JP4366192B2 - 超小型電子加工物の電気化学機械処理の方法及び装置 - Google Patents
超小型電子加工物の電気化学機械処理の方法及び装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4366192B2 JP4366192B2 JP2003574388A JP2003574388A JP4366192B2 JP 4366192 B2 JP4366192 B2 JP 4366192B2 JP 2003574388 A JP2003574388 A JP 2003574388A JP 2003574388 A JP2003574388 A JP 2003574388A JP 4366192 B2 JP4366192 B2 JP 4366192B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- workpiece
- electrode
- remote
- electrodes
- carried
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 title claims description 70
- 238000004377 microelectronic Methods 0.000 title claims description 61
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 44
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 39
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 29
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 21
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 21
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 18
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- FHUGMWWUMCDXBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold platinum titanium Chemical compound [Ti][Pt][Au] FHUGMWWUMCDXBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013500 data storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B37/00—Lapping machines or devices; Accessories
- B24B37/04—Lapping machines or devices; Accessories designed for working plane surfaces
- B24B37/042—Lapping machines or devices; Accessories designed for working plane surfaces operating processes therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/302—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to change their surface-physical characteristics or shape, e.g. etching, polishing, cutting
- H01L21/304—Mechanical treatment, e.g. grinding, polishing, cutting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23H—WORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
- B23H5/00—Combined machining
- B23H5/06—Electrochemical machining combined with mechanical working, e.g. grinding or honing
- B23H5/08—Electrolytic grinding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23H—WORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
- B23H5/00—Combined machining
- B23H5/10—Electrodes specially adapted therefor or their manufacture
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B37/00—Lapping machines or devices; Accessories
- B24B37/04—Lapping machines or devices; Accessories designed for working plane surfaces
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B49/00—Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation
- B24B49/10—Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation involving electrical means
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D17/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D17/001—Apparatus specially adapted for electrolytic coating of wafers, e.g. semiconductors or solar cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/12—Semiconductors
- C25D7/123—Semiconductors first coated with a seed layer or a conductive layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF MATERIALS FROM OBJECTS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F3/00—Electrolytic etching or polishing
- C25F3/16—Polishing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF MATERIALS FROM OBJECTS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells for electrolytic removal of material from objects; Servicing or operating
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/31—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to form insulating layers thereon, e.g. for masking or by using photolithographic techniques; After treatment of these layers; Selection of materials for these layers
- H01L21/3205—Deposition of non-insulating-, e.g. conductive- or resistive-, layers on insulating layers; After-treatment of these layers
- H01L21/321—After treatment
- H01L21/32115—Planarisation
- H01L21/3212—Planarisation by chemical mechanical polishing [CMP]
- H01L21/32125—Planarisation by chemical mechanical polishing [CMP] by simultaneously passing an electrical current, i.e. electrochemical mechanical polishing, e.g. ECMP
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D17/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D17/10—Electrodes, e.g. composition, counter electrode
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D17/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D17/10—Electrodes, e.g. composition, counter electrode
- C25D17/14—Electrodes, e.g. composition, counter electrode for pad-plating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/04—Electroplating with moving electrodes
- C25D5/06—Brush or pad plating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/18—Electroplating using modulated, pulsed or reversing current
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/22—Electroplating combined with mechanical treatment during the deposition
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Weting (AREA)
- Mechanical Treatment Of Semiconductor (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- Electrodes Of Semiconductors (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/090,869 US7153410B2 (en) | 2000-08-30 | 2002-03-04 | Methods and apparatus for electrochemical-mechanical processing of microelectronic workpieces |
| PCT/US2003/006373 WO2003076134A1 (en) | 2002-03-04 | 2003-02-28 | Methods and apparatus for electrochemical-mechanical processing of microelectronic workpieces |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2005519478A JP2005519478A (ja) | 2005-06-30 |
| JP2005519478A5 JP2005519478A5 (enExample) | 2006-04-20 |
| JP4366192B2 true JP4366192B2 (ja) | 2009-11-18 |
Family
ID=27804072
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003574388A Expired - Fee Related JP4366192B2 (ja) | 2002-03-04 | 2003-02-28 | 超小型電子加工物の電気化学機械処理の方法及び装置 |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7153410B2 (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP1480784A1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP4366192B2 (enExample) |
| KR (1) | KR100720849B1 (enExample) |
| CN (1) | CN100528484C (enExample) |
| AU (1) | AU2003212478A1 (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2003076134A1 (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (34)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6413388B1 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2002-07-02 | Nutool Inc. | Pad designs and structures for a versatile materials processing apparatus |
| US6902659B2 (en) | 1998-12-01 | 2005-06-07 | Asm Nutool, Inc. | Method and apparatus for electro-chemical mechanical deposition |
| US6497800B1 (en) | 2000-03-17 | 2002-12-24 | Nutool Inc. | Device providing electrical contact to the surface of a semiconductor workpiece during metal plating |
| US7578923B2 (en) * | 1998-12-01 | 2009-08-25 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | Electropolishing system and process |
| US6852208B2 (en) | 2000-03-17 | 2005-02-08 | Nutool, Inc. | Method and apparatus for full surface electrotreating of a wafer |
| US7754061B2 (en) | 2000-08-10 | 2010-07-13 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | Method for controlling conductor deposition on predetermined portions of a wafer |
| US7153195B2 (en) | 2000-08-30 | 2006-12-26 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for selectively removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate |
| US7129160B2 (en) | 2002-08-29 | 2006-10-31 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method for simultaneously removing multiple conductive materials from microelectronic substrates |
| US7078308B2 (en) | 2002-08-29 | 2006-07-18 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method and apparatus for removing adjacent conductive and nonconductive materials of a microelectronic substrate |
| US7134934B2 (en) | 2000-08-30 | 2006-11-14 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for electrically detecting characteristics of a microelectronic substrate and/or polishing medium |
| US7112121B2 (en) | 2000-08-30 | 2006-09-26 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for electrical, mechanical and/or chemical removal of conductive material from a microelectronic substrate |
| US7192335B2 (en) * | 2002-08-29 | 2007-03-20 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method and apparatus for chemically, mechanically, and/or electrolytically removing material from microelectronic substrates |
| US7220166B2 (en) * | 2000-08-30 | 2007-05-22 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for electromechanically and/or electrochemically-mechanically removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate |
| US20040235297A1 (en) * | 2003-05-23 | 2004-11-25 | Bih-Tiao Lin | Reverse electroplating for damascene conductive region formation |
| US20070095659A1 (en) * | 2003-08-05 | 2007-05-03 | Hozumi Yasuda | Electrolytic processing apparatus and electrolytic processing method |
| US7112122B2 (en) | 2003-09-17 | 2006-09-26 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate |
| US7153777B2 (en) | 2004-02-20 | 2006-12-26 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Methods and apparatuses for electrochemical-mechanical polishing |
| US7566391B2 (en) | 2004-09-01 | 2009-07-28 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Methods and systems for removing materials from microfeature workpieces with organic and/or non-aqueous electrolytic media |
| US7084064B2 (en) * | 2004-09-14 | 2006-08-01 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Full sequence metal and barrier layer electrochemical mechanical processing |
| US8974655B2 (en) * | 2008-03-24 | 2015-03-10 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Methods of planarization and electro-chemical mechanical polishing processes |
| FR2958300B1 (fr) * | 2010-03-31 | 2012-05-04 | Snecma | Dispositif pour controler des caracteristiques physiques d'un bain d'electrodeposition metallique. |
| US9676045B2 (en) * | 2011-02-28 | 2017-06-13 | Corning Optical Communications Rf Llc | Electrodes, components, apparatuses, and methods for burr-free or substantially burr-free electrochemical machining |
| FR2991343B1 (fr) * | 2012-06-01 | 2014-05-16 | Dalic | Dispositif pour le traitement electrochimique, notamment localise, d'un substrat conducteur |
| JP6145596B2 (ja) * | 2013-03-15 | 2017-06-14 | 秋田県 | 研磨装置および研磨装置に用いられるアタッチメント |
| CN104862772B (zh) * | 2014-02-26 | 2018-09-04 | 盛美半导体设备(上海)有限公司 | 电化学抛光装置及方法 |
| CN104894634A (zh) * | 2014-03-03 | 2015-09-09 | 盛美半导体设备(上海)有限公司 | 新型电化学抛光装置 |
| ES1110830Y (es) * | 2014-03-28 | 2014-08-29 | Steros Gpa Innovative S L | Dispositivo para bruñido y pulido de piezas metálicas |
| ES1105980Y (es) * | 2014-03-28 | 2014-07-01 | Steros Gpa Innovative S L | Dispositivo electromecánico desmontable para bruñido y pulido de piezas metálicas |
| US20200303748A1 (en) * | 2017-04-24 | 2020-09-24 | University Of North Texas | Nanomanufacturing of metallic glasses for energy conversion and storage |
| CN106925850B (zh) * | 2017-05-03 | 2019-01-01 | 广东工业大学 | 一种型腔电解加工装置 |
| CN107900472B (zh) * | 2017-11-13 | 2019-02-26 | 常州工学院 | 一种磨粒浮动式自适应电化学机械抛光加工方法及装置 |
| WO2022205656A1 (zh) * | 2021-03-29 | 2022-10-06 | 中国电子科技集团公司第十三研究所 | 一种磷化铟衬底的抛光装置及抛光工艺 |
| EP4401896A4 (en) * | 2021-09-17 | 2025-10-15 | Ensitech Ip Pty Ltd | ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT DEVICE |
| CN117020755A (zh) * | 2023-06-16 | 2023-11-10 | 中唯精密工业有限公司 | 一种弯针等离子纳米抛光装置及其抛光方法 |
Family Cites Families (116)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2315695A (en) * | 1938-11-23 | 1943-04-06 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Method of polishing metals |
| US2516105A (en) * | 1945-06-20 | 1950-07-25 | Mateosian Edward Der | Electrolytic polishing of metals |
| US3334210A (en) * | 1964-05-22 | 1967-08-01 | Cincinnati Milling Machine Co | Electro-discharge machining fluid and method |
| US3239439A (en) * | 1962-07-09 | 1966-03-08 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Electrodeposition of metals |
| JPS63288620A (ja) | 1987-05-22 | 1988-11-25 | Kobe Steel Ltd | アルミニウムの電解複合超鏡面加工方法 |
| JPH01241129A (ja) | 1988-03-23 | 1989-09-26 | Toshiba Corp | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
| KR960006714B1 (ko) | 1990-05-28 | 1996-05-22 | 가부시끼가이샤 도시바 | 반도체 장치의 제조 방법 |
| US5098533A (en) * | 1991-02-06 | 1992-03-24 | International Business Machines Corp. | Electrolytic method for the etch back of encapsulated copper-Invar-copper core structures |
| US5244534A (en) | 1992-01-24 | 1993-09-14 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Two-step chemical mechanical polishing process for producing flush and protruding tungsten plugs |
| US5618381A (en) | 1992-01-24 | 1997-04-08 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Multiple step method of chemical-mechanical polishing which minimizes dishing |
| US5162248A (en) * | 1992-03-13 | 1992-11-10 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Optimized container stacked capacitor DRAM cell utilizing sacrificial oxide deposition and chemical mechanical polishing |
| JP2952539B2 (ja) * | 1992-03-30 | 1999-09-27 | セイコーインスツルメンツ株式会社 | 微細加工装置 |
| US5562529A (en) * | 1992-10-08 | 1996-10-08 | Fujitsu Limited | Apparatus and method for uniformly polishing a wafer |
| US5300155A (en) | 1992-12-23 | 1994-04-05 | Micron Semiconductor, Inc. | IC chemical mechanical planarization process incorporating slurry temperature control |
| US5340370A (en) | 1993-11-03 | 1994-08-23 | Intel Corporation | Slurries for chemical mechanical polishing |
| US5575885A (en) | 1993-12-14 | 1996-11-19 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Copper-based metal polishing solution and method for manufacturing semiconductor device |
| US5567300A (en) | 1994-09-02 | 1996-10-22 | Ibm Corporation | Electrochemical metal removal technique for planarization of surfaces |
| US5691219A (en) * | 1994-09-17 | 1997-11-25 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device |
| KR0170308B1 (ko) * | 1995-12-05 | 1999-02-01 | 김광호 | 강유전체 캐패시터의 제조방법 |
| US5676587A (en) | 1995-12-06 | 1997-10-14 | International Business Machines Corporation | Selective polish process for titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum and tantalum nitride |
| US5840629A (en) | 1995-12-14 | 1998-11-24 | Sematech, Inc. | Copper chemical mechanical polishing slurry utilizing a chromate oxidant |
| US5994220A (en) | 1996-02-02 | 1999-11-30 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method for forming a semiconductor connection with a top surface having an enlarged recess |
| US5780358A (en) | 1996-04-08 | 1998-07-14 | Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing Ltd. | Method for chemical-mechanical polish (CMP) planarizing of cooper containing conductor layers |
| US5681423A (en) | 1996-06-06 | 1997-10-28 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Semiconductor wafer for improved chemical-mechanical polishing over large area features |
| US6115233A (en) * | 1996-06-28 | 2000-09-05 | Lsi Logic Corporation | Integrated circuit device having a capacitor with the dielectric peripheral region being greater than the dielectric central region |
| US5827781A (en) | 1996-07-17 | 1998-10-27 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Planarization slurry including a dispersant and method of using same |
| US5846398A (en) | 1996-08-23 | 1998-12-08 | Sematech, Inc. | CMP slurry measurement and control technique |
| US5972792A (en) | 1996-10-18 | 1999-10-26 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method for chemical-mechanical planarization of a substrate on a fixed-abrasive polishing pad |
| US5930699A (en) | 1996-11-12 | 1999-07-27 | Ericsson Inc. | Address retrieval system |
| US6068787A (en) | 1996-11-26 | 2000-05-30 | Cabot Corporation | Composition and slurry useful for metal CMP |
| JP3809237B2 (ja) * | 1996-12-06 | 2006-08-16 | キヤノン株式会社 | 電解パターンエッチング方法 |
| US5954997A (en) | 1996-12-09 | 1999-09-21 | Cabot Corporation | Chemical mechanical polishing slurry useful for copper substrates |
| JPH10189909A (ja) | 1996-12-27 | 1998-07-21 | Texas Instr Japan Ltd | 誘電体キャパシタ及び誘電体メモリ装置と、これらの製造方法 |
| US5807165A (en) | 1997-03-26 | 1998-09-15 | International Business Machines Corporation | Method of electrochemical mechanical planarization |
| US5911619A (en) * | 1997-03-26 | 1999-06-15 | International Business Machines Corporation | Apparatus for electrochemical mechanical planarization |
| US6174425B1 (en) * | 1997-05-14 | 2001-01-16 | Motorola, Inc. | Process for depositing a layer of material over a substrate |
| US5934980A (en) | 1997-06-09 | 1999-08-10 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method of chemical mechanical polishing |
| US6103636A (en) * | 1997-08-20 | 2000-08-15 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method and apparatus for selective removal of material from wafer alignment marks |
| US6010964A (en) | 1997-08-20 | 2000-01-04 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Wafer surface treatment methods and systems using electrocapillarity |
| US6060386A (en) | 1997-08-21 | 2000-05-09 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method and apparatus for forming features in holes, trenches and other voids in the manufacturing of microelectronic devices |
| US6007695A (en) * | 1997-09-30 | 1999-12-28 | Candescent Technologies Corporation | Selective removal of material using self-initiated galvanic activity in electrolytic bath |
| US6024856A (en) * | 1997-10-10 | 2000-02-15 | Enthone-Omi, Inc. | Copper metallization of silicon wafers using insoluble anodes |
| US5897375A (en) | 1997-10-20 | 1999-04-27 | Motorola, Inc. | Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) slurry for copper and method of use in integrated circuit manufacture |
| US6001730A (en) | 1997-10-20 | 1999-12-14 | Motorola, Inc. | Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) slurry for polishing copper interconnects which use tantalum-based barrier layers |
| US6103096A (en) * | 1997-11-12 | 2000-08-15 | International Business Machines Corporation | Apparatus and method for the electrochemical etching of a wafer |
| WO1999026758A1 (en) | 1997-11-25 | 1999-06-03 | John Hopkins University | Electrochemical-control of abrasive polishing and machining rates |
| US6162681A (en) * | 1998-01-26 | 2000-12-19 | Texas Instruments - Acer Incorporated | DRAM cell with a fork-shaped capacitor |
| US6432828B2 (en) * | 1998-03-18 | 2002-08-13 | Cabot Microelectronics Corporation | Chemical mechanical polishing slurry useful for copper substrates |
| TW377514B (en) * | 1998-04-18 | 1999-12-21 | United Microelectronics Corp | Method of manufacturing memory capacitors of DRAM |
| US6416647B1 (en) * | 1998-04-21 | 2002-07-09 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Electro-chemical deposition cell for face-up processing of single semiconductor substrates |
| KR100280107B1 (ko) | 1998-05-07 | 2001-03-02 | 윤종용 | 트렌치 격리 형성 방법 |
| US6121152A (en) | 1998-06-11 | 2000-09-19 | Integrated Process Equipment Corporation | Method and apparatus for planarization of metallized semiconductor wafers using a bipolar electrode assembly |
| US6143155A (en) | 1998-06-11 | 2000-11-07 | Speedfam Ipec Corp. | Method for simultaneous non-contact electrochemical plating and planarizing of semiconductor wafers using a bipiolar electrode assembly |
| US6132586A (en) * | 1998-06-11 | 2000-10-17 | Integrated Process Equipment Corporation | Method and apparatus for non-contact metal plating of semiconductor wafers using a bipolar electrode assembly |
| US6063306A (en) | 1998-06-26 | 2000-05-16 | Cabot Corporation | Chemical mechanical polishing slurry useful for copper/tantalum substrate |
| US6190494B1 (en) * | 1998-07-29 | 2001-02-20 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method and apparatus for electrically endpointing a chemical-mechanical planarization process |
| US6180947B1 (en) * | 1998-08-07 | 2001-01-30 | Nikon Corporation | Multi-element deflection aberration correction for electron beam lithography |
| US6051496A (en) | 1998-09-17 | 2000-04-18 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company | Use of stop layer for chemical mechanical polishing of CU damascene |
| US6039633A (en) | 1998-10-01 | 2000-03-21 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method and apparatus for mechanical and chemical-mechanical planarization of microelectronic-device substrate assemblies |
| US6250994B1 (en) | 1998-10-01 | 2001-06-26 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Methods and apparatuses for mechanical and chemical-mechanical planarization of microelectronic-device substrate assemblies on planarizing pads |
| JP3144635B2 (ja) | 1998-10-13 | 2001-03-12 | 日本電気株式会社 | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
| KR100272172B1 (ko) * | 1998-10-16 | 2000-11-15 | 윤종용 | 반도체장치의 커패시터 및 그 제조방법 |
| US6176992B1 (en) | 1998-11-03 | 2001-01-23 | Nutool, Inc. | Method and apparatus for electro-chemical mechanical deposition |
| US6206756B1 (en) | 1998-11-10 | 2001-03-27 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Tungsten chemical-mechanical polishing process using a fixed abrasive polishing pad and a tungsten layer chemical-mechanical polishing solution specifically adapted for chemical-mechanical polishing with a fixed abrasive pad |
| US6276996B1 (en) | 1998-11-10 | 2001-08-21 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Copper chemical-mechanical polishing process using a fixed abrasive polishing pad and a copper layer chemical-mechanical polishing solution specifically adapted for chemical-mechanical polishing with a fixed abrasive pad |
| US6083840A (en) | 1998-11-25 | 2000-07-04 | Arch Specialty Chemicals, Inc. | Slurry compositions and method for the chemical-mechanical polishing of copper and copper alloys |
| US6328872B1 (en) | 1999-04-03 | 2001-12-11 | Nutool, Inc. | Method and apparatus for plating and polishing a semiconductor substrate |
| US7427337B2 (en) * | 1998-12-01 | 2008-09-23 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | System for electropolishing and electrochemical mechanical polishing |
| US6103628A (en) | 1998-12-01 | 2000-08-15 | Nutool, Inc. | Reverse linear polisher with loadable housing |
| US6251235B1 (en) | 1999-03-30 | 2001-06-26 | Nutool, Inc. | Apparatus for forming an electrical contact with a semiconductor substrate |
| US6280581B1 (en) * | 1998-12-29 | 2001-08-28 | David Cheng | Method and apparatus for electroplating films on semiconductor wafers |
| US6322422B1 (en) * | 1999-01-19 | 2001-11-27 | Nec Corporation | Apparatus for accurately measuring local thickness of insulating layer on semiconductor wafer during polishing and polishing system using the same |
| US6303956B1 (en) * | 1999-02-26 | 2001-10-16 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Conductive container structures having a dielectric cap |
| US6066030A (en) | 1999-03-04 | 2000-05-23 | International Business Machines Corporation | Electroetch and chemical mechanical polishing equipment |
| US6117781A (en) | 1999-04-22 | 2000-09-12 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Optimized trench/via profile for damascene processing |
| US6259128B1 (en) * | 1999-04-23 | 2001-07-10 | International Business Machines Corporation | Metal-insulator-metal capacitor for copper damascene process and method of forming the same |
| US6395607B1 (en) * | 1999-06-09 | 2002-05-28 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Integrated circuit fabrication method for self-aligned copper diffusion barrier |
| US6196899B1 (en) | 1999-06-21 | 2001-03-06 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Polishing apparatus |
| US6287974B1 (en) | 1999-06-30 | 2001-09-11 | Lam Research Corporation | Method of achieving top rounding and uniform etch depths while etching shallow trench isolation features |
| US6218309B1 (en) | 1999-06-30 | 2001-04-17 | Lam Research Corporation | Method of achieving top rounding and uniform etch depths while etching shallow trench isolation features |
| US6197182B1 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2001-03-06 | Technic Inc. | Apparatus and method for plating wafers, substrates and other articles |
| US6328632B1 (en) | 1999-08-31 | 2001-12-11 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Polishing pads and planarizing machines for mechanical and/or chemical-mechanical planarization of microelectronic substrate assemblies |
| JP4513145B2 (ja) * | 1999-09-07 | 2010-07-28 | ソニー株式会社 | 半導体装置の製造方法および研磨方法 |
| US6379223B1 (en) * | 1999-11-29 | 2002-04-30 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Method and apparatus for electrochemical-mechanical planarization |
| US6299741B1 (en) | 1999-11-29 | 2001-10-09 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Advanced electrolytic polish (AEP) assisted metal wafer planarization method and apparatus |
| US6368184B1 (en) * | 2000-01-06 | 2002-04-09 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Apparatus for determining metal CMP endpoint using integrated polishing pad electrodes |
| US6368190B1 (en) | 2000-01-26 | 2002-04-09 | Agere Systems Guardian Corp. | Electrochemical mechanical planarization apparatus and method |
| TWI296006B (enExample) | 2000-02-09 | 2008-04-21 | Jsr Corp | |
| US6848970B2 (en) * | 2002-09-16 | 2005-02-01 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Process control in electrochemically assisted planarization |
| US6797623B2 (en) | 2000-03-09 | 2004-09-28 | Sony Corporation | Methods of producing and polishing semiconductor device and polishing apparatus |
| US6313038B1 (en) | 2000-04-26 | 2001-11-06 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling chemical interactions during planarization of microelectronic substrates |
| KR100331568B1 (ko) * | 2000-05-26 | 2002-04-06 | 윤종용 | 반도체 메모리 소자 및 그 제조방법 |
| US6433929B1 (en) * | 2000-06-12 | 2002-08-13 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Scanning optical microscope and method of acquiring image |
| US6455370B1 (en) | 2000-08-16 | 2002-09-24 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method of patterning noble metals for semiconductor devices by electropolishing |
| US7160176B2 (en) | 2000-08-30 | 2007-01-09 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for electrically and/or chemically-mechanically removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate |
| US6867448B1 (en) | 2000-08-31 | 2005-03-15 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Electro-mechanically polished structure |
| JP2002093761A (ja) | 2000-09-19 | 2002-03-29 | Sony Corp | 研磨方法、研磨装置、メッキ方法およびメッキ装置 |
| US6464855B1 (en) * | 2000-10-04 | 2002-10-15 | Speedfam-Ipec Corporation | Method and apparatus for electrochemical planarization of a workpiece |
| US20020104764A1 (en) * | 2000-11-20 | 2002-08-08 | Gautam Banerjee | Electropolishing and chemical mechanical planarization |
| US6696358B2 (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2004-02-24 | Honeywell International Inc. | Viscous protective overlayers for planarization of integrated circuits |
| US6736952B2 (en) * | 2001-02-12 | 2004-05-18 | Speedfam-Ipec Corporation | Method and apparatus for electrochemical planarization of a workpiece |
| US20020115283A1 (en) * | 2001-02-20 | 2002-08-22 | Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing Ltd. | Planarization by selective electro-dissolution |
| US7128825B2 (en) * | 2001-03-14 | 2006-10-31 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Method and composition for polishing a substrate |
| US6852630B2 (en) * | 2001-04-23 | 2005-02-08 | Asm Nutool, Inc. | Electroetching process and system |
| US6722942B1 (en) * | 2001-05-21 | 2004-04-20 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Chemical mechanical polishing with electrochemical control |
| TW584899B (en) * | 2001-07-20 | 2004-04-21 | Nutool Inc | Planar metal electroprocessing |
| US6881664B2 (en) * | 2001-08-28 | 2005-04-19 | Lsi Logic Corporation | Process for planarizing upper surface of damascene wiring structure for integrated circuit structures |
| US7238092B2 (en) * | 2001-09-28 | 2007-07-03 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | Low-force electrochemical mechanical processing method and apparatus |
| US6776693B2 (en) * | 2001-12-19 | 2004-08-17 | Applied Materials Inc. | Method and apparatus for face-up substrate polishing |
| US6780772B2 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2004-08-24 | Nutool, Inc. | Method and system to provide electroplanarization of a workpiece with a conducting material layer |
| US6689258B1 (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2004-02-10 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Electrochemically generated reactants for chemical mechanical planarization |
| US6753250B1 (en) * | 2002-06-12 | 2004-06-22 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | Method of fabricating low dielectric constant dielectric films |
| US20050173260A1 (en) * | 2003-03-18 | 2005-08-11 | Basol Bulent M. | System for electrochemical mechanical polishing |
| US6893328B2 (en) * | 2003-04-23 | 2005-05-17 | Rohm And Haas Electronic Materials Cmp Holdings, Inc. | Conductive polishing pad with anode and cathode |
| US20040259479A1 (en) * | 2003-06-23 | 2004-12-23 | Cabot Microelectronics Corporation | Polishing pad for electrochemical-mechanical polishing |
| US7112122B2 (en) * | 2003-09-17 | 2006-09-26 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate |
-
2002
- 2002-03-04 US US10/090,869 patent/US7153410B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-02-28 EP EP03709418A patent/EP1480784A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-02-28 KR KR1020047013820A patent/KR100720849B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-02-28 WO PCT/US2003/006373 patent/WO2003076134A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-02-28 JP JP2003574388A patent/JP4366192B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-02-28 AU AU2003212478A patent/AU2003212478A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-02-28 CN CNB038089203A patent/CN100528484C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1646264A (zh) | 2005-07-27 |
| WO2003076134A1 (en) | 2003-09-18 |
| CN100528484C (zh) | 2009-08-19 |
| KR20040104480A (ko) | 2004-12-10 |
| AU2003212478A1 (en) | 2003-09-22 |
| JP2005519478A (ja) | 2005-06-30 |
| EP1480784A1 (en) | 2004-12-01 |
| US20030226764A1 (en) | 2003-12-11 |
| KR100720849B1 (ko) | 2007-05-25 |
| US7153410B2 (en) | 2006-12-26 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP4366192B2 (ja) | 超小型電子加工物の電気化学機械処理の方法及び装置 | |
| US7578923B2 (en) | Electropolishing system and process | |
| US8048287B2 (en) | Method for selectively removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate | |
| US7220166B2 (en) | Methods and apparatus for electromechanically and/or electrochemically-mechanically removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate | |
| US6299741B1 (en) | Advanced electrolytic polish (AEP) assisted metal wafer planarization method and apparatus | |
| US6676822B1 (en) | Method for electro chemical mechanical deposition | |
| US6893328B2 (en) | Conductive polishing pad with anode and cathode | |
| US6848977B1 (en) | Polishing pad for electrochemical mechanical polishing | |
| US7341649B2 (en) | Apparatus for electroprocessing a workpiece surface | |
| US6773570B2 (en) | Integrated plating and planarization process and apparatus therefor | |
| US7074113B1 (en) | Methods and apparatus for removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate | |
| JP2005539384A (ja) | 電気化学的に支援されたcmpにおける除去プロファイルの制御 | |
| US7686935B2 (en) | Pad-assisted electropolishing | |
| US6863794B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for forming metal layers | |
| JP5252271B2 (ja) | 研磨装置 | |
| TWI278370B (en) | Methods and apparatus for electrochemical-mechanical processing of microelectronic workpieces | |
| US20090266707A1 (en) | Pad-assisted electropolishing | |
| WO2007109432A2 (en) | Methods and apparatus for electroprocessing with recessed bias contact |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20060228 |
|
| A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20060228 |
|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20090330 |
|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20090630 |
|
| TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20090810 |
|
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 |
|
| A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20090824 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20120828 Year of fee payment: 3 |
|
| R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20120828 Year of fee payment: 3 |
|
| RD02 | Notification of acceptance of power of attorney |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R3D02 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20130828 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |