード
23 ケース
24 絶縁板
25 ガスケット
26 安全弁
27 PTC素子
Claims (8)
- 電解質塩を有機溶媒に溶解させた電解液において、2−アルケニル基が珪素原子に直接結合したジシロキサンを含有することを特徴とする二次電池用非水電解液。
- 上記2−アルケニル基が珪素原子に直接結合したジシロキサンの含有量が、非水電解液中、0.01〜5質量%であることを特徴とする請求項1〜4の何れか1項に記載の二次電池用非水電解液。
- 電解質塩として、ヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウム又はテトラフルオロホウ酸リチウムを、非水電解液中、0.1〜25質量%含有することを特徴とする請求項1〜6の何れか1項に記載の非水電解液。
- 非水電解液として、請求項1〜7の何れか1項に記載の非水電解液を含む非水電解液二次電池。
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