JP5222434B2 - 薄膜光電変換装置およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
薄膜光電変換装置およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5222434B2 JP5222434B2 JP2012501714A JP2012501714A JP5222434B2 JP 5222434 B2 JP5222434 B2 JP 5222434B2 JP 2012501714 A JP2012501714 A JP 2012501714A JP 2012501714 A JP2012501714 A JP 2012501714A JP 5222434 B2 JP5222434 B2 JP 5222434B2
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 416
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 132
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 174
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 173
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 113
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 106
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims description 85
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 53
- LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si].[Ge] Chemical compound [Si].[Ge] LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005268 plasma chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000001004 secondary ion mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 26
- 229910021424 microcrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 17
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 6
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- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 3
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000411 transmission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000577 Silicon-germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- QUZPNFFHZPRKJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N germane Chemical compound [GeH4] QUZPNFFHZPRKJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052986 germanium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YBMRDBCBODYGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium oxide Inorganic materials O=[Ge]=O YBMRDBCBODYGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 2
- PVADDRMAFCOOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxogermanium Chemical compound [Ge]=O PVADDRMAFCOOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 2
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- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000927 Ge alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005355 Hall effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011088 calibration curve Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004433 infrared transmission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002230 thermal chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/075—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PIN type, e.g. amorphous silicon PIN solar cells
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Description
近年、半導体内部の光電効果を用いて光を電気に変換する光電変換装置が注目され、開発が精力的に行われているが、その光電変換装置の中でもシリコン系薄膜光電変換装置は、低温で大面積のガラス基板やステンレス基板上に形成できることから、低コスト化が期待されている。
実施例1として、図3に示す構造の単接合の薄膜光電変換装置7を作製した。透明基板1は、厚さ1.8mmのガラス基板を用いた。透明基板1の上に、第一電極層である透明電極層2を形成した。透明電極層2として、微小なピラミッド状の表面凹凸を含みかつ平均厚さ700nmのSnO2膜が透明基板1の上に熱CVD法にて形成された。さらにスパッタ法でAlドープされたZnO膜を20nm形成し、SnO2とZnOが積層された透明電極層2を作製した。得られた透明電極層2のシート抵抗は約9Ω/□であった。またC光源で測定したヘイズ率は14%であり、表面凹凸の平均高低差dは約100nmであった。
ヘイズ率はJISK7136に基づき測定した。
実施例2として、図3に示す実施例1に類似の単接合の薄膜光電変換装置8を作製した。実施例2は、実質的に真性な非晶質シリコン半導体層である第一界面層32を5nm形成したことを除いて、実施例1と同様に作製した。
実施例3として、図3に示す実施例1に類似の単接合の薄膜光電変換装置9を作製した。実施例3は、実質的に真性な非晶質シリコン半導体層である第一界面層32を1nm形成したことを除いて、実施例1と同様に作製した。
実施例4として、図3に示す実施例1に類似の単接合の薄膜光電変換装置10を作製した。実施例4は、実質的に真性な非晶質シリコン半導体層である第一界面層32を20nm形成したことを除いて、実施例1と同様に作製した。
比較例1として、図4に示す実施例1に類似の単接合の薄膜光電変換装置11を作製した。比較例1は、実質的に真性な非晶質シリコン半導体層である第一界面層32を配置しない構造としたことを除いて、実施例1と同様に作製した。
比較例2として、図3に示す実施例1に類似の単接合の薄膜光電変換装置12を作製した。比較例2は、実質的に真性な非晶質シリコン半導体層である第一界面層32の膜厚を50nmとしたことを除いて、実施例1と同様に作製した。
実施例5として、図5に示す3接合の薄膜光電変換装置13を作製した。実施例5は、(1)実施例1の透明電極層2と結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換ユニット3の間に非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット5と結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット6を順次配置したこと、(2)結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層33の膜厚を1μmとしたこと、(3)透明電極層2をSnO2だけから構成したことの3点を除いて、実施例1と同様に作製した。
実施例6として、図5に示す3接合の薄膜光電変換装置14を作製した。実施例6は、結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層33の製膜温度を250℃としたことを除いて、実施例5と同様に作製した。
実施例7として、図5に示す3接合の薄膜光電変換装置15を作製した。実施例7は、結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層33の製膜温度を120℃としたことを除いて、実施例5と同様に作製した。
比較例3として、図6に示す2接合の薄膜光電変換装置16を作製した。比較例3は、結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換ユニット3を形成しなかったこと以外は、実施例5と同様に作製した。
比較例4として、実施例5に類似の3接合の薄膜光電変換装置を作製した。比較例4は、結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換ユニットにおいて、第一界面層32を配置しない構造としたことを除いて、実施例5と同様に作製した。
比較例5として、図5に示す実施例5に類似の3接合の薄膜光電変換装置を作製した。比較例5は、実質的に真性な非晶質シリコン半導体層である第一界面層32の膜厚を50nmとしたことを除いて、実施例5と同様に作製した。
2. 透明電極層
3. 結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換ユニット
31. p型半導体層
311. p型微結晶シリコン層
32. 実質的に真性な非晶質シリコン半導体層である第一界面層
33. 結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層
34. n型半導体層
341. n型非晶質シリコン層
35. 第二界面層
351. 実質的に真性な結晶質シリコン層
352. 実質的に真性な非晶質シリコン層
4. 裏面電極層
5. 非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット
51. p型非晶質シリコンカーバイド層
52. 実質的にi型の非晶質シリコンの光電変換層
53. n型非晶質シリコン層
6. 結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット
61. p型微結晶シリコン層
62. 実質的にi型の結晶質シリコン光電変換層
63. n型微結晶シリコン層
7〜12. 単接合薄膜光電変換装置
13〜15. 3接合薄膜光電変換装置
16. 2接合薄膜光電変換装置
Claims (14)
- 基板上に、第一電極層、一つ以上の光電変換ユニット、および第二電極層がこの順に配置された薄膜光電変換装置であって、光電変換ユニットはp型半導体層とn型半導体層との間に光電変換層を備え、
少なくとも一つの光電変換ユニットは、結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層を含む結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換ユニットであり、
結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層は、実質的に真性または弱n型であり実質的にシリコン原子を含まない結晶質ゲルマニウム半導体からなり、
結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換ユニットのp型半導体層と結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層との間には、実質的に真性な非晶質シリコン半導体層である第一界面層が配置され、
第一界面層の膜厚が1nm以上20nm以下であることを特徴とする薄膜光電変換装置。 - 請求項1に記載の薄膜光電変換装置であって、前記第一界面層の水素濃度が、二次イオン質量分析法で検出した場合、7×1021(原子/cm3)以上1.5×1022(原子/cm3)以下であることを特徴とする薄膜光電変換装置。
- 請求項1または2に記載の薄膜光電変換装置であって、前記結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換ユニットは、結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層の基板に近い側にp型半導体層が配置され、かつ結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層の基板から遠い側にn型半導体層が配置されていることを特徴とする薄膜光電変換装置。
- 請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項に記載の薄膜光電変換装置であって、前記結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層の膜厚が、50nm以上1000nm以下であることを特徴とする薄膜光電変換装置。
- 請求項1乃至4のいずれか1項に記載の薄膜光電変換装置であって、n型半導体層と結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層との間に、実質的に真性な非単結晶シリコン半導体層からなる第二界面層が配置されていることを特徴とする薄膜光電変換装置。
- 請求項5に記載の薄膜光電変換装置であって、前記第二界面層が、n型半導体層に近い側から順に、実質的に真性な非晶質シリコン層および実質的に真性な結晶質シリコン層が配置された層であることを特徴とする薄膜光電変換装置。
- 請求項1乃至6のいずれか1項に記載の薄膜光電変換装置であって、前記結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換ユニットのp型半導体層が、結晶質シリコン、非晶質シリコン、結晶質シリコンゲルマニウム、非晶質シリコンゲルマニウム、結晶質ゲルマニウムおよび非晶質ゲルマニウムからなる群から選択される1以上であることを特徴とする薄膜光電変換装置。
- 請求項7に記載の薄膜光電変換装置であって、前記p型半導体層が結晶質シリコンからなることを特徴とする薄膜光電変換装置。
- 請求項1乃至8のいずれか1項に記載の薄膜光電変換装置であって、前記結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換ユニットのn型半導体層が、結晶質シリコン、非晶質シリコン、結晶質シリコンゲルマニウム、非晶質シリコンゲルマニウム、結晶質ゲルマニウムおよび非晶質ゲルマニウムからなる群から選択される1以上であることを特徴とする薄膜光電変換装置。
- 請求項9に記載の薄膜光電変換装置であって、前記n型半導体層が非晶質シリコンからなることを特徴とする薄膜光電変換装置。
- 請求項1乃至10のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換装置であって、透明電極層と前記結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換ユニットの間に、光入射側から順に非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットおよび結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットを有する薄膜光電変換装置。
- 請求項1乃至11のいずれか1項に記載の薄膜光電変換装置を製造する方法であって、基板温度が120℃以上250℃以下の範囲内で前記結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層をプラズマCVD法により形成する工程を備えることを特徴とする薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法。
- 請求項12に記載の薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法であって、前記結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層をプラズマCVD法により形成する工程において、多数の穴の開いた板であるシャワープレートを通してガスを製膜室に供給し、シャワープレートを通り抜けるときのガスの流速を0.1m/s以上10m/s以下とすることを特徴とする薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法。
- 請求項11に記載の薄膜光電変換装置を製造する方法であって、非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット、結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット、および結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換ユニットがこの順に積層され、
基板温度が120℃以上250℃以下の範囲内で前記結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層をプラズマCVD法により形成する工程を備え、
結晶質ゲルマニウム光電変換層をプラズマCVD法により形成する工程において、多数の穴の開いた板であるシャワープレートを通してガスを製膜室に供給し、シャワープレートを通り抜けるときのガスの流速を0.1m/s以上10m/s以下とすることを特徴とする薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法。
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