JP4828795B2 - 硫酸化多糖類の分析 - Google Patents
硫酸化多糖類の分析 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、米国法第35条119(e)項の下で、その内容全てが参照として本明細書に組み入れられる、2002年7月5日に提出された米国特許出願第60/393,973号、2002年5月28日に提出された米国特許出願第60/383,903号、および2002年3月11日に提出された米国特許出願第60/363,240号に対する優先権を主張する。
本発明は、硫酸化多糖類の不均一な集団の分析およびモニタリングに関連した方法および産物に関する。特に、低分子量ヘパリン産物を含む治療的ヘパリン産物、ならびにこれらの産物を分析およびモニターする方法を記述する。
凝固は、哺乳類における正常な止血の維持に関与する生理的経路である。血管損傷が起こる状況では、凝固経路が刺激されて凝血を形成し、血液の損失を防止する。血管の損傷が起こった直後に、血小板は損傷部位で凝集し始め、出血を防止するために物理的な栓を形成する。さらに、損傷した血管は収縮して、その領域への血流を減少させ、フィブリンが凝集して不溶性のネットワークまたは凝血を形成し、これが破裂した領域を覆う。
ならびにアルツハイマー病におけるβ-繊維の形成
を含む数多くの多様な生物学的プロセスに関与することができる。
本発明は、硫酸化多糖類、例えば、ヘパリン、例えばUFH、LMWH、および合成ヘパリンの不均一な集団を分析する方法、ならびに所望の特性、例えば、所望の活性を有しおよび/または望ましくない特性、例えば望ましくない副作用が減少した硫酸化多糖類を作製する方法の発見に一部基づいている。このように、本発明は、硫酸化多糖類の不均一な集団の分析およびモニタリングに関連した方法および産物、例えば不均一な硫酸化多糖類集団の構造特徴および活性を分析してこのように定義する新規方法に関する。低分子量ヘパリン産物を含む治療的ヘパリン産物、ならびにこれらの産物を産生、分析、およびモニターする方法を記述する。
一つまたは複数の成分糖または二糖の存在または量;本明細書において用いられるように、「成分糖」は、多糖類を構成する糖類を指す。成分糖には、単糖、二糖、三糖等が含まれ、同様に、天然に通常認められる糖のみならず、とりわけ下記で定義する非天然の改変糖が含まれうる;
「ブロック成分」が複数の糖または多糖で構成される、一つまたは複数のブロック成分の存在または量;
「糖代表物」が、化学的改変、とりわけ酵素的または化学的消化のような方法によって改変された糖を含む、検出能を増強するように改変された糖類である、一つまたは複数の糖類代表物の存在または量;
三次元構造の指標または三次元構造に関連したパラメータ、例えば活性、例えば構造モチーフまたは結合部位の存在または量、例えば多糖類をクロスリンクさせることによって、例えば直線配列に隣接しない特定の糖をクロスリンクさせることによって産生された構造の存在または量;または
改変糖類が調製物を構成するために用いられる開始材料に存在する糖類であるが、調製物の産生において変化している、例えば切断によって改変された糖である、一つまたは複数の改変された糖の存在または量。
第一の構造特徴、例えば予め選択した患者の反応の第一のレベル、例えば薬物に対する陰性または陽性反応の予め選択したレベルを有する薬物のバッチに関して、本明細書に記述の任意の構造特徴を提供または決定する段階;
第二の構造特徴、例えば予め選択した患者の反応の第二のレベル、例えば薬物に対する陰性または陽性反応の予め選択したレベルを有する薬物の第二のバッチに関して、本明細書に記述の任意の構造特徴を提供または決定する段階;
薬物の特性、例えば化学または構造特性を、患者の反応の予め選択されたレベルに関連させるために第一および第二の構造決定を比較する段階。例えば、望ましくない作用が比較的高レベルである薬物のバッチの構造を決定することができ、望ましくない作用が比較的低レベルである薬物のバッチの構造を決定することができ、その後、薬物の特性を望ましくない作用と相関させるために二つのバッチの構造決定因子を比較することができる。いくつかの方法において、方法には、患者の反応の高レベルまたは低レベルと相関した特性を有する薬物のバッチを選択または廃棄することがさらに含まれる。
a.予め選択した患者反応の第一のレベル、例えば薬物に対する陰性または陽性反応の予め選択したレベルを有する薬物の第一のバッチに関して、第一の構造特徴、例えば、本明細書に記述の任意の構造特徴を決定する段階;
b.予め選択した患者反応の第二のレベル、例えば薬物に対する陰性または陽性反応の予め選択したレベルを有する薬物の第二のバッチに関して、第二の構造特徴、例えば、本明細書に記述の任意の構造特徴を決定する段階;および
c.薬物の特性、例えば化学または構造特性と、予め選択した患者反応のレベルとの相関の有無を決定するために第一と第二の構造特徴決定値を比較する段階。
本発明は、治療的治療のための、多糖類、特にヘパリンおよびLMWHのような硫酸化多糖類および改善された組成物を分析およびモニターする方法における有意な進歩を含む。例えば、本明細書に記述の方法を用いて、UFHおよびLMWHのようなHLGAGを含む硫酸化GAGの組成物を分析できること、ならびにとりわけ調製物の組成および構造を示し、組成物の活性を予測するために用いることができる「構造特徴」として本明細書において呼ばれる一次および二次産出物の組を作製できることが発見された。さらに、この情報を用いてLMWH組成物の産生を標準化して、それによってバッチ間変動がより少ないLMWHおよび望ましい活性と望ましくない活性の比が改善されたLMWHを得ることができる。例えば、高い抗第Xa因子活性を有する多糖類は、肺動脈塞栓症、急性心筋梗塞または不安定アンギナのような凝固障害および心血管疾患を治療するために特に有用である。さらに、PF4結合が減少した多糖類が望ましい。
(尿中ナトリウム、mEq/L)/((尿中クレアチニン、mg/dL)/(血漿中クレアチニン、mg/dL))。RFI≦1は、腎前性窒素血症を示す;RFI=1〜3は確定的ではないが、通常尿細管壊死を示し、RFI≧3は、急性尿細管壊死を示している。
これは、尿試料がどれほど濃縮されているかの測定値である。水の比重は1.000である。希釈した尿試料の比重は1.020未満(しばしば1.010未満)である。濃縮された尿試料は比重が1.030または1.040であろう。
これは、腎臓によって排泄されたタンパク質代謝物である(これは懸念される毒素の一つである)。正常な患者では、BUNは25程度である。腎不全におけるBUNのよい目標は、60〜80である。しばしば診断時、BUNは150、200、または300を超える。
これは、もう一つのタンパク質代謝物である(これはBUNの場合より食事中のタンパク質摂取量に依存しない)。正常なクレアチニンは2.0未満である。腎不全の場合の良好な目標はクレアチニン4.5またはそれ未満である。BUNおよびクレアチニンは、経時的にそして異なる治療に反応して追跡してもよい(いくつかの他のパラメータと共に)。
カルシウム/リンバランスは、腎不全において、不全の腎臓がリンを排泄することができないことと共にその後に起こるホルモンの変化によって崩れるようになる。カルシウムとリンのレベルが高すぎる場合、体の軟組織が炎症性で不快な無機質沈着物を生じるであろう。同様に骨も弱化するであろう。
不全腎臓は、カリウムを効率よく保存することができず、補足が必要となる可能性がある。
これは、赤血球の量の測定値である。より詳しく説明すると、これは血液中で赤血球が占める割合を表す。赤血球の産生を刺激するホルモンは、腎臓によって産生される。不全腎臓は、このホルモンを正常量で産生せず、貧血が起こりうる。貧血はしばしば、腎毒素を処置するために必要な余分の液の投与によって悪化する。
この試験は、腎臓がどのように上手く血液から老廃物および過剰な液体を除去するかの測定である。これは、年齢、体重、性別、および体格を用いて血清中のクレアチニンレベルから計算してもよい。正常なGFRは、年齢に従って変化して、高齢被験体では減少しうる。GFRの正常値は、90またはそれ以上である。GFR 60未満は、腎臓が適切に働いていない兆候である。GFR 15未満は、おそらく腎不全を示している。
これらの抗原と共に他の抗原は、PCT出願第PCT/US98/18601号に開示されている。
実施例1:ヘパリンの構造的特徴に関する組成分析法の開発
ヘパリン調製物の構造分析のためにいくつかの技術が利用されている。勾配ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動(PAGE)および強イオン交換HPLC(SAX)は、これまでヘパリン調製物の定性的および定量的分析のために用いられている(Liuら、Glycobiology 5:765〜774、1995;Turnbullら、Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:2698〜2703、1999;Merryら、J. Biol. Chem. 274:18455〜18462、1999)。勾配PAGE法は、分子量を決定するために有用であるが、しばしばヘパリン調製物の微細な構造に関する情報を提供することができない。SAX-HPLCは、紫外線吸収または放射活性による検出に依存するが、しばしば、構造的に重要なヘパリン由来オリゴ糖の少量を検出するためには感度が不十分である。
UFHは、セルサス・ラボラトリーズ(Celsus Laboratories、シンシナティ、オハイオ州)から購入し、保存液のモル濃度は、12,000 Daの平均分子量に基づいて計算した。二糖標準物質は、シグマケミカルズ(Sigma Chemicals、セントルイス、ミズーリ州)から購入した。へパリナーゼI、IIおよびIIIは既に記述したように産生した(Ernstら、Biochem. J. 315:589〜597(1996);Pojasekら、Biochemistry 39:4012〜4019(2000))。
UFHを用いたCAMの開発
CAMの開発に向けての第一段階として、本発明者らは、市販のUFHを分析した。UFHに、フラボバクテリウム・へパリナム(Flavobacterium heparinum)からのへパリナーゼI、II、およびIIIで構成される酵素カクテルによる完全な解重合化を行う。へパリナーゼカクテルによるUFHの消化によって、水の消失によるグリコシド結合の切断が起こり、それによってポリマー鎖が分解する。非還元末端でΔ4,5不飽和ウロン酸を有する得られた産物は、UV光を容易に吸収して、そのλmax 232 nmで表面的に(facially)モニターすることができる。
CAMがUFHの酵素由来成分を分離できること、およびUFHの全体的な組成の正確な評価を提供できることを考慮して、本発明者らは、LMWHの構造分析にこれを応用しようとした。その全てが現在臨床で用いられている異なる三つのLMWH、すなわちチンザパリン、アルデパリン、およびエノキサパリンを用いた(表3)。三つのLMWHおよびUFHの組成の比較から、その構造に明確な差が存在すること、最も顕著に三硫酸化二糖p1、二硫酸化二糖p2およびp3、ならびに四糖p8のモル%に差が存在することが示される。
8の定量を用いて抗凝固機能を予測できるか否かを調べるために、本発明者らは、UFHおよびLMWHの抗第Xa因子活性または抗第IIa因子活性を、p8含有量に対してプロットした。UFH、バイオゲルP10カラムによってサイズ分画したUFH、本発明者らの研究所で生成したLMWH、および市販のLMWHの抗第IIa因子活性および抗第Xa因子活性をプロットしたところ、調製物の抗第Xa/IIa因子活性値とp8のモル%のあいだに比例相関があることを示している。このように、ヘパリンおよびLMWHの抗凝固活性と抗血栓活性は、その化学組成から推定することができる。抗第Xa因子活性の場合、p8含有量は、活性と非常に良好な相関を示した(r2=0.8)(図2)。抗第IIa因子活性をp8含有量に対してプロットしたところ、さらに良好な相関(r2=0.9)を認めた。重要なことに、この相関は、UFHまたはLMWHの起源およびLMWHを生成する手段にかかわらず保持される。このように、これらの結果は、CAMによって同定される特定の構造モチーフ、例えばピーク8を用いて抗第Xa因子活性と抗第IIa因子活性の双方を予測することができることを示している。
上記の所見に基づき、本発明者らは、インビトロでの抗第Xa因子活性および抗第IIa因子活性が増加したLMWHを作製することが可能であるか否かを調べた。これらの活性は、LMWH調製物のp8含有量を最適にすることによって増加できると論じる。この可能性を調べるために、本発明者らは、制御された条件でヘパリナーゼによってUFHを消化して、酵素消化の結果としてp8含有量をモニターした。消化が完全であると判断した後、LMWHをサイズ分画によって精製して、その分子量を評価し、抗第Xa因子活性および抗第IIa因子活性を決定した。これらの新しいLMWHのインビトロプロフィールを、エノキサパリン、チンザパリン、およびアルデパリンのプロフィールと比較した(表3)。
M115およびM411は、UFHまたは他のLMWHと比較してIU/mgで表記した場合にインビトロ抗第Xa因子および抗第IIa因子活性が顕著に増加した。雄性ニュージーランドウサギを用いた一連の薬物動態実験は、このことをインビボで確認した。これらの実験において、UFHまたはLMWH(M115およびM411)のいずれかをウサギに皮下注射によって投与した。次に、抗第Xa因子または抗第IIa因子活性を追跡することによって薬物動態パラメータを決定した。
体重2.5〜3.0 kgの雄性ニュージーランドウサギを薬物動態試験に用いた。ケタミン(40 mg/kg)およびキシラジン(5 mg/kg)によって麻酔した後、24ゲージのテフロンカテーテルを中心耳介動脈に挿入した。カテーテルを、等張生理食塩液を満たしたヘパリンキャップに接続した。ヘパリン溶液を1および3および6 mg/kgでウサギに皮下注射した。異なる四つのヘパリン(UFH、アルデパリン、エノキサパリン、およびF1)を本試験に含めた。注射後0、5、10、30分、1、2、3、4、6、8、10、12、14、18、24時間に血液0.2 mlを採取した。各採取において採取した最初の血液0.2 mlを捨てた。血液試料をクエン酸ナトリウム水溶液(3.8モル%;1/9、v/v)において採取して2000×gで20分間遠心して、得られた血漿を瞬間凍結して、アッセイするまで-80℃で保存した。
3 mg/kgの同等の用量で、血漿中に存在する抗第Xa因子活性を追跡することに由来する薬物動態パラメータは、M118の生物学的利用能がUFHまたは他のLMWHのいずれかより約3〜4倍高いことを示した(図3)。M115は、UFHと比較して同等の吸収(ka)および排泄(ke)速度定数を示し、増加した生物学的利用能は、他のヘパリンと比較してM115のより高い固有の抗第Xa因子活性(IU/mg)によるものであることを示している(データは示していない)。この知見は、M115のインビトロ活性と一致する。このように、M115の吸収および排泄は他のヘパリンと同様に効率的である。その結果、同じ用量を動物に投与すると、かなり高い血漿抗第Xa因子活性が得られる。
動脈血栓症の形成は、血小板の活性化および凝集に大きく依存する。活性化トロンビン(第IIa因子)は、血小板凝集の強力な活性化因子であることが知られており、したがって高い抗第IIa因子活性を含む分子は、動脈血栓症形成のより強力な阻害剤となるはずである。本発明者らは、M115およびM411がラット動脈血栓症モデルを用いてより顕著な抗血栓作用を生じるか否かを調べた。
動脈血栓症モデルは本質的に記述通りに軽微な改変を加えて実施した。体重350〜400 gの雄性スプレージ-ドーリー系ラットをケタミン(80 mg/kg)およびキシラジン(10 mg/kg)によって麻酔した。右側の頚動脈を注意深く周辺組織から単離した(約2 cm)。超音波流計(トランソニックフローメーター、ニューヨーク)に接続した血管周囲プローブを頚動脈の下周囲に置いて血流速度をモニターした。実験は、生理食塩液またはヘパリン溶液0.2 mlを陰茎静脈から注射することによって開始した。注射の正確に1分後に、50モル%FeCl3に浸した濾紙片(直径6 mm、ホワットマン#5)を単離した頚動脈の上に留置した。濾紙を15分後に除去した。実験は、FeCl3処置の1時間後に終了して、頚動脈(2 cm)を切除した。血栓(形成されれば)を採取して、湿重量を測定した。血流が完全に停止するまでの時間である総閉塞時間(TOT)と共に血栓重量を記録した。
図4は、ラット動脈血栓症モデルにおけるヘパリンの抗血栓活性と共に血栓重量を示す。血栓は、1時間の血栓誘導期間の終了時に重量を測定した。異なる用量の異なるヘパリンの関数としての総閉塞時間および血栓重量を図4に示す。0.5 mg/kgでは、UFHは対照群の17分と比較して総閉塞時間(TOT)を約27分へと延長した。UFHおよびエノキサパリンの作用と類似の抗血栓作用を得るために必要なF1の用量は、かなり低いことが注目される。エノキサパリンに関してはわずかに弱い阻害を認めた(TOT=23分)。この血栓形成の阻害はまた最終的な血栓重量においても認められた。
蓄積された証拠から、複雑な組織因子(TF)活性化第VIIa因子(FVIIa)がインビボでの動脈血栓症の重要な開始物質であることが示される。TFPIは、組織因子凝固経路の強力な阻害剤であり、これは第Xa因子の触媒活性を中和して、第Xa因子の存在下で第VIIa因子-TF複合体のフィードバック阻害によって、その機能を発揮する。UFHおよびLMWHは、その十分に研究されたATIIIの阻害活性促進能の他に、内皮細胞からTFPIを放出する。この機能はさらに、ヘパリンとLMWHの全体的な抗凝固活性および抗血栓活性に劇的に貢献する。実際に、LMWHはTFPIをより効率的に血液中に放出して、それによってUFHと比較して好ましい抗凝固機能を促進することが知られていることが試験により判明した。薬理学的なUFHおよびLMWHの全体的な機能におけるTFPI放出の重要性を考慮して、本発明者らは、インビボでTFPI放出に及ぼすM115およびM411の影響を測定しようとした。本発明者らは、M115およびM411、UFH、またはモデルLMWHとしてのダルテパリンのs.c.投与後の血漿中のTFPI活性を測定した。放出プロフィールを確立するために、様々な時点で採取した血漿試料を調べた。
ヘパリンを1回s.c.投与後のウサギ血漿中のTFPI活性は、2段階比色アッセイ法によって決定した。簡単に説明すると、第一段階において、試験試料の希釈液を飽和濃度の第VII因子/第IIa因子複合体と共にインキュベートした。第二段階において、残留第VIIa因子-TF触媒活性の基質として、高濃度の第X因子を反応混合物に加え、生成された第Xa因子を特異的色素産生基質(アメリカンディアグノスティカインク(American Diagnostica Inc.)、コネチカット州)によって測定する。405 nmでの吸光度を読み取った。製造元(アメリカンディアグノスティカインク)によって提供された標準血漿について直線較正曲線を得た。試験試料は全て5モル%希釈液でアッセイした。結果は、プールしたウサギ血漿におけるTFPI活性の百分率として表記する。
異なるヘパリンを3 mg/kgでs.c.投与後のTFPI放出プロフィールを、図5に示す。TFPIの放出は、色素産生アッセイ法によって決定すると、血漿TFPI活性の百分率増加によって反映される。F1処置によって、有意に高いレベルのTFPI活性が得られ、これも同様に他のヘパリン処置より長い時間持続することに注目される。
抗凝固は、65年以上にわたってUFHの主な臨床適応であった。s.c.投与後のその誤った薬物動態により、UFHはその代わりに静脈内注射によって投与されてきた。さらに、抗凝固剤としてのUFHの適応は、UFHとの非特異的な血漿タンパク質結合に関連した多くの副作用によって妨害されている。したがって、UFHの抗凝固活性を保持するが、副作用が減少した新規LMWHを開発することが重要である。LMWHは、本質的にその減少した鎖の長さおよび多様性のために、顕著に少ない非特異的血漿タンパク質結合を示す。しかし、現在臨床で利用可能なLMWHは全て、UFHと比較して減少した抗第IIa因子活性を有する。この減少した活性のために、類似の抗凝固活性を得るためには(UFHと比較して)より高用量のLMWHが必要である。その結果、LMWHの使用はこれまで血栓症の予防に大きく限定されて、その治療には用いられてこなかった。
本明細書において報告した第二世代のLMWHは、多くの理由から独特である。第一にM115およびM411はUFHより低い分子量を有し、LMWHに関して許容される分子量範囲に存在するが、これらの分子は、質量に基づいてUFHまたは他のLMWHと比較して2〜4倍高い抗第Xa因子および抗第IIa因子活性を有する。さらに、典型的なLMWHと比較すると、M115およびM411はいずれも濃縮された抗第Xa因子活性と共に5〜10倍高い抗第IIa因子活性を有する。M115およびM411の抗凝固剤としての効率を、従来のUFHの効率と比較した。これを調べるために、ラット尾の出血時間アッセイを行った。出血時間は、記述されるラットモデルに軽微な改変を加えて決定した。詳しく述べると、体重350〜400 gの雄性Sprague-Dawley系ラットを用いた。55 mg/kgのペントバルビタールの腹腔内注射を麻酔に用いた。生理食塩液またはヘパリン溶液をラットの陰茎静脈から注射した。注射1分後、ラット尾をカミソリの刃で先端から2 cmのところで切断した。出血した尾を、しみが血液を含まなくなるまで30秒毎にホワットマン#3濾紙に吸わせて、その時間を記録した。
M115またはM411はいずれも、このモデルにおいてはるかにより強力な抗凝固作用を示し、その抗第Xa因子活性および抗第IIa因子活性の増加と一致した。0.5 mg/kgでは、sgL-1処置ラットの出血時間は、UFHの20分と比較して60分を超えた。0.3 mg/kgでは、出血時間はUFHと同等となり、0.1 mg/kgでは出血時間は基準レベルに戻った。同様に、M411を処置したラットは、UFHを処置したラットより顕著に長い出血時間を示した。
当技術分野で現在既知のLMWH治療に関連した欠点の一つは、被験体に合わせて個別にLMWH治療を調節できないことである。現在まで、当技術分野で既知のLMWHを調製する方法はそのような調製物を産生するために不適切であったことから、十分に特徴が調べられ、バッチ間で一貫している調製物はない。本発明の方法によって、所望の特性を有するLMWHの一貫した予測可能な組成物、例えば所定の比の抗第Xa因子活性:抗第IIa因子活性を有するLMWH調製物を調製することができる。この方法を用いて、他の特徴の中でも様々な程度の抗第IIa因子および抗第Xa因子活性を有するLMWH調製物のパネルを産生することができる。この方法は、抗第IIa因子活性または抗第Xa因子活性を操作することに限定されず、本明細書に開示して請求される方法を用いることによって、他の所望の特徴、例えば超低分子量、PF4結合、プロタミン中和、FGF結合等を有するLMWH調製物を産生することに拡大することができる。次に、本発明の方法によって作製された組成物を用いて、被験体の治療をその状態に合わせて調節することができる;例えば、凝血の治療において高い抗第Xa因子/抗第IIs因子活性を有するLMWH調製物を治療サイクルの初期に投与して、後に抗第Xa因子活性のみを有するLMWH調製物に切り替えることが有利であるかも知れない。
「格子状の表」技法を用いて多様な構造特徴を有する多くのLMWH調製物を作製した。制限的であると意味しない格子状の表の一例を下記に示す。これは上から下まで格子状の表を下に移動させ、それぞれの列において利用可能な選択肢の任意の一つを選択することによって用いられる。それぞれの選択肢は、案内であると意図され、当業者は、下記に示すそれらのあいだおよびそれらを超える選択肢が本発明の範囲に含まれることを理解するであろう。格子状の表を用いる特定の例を下記に示す。一例として、10 mg/ml濃度のUFHから開始してもよく、MgCl2によって沈殿し、段階1および2に関する極性溶媒として用いるためにメタノールを選択する等。一つの欄に留まる必要はない;選択肢の選択は得られた組成の構造特徴に影響を及ぼす可能性がある。
段階1:エノキサパリン100 mgを水10 mlに溶解して10 mg/ml濃度を得た。NaCl 100 mgをこの溶液に加えた。溶液のpHを6.7に調節した。200標準濃度エタノール5 mlをこの混合物に加えた。溶液を4℃で24時間維持した。沈殿した残渣(MLP)を4000 rpmで15分間の遠心によって除去した。エタノール20 mlを上清に加えて、混合物を4℃で24時間維持した。24時間の終了時に形成された沈殿物(MLS)を4000 rpmで15分間の遠心によって分離する。これを一晩凍結乾燥すると、MLSの乾燥粉末60 mgが得られる。
段階1:UFH 100 mgを水10 mlに溶解して10 mg/ml濃度を得た。NaCl 100 mgをこの溶液に加えた。溶液のpHを6.7に調節した。200標準濃度エタノール3 mlをこの混合物に加えた。溶液を4℃で12時間維持した。沈殿した残渣(MUP)を4000 rpmで15分間の遠心によって除去する。エタノール10 mlを上清に加えて、混合物を4℃で24時間維持した。24時間の終了時に形成された沈殿物(MUS)を4000 rpmで15分間の遠心によって分離する。これを一晩凍結乾燥すると、MUSの乾燥粉末60 mgが得られる。
上記の方法を用いて以下のLMWH組成物を調製して特徴を調べた:
1)開始材料:特に、UFH、FH、またはエノキサパリン(Lovenox(商標))、ダルテパリン(Fragmin(商標))、セルトパリン(Sandobarin(商標))、アルデパリン(Normiflo(商標))、ナドロパリン(Fraxiparin(商標))、パルナパリン(Fluxum(商標))、レビパリン(Clivarin(商標))、チンザパリン(Innohep(商標)またはLogiparin(商標))のような他のLMWH調製物。
2)塩(タイプ、濃度):MgおよびCaのような二価金属のような塩(例えば、MgCl2、酢酸カルシウム等)。
2)酵素(ヘパリナーゼI、II、III、IV、へパラナーゼ、変異体ヘパリナーゼ、およびこれらの酵素の異なる組み合わせ)
3)温度
4)インキュベーション時間
当業者に現在既知であるUFHおよびLMWH調製物の大きい欠点の一つは、組成および活性の双方におけるその大きい変動である。このために、LMWHまたはUFH治療が適応される患者集団が限定され、例えば中でも異常な腎機能患者は除外された。異常な腎機能は、血液および尿中の尿素、クレアチニン、リン、GFR、またはBUNによって測定する。既知のLMWH調製物の投与はしばしば、不正確な試験に基づいて適当な用量を設定するための試行錯誤のアプローチであり、術後の出血のような望ましくない重度の副作用が起こりうる。低いバッチ間変動と所望の構造特徴を有するLMWH調製物を作製する方法を有することが非常に望ましい。本発明の方法によって、そのような調製物を作製することができる。
いくつかのエノキサパリン調製物を、ヘパリナーゼを含む酵素カクテルによって解重合した。次に、得られた消化物の毛細管電気泳動(CE)をアジレントCE装置において負のモードで行った。市販のエノキサパリンのバッチ3個において認められる二糖構築ブロックを下記の表に示す。組成は、エノキサパリンの構築ブロックのモル%として表記する。この表は、構成構築ブロックのモル%として組成を教示する。言い換えれば、エノキサパリン1モルは、二糖構築ブロック1のX1モル%、二糖構築ブロック2のX2モル%、構築ブロック「N」のXNモル%で構成される。X1+X2+.....+Xn=100である。変動は、三つの値の平均値をとり、最大の変動を平均値によって除することによって計算した。
制限的であることを意味しない本発明の方法の応用の一つの例は、以下の通りである。第一に、例えば所望のレベルで所望の活性を有する標準的な調製物に基づいて、望ましい参照構造特徴、モル%または活性を選択する。表10のデータを用いて、抗第Xa因子活性を最大限にして、許容される値の範囲をピーク8のモル%に関して、例えば6.5モル%を選択する。本発明の範囲において、製造されたそれぞれのバッチのエノキサパリンに、本発明の分析法を行って、8というモル%を決定した。所望の範囲の所定の変動内に入るエノキサパリンのバッチが容認されるであろう;範囲に入らないバッチは拒絶されるであろう。この場合も、一例として表10からのデータをとると、所望のモル%が6.5である場合、許容される変動は5%であり、ピーク8の四糖のモル%が6.5±0.3であるバッチのみが許容されるであろう。このように、バッチ1および3は許容されるが、バッチ2はp8のレベルが不十分である(そしてこのように抗第Xa因子活性レベルが不十分である)として拒絶されるであろう。
ヒトもしくは動物被験体または実験動物のような被験体におけるLMWH調製物を追跡およびモニターすることができることは、これらの調製物の研究および治療応用をいずれも大きく強化するであろう。今日まで、モニタリング法は、上記のように多くの欠点を有する活性アッセイ法に依存していた。
被験体、例えばヒトもしくは動物被験体または実験動物にLMWH調製物を投与後、試料または複数の試料を様々な期間でその被験体から採取する。試料は、血液または尿を含むがこれらに限定されない如何なる体液ともなりうる。次に、試料を、米国特許第5,843,786号に開示される方法のような、当技術分野で既知の適当な方法によって精製する;精製法は、試料のタイプに依存するであろう。制限することを意味しないが一例として、試料は血液である。濾過または遠心によって全ての細胞を除去した後、さらなる濾過を用いて高分子量混入物を試料から除去してもよい。試料はさらに、精製して当技術分野で慣例的に既知のイオン交換法によって中性混入物を除去してもよい。次に、試料を当技術分野で既知の方法を用いて誘導体化してもよい。最後に、試料を上記の方法を用いて処置して、多糖類を解重合してから、分析、例えばCE、MALDI-MS、および/またはPEN-MALDIを行う。試料はまた、試料中のLMWHレベルを定量するために参照物質と比較してもよい。
ヒトもしくは動物被験体または実験動物のような被験体においてLMWH調製物を追跡してモニターできることは、これらの調製物の研究および治療応用をいずれも大きく強化するであろう。LMWH調製物に組み入れたマーカーまたはタグを用いることは、モニタリング、定量、および検出を有意に容易にする。
本明細書に開示の方法または当技術分野で既知の方法のいずれかによってLMWHの調製後、標識をLMWHの構成成分の一つまたは複数に結合させる。そのような標識は、蛍光体(Morellら、Electrophoresis(1998)19(15):2603〜11;Anumulaら、Glycobiology(1998)8(7):685〜94;Sudorら、Anal Chem.(1997)69(16):3199〜204;Biggeら、Anal Biochem.(1995)230(2):229〜38;Franzら、J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.(2001)12(12):1254〜61;Drummondら、Proteomics(2001)1(2):304〜10;Arakiら、J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci.(2001)753(2):209〜15;Liuら、Anal Biochem(1993)211(2):250〜7);ビオチン(Imaiら、FEBS Lett.(2002)510(3):201〜5);放射活性同位元素(Collardら、Anal. Biochem(1997)247(2):448〜50);質量標識;抗原性部分、または当技術分野で既知の他の適した標識となりうる。好ましくは、標識は、LMWHの活性成分に結合させる。
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| CA2478700C (en) | 2012-10-16 |
| US7947507B2 (en) | 2011-05-24 |
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| US20030203385A1 (en) | 2003-10-30 |
| AU2009200769B2 (en) | 2011-08-25 |
| US20130065852A1 (en) | 2013-03-14 |
| WO2003078960A2 (en) | 2003-09-25 |
| EP1518120A2 (en) | 2005-03-30 |
| US8715953B2 (en) | 2014-05-06 |
| JP2009175143A (ja) | 2009-08-06 |
| US20090061411A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
| US20140057358A1 (en) | 2014-02-27 |
| US20110288046A1 (en) | 2011-11-24 |
| AU2003225724A1 (en) | 2003-09-29 |
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