JP2587284C - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JP2587284C JP2587284C JP2587284C JP 2587284 C JP2587284 C JP 2587284C JP 2587284 C JP2587284 C JP 2587284C
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- silver halide
- silver
- grains
- reaction vessel
- particles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- -1 silver halide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 197
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 183
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 183
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 104
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 101
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 85
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 58
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium 2-anthraquinonesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(S(=O)(=O)[O-])=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 28
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 26
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 210000004940 Nucleus Anatomy 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000407 epitaxy Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010946 fine silver Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 58
- MSFPLIAKTHOCQP-UHFFFAOYSA-M Silver iodide Chemical class I[Ag] MSFPLIAKTHOCQP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 55
- 229940045105 silver iodide Drugs 0.000 description 54
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 37
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 33
- ZUNKMNLKJXRCDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver bromoiodide Chemical compound [Ag].IBr ZUNKMNLKJXRCDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 29
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 28
- IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium bromide Chemical compound [K+].[Br-] IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 26
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 230000001235 sensitizing Effects 0.000 description 24
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 22
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 22
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 22
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 22
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 22
- 230000001681 protective Effects 0.000 description 22
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 21
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 19
- NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium iodide Chemical compound [K+].[I-] NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 18
- ADZWSOLPGZMUMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M Silver bromide Chemical compound [Ag]Br ADZWSOLPGZMUMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 17
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M Silver chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 16
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 14
- 230000005070 ripening Effects 0.000 description 14
- 231100000202 sensitizing Toxicity 0.000 description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000003595 spectral Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000003287 optical Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M iodide Chemical compound [I-] XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- SJOOOZPMQAWAOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ag].BrCl Chemical compound [Ag].BrCl SJOOOZPMQAWAOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- HOLVRJRSWZOAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ag].ICl Chemical compound [Ag].ICl HOLVRJRSWZOAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 5
- PDHFSBXFZGYBIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)ethylsulfanyl]ethanol Chemical compound OCCSCCSCCO PDHFSBXFZGYBIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DZVCFNFOPIZQKX-LTHRDKTGSA-M Merocyanine Chemical compound [Na+].O=C1N(CCCC)C(=O)N(CCCC)C(=O)C1=C\C=C\C=C/1N(CCCS([O-])(=O)=O)C2=CC=CC=C2O\1 DZVCFNFOPIZQKX-LTHRDKTGSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- GVGUFUZHNYFZLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl benzenesulfonate;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GVGUFUZHNYFZLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001493 electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 4
- ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M CHEMBL593252 Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N)=CC=C3N=C21 ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000001016 Ostwald ripening Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver ion Chemical compound [Ag+] FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003585 thioureas Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229960000583 Acetic Acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium thiosulphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 2
- XCFIVNQHHFZRNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ag].Cl[IH]Br Chemical compound [Ag].Cl[IH]Br XCFIVNQHHFZRNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive Effects 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003851 azoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003785 benzimidazolyl group Chemical class N1=C(NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 2
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzohydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001661 cadmium Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007771 core particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012362 glacial acetic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005658 halogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium(0) Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100000489 sensitizer Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000087 stabilizing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin hydride Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011882 ultra-fine particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- GVEYRUKUJCHJSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-azaniumyl-3-methylphenyl)-ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)azanium;sulfate Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O.OCCN(CC)C1=CC=C(N)C(C)=C1 GVEYRUKUJCHJSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006569 (C5-C6) heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XBYRMPXUBGMOJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one Chemical class OC=1C=CNN=1 XBYRMPXUBGMOJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AIGNCQCMONAWOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoselenazole Chemical class C1=CC=C2[se]C=NC2=C1 AIGNCQCMONAWOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol Chemical class C1=CC=C2SC(S)=NC2=C1 YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODIRBFFBCSTPTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-selenazole Chemical class C1=C[se]C=N1 ODIRBFFBCSTPTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GGZHVNZHFYCSEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole Chemical compound SC1=NN=NN1C1=CC=CC=C1 GGZHVNZHFYCSEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JAAIPIWKKXCNOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-tetrazol-1-ium-5-thiolate Chemical class SC1=NN=NN1 JAAIPIWKKXCNOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001473 2,4-thiazolidinediones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UGWULZWUXSCWPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-sulfanylideneimidazolidin-4-one Chemical class O=C1CNC(=S)N1 UGWULZWUXSCWPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OCVLSHAVSIYKLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3H-1,3-thiazole-2-thione Chemical class SC1=NC=CS1 OCVLSHAVSIYKLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 4-hydroxybutyrate Chemical group OCCCC([O-])=O SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- INVVMIXYILXINW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methyl-1H-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-one Chemical compound CC1=CC(=O)N2NC=NC2=N1 INVVMIXYILXINW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GIQKIFWTIQDQMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5H-1,3-oxazole-2-thione Chemical compound S=C1OCC=N1 GIQKIFWTIQDQMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bromide Chemical compound [NH4+].[Br-] SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYXNTHIYBIDHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium thiosulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S XYXNTHIYBIDHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzothiazole Chemical class C1=CC=C2SC=NC2=C1 IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002284 Cellulose triacetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VDLSFRRYNGEBEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K Chloroauric acid Chemical compound [H+].Cl[Au-](Cl)(Cl)Cl VDLSFRRYNGEBEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000003109 Disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010015535 Euphoric mood Diseases 0.000 description 1
- VGYYSIDKAKXZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Hydroxylammonium sulfate Chemical compound O[NH3+].O[NH3+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O VGYYSIDKAKXZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- CBEQRNSPHCCXSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iodine monobromide Chemical compound IBr CBEQRNSPHCCXSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000004080 Milk Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- JEUXZUSUYIHGNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M N,N-diethylethanamine;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].CCN(CC)CC JEUXZUSUYIHGNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CMCWWLVWPDLCRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenidone Chemical compound N1C(=O)CCN1C1=CC=CC=C1 CMCWWLVWPDLCRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JEHKKBHWRAXMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenylsulfinic acid Chemical compound O[S@@](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 JEHKKBHWRAXMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHZRJJOHZFYXTO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Potassium sulfite Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])=O BHZRJJOHZFYXTO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KIWUVOGUEXMXSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Rhodanine Chemical class O=C1CSC(=S)N1 KIWUVOGUEXMXSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNPHADHWEUDSJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M S(=O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].S(=S)(=O)(O)O.[NH4+] Chemical compound S(=O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].S(=S)(=O)(O)O.[NH4+] GNPHADHWEUDSJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- LFAGQMCIGQNPJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver cyanide Chemical compound [Ag+].N#[C-] LFAGQMCIGQNPJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJOLTQXXWSRAIX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Silver phosphate Chemical compound [Ag+].[Ag+].[Ag+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O FJOLTQXXWSRAIX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- RHUVFRWZKMEWNS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Silver thiocyanate Chemical compound [Ag+].[S-]C#N RHUVFRWZKMEWNS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N TOTP Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1OP(=O)(OC=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)OC1=CC=CC=C1C YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001061127 Thione Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001080519 Zera Species 0.000 description 1
- NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N [(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5-diacetyloxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5,6-triacetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O1)OC(C)=O)COC(=O)C)[C@@H]1[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HWDKEIQQZKNOID-UHFFFAOYSA-L [K+].[K+].OB(O)O.[O-]C([O-])=O Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OB(O)O.[O-]C([O-])=O HWDKEIQQZKNOID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002723 alicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910001508 alkali metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008045 alkali metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940077484 ammonium bromide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012491 analyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003098 androgen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002216 antistatic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002029 aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001565 benzotriazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atoms Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- LKZMBDSASOBTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid;silver Chemical compound [Ag].OC(O)=O LKZMBDSASOBTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000599 controlled substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019301 disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VEUDSQNBNVYGSA-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;hydrogen carbonate;hydrogen sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OC([O-])=O.OS([O-])=O VEUDSQNBNVYGSA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N edta Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000635 electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005562 fading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- TVHALOSDPLTTSR-UHFFFAOYSA-H hexasodium;[oxido-[oxido(phosphonatooxy)phosphoryl]oxyphosphoryl] phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O TVHALOSDPLTTSR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- AKCUHGBLDXXTOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxy-oxo-phenyl-sulfanylidene-$l^{6}-sulfane Chemical class SS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 AKCUHGBLDXXTOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000378 hydroxylammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 1
- RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolenine group Chemical group N1=CCC2=CC=CC=C12 RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002475 indoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009114 investigational therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002503 iridium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M isothiocyanate Chemical compound [S-]C#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000006224 matting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001434 methanylylidene group Chemical group [H]C#[*] 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000386 microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009828 non-uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002916 oxazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002918 oxazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006303 photolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000434 photosensitization Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000015843 photosynthesis, light reaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019252 potassium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Chemical class C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HBCQSNAFLVXVAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrimidine-2-thiol Chemical class SC1=NC=CC=N1 HBCQSNAFLVXVAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003236 pyrrolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical class N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 150000003283 rhodium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011833 salt mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003378 silver Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LKZMBDSASOBTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L silver carbonate Substances [Ag].[O-]C([O-])=O LKZMBDSASOBTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001958 silver carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940098221 silver cyanide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000161 silver phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940019931 silver phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bisulfite Chemical compound [Na+].OS([O-])=O DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940001607 sodium bisulfite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940080264 sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010267 sodium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HLWRUJAIJJEZDL-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-[2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxymethyl)amino]acetate Chemical compound [Na+].OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC([O-])=O HLWRUJAIJJEZDL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZAWGLAXBGYSUHN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]acetate Chemical compound [Na+].OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CC([O-])=O ZAWGLAXBGYSUHN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005504 styryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003475 thallium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- JJJPTTANZGDADF-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole-4-thiol Chemical class SC1=CSN=N1 JJJPTTANZGDADF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003557 thiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003549 thiazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003567 thiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- ILJSQTXMGCGYMG-UHFFFAOYSA-M triacetate(1-) Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(=O)CC([O-])=O ILJSQTXMGCGYMG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Description
ãçºæã®è©³çŽ°ãªèª¬æã
ïŒåŸæ¥ã®æè¡ïŒ
ããã²ã³åéçµæ¶ç²åãå¯èŠå
ããã³çŽ«å€å
ãããã¯Î²ç·ãäžæ§åç·ãγç·ãª
ã©ã®æŸå°ç·ã®ç §å°ã«ããæœåã圢æããæŽã«ãããçŸåããããšã«ããå¯èŠåã
圢æããã®ã«æçšã§ããããšã¯åçã®åéã«ãããŠã¯å ¬ç¥ã§ããããã®ãããªã
ãã²ã³åéãšããŠã¯æ²åéãèåéãå¡©åéãæ²èåéãæ²å¡©åéãå¡©èåéã
ããã¯æ²å¡©èåéãäž»äœãšããæ§ã ãªããã²ã³åéçµæ¶ç²åã䜿çšãããŠããã
ãŸããããããã²ã³åéçµæ¶ç²åã®åœ¢ç¶ãšããŠãç«æ¹äœãå «é¢äœãååé¢äœãå
äºé¢äœã®ãããªã¬ã®ãŠã©ãŒçµæ¶ç²åãããçç¶ãå¹³æ¿ç¶ãäžå®åœ¢ç¶ãªã©ã®ã€ã¬ã®
ãŠã©ãŒçµæ¶ç²åããŸãç²åå ã«å±€ç¶æ§é ãæ¥åæ§é ãæããå€å±€æ§é ã®çµæ¶ç²å
ãŸã§ç¥ãããŠããããã®ãããªãç²åã®ããã²ã³çµæã圢ç¶ãããã¯æ§é ããã
ã²ã³åéç²åã®è«žæ§è³ªã«å€§ããé¢äžããŠããããšã¯T.H.ãžãšãŒã ã¹(James)èã®
ãã¶ã»ã»ãªãªãŒã»ãªãã»ã¶ã»ããªãã°ã©ãã€ãã¯ã»ããã»ã¹ãïŒThe Theory of
the Photographic ProcessïŒç¬¬ïŒçãã¯ãã©ã³ç€ŸãããŠãŒãšãŒã¯(Macmillan Co.
Ltd.New York)ã®ç¬¬ïŒç« ã第ïŒç« ã®ããã²ã³åéã®æ§è³ªã«é¢ããèšè¿°ã第ïŒç« ã®
ããã²ã³åéã®åœ¢æã«é¢ããèšè¿°çããæããã§ããã°ããã§ãªããåœæ¥è ã«ã
ããŠãåšç¥ã®ããšã§ããã ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ã®ããã²ã³çµæãç²åã®åœ¢ç¶ããŸãç²åãµã€ãºãç²åãµã€ãº
ååžã¯ããã®ä¹³å€ãçšããåçæå ææã®äœ¿çšãããçšéãéäžãã¹ãæ§èœã«ã
ãé©åãªãã®ãéžæã»èª¿è£œããããããããªããå¿ èŠãšãããæ§èœãååã«æºè¶³
ããããã²ã³åéç²åãåžžã«åŸãããããã§ã¯ãªããããã«ããŠç®çãšããæ§èœ
ãååã«æºè¶³ãåŸãä¹³å€ãåŸããã¯ãåœæ¥è ã®é¢å¿ã®äžèŽãããšããã§ããã äŸãã°åçæ§èœã«é¢ããŠã¯é«ãæ床ãäœãã«ããªãåªããç²ç¶æ§ãè±å¯ãªé調
çãæåŸ ãããåŠçæ§èœã«ã€ããŠã¯è¿ éæ§ãå®å®æ§ãæåŸ ãããæŽã«ã¯çµæå®å®
æ§ãèå§åæ§ã«åªããŠããããšãæåŸ ãããã ãããã®åçš®ã®ããã²ã³åéã®ç¹åŸŽãå©çšããæ°å€ãã®æè¡ãç¥ãããŠããã
ããã²ã³åéç²åã®ã³ã¢âã·ãšã«ã®å±€ç¶æ§é ã«é¢ããå€ãã®èšèŒãåçš®ã®æç®äž
ã«ååšã ããå žåçã«ã¯ãã³ã¢ã¯ãã®å šè¡šé¢ãç°ãªã€ãããã²ã³åéã®äžã€ãŸãã¯ãã以
äžã®ã·ãšã«ã§è¢«èŠãããŠãããç¹å ¬æ56-18939å·ã«ã¯ã³ã¢ã«èåéãã·ãšã«ã«å¡©
åéãæããä¹³å€ãèåéã®é«ãæå æ§ãšå¡©åéã®æ¥éãªçŸåæ§ãåãããã€ã
ãæ··æ¶åå¡©èåéä¹³å€ã§ã¯äž¡è ã®æå©ãªäœçšãæå¶ããããšèšè¿°ãããŠããããŸ
ã西ç¬åœç¹èš±åºé¡å ¬é(OLS)å ¬å ±3,229,999å·ã«ã¯å°ããšã25ã¢ã«ïŒ ã®å¡©åéå«é
ãæããããã²ã³åéå±€ã«ããããå¡©åéå«éã®å°ãªãããã²ã³åéå±€ãé£æ¥ã
ããŠçæãããã³ã¢âã·ãšã«ããã²ã³åéç²åã«ãããŠã«ããªãå°ãªããã€å§å
æ§ãè¯å¥œã§ãããšããç¹åŸŽãåŸãããããšãé瀺ãããŠããã äžæ¹ãã³ã¢âã·ãšã«æ§é ãšç°ãªãæ§é ãæããããã²ã³åéçµæ¶ç²åã«ã€ããŠ
ãããã€ãã®æè¡ãç¥ãããŠãããããªãã¡ç±³åœç¹èš±4,094,684å·ã«ã¯å€é¢äœãš
ãŠåéã«å¡©åéããšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«æé·ãããããã²ã³åéç²åãå«ãä¹³å€ã«ã€ã
ãŠé瀺ãããŠãããããã«ãç±³åœç¹èš±4142900å·ã«ãããŠã¯ãå€é¢äœæ²åéã«å¯Ÿ
ããŠå¡©èåéãæ¥åãããããã²ã³åéç²åãé瀺ãããŠããããŸãã¢ã¹ãã¯ã
æ¯8:1ãã倧ããªå¹³æ¿ç¶ã®æ²åéã®ãã¹ãç²åã«å¡©åéããšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«æé·ã
ããåçä¹³å€ããã³ãã®ä¹³å€ãçšããåçèŠçŽ ãç¹éæ59-119344å·ããã³ç¹é
æ59-119350å·ã«é瀺ãããŠããã ããã«æ²åéå€é¢äœçµæ¶ã«èåéãããã¯æ²èåéããšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«æ¥åãã
ãç²åãç¹éæ55-163532å·ã«ããŸãæ²åéå€é¢äœçµæ¶ã«å¡©æ²èåéããšãã¿ã
ã·ã€ã«æ¥åãããç²åãç¹éæ55-149934å·ã«ãæ²åéå€é¢äœçµæ¶ã«(111)é¢ãã
ãªãèåéãŸãã¯æ²èåéããšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«æ¥åãããç²åã®è£œé æ¹æ³ãç¹éæ
56-27134å·ã«é瀺ãããŠããã ç¹éæ55-161229å·ã«ã¯ãæ²åéå«æç15ã40ã¢ã«ïŒ ã®æ²èåéã«æ²åéå«æ
ç10ã¢ã«ïŒ 以äžã®ããã²ã³åéããšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«ã«æ¥åãããç²åãé瀺ãããŠ
ããã ãã¹ãç²åã®ã¢ã¹ãã¯ãæ¯ã8:1ãã倧ã§ããå¹³æ¿ç¶ã®ããã²ã³åç²åã®éžã°
ããè¡šé¢éšäœäžã«éå¡©ãé ãããŠããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããç²åãç¹éæ58-108526
å·ã«é瀺ãããŠããã ããã«ããã¹ãç²åã(111)é¢ãå«ãã¢ã¹ãã¯ãæ¯8:1æªæºã®æ²åç©ãå«ããã
ã²ã³åéç²åã«ããã¹ãç²åããæ²åç©ã®å°ãã²ã¹ãçµæ¶ããã¹ãç²åã®éšäœã
éå®ããŠãšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«æé·ãããããã²ã³åéåçä¹³å€ããç±³åœç¹èš±4463087
å·ã«é瀺ãããŠããããã®éæ¥åç®æã®éžææ§ãé«ããç®çã§éšäœæ瀺å€ãšããŠ
å¢æè²çŽ ãçšããããšãã§ããããšã瀺ãããŠããã ç±³åœç¹èš±4471050å·ã§ã¯é¢å¿ç«æ¹åçµæ¶æ§é ã®ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãšãã®
ãã¹ãç²åã®ãšããžãã³ãŒããŒã«éå®ããŠæé·ããéå圢éå¡©ããæãä¹³å€ã«ã€
ããŠé瀺ãããŠããã æŽã«ãŸããç¹å ¬æ58-24772å·ã§ã¯ãçªèµ·ç¶ã®æ¥åã§ã¯ãªããæ²åéå«æç20ã¢
ã«ïŒ 以äžã®æ²èåéååé¢äœç²åã®(111)é¢è¡šé¢ã«å¡©åéãŸãã¯å¡©èåéãæé·
ãããç«æ¹äœç²åãé瀺ãããŠããã ãããã®ãšãã¿ãã·æ¥åã«ãã圢æãããããã²ã³åéç²åã¯ããã¹ãç²åå
ã³ã²ã¹ãç²åã®ç¹åŸŽã䜵ãæã€ããšãã§ããçš®ã ã®ç¹åŸŽãæãããããšãã°é«æ
床åãç²ç¶æ§ã®æ¹è¯ãã«ããªã³ã°ãã¯ãŒã®åäžãçŸååŠçæ§ã®æ¹è¯çã«æå¹ã§ã
ããããããªããããããã®ç²åã«ã¯ãäžèšã®ãããªç²åå ã®ãã©ã€ãã®åŸ®èŠç
ãªäžåäžååžãååšããŠãããæœå圢æå¹çã®äœäžããããããŠããããšãå€æ
ãããããæ¹åããããšãå¿ èŠã§ããã äžè¬çã«ããã²ã³åéç²åã¯ãåå¿å®¹åšã®äžã®ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã«ãããŠãéå¡©
氎溶液ãšããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãšãåå¿ãããããšã«ãã補é ããããåå¿å®¹åšäžã«
ãŒã©ãã³ã®ãããªä¿è·ã³ãã€ãåã³ããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãå ¥ããæªæããªãããã
ãã«é塩氎溶液ãããæéæ·»å ããã·ã³ã°ã«ãžãšããæ³ããåå¿å®¹åšäžã«ãŒã©ã
ã³æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãå ¥ããããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãšé塩氎溶液ãšãããããããæéæ·»å ãã
ããã«ãžãšããæ³ãç¥ãããŠãããäž¡è ãæ¯èŒãããšãããã«ãžãšããæ³ã®æ¹ã
ç²ååŸååžã®çãããã²ã³åéç²åãåŸãããããã«ç²åã®æé·ã«äŒŽã£ãŠããã®
ãã©ã€ãçµæãèªç±ã«å€ããããšãã§ããã ãŸããããã²ã³åéç²åã®æé·é床ã¯ãåå¿æº¶æ¶²äžã®éã€ãªã³ïŒããã²ã³ã€ãª
ã³ïŒæ¿åºŠãããã²ã³åé溶å€ã®æ¿åºŠãç²åéè·é¢ãç²åãµã€ãºãªã©ã«ãã倧ãã
å€åããããšãç¥ãããŠãããç¹ã«åå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ãããé塩氎溶液ãšããã²ã³
塩氎溶液ã«ãã€ãŠã€ããåºãããéã€ãªã³ãããã¯ããã²ã³ã€ãªã³æ¿åºŠã®äžåäž
ã¯ãåã ã®æ¿åºŠã«ããæé·é床ãç°ãªããçµæãšããŠåºãäžãããã²ã³åéä¹³å€
ã«äžåäžã«çããããããã®çºã«ã¯ãåå¿å®¹åšäžã®éã€ãªã³ãããã¯ããã²ã³ã€
ãªã³æ¿åºŠãåäžã«ãã¹ããã³ãã€ã氎溶液äžã«äŸçµŠããé塩氎溶液ãšããã²ã³å¡©
氎溶液ãšãè¿ éã«åäžæ··åããŠåå¿ãããããšãå¿ èŠã§ãããåŸæ¥ã®ããã²ã³å¡©
氎溶液ãšé塩氎溶液ãšãåå¿å®¹åšäžã®ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã®è¡šé¢ã«æ·»å ããæ¹æ³ã§ã¯
ãåã ã®åå¿æ¶²ã®æ·»å äœçœ®è¿åã«ãããŠãããã²ã³ã€ãªã³åã³éã€ãªã³ã®æ¿åºŠã®
é«ãéšåãçããåäžãªããã²ã³åéç²åã補 é ããããšã¯å°é£ã§ãã€ãããã®å±éšçãªæ¿åºŠã®ãããããæ¹è¯ããæ¹æ³ãšããŠ
ãç±³åœç¹èš±3415650ãè±åœç¹èš±1323464ãç±³åœç¹èš±3692283ã«é瀺ãããæè¡çã
ç¥ãããŠããããããã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã«ããæºããããåå¿å®¹åšã«äž
倪ç¶åçã®å£ã«ã¹ãªãããæããäžç©ºã®å転ããæ··ååšïŒå éšã¯ã³ãã€ã氎溶液
ã§æºãããŠããããã奜ãŸããã¯æ··ååšããã€ã¹ã¯ã«ãã€ãŠäžäžïŒå®€ã«åå²ãã
ãŠãããïŒãããã®å転軞ãéçŽãšãªãããã«èšãããã®äžäžã®éæŸç«¯ãããã
ã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãšé塩氎溶液ãšãäŸçµŠç®¡ãéããŠé«éå転ããŠããæ··ååšå ã«äŸçµŠ
ãæ¥éã«æ··åããŠåå¿ãããïŒäžäžã®åé¢ãã€ã¹ã¯ãããå Žåã¯ãäžäžïŒå®€ã«äŸ
絊ãããããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãšé塩氎溶液ã¯åã å宀ã«æºããããã³ãã€ã氎溶液
ã«ãã€ãŠçšéãããæ··ååšã®åºå£ã¹ãªããä»è¿ã§æ¥éã«æ··åããŠåå¿ãããïŒã
æ··ååšã®å転ã«ããçããé å¿åã§çæããããã²ã³åéç²åãåå¿å®¹åšäžã®ã³
ãã€ã氎溶液ã«æåºãããæé·ãããæ¹æ³ã§ããã äžæ¹ãç¹å ¬æ55-10545ã«ãå±éšçãªæ¿åºŠã®ãããããæ¹è¯ããŠäžåäžãªæé·ã
é²ãããšããæè¡ãé瀺ãããŠããããã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãã³ãã€ã氎溶液ãæºããããŠ
ããåå¿åšäžã«ããã®å éšã«ã³ãã€ã氎溶液æºãããæ··ååšã®ãã®éæŸãããäž
端éšãããããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãšé塩氎溶液ãšãäŸçµŠç®¡ãéããŠãå¥ã ã«äŸçµŠãã
該åå¿æ¶²ããæ··ååšã«èšããããäžéšæªæç¿ŒïŒã¿ãŒãã³çŸœæ ¹ïŒã«ãã€ãŠäž¡åå¿æ¶²
ãæ¥æ¿ã«æªææ··åãããããã²ã³åéãæé·ããããã ã¡ã«åèšæªæç¿Œã®äžæ¹ã«
èšããããäžéšæªæç¿Œã«ããæé·ããããã²ã³åéç²åããäžæ¹ã®æ··ååšã®éå£
éšããåå¿å®¹åšäžã®ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã«æåºããããæè¡ã§ããã ç¹éæ57-92523ã«ã¯ãåæ§ã«ãã®æ¿åºŠã®äžåäžãæ¹è¯ããããšãã補é æ³ãé
瀺ãããŠããããã®æ¹æ³ã§ã¯ãã³ãã€ã氎溶液ãæºããããŠããåå¿å®¹åšå ã«ã
ã®å éšã«ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ãæºããããæ··ååšã«ããã®éæŸãããäžç«¯éšãããã
ã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãšé塩氎溶液ãšãå¥ã ã«äŸçµŠãã該䞡åå¿æ¶²ãåèšã³ãã€ã氎溶液
ã«ããçšéã該åå¿æ¶²ããæ··ååšã«èšããããäžéšæªæç¿Œã«ãã€ãŠäž¡åå¿æ¶²ãæ¥
æ¿ã«æªææ··åãããããã ã¡ã«è©²æ··ååšäžæ¹ã®éæŸéšããæé·ããããã²ã³åé
ç²åãåå¿å®¹åšäžã®ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã«æåºãããã補é æ³ãªããè£ çœ®ã«ãããŠå
èšã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã§çšéãããäž¡åå¿æ¶²ãåèšæªæç¿Œã®åç¿Œéã®ééãéãããš
ãªãåèšæ··ååšã®å åŽå£ãšåèšæªæç¿Œã®ç¿Œçå 端åŽå€æ¹ã«åœ¢æãããéééšã«é
ãã該éééšã«ãããŠè©²äž¡åå¿æ¶²ãæ¥æ¿ã«åªææ··åããŠåå¿ãããã²ã³åéç²å
ãçæãããã補é æ³åã³è£ 眮ãé瀺ãã㊠ããã ããããªããããããŸã§è¿°ã¹ãŠãã補é æ³åã³è£ 眮ã§ã¯ã確ãã«åå¿å®¹åšäžã®
éã€ãªã³åã³ããã²ã³ã®å±éšçãªæ¿åºŠã®äžåäžã¯å®å šã«è§£æ¶ããããšã¯ã§ããã
ãæ··ååšå ã«ãããŠã¯äŸç¶ãšããŠãã®æ¿åºŠã®äžåäžã¯ååšããç¹ã«é塩氎溶液å
ã³ããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãäŸçµŠããããºã«ã®è¿ååã³æªæç¿Œã®äžéšåã³æªæéšåã«ã
ããŠããªã倧ããªæ¿åºŠååžãååšãããããã«ä¿è·ã³ãã€ããšå ±ã«æ··ååšã«äŸçµŠ
ãããããã²ã³åéç²åã¯ããã®ãããªäžåäžãªæ¿åºŠååžããã€ãå Žæãééã
ãç¹ã«å€§åãªããšã¯ãããã²ã³åéç²åã¯ããããã®éšåã«ãããŠæ¥éã«æé·ã
ããã€ãŸããããã®è£œé æ³åã³è£ 眮ã«ãããŠã¯ãæ¿åºŠååžã¯æ··ååšå ã«ååšãã
ç²åæé·ã¯ãã®æ··ååšå ã§æ¥éã«èµ·ãçºãæ¿åºŠååžã®ãªãç¶æ ã§ããã²ã³åéã
åäžã«æé·ãããããšããç®çã¯éãåŸãŠããªãã ããã«ããå®å šãªæ··åã«ãããããã®éã€ãªã³ãããã²ã³ã€ãªã³ã®æ¿åºŠã®äžå
äžååžã解æ¶ãã¹ããåå¿å®¹åšãšæ··ååšãããããç¬ç«ããããæ··ååšã«éå¡©æ°Ž
溶液ãšããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãäŸçµŠãæ¥éæ··åããŠããã²ã³åéç²åãæé·ãããã
è©Šã¿ããªãããŠãããäŸãã°ç¹éæ53-37414åã³ç¹å ¬æ48-21045ã«ã¯ãåå¿å®¹åš
ã®åºãããã³ãã«ããåå¿å®¹åšå ã®ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ïŒããã²ã³åéç²åãå«
ãïŒã埪ç°ãããã®åŸªç°ç³»ã®éäžã«æ··ååšãèšãããã®æ··ååšã«é塩氎溶液åã³
ããã²ã³æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãäŸçµŠãã該混ååšã§æ¥éã«è©²äž¡æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãæ··åãããã²ã³åéç²
åãæé·ãããã補é æ³åã³è£ 眮ãé瀺ãããŠããããŸãç±³åœç¹èš±3897935å·ã«
ã¯ãåå¿å®¹åšã®åºãããã³ãã«ããåå¿å®¹åšå ã®ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ïŒããã²ã³
åéç²åãå«ãïŒã埪ç°ãããã®åŸªç°ç³»ã®éäžã«ããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³é塩氎溶
液ããã³ãã«ããæ³šå ¥ããæ¹æ³ãé瀺ãããŠãããç¹éæ53-47397ã«ã¯ãåå¿å®¹
åšãããã³ãã«ããåå¿å®¹åšå ã®ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ïŒããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ãå«ã
ïŒã埪ç°ããããã®åŸªç°ç³»ã«ãŸãããã²ã³åã¢ã«ã«ãªéå±å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãæ³šå ¥ããã
ãåäžã«ãªããŸã§æ¡æ£ãããããåŸã«ããã®ç³»ã«é塩氎溶液ãæ³šå ¥ãæ··åããŠã
ããã²ã³åéç²åã圢æããããšãç¹åŸŽãšãã補é æ³åã³è£ 眮ãé瀺ãããŠãã
ãããçã®æ¹æ³ã§ã¯ç¢ºãã«ã埪ç°ç³»ã«æµãåå¿å®¹åšå ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ã®æµéãšæ··ååšã®
æªæå¹çãç¬ç«ã«å€åãããããšãã§ããããæ¿åºŠååžãåäžãªæ¡ä»¶ã§ç²åæé·
ãè¡ãããšãã§ããã§ãããããçµå±ãä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ãšå ±ã«åå¿å®¹åšãã
éãããŠããããã²ã³åéçµæ¶ã¯é塩氎溶液ãããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ã®æ³šå ¥å£ã§æ¥é
æé·ãèµ·ããåŸã€ãŠåã«è¿°ã¹ããšåæ§ã«æ··åéšãããã¯æ³šå ¥å£ä»è¿ã®æ¿åºŠååžã
ç¡ã ããããšã¯åççã«äžå¯èœã§ãããã€ãŸãæ¿åºŠååžã®ãªãç¶æ ã§ããã²ã³åéã
åäžã«æé·ããããç®çã¯éãåŸãªãã ãããã®åé¡ã解決ããã¹ãæ¬é¡çºæè ã¯ç¹é¡æ63-7851å·ãå63-7852å·ãå
63-7853å·ãå63-194861å·ãå63-194862å·åã³å63-195778å·ã«æŒãŠããã²ã³å
éç²åå ã®ããã²ã³ååžãå®å šã«åäžãªããã²ã³åéç²ååã³ãããçšããæå
ææãé瀺ããã ïŒçºæã®ç®çïŒ ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãšè©²ãã¹ãç²åã®éžæéšäœäžã«ãšãã¿ãã·æ¥åããŠåœ¢
æãããŠããããã²ã³åéã²ã¹ããããªãããã²ã³åéç²åã«ãããŠè©²ãã¹ãç²
åã®åŸ®èŠçãªãã©ã€ãååžãå®å šã«åäžã§ãã€ç²åéã®ãã©ã€ãååžãåäžã«ã
ãããšã«ãããã«ããªãäœãæ床ãé«ãããã€ç²ç¶æ§ãã·ã€ãŒããã¹ãã«ããªã³
ã°ãã¯ãŒãæ¹è¯ããããŸãåªããä¿åæ§ãå§åæ§ãæããããã²ã³åéåçææ
åã³ãã®è£œé æ³ãæäŸããããšã«ããã ïŒçºæã®éç€ºïŒ æ¬çºæã®ç®çã¯äžèšã«ãã€ãŠéæããããããªãã¡ ïŒïŒ æ¯æäœäžã«å°ããšãïŒå±€ã®ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€å±€ãæããããã²ã³åéåç
æå ææã«ãããŠã該ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€å±€ã®æå æ§ããã²ã³åéç²åãããã²ã³
åéãã¹ãç²åãšè©²ãã¹ãç²åã®éžæéšäœäžã«ãšãã¿ãã·æ¥åããŠåœ¢æãããŠã
ãããã²ã³åéã²ã¹ããšããæã€ãŠããã該ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãå°ãªããš
ãïŒçš®ã®ããã²ã³åéãå«æããæ··æ¶ã§ãã£ãŠäžã€ãã®ããã²ã³çµæååžãå®å š
ã«åäžã§ããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããããã²ã³åéåçæå ææã ïŒïŒ ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãã該ç²åã®æ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯æé·ãèµ·ãããå
å¿å®¹åšäžã«ãããããã調補ããå°ãªããšãïŒçš®ã®ããã²ã³åéãå«æããç²åŸ
0.1ÎŒïœä»¥äžã®åŸ®çŽ°ãªãµã€ãºã®ããã²ã³åéæ··æ¶ç²åãæ·»å ããäžæŠæº¶è§£ããæ¶
倱ãããåŸæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµæ¶æé·ãããããšã«ããåŸãããæå æ§ããã²ã³
åéç²åã§ããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããåèš(1)ã®ããã²ã³åéæå ææã ïŒïŒ ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åã該ç²åã®æ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯æé·ãèµ·ãããåå¿
容åšã®å€ã«èšããããæ··ååšã«ãããŠã氎溶æ§éå¡©ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³æ°Žæº¶æ§ãã©ã€ã
ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãæ··åããŠåœ¢æãããç²åŸ0.1ÎŒïœä»¥äžã®ããã²ã³åé埮现ç²åã圢æ
åŸãã ã¡ã«è©²åå¿å®¹åšäžã«äŸçµŠããäžæŠæº¶è§£ããæ¶å€±ãããåŸæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯
çµæ¶æé·ãããã ãšã«ãããåŸãããæå æ§ããã²ã³åéç²åã§ããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããåèš(1)ã
ãã²ã³åéæå ææã ïŒïŒ æ¯æäœäžã«å°ããšãïŒå±€ã®ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€å±€ãæããããã²ã³åéåç
æå ææã®è£œé æ¹æ³ã«ãããŠã該ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€å±€ã®æå æ§ããã²ã³åéç²å
ãããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãšè©²ãã¹ãç²åã®éžæéšäœäžã«ãšãã¿ãã·æ¥åããŠåœ¢
æãããããã²ã³åéã²ã¹ããšããæã€ãŠããã該ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãã
該ç²åã®åœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯æé·ãèµ·ãããåå¿å®¹åšäžã«ããããã調補ããå°ãªã
ãšãïŒçš®ã®ããã²ã³åéãå«æããç²åŸ0.1ÎŒïœä»¥äžã®åŸ®çŽ°ãªãµã€ãºã®ããã²ã³
åéæ··æ¶ç²åãæ·»å ããäžæŠæº¶è§£ããæ¶å€±ãããåŸæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµæ¶æé·ã
ããããšã«ããåŸãããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããããã²ã³åéåçæå ææã®è£œé æ¹æ³
ã ïŒïŒ ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åã該ç²åã®æ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯æé·ãèµ·ãããåå¿
容åšã®å€ã«èšããããæ··ååšã«ãããŠæ°Žæº¶æ§éå¡©ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³æ°Žæº¶æ§ãã©ã€ãã®
氎溶液ãæ··åããŠåœ¢æãããç²åŸ0.1ÎŒïœä»¥äžã®ããã²ã³åé埮现ç²åã圢æåŸ
ãã ã¡ã«è©²åå¿å®¹åšäžã«äŸçµŠããäžæŠæº¶è§£ããæ¶å€±ãããåŸæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµ
æ¶æé·ãããããšã«ããåŸãããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããåèš(4)ã®ããã²ã³åéåç
æå ææã®è£œé æ¹æ³ã æ¬çºæã®ããã²ã³åéç²åã¯ãããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åã®éžæéšäœã«ãšãã¿ã
ã·ã€æ¥åããŠåœ¢æãããããã²ã³åéã²ã¹ããæããããã°è€åç²åæ§é ãæã
ãç¹ã«ç¹åŸŽãããã ããã«ããã¹ãç²åãã²ã¹ãç²ååã³ãšãã¿ãã·ã€æ¥åãªãçšèªã¯åœæ¥çã§äž
è¬çã«çšããããŠããã®ãšåãæå³ã«æŒãŠçšããããã å³ã¡ãããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åã®éžæéšäœãå³ã¡ãç¹å®ã®çµæ¶é¢ãç¹å®ã®çšïŒ
ãšããžïŒãç¹å®ã®è§ïŒã³ãŒããŒïŒç¹ã«ç¹å®ã®çšåã¯è§ã«éå®çã«ããã²ã³åéã²
ã¹ãç²åã圢æããããŠãªãè€åããã²ã³åéç²åã§ããã æ¬çºæã®ç¹åŸŽã§ãããã¹ãç²åã®ããã²ã³çµæååžãå®å šã«ã§ããããšã®æå³
ã詳现ã«èª¬æããã ããã§ã¯èª¬æã®äŸ¿å®äžãããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ç²åã®äžäŸãšããŠãããã§ãšãŠèå
éçžããã€å¹³æ¿ç¶ãšãŠèåéç²åã«ã€ããŠèª¬æããã ããã«èšããå®å šã«åäžãªãšãŠåéååžããšã¯ããããŸã§åãæ±ãããŠãããš
ãŠåéååžãšã¯å šãç°ãªãããã埮èŠçãªååžãèšãããšãŠèåéç²åã«ããã
ãšãŠåéååžã枬å®ããæ段ãšããŠãåæé»åé¡åŸ®é¡ïŒAnalytical Electron Mi
croscopyïŒã ããçšãããããäŸãã°ãã³ã°ïŒM.A.KingïŒãã¬ããïŒM.H.LorrettoïŒããã¿ãŒ
ããã³(T.J.Maternaghan)åã³ããªãŒ(F.J.Berry)ã«ãããåæé»åé¡åŸ®é¡(analy
tical electron microscopy)ã«ãããšãŒãååžã®ç 究ïŒã¶ ã€ã³ãã¹ãã£ã²ãŒã·
ã§ã³ ãªã ã¢ã€ãªãã€ããã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ ã〠ã¢ããªãã£ã«ã« ãš
ã¬ã¯ããã³ ãã€ã¯ãã¹ã³ããŒïŒããããŒã°ã¬ã¹ ã€ã³ ãã€ã·ã㯠ããªã³ã·
ãã«ãº ãªã ã€ã¡ãŒãžã³ã° ã·ã¹ãã ãºãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãã·ã§ãã« ã³ã³ã°ã¬ã¹
ãªããã©ãã°ã©ãã£ã㯠ãµã€ãšã³ã¹ ã±ã«ã³ïŒKolnïŒã1986ã«ãããŠããšãŠè
åéå¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åã«ããããšãŠåéã®å«æéã®ããã°ã©ãã£ãŒã®çµæãèšèŒãããŠ
ããããã®ç 究ã«ãããŠçšããé»åç·ç §å°çšãããŒãã®ãµã€ãºã¯50â«ã§ãããã
å®éã«ã¯é»åã®åŒŸæ§æ£ä¹±ã«ãã£ãŠé»åç·ãåºãã£ãŠããŸãããµã³ãã«ã®è¡šé¢ã«ç §
å°ãããé»åç·ã®ã¹ãããã®åŸã¯çŽ300â«äœã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããåŸã£ãŠãã®æ¹æ³ã§
ã¯ããããããŸããªãšãŠåéååžã枬å®ããããšã¯ã§ããªããç¹éæ58-113927
ã«ãåãææ³ãçšããŠãšãŠåéååžã枬å®ãããŠããããçšããé»åç·ã¹ããã
ã®ãµã€ãºã¯0.2ÎŒã§ãã£ãã åŸã£ãŠãããã®æž¬å®æ³ã«ãã£ãŠã¯ããã埮èŠçãªïŒ100â«ãªãŒããŒããã以äž
ã®å Žæçå€åïŒãšãŠåéååžãæããã«ããããšã¯äžå¯èœã§ããããã®åŸ®èŠçãª
ãšãŠåéã®ååžã¯ãããšãã°ãããã«ãã³ïŒJ.F.HamiltonïŒãã©ãã°ã©ãã£ãã¯
ãµã€ãšã³ã¹ ã¢ã³ã ãšã³ãžãã¢ãªã³ã°11å·»ã1967 P.P57ãå¡©æ²¢çå ¬ãæ¥æ¬å
çåŠäŒ35å·»ãïŒå·1972 P.P213ã«èšèŒã®äœæž©ã§ã®ééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡ãçšããçŽæ¥
çãªæ¹æ³ã«ãã芳å¯ããããšãã§ãããããªãã¡ãä¹³å€ç²åãããªã³ãã¢ãŠãã
ãªãããå®å šå äžã§åãåºããããã²ã³åéç²åãé»åé¡åŸ®é¡èŠ³å¯çšã®ã¡ãã·ã¥
ã«ã®ããé»åç·ã«ããæå·ïŒããªã³ãã¢ãŠãçïŒãé²ãããã«æ¶²äœçªçŽ ãããã¯
液äœããªãŠã ã§è©Šæãå·åŽããç¶æ ã§ééæ³ã«ãã芳å¯ãè¡ãã ããã§é»åé¡åŸ®é¡ã®å éé»å§ã¯ãé«ãçšãé®®æãªééåãåŸãããããç²åå
ã0.25ÎŒïœãŸã§ã¯200Kvoltããã以äžã®ç²ååãã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ã1000Kvoltãè¯ã
ãå éé»å§ãé«ãçšãç §å°é»åç·ã«ããç²åã®æå·ã倧ãããªãã®ã§æ¶²äœçªçŽ ã
ã液äœããªãŠã ã§è©Šæãå·åŽããæ¹ãæãŸããã æ®åœ±åçã¯è©Šæãšãªãç²åãµã€ãºã«ãã£ãŠãé©å®å€æŽãåŸãããïŒäžåããïŒ
äžåã§ããã ãã®ããã«ããŠãšãŠèåéå¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åã®ééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡åçãæ®åœ±ãããšãš
ãŠèåéçžã®éšåã«éåžžã«ããŸããªå¹ŽèŒªç¶ã®çžæš¡æ§ã芳å¯ãããããã®äžäŸã第
ïŒå³ã«ç€º ããããã§ç€ºããå¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åã¯ãèåéå¹³æ¿ç²åãã³ã¢ãŒãšããããã«ãšãŠåé
10ã¢ã«ïŒ ã®ãšãŠèåéã®ã·ã§ã«ãã³ã¢ãŒã®å€åŽã«åœ¢æãããã®ã§ããããã®æ§é
ã¯ãã®ééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡åçã§æ確ã«ç¥ãããšãã§ãããããªãã¡ãã³ã¢ãŒéšã¯
èåéã§ãããåœç¶åäžã§ãããããåäžãªãã©ãããªåãåŸãããã®ã¿ã§ãã
ããäžæ¹ãšãŠèåéçžã«ã¯ãéåžžã«ããŸããªå¹ŽèŒªç¶ã®çžæš¡æ§ãæ確ã«ç¢ºèªã§ãã
ããã®çžæš¡æ§ã®ééã¯éåžžã«ããŸãã100â«ã®ãªãŒããŒãããã以äžã§ããéåžž
ã«åŸ®èŠçãªäžåäžæ§ã瀺ããŠããããšã解ãããã®éåžžã«ããŸããªçžæš¡æ§ããšãŠ
åéååžã®äžåäžæ§ã瀺ãããšã¯çš®ã ã®æ¹æ³ã§æããã«ã§ããããããçŽæ¥çã«
ã¯ãã®å¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åããšãŒãã€ãªã³ãããã²ã³åéçµæ¶å ã移åã§ããæ¡ä»¶ã§ã¢ã
ãŒã«(annealing)ããŠãããšïŒäŸãã°250âãïŒæéïŒããã®çžæš¡æ§ãå šãæ¶å€±ã
ãŠããŸãããšãããæããã«çµè«ã§ããã ããã«è¿°ã¹ãŠããå¹³æ¿ç¶ãšãŠèåéä¹³å€ç²åã®ãšãŠåéååžã®äžåäžæ§ã瀺ã
幎茪ç¶ã®çžæš¡æ§ã¯å ã«åŒçšãããç¹éæ58-113927ã«æ·»ä»ãããŠããééåé»å
é¡åŸ®é¡åçã«ãæ確ã«èŠ³å¯ãããããŸãåæ§ã«å ã«åŒçšãããã³ã°çã®ç 究ã«ã
ããééåé»é¡åçã«ãã¯ã£ãããšç€ºãããŠãããããçã®äºå®ããããããŸã§
ãåäžãªãšãŠåéååžåŸãã¹ãäžå®ã®ãšãŠåéå«éã§èª¿è£œããããšãŠèåéç²å
ã¯ããã®è£œé ã®æå³ãšã¯å šãåããŠãéåžžã«åŸ®èŠçãªãšãŠåéã®äžåäžååžãæ
ã£ãŠãããããŸã§ããããåäžåããæè¡ãé瀺ãããŠãããããŸããã®è£œé æ³
ãé瀺ãããŠã¯ããªããæ¬çºæã¯ãã®åŸ®èŠçãªãšãŠåéååžãå®å šã«åäžã«ãã
ä¹³å€ãšãã®è£œé æ³ãé瀺ãããã®ã§ããã ãããŸã§è¿°ã¹ãŠããããã«æ¬çºæã®ãå®å šã«åäžãªãšãŠåéååžãããã€ãã
ã²ã³åéç²åã¯ãå·åŽåééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡ãçšããŠãç²åã®ééåã芳å¯ããã
ãšã«ãããåŸæ¥ã®ããã²ã³åéç²åãšæ確ã«åºå¥ããããšãã§ãããããªãã¡æ¬
çºæã®ãšãŠåéãå«ãããã²ã³åéç²åã«ã¯ããšãŠåéã®åŸ®èŠçãªäžåäžã«èµ·å
ãã埮èŠçãªç·ãç·ã«çŽäº€ããæ¹åã§0.2ÎŒïœééã«å€ããšãïŒæ¬ã奜ãŸããã¯
ïŒæ¬ãã奜ãŸããã¯ååšããªãããã®ãšãŠåéã®åŸ®èŠçäžåäžã瀺ãã幎茪ç¶ã®
çžæš¡æ§ãæ§æããç·ã¯ãç²åæé·ã®æ¹åã«çŽäº€ãã圢ã§çºçããçµæçã«ããã
ã®ç·ã¯ç²åã®äžå¿ããåå¿åç¶ã«ååžãããäŸãã°å³ïŒã«ç€ºããå¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åã®å Ž
åããšãŠåéã®äžåäžã瀺ãã幎茪ç¶ã®çžæš¡æ§ãæ§æããç·ã¯ãå¹³æ¿ç²åã®æé·
æ¹åã«çŽäº€ããçºãçµæãšããŠç²åã®ãšããã«å¹³è¡ã§ããããã€ããããã«çŽäº€
ããæ¹åã¯ç²åã®äžå¿ã«åãæ¹åãæã£ãŠãããç²åã®äžå¿ã®ãŸããã«åå¿åç¶
ã«ååžããã å¿è«ãç²åæé·äžã«æ¥æ¿ã«ãšãŠåéå«éãå€åããããã°ããã®å¢çç·ã¯äžèš
ã®èŠ³å¯æ³ã§ãäžã«è¿°ã¹ããšåæ§ã®ç·ãšããŠèŠ³å¯ããããããã®ãããªãšãŠåéå«
éã®å€åã¯åäžã®ç·ãæ§æããã®ã¿ã§ããšãŠåéã®åŸ®èŠçäžåã«ç±æ¥ããè€æ°ã®
ç·ããæ§æããããã®ãšã¯æ確ã«åºå¥ã§ãããããã«ãã®ãããªãšãŠåéå«éã®
å€åã«ç±æ¥ããç·ã¯ããã®ç·ã®äž¡åŽã®ãšãŒåéå«éãå ã«è¿°ã¹ãåæé»åé¡åŸ®é¡
ã§æž¬å®ããã°æããã«ç¢ºèªããããšãã§ããããã®ãããªãšãŠåéå«éã®å€åã«
ããç·ã¯æ¬çºæã§èšãããšãŠåéã®åŸ®èŠçäžåäžã«ç±æ¥ããç·ãšã¯ãå šãç°ãªã
ãå·šèŠçãªãšãŠåéååžãã瀺ããã®ã§ããã ãŸããç²åã®æé·äžã«ãšãŠåéå«éãå®è³ªçã«é£ç¶çã«å€åãããå Žåã¯ããš
ãŠåéå«éã®æ¥æ¿ãªå€åããªãçºãäžèšã®å·šèŠçãªãšãŠåéå«éã®å€åã瀺ãç·
ã¯èŠ³å¯ããããåŸã£ãŠãããããã«0.1ÎŒïœééã«å°ããšãïŒæ¬ä»¥äžã®ç·ãååš
ããã°ãããã¯åŸ®èŠçãªãšãŠåéå«éã®äžåäžããããšããããšã«ãªãã ããããŠæ¬çºæã®ããšãŠåéååžãå®å šã«åäžãªããã²ã³åéç²åã¯ãå·åŽå
ééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡ãçšããŠåŸãç²åã®ééåã«ãããŠãç·ãšçŽäº€ããæ¹åã§0.2
ÎŒïœééã«åŸ®èŠçãªãšãŠåéååžã瀺ãç·ãå€ããšãïŒæ¬ãæããç²åã§ããã
奜ãŸããã¯ïŒæ¬ãã奜ãŸããã¯ãã®ãããªç·ãååšããªãããã²ã³åéç²åã§ã
ãããã€ãã®ãããªç²åãå šç²åã®å°ããšã60ïŒ ã奜ãŸããã¯å°ããšã80ïŒ ãã
ã奜ãŸããã¯å°ããšã90ïŒ ãå ããããã²ã³åéç²åã§ããã ãããŸã§åäžãªãšãŠåéãå«ãããã²ã³åéç²åãšåŒã°ããŠããããã²ã³åé
ç²åã¯åã«ç²åæé·ã®éãç¡é žéãšäžå®ã®çµæã®ïŒäžå®ã®ãšãŒåç©å«éïŒããã²
ã³å¡©æ··åç©ãããã«ãžãšããæ³ã§åå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããã«ãããããã®ãããªç²å
ã«ãããŠã¯å·šèŠçãªãšãŠåéååžã¯ç¢ºãã«äžå®ã§ãããã埮èŠçãªãšãŠåéååž
ã¯åäžã§ã¯ãªããæ¬çºæã«ãããŠã¯ããã®ãããªç²åããäžå®ã®ããã²ã³çµæã
ããã€ç²åãšåŒã³ãå®å šã«åäžããªæ¬çºæã«ç€ºãç²åãšã¯æ確ã«åºå¥ããã ããã§ã¯ãšãŠèåéããã²ã³åéç²åã«ã€ããŠèª¬æããŠãããã埮èŠçãªãã©
ã€ãçµæååžã®åé¡ã¯ãå¡©èåéãå¡©ãšãŠèåéãå¡©ãšãŠåéçã®ããã²ã³åé
æ··æ¶ç²åã«ã€ããŠå šãŠã«ããŠã¯ãŸããã®ã§ãããå¡©åéãå«ãæ··æ¶ã«ã€ããŠã¯ã
æ¬é¡çºæè ã¯ç¹é¡æ63-7449å·ãå63-7451å·ã«åŸ®èŠçãªãã©ã€ãååžãå®å šã«å
äžãªå¡©åéãå«ãããã²ã³åéç²ååã³ãããçšããæå ææãé瀺ããã ããã²ã³åéæ··æ¶ã®åŸ®èŠçãªãã©ã€ãååžã®åäžæ§ã¯ããã«ïŒžç·åæãå©çšã
ãŠæž¬ å®ããããšãã§ããã ç·åæèšïŒãã€ãã©ã¯ãã¡ãŒã¿ãŒïŒãçšããŠããã²ã³çµæã決å®ããã®ã¯åœ
該æ¥è ã«ã¯åšç¥ã®ããšã§ããã ãã®åçãç°¡åã«è¿°ã¹ããšä»¥äžã®éãã§ãããç·åæã«ãããŠBraggè§ã枬
å®ããããšã§æ¬¡ã®Braggã®åŒããæ Œåå®æ°ïœã決å®ã§ããã λïŒïŒžç·ã®æ³¢é· ΞhklïŒ(hkl)é¢ããã®Braggè§ ïœhklïŒ(hkl)é¢ããã®é¢éé ïœïŒæ Œåå®æ° ãšããã§ãT.H.ãžãšãŒã ã¹(James)èã®ãã¶ã»ã»ãªãªãŒã»ãªãã»ã¶ã»ããªãã°ã©
ãã€ãã¯ã»ããã»ã¹ãïŒThe Theory of the Photographic ProcessïŒç¬¬ïŒçãã¯
ãã©ã³ç€ŸãããŠãŒãšãŒã¯(Macmillan Co Ltd.New York)ã®ç¬¬äžç« ã«æ²èåéãå¡©
èåéãæ²å¡©åéã«ã€ããŠããã²ã³çµæã«å¯Ÿããæ Œåå®æ°ïœã®é¢ä¿ã瀺ãããŠã
ãããã®ããã«æ Œåå®æ°ïŒããã²ã³çµæïŒãç°ãªããšãåæããŒã¯äœçœ®ãç°ãªã
ãåŸã€ãŠãããã²ã³çµæååžã®åäžæ§ã®ããããæ Œåå®æ°ã®ã°ãã€ãã®å°ãªãã
ãã²ã³åéç²åã¯åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å¹ ã¯çããªãããã®åæãããã¢ã€ã«
ã®æž¬å®ã«ãããŠãç·æºã¯åŒ·åºŠã®å€§ããåè²æ§ã®ããαç·ãβãã奜ãã§çšã
ãããããªããαç·ã¯äºéç·ãªã®ã§Rachingerã®æ¹æ³ãçšããŠåäžã®ãããã¢
ã€ã«ãåŸãŠåå€å¹ ãæ±ããããšãå¯èœã§ãããè©Šæã«ã¯ãä¹³å€ãããŒã©ãã³ãé€
å»ããç²æ«ç²åãçšããããããã¯ããžã€ãŒãã« ãªã ããªãã°ã©ãã€ãã¯
ãµã€ãšã³ã¹(Journal of Photographic Science)ã®1976幎床24å·»ïŒããŒãžã®G.C.
ãã¢ãŒãã«(G.C.Farnell)ïŒR.J.ãžãšã³ãã³ã¹(R.J.Jenkins)ããã³L.R.ãœã«ãã³
ïŒL.R.SolmanïŒã«ããæ¹æ³ãçšããŠã50ïŒ ã°ãªã»ãªã³æº¶æ¶²ã«20åé浞挬ããŠä¹Ÿè
äžã®ãŒã©ãã³ã«ããç²åè¡šé¢ã«ããã€ãŠããå§åãé€å»ãããšãå¡åžãããä¹³å€
èã䜿çšã§ãããåæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®è§åºŠãæ£ç¢ºã«æ±ããã«ã¯åæè§æ¢ç¥ã®Siç²
æ«ãããã¯NaClç²æ«ããµã³ãã«ã«æ··åãããæ¹æ³ãçšãããããããã«åæè§ã
ãã³åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®ç·å¹ ã粟床ãã枬å®ããã«ã¯é«ææ°é¢ããã®åæè§ã®å€§
ããåæãããã¢ã€ã«ãçšããããšãããããšãç¥ãããŠãããåŸã€ãŠæ¬ç¹èš±ã«
ã ããŠã¯é ã¿ãŒã²ããã®ïŒ«Î±ç·ã§ïŒ420ïŒé¢ã®åæãããã¢ã€ã«ãåæè§ïŒBraggã®
è§ã®ïŒåïŒ71°ãã77°ã®é åã«ãããŠæž¬å®ããã ç·åæ枬å®ã¯ãç²æ²«ãããå¡åžãããä¹³å€èã®æ¹ã枬å®ç²ŸåºŠãè¯ããåŸè¿°ã
ãå®æœäŸã«ãããŠããå¡åžãããä¹³å€èã§æž¬å®ããã ãšããã§ãæ¬ç¹èš±èšè¿°ã®è©Šæã®åœ¢æ ã®ããã«å€çãªå¿åã«ããæªã¿ããªãç³»ã®
åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å¹ ã¯ãããã²ã³çµæååžã®ã¿ã§æ±ºå®ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã
ãã以å€ã«åæèšã®å åŠç³»ã«ããåå€å¹ ãšè©Šæã®çµæ¶åïŒã¯ãªã¹ã¿ãªããïŒã®å€§
ããã«ããåå€å¹ ãå«ãã§ãããåŸã€ãŠããã²ã³çµæååžã«èµ·å ããåå€å¹ ãåŸ
ãã«ã¯ãåäºè ã«ããåå€å¹ ã®å¯äžãå·®ãåŒãå¿ èŠããããåæèšã®å åŠç³»ã«ã
ãåå€å¹ ã¯æªã¿ã®ããã€ãŠããªãïŒæ Œåå®æ°ã®ã°ãã€ãã®ãªãïŒ25ÎŒïœä»¥äžã®ç²
床ã®åçµæ¶ã®åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å¹ ãšããŠåŸãããšãã§ããããã®ãããªè©Š
æãšããŠã¯25ã44ÎŒïœïŒ500ã¡ãã·ãŠ ãªã³ 350ã¡ãã·ãŠ ã¢ã³ããŒïŒã®Î±âç³
è±ã800âã§ã¢ããŒã«ãããã®ã䜿çšããããšãçåŠé»æ©æ ªåŒäŒç€Ÿã«ããç·å
æã®æåŒæ¹èšåçäºç« å «ç¯ã«èšè¿°ãããŠãããSiç²åãSiåçµæ¶ãŠãšãã¢ãŒçã§
ãçšããããšãå¯èœã§ãããå åŠç³»ã«ããåå€å¹ ã¯åæè§äŸåæ§ãããã®ã§ãæ°
ç¹ã®åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã«ã€ããŠåå€å¹ ãæ±ããå¿ èŠããããå¿ èŠã«å¿ããŠå€æ¿å
æ¿ãè¡ãã枬å®ããŠããç³»ã®åæè§ã«ã€ããŠã®å åŠç³»ã«ããåå€å¹ ãåŸãããã
ãããŠãçµæ¶åã®å€§ããã«ããåå€å¹ ã¯æ¬¡åŒã§èšè¿°ãããã β :çµæ¶åã®å€§ããã«ããåå€å¹ ïŒÂ°ïŒ  :å®æ°ïŒäžè¬ã«0.9ïŒ ïŒ€ :çµæ¶åã®å€§ããïŒâ«ïŒ λ :ç·ã®æ³¢é·ïŒâ«ïŒ Ξ :Braggè§ æž¬å®ãããåæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å¹ ãããã®ããã«ããŠæ±ããå åŠç³»ã«ãã
åå€å¹ ãšçµæ¶åã®å€§ããã«ããåå€å¹ ãå·®ãåŒããšãããã²ã³çµæååžã«ããå
å€å¹ ãåŸããããä»æž¬å®ãããæ··æ¶ç²åã®å åŠç³»ã«ããåå€å¹ ãšçµæ¶åã®å€§ãã
ã«ããåå€å¹ ã¯ããã®çç®ããŠããç²åãšåäžã®çµæ¶åã®å€§ãããæããããã²
ã³çµæååžåäžïŒæ Œåå®æ°äžå®ïŒã®ããã²ã³åéç²åã®åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€
å¹ ãšç䟡ã§ãããäžè¬ã«ãå€çãªå¿åã«ããæªã¿ãååšããªãå Žåãæ Œåæ¬ é¥ã®
ãªãç²åã§ã¯ãã®ç²å㮠倧ããïŒèŸºé·ãçäœç©ççžåœåŸçïŒã¯çµæ¶åã®å€§ãããšäžèŽããããã®ããšã¯ã
ã€ãã©ã¯ãã¡ãŒã¿ãŒã§ã¯ãªãåçæ³ã§ã¯ãããåæç·å¹ ããæ±ããAgBrã®çµæ¶å
ã®å€§ãããšç²åã®å€§ãããäžèŽããããšãããªãã€ãã·ãŠ ãžã€ãŒãã« ãªã
ã¢ãã©ã€ã ãã€ãžãã¯ã¹ïŒBritish Journal of Applied PhysicsïŒã®1965幎16
å·»323ããŒãžã§F.W.ãŠã€ã¬ãã(F.W.Willets)ã«ãã€ãŠå ±åãããŠããããã®å ±å
ã¯åçæ³ã§åå€å¹ ã§ã¯ãªããããã¢ã€ã«ã®æšæºåå·®ãçšããŠã·ãšã©ãŒå®æ°ãšããŠ
1.44ãéžãã§ãããæã ã®æž¬å®ç³»ã§ã¯ããã€ãã©ã¯ãã¡ãŒã¿ãŒãçšããŠãããSi
åçµæ¶ãçšããŠæ±ããå åŠç³»ã«ããåå€å¹ ãå·®ãåŒããåå€å¹ ããæ±ããçµæ¶å
ã®å€§ãããšç²åã®å€§ããããã©ã³ã¹ã ããã« ãžãšããã§èª¿è£œãããAgBrç²å
ã«ãããŠè¯å¥œã«äžèŽããããšãèŠåºããŠããã ããªãã¡ãæ··æ¶ä¹³å€ç²åã®å åŠç³»ã«ããåå€å¹ ãšçµæ¶åã®å€§ããã«ããåå€å¹
ã¯ãæ··æ¶ä¹³å€ç²åãšåäžç²åãµã€ãºã®AgBrç²åãAgClç²åãAgIç²åã®åæãã
ãã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å¹ ãšããŠåŸãããšãã§ããã æ··æ¶ä¹³å€ç²åã®ããã²ã³çµæååžã®ã¿ã«ããåå€å¹ ã¯ã枬å®ãããåæããã
ã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å¹ ããçç®ããŠããç²åãšåäžç²åãµã€ãºã®AgBrç²åãAgClç²åã
AgIç²åã®åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å¹ ãå·®ãåŒãããšã«ãã€ãŠåŸãããã æ¬çºæã«ãã埮èŠçãªããã²ã³çµæãåäžã§ããããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ç²åã®åèš
ã®æ¹æ³ã«ããç·åæã®ãããã¢ã€ã«ã®å¥œãŸããåå€å¹ ãå¡©èåéã«ã€ããŠã¯ã
第ïŒå³ã«ããšãŠèåéã«ã€ããŠã¯ç¬¬ïŒå³ã«ç€ºããã第ïŒå³åã³ç¬¬ïŒå³ã«ãããŠã
åããã²ã³çµæã®ç²åã®åäžæ§ã¯åç²åã®ïŒžç·åæã®åå€å¹ ãããåäžç²åãµã€
ãºã®çŽå¡©åéãããã¯çŽèåéã®åå€å¹ ãå·®ãã²ããå€ã§ç€ºããããæ¬çºæã®ç²
åã¯ãæ²ç·ïŒ¡ã§ç€ºãããåå€å¹ 以äžã奜ãŸããã¯æ²ç·ïŒ¢ã§ç€ºãããåå€å¹ ããå°
ããåå€å¹ ãæãããã®ã§ããã 次ã«æ¬çºæã®ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åã®è£œé æ³ã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ãã ç¹é¡æ63-195778å·ã«ç€ºãããŠããããã«ãæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµæ¶æé·ãèµ·ã
ããåå¿å®¹åšã®å€ã«èšããããæ··ååšã«ãããŠã氎溶æ§éå¡©ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³æ°Žæº¶æ§
ãã©ã€ãã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãæ··åããŠåœ¢æããã埮ç²åããã ã¡ã«è©²åå¿å®¹åšäžã«äŸçµŠã
ãããšã«ãããããã²ã³åéã³ã¢ç²åã®æ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµæ¶æé·ãè¡ããïŒä»¥
äžïŒ¡æ³ãšåŒã¶ïŒ ç¹é¡æ63-195778å·ã«ç€ºãããŠããç²å圢ææ³ã®ã·ã¹ãã ã第ïŒå³ã«ç€ºãã 第ïŒå³ã§ã¯ããŸãåå¿å®¹åšïŒã¯ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ïŒãå«æããŠãããä¿è·ã³
ã〠ã氎溶液ã¯ãå転ã·ã€ããã«ãšãã€ãããããããã©ïŒã«ãã€ãŠæªææ··åããã
ãåå¿å®¹åšå€ã®æ··ååšïŒã«é塩氎溶液ãããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãåã³ä¿è·ã³ãã€ãæ°Ž
溶液ãåã æ·»å ç³»ãïŒãïŒåã³ïŒã«ãŠå°å ¥ãããïŒãã®éãä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液
ã¯ãããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³ïŒãŸãã¯é塩氎溶液ã«ãŸããŠæ·»å ããŠããããïŒæ··å
åšå ã§ãããã®æº¶æ¶²ãæ¥éãã€åŒ·åã«æ··åããŠããã ã¡ã«ç³»ïŒã«ãã€ãŠåå¿å®¹åš
ïŒã«å°å ¥ããã第ïŒå³ã«æ··ååšïŒã®è©³çŽ°ãå³ç€ºããããã®æ··ååšïŒã¯ãã®äžã«å
å¿å®€10ãèšãããããã®åå¿å®€10ã®äžã«å転ã·ã€ãã11ã«ãšãã€ããããæªæç¿Œ
ïŒãèšããããŠãããé塩氎溶液ãããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã¯
äžã€ã®å°å ¥å£ïŒïŒãïŒãããäžã€ã®å°å ¥å£ã¯å³é¢ããçç¥ãããïŒããåå¿å®€10
ã«æ·»å ããããå転ã·ã€ãããé«éã§å転ããïŒ1000r.p.m以äžã奜ãŸããã¯200
0r.p.m以äžããã奜ãŸããã¯3000r.p.m以äžïŒããšã«ãããæ¥éãã€åŒ·åã«æ··å
ãçæãã極ã埮现ãªç²åãå«ã溶液ã¯ããã ã¡ã«å€éšãžã®æåºå£ïŒããæåºã
ãããããããŠæ··ååšã§åå¿ããŠçæãã極ã埮现ãªç²åã¯åå¿å®¹åšã«å°å ¥ãã
ãåŸããã®ç²åãµã€ãºã埮现ã§ããçºã容æã«æº¶è§£ãåã³éã€ãªã³ãšããã²ã³ã€
ãªã³ãšãªããåäžãªæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯ç²åæé·ãèµ·ããããããã®æ¥µã埮现ãªç²
åã®ãã©ã€ãçµæã¯ç®çãšããããã²ã³åéç²åã®ãã©ã€ãçµæãšåäžã«ããŠã
ããåå¿å®¹åšå ã«å°å ¥ããã極埮ç²åã¯ãåå¿å®¹åšå ã®æªæã«ãã€ãŠãåå¿å®¹åš
å ã«ã°ããŸããããã€åã ã®åŸ®çŽ°ç²åãããç®çã®ãã©ã€ãçµæã®ããã²ã³ã€ãª
ã³ãšéã€ãªã³ãæŸåºããããããã§æ··ååšã§çºçããç²åã¯æ¥µã埮现ã§ãããã
ã®ç²åæ°ã¯éåžžã«å€ãããã®ãããªéåžžã«å€æ°ã®ç²åãããåã éã€ãªã³åã³ã
ãã²ã³ã€ãªã³ïŒæ··æ¶æé·ã®å Žåãç®çã®ããã²ã³ã€ãªã³çµæã«ãªã€ãŠãããïŒã
æŸåºããããã€ãããåå¿å®¹åšäžã®ä¿è·ã³ãã€ãå šäœã«äºã€ãŠèµ·ãçºãå šãåäž
ãªç²åæé·ãèµ·ãããšãã§ããã倧åãªããšã¯éã€ãªã³åã³ããã²ã³ã€ãªã³ã¯ã
氎溶液ãšããŠã¯ãpAg調ç¯çšä»¥å€ã¯æ±ºããŠåå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããªãããšåã³åå¿å®¹
åšå ã®ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã溶液ãæ··ååšã«åŸªç°ããªãããšã§ãããããã«ãããŠåŸæ¥ã®
æ¹æ³ãšã¯å šãç°ãªãããã®æ¹æ³ãããã²ã³åéç²åã®åäžæé·ã«ãããŠé©ãã¹ã
å¹æãæããããšãã§ããã æ··ååšã§åœ¢æããã埮ç²åã¯ããã®æº¶è§£åºŠãç²åãµã€ãºã埮现ã§ããæ éåžžã«
é«ããåå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããããšæº¶è§£ããåã³éã€ãªã³åã³ããã²ã³ã€ãªã³ãšãªã
ãåå¿å®¹åšã«æ¢ã«ããç²åã«æ²ç©ãç²åæé·ãèµ·ãããã®éã埮ç²åã¯ãã®æº¶è§£
床ãé«ãæ ã«åŸ®ç²ååå¿ã§ãããããªã¹ãã¯ã«ãçæãèµ·ããŠããã®ç²åãµã€ãº
ãå¢å€§ããŠããŸãã埮ç²åã®ãµã€ãºã倧ãããªã€ãŠããŸããšãããã ã溶解床ã
äœäžããåå¿å®¹åšäžã§ã® 溶解ãé ããªããç²åæé·ã®é床ãèããäœäžãããå Žåã«ã¯ææ©æº¶è§£ããããš
ãªããéã«ããèªèº«ãæ žãšãªã€ãŠæé·ãèµ·ããŠããŸãã æ¬çºæã«ãããŠã¯åèšç¹é¡æ63-7851å·ãå63-195778å·ãšåæ§ã«ä»¥äžã®äžã€ã®
æè¡ã«ãã€ãŠãã®åé¡ã解決ããã æ··ååšã§åŸ®ç²åã圢æããåŸããã ã¡ã«ãããåå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããã æ¬çºæã«ãããŠã¯åå¿å®¹åšã®ããè¿ãã«æ··ååšãèšããã€æ··ååšå ã®æ·»å 液ã®
æ»çæéãçããããããšã«ãããåŸã€ãŠçæãã埮ç²åããã ã¡ã«åå¿å®¹åšã«
æ·»å ããããšã«ãããã®ãªã¹ãã¯ã«ãçæãèµ·ããªãããã«ãããå ·äœçã«ã¯æ··
ååšã«æ·»å ããã液ã®æ»çæéïœã¯äžèšã§ããããããã ïœïŒæ··ååšã®åå¿å®€ã®äœç©ïŒmlïŒ ïœïŒç¡é žé溶液ã®æ·»å éïŒml/minïŒ ïœïŒããã²ã³å¡©æº¶æ¶²ã®æ·»å éïŒml/minïŒ ïœïŒä¿è·ã³ãã€ã溶液ã®æ·»å éïŒml/minïŒ æ¬çºæã®è£œé æ³ã«ãããŠã¯ïœã¯10å以äžã奜ãŸããã¯ïŒå以äžããã奜ãŸãã
ã¯ïŒå以äžãããã«å¥œãŸããã¯20ç§ä»¥äžã§ãããããããŠæ··ååšã§åŸããã埮ç²
åã¯ãã®ç²åãµã€ãºãå¢å€§ããããšãªãããã ã¡ã«åå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ãããã æ··ååšã§åŒ·åãã€å¹çã®ããæªæãè¡ãªãã ãžãšãŒã ã¹(T.H.James)㶠ã»ãªãªãŒ ãªã 㶠ããªãã°ã©ãã€ã㯠ãã
ã»ã¹p.p.93ã«ã¯ããªã¹ãã¯ã«ãçæãšäžŠãã§ããäžã€ã®åœ¢æ ã¯åé(coalescence
)ã§ãããã³ã¢ã¬ãã»ã³ã¹çæã§ã¯ãã®åã«ã¯é ãé¢ããŠããçµæ¶ãçŽæ¥ãæ¥è§Š
ããçããŠãã倧ããªçµæ¶ãçæããã®ã§ç²åãµã€ãºãçªç¶å€åããããªã¹ãã¯
ã«ãçæãšã³ã¢ã¬ãã»ã³ã¹çæã®äž¡æ¹ãšãæ²ç©ã®çµäºåŸã®ã¿ã§ãªããæ²ç©äžã«ã
èµ·ãããããã«è¿°ã¹ãããŠããã³ã¢ã¬ãã»ã³ã¹çæã¯ç¹ã«ç²åãµã€ãºãéåžžã«å°
ãããšãã«èµ·ãæããç¹ã«æªæãäžå åã§ããå Žåèµ·ãæãã極端ãªå Žåã¯ãç²
倧ãªå¡ç¶ã®ç²åãäœãããšãããããæ¬çºæã«ãããŠã¯ç¬¬ïŒå³ã«ç€ºãããã«å¯é
åã®æ··ååšãçšããŠããçºãåå¿å®€ã®æªæç¿Œãé«ãå転æ°ã§å転ãããããšãã§
ãåŸæ¥ã®ãããªéæŸåã®åå¿å®¹åšã§ã¯ã§ããªãã€ãïŒéæŸåã§ã¯ãé«å転ã§æªæ
ç¿Œãå転ããããšé å¿åã§æ¶²ããµããšã°ãããçºæ³¡ã®åé¡ããããã§ãå®çšã§ã
ãªããïŒåŒ·åãã€å¹çã®ããæªææ··åãè¡ãããšã ã§ãäžèšã®ã³ã¢ã¬ãã»ã³ã¹çæãé²æ¢ã§ããçµæãšããŠéåžžã«ç²åãµã€ãºã®å°ã
ã埮ç²åãåŸãããšãã§ãããæ¬çºæã«ãããŠã¯æªæç¿Œã®å転æ°ã¯1000r.p.m以
äžã奜ãŸããã¯2000r.p.m以äžããã奜ãŸããã¯3000r.p.m以äžã§ããã ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã®æ··ååšãžã®æ³šå ¥ åè¿°ã®ã³ã¢ã¬ãã»ã³ã¹çæã¯ããã²ã³åé埮ç²åã®ä¿è·ã³ãã€ãã«ãã€ãŠé¡è
ã«é²ãããšãã§ãããæ¬çºæã«ãããŠã¯ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã®æ··ååšãžã®æ·»å ã¯
äžèšã®æ¹æ³ã«ããã ä¿è·ã³ãã€ãã®æ¿åºŠã¯0.2ééïŒ ä»¥äžã奜ãŸããã¯0.5ééïŒ ããããæµéã¯ã
ç¡é žé溶液ãšããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ã®æµéã®åã®å°ããšã20ïŒ ã奜ãŸããã¯å°ããšã
50ïŒ ããã奜ãŸããã¯100ïŒ ä»¥äžã§ããã ä¿è·ã³ãã€ãã®æ¿åºŠã¯ã0.2ééïŒ ä»¥äžå¥œãŸããã¯0.5ééïŒ ä»¥äžã§ããã ä¿è·ã³ãã€ãã®æ¿åºŠã¯0.2ééïŒ ä»¥äžã奜ãŸããã¯0.5ééïŒ ä»¥äžã§ããããŒã©
ãã³ãçšããå Žåãéã€ãªã³ãšãŒã©ãã³ã§ãŒã©ãã³éãäœããå å解åã³ç±å解
ããŠéã³ãã€ããçæããçºãç¡é žé溶液ãšä¿è·ã³ãã€ã溶液ã¯äœ¿çšçŽåã«æ··å
ããæ¹ãããã ãããŸããåæã«äžã€ãçšããŠãããã æ¬çºæã«ãããŠã¯åèšç¹é¡æ63-7852ãå63-7853ãå63-194861ãå63-194862
ã§é瀺ãããããã«ãããããã調補ãã埮现ãªãµã€ãºã®ç²åãæãã埮ç²åã
ãã²ã³åéä¹³å€ãåå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããŠæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯ç²åæé·ãè¡ãæ¹æ³ãçš
ããããšãã§ãããïŒä»¥äžããæ³ãïŒãã®éãããããã調補ãããä¹³å€ã®ç²
åãµã€ãºãå°ããæ¹ãè¯ãããšã¯åèšãšåæ§ã§ãããæ¬æ¹æ³ã«ãããŠããæ žåœ¢æ
åã³ïŒåã¯ç²åæé·ãèµ·ãåå¿å®¹åšã«ã¯ãåå¿å®¹åšå ã®ä¹³å€ã®pAg調ç¯çšä»¥å€ã¯
åå¿å®¹åšã«æ°Žæº¶æ§éå¡©ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³æ°Žæº¶æ§ãã©ã€ãã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãå šãæ·»å ããªãã
ãã®äºã調補ãããä¹³å€ã¯åå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããã«å ç«ã¡ãäºãæ°ŽæŽåã³ïŒåã¯åº
åããŠãããŠãããã æ³ã«ãããæ··ååšã®æž©åºŠã¯40â以äžå¥œãŸããã¯35â以äžãåå¿å®¹åšã®æ¿åºŠã¯
ã50â以äžã奜ãŸããã¯60â以äžãããã«å¥œãŸããã¯70â以äžã§ããã æ³ã«ãããŠã¯ããããã調補ãã埮ç²åä¹³å€ã®ç²å圢æ枩床ã¯40â以äžã奜
ãŸã ãã¯35â以äžã§ããã埮ç²åä¹³å€ãæ·»å ããåå¿å®¹åšã®æž©åºŠã¯50â以äžã奜ãŸã
ãã¯60â以äžããã«å¥œãŸããã¯70â以äžã§ããã æ¬çºæã«ãããŠçšãããã埮现ãªãµã€ãºã®ããã²ã³åéã®ç²åãµã€ãºã¯ç²åã
ã¡ãã·ãŠã«ã®ããã®ãŸãŸééåé»é¡ã«ãã€ãŠç¢ºèªã§ããåçã¯ïŒäžåããïŒäžå
ããããæ¬çºæã®åŸ®ç²åã®ãµã€ãºã¯0.1ÎŒïœä»¥äžã奜ãŸããã¯0.06ÎŒïœä»¥äžãã
ã奜ãŸããã¯0.03ÎŒm以äžã§ããã æ¬çºæã«ãã€ãŠåŸããããã¹ãç²åä¹³å€ã®ãã©ã€ãçµæã¯ããšãŠèåéãå¡©è
åéãå¡©ãšãŠèåéãå¡©ãšãŠåéãã®ãããã§ããããæ¬çºæã«ããã°ããã©ã€
ãã®åŸ®èŠçãªååžãåäžãªãããªãã¡ãå®å šã«åäžããªããã²ã³åéæ··æ¶ç²åã
åŸãããããšã¯ãç¹é¡æ63-195778ãå63-7851ãå63-7852ãå63-7853ãå63-7
451ãå63-7449ã«è¿°ã¹ãããŠããéãã§ãããããã¯å šãŠã®ãã©ã€ãçµæã«ãã
ãŠåŸããããã®ã§ããã æ¬æ¹æ³ã«ãããŠã¯ãããã²ã³åé溶å€ãåå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããŠäœ¿çšããã°ããã
ã«é«ã埮ç²åã®æº¶è§£é床åã³ããã«é«ãåå¿å®¹åšå ã®ç²åã®æé·é床ãåŸãããš
ãã§ããã ããã²ã³åé溶å€ãšããŠã¯ã氎溶æ§èåç©ã氎溶æ§å¡©åç©ãããªã·ã¢ã³é žå¡©ã
ã¢ã³ã¢ãã¢ãããªãšãŒãã«ãããªå°¿çŽ é¡ãªã©ãæããããšãã§ããã äŸãã°ããªã·ã¢ã³é žå¡©ïŒç±³åœç¹èš±ç¬¬2,222,264å·ãå第2,448,534å·ãå第3,32
0,069å·ãªã©ïŒãã¢ã³ã¢ãã¢ãããªãšãŒãã«ååç©ïŒäŸãã°ç±³åœç¹èš±ç¬¬3,271,157
å·ãå第3,574,628å·ãå第3,704,130å·ãå第4,297,439å·ãå第4,276,347å·ãª
ã©ïŒãããªã³ååç©ïŒäŸãã°ç¹éæ53-144319å·ãå53-82408å·ãå55-77737å·
ãªã©ïŒãã¢ãã³ååç©ïŒäŸãã°ç¹éæ54-100717å·ãªã©ïŒããªå°¿çŽ èªå°äœïŒäŸã
ã°ç¹éæ55-2982å·ïŒã€ãããŸãŒã«é¡ïŒäŸãã°ç¹éæ54-100717å·ïŒã眮æã¡ã«ã«
ããããã©ãŸãŒã«ïŒäŸãã°ç¹éæ57-202531å·ïŒãªã©ãæããããšãã§ããã åŸãããå®å šã«åäžãªããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ç²åã«ç¹ã«å¶éã¯ãªããã0.3ÎŒïœä»¥
äžã§ããããšã奜ãŸãããããã«0.8ÎŒïœä»¥äžãç¹ã«1.4ÎŒïœä»¥äžã§ããããšã奜
ãŸãããæ¬çºæã«ããããã²ã³åéç²åã®åœ¢ã¯å é¢äœãå «é¢äœãåäºé¢äœãåå
é¢äœãäºååé¢äœãååå «é¢äœã®ãããªèŠåçãªçµæ¶åœ¢ïŒæ£åžžæ¶ç²åïŒãæãã
ãã®ã§ããããŸãçç¶ããããããç¶ãªã©ã®äžèŠåãªçµæ¶åœ¢ã®ãã®ã§ããããã
ãã«åæ¶é¢ãïŒæ以äžãã€çš®ã ã®åœ¢äœã®ç²åããªãã§ãå¹³è¡ãªåæ¶é¢ãïŒæãã
ãã¯ïŒææããå è§åœ¢å¹³æ¿ç²ååã³äžè§åœ¢å¹³æ¿ç¶åæ¶ç²åã§ãã€ãŠãããã ããã²ã³åéç²å圢æåã¯ç©ççæã®éçšã«ãããŠãã«ãããŠã å¡©ãäºéå¡©ã
éå¡©ã ã¿ãªãŠã å¡©ãã€ãªãžãŠã å¡©åã¯ãã®é¯å¡©ãããžãŠã å¡©åã¯ãã®é¯å¡©ãéå¡©åã¯é
é¯å¡©ãªã©ãå ±åãããŠãããã æ¬çºæã«æŒããŠãã¹ãç²åäžã«ãã²ã¹ãç²åããšãã¿ãã·ã€æ¥åãããæ¹æ³ã«
ç¹ã«å¶éã¯ãªãå ¬ç¥ã®æ¹æ³ãããããçšããããšãã§ããã äŸãã°ãã¹ãç²åã芪氎æ§ã³ãã€ãåã³å¿ èŠã«ããããã²ã³ã€ãªã³ãå«æãã
åå¿å®¹åšäžã«ããã¹ãç²åã®ããã²ã³çµæãšã¯ç°ãªãçµæã®ããã²ã³åç©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²
ãšé塩氎溶液ãåææ·»å ããŠããã¹ãç²åã®ç¹å®ã®çšåã¯è§ã«ããã¹ãç²åãšã¯
ç°ãªãçµæã®ã²ã¹ãç²åããšãã¿ãã·ã€æ¥åãããæ¹æ³ãäžèšåå¿å®¹åšäžã«å¥é
調補ãã埮ç²åããã²ã³åéãæ·»å ããæ¹æ³ãåèšã®åŠã圢æãããã²ã¹ãç²å
äžã«ãããã«è©²ã²ã¹ãç²åãšã¯ç°ãªãããã²ã³åéãåææ·»å æ³ã§ãšãã¿ãã·ã€
æ¥åããæ¹æ³ãäžæŠãã²ã¹ãç²åããšãã¿ãã·ã€æ¥åããåŸã該ã²ã¹ãç²åãã
ãã²ã³å€ææ³ïŒã³ã³ããŒã·ãšã³æ³ïŒã§ããã²ã³çµæãå€åããããæ¹æ³ããã¹ã
ç²åã芪氎æ§ã³ãã€ãåã³æ°Žæº¶æ§éå¡©ãæããåå¿å®¹åšäžã«ãããã²ã³åç©æ°Žæº¶
液ãæ·»å ããããšã«ãããã¹ãç²åã®ç¹å®ã®çšåã¯è§ã«ãã¹ãç²åãšã¯ç°ãªãçµ
æã®ã²ã¹ãç²åã圢æããããæ¹æ³çãããã åããã¹ãç²åäžã«ã²ã¹ãç²åããšãã¿ãã·ã€æ¥åãããéã«ãåœæ¥çã§å±éš
æ¯é ç©è³ªïŒsitedirectorïŒãšããŠç¥ãããŠããååç©ãååšãããããšã«ããã
ç¹å®ã®éšäœãžã®ãšããã¿ã·ã€æ¥åãä¿é²ããããšãã§ããã å±éšæ¯é ç©è³ªãšããŠã¯ã氎溶æ§æ²åç©åã¯åå å¢æè²çŽ ã奜ãŸãããç¹ã«åå
å¢æè²çŽ ãå±éšæ¯é ç©è³ªãšããŠçšããããšã«ãããå¹æçã«ãšãã¿ãã·ã€æ¥åã
ä¿é²ããããšãã§ããã ãããç®çã§çšããããåå å¢æè²çŽ ã®éã¯ç¹ã«å¶éã¯ãªããããã¹ãç²åè¡š
é¢ã®ååååžç被èŠéã®15ïŒ ä»¥äžãç¹ã«70ïŒ ä»¥äžã§ããããšã奜ãŸããã ãããç®çã§çšããããåå å¢æè²çŽ ã®çš®é¡ã¯ãåŸè¿°ããã²ã¹ãç²å圢æåŸã«
åå å¢æã®ç®çã§çšããããåå å¢æè²çŽ ãšåäžã§ãç°ã€ãŠããŠããããåå å¢
æè²çŽ ã«ã€ããŠã¯ããã«åŸè¿°ããã å±éšæ¯é ç©è³ªã«ãããšãã¿ãã·âæ¥åã®è©³çŽ°ã«é¢ããŠã¯ãããã«ãžã€ãŒãã«ã»
ãªãã»ã¢ãã©ã€ãã»ãã€ãžã¯ã¹ïŒJournal of Applied PhysicsïŒ35å·»No.7,1964
幎7æ21 65ã2169é ãç¹éæ58-108526å·å ¬å ±ãå59-133540å·å ¬å ±ã®èšèŒãåè
ã«ããããšãã§ããã æ¬çºæã®ã²ã¹ãç²åã®çµæã¯ããã¹ãç²åã®çµæãšç°ãªã€ãŠããããšã奜ãŸã
ãã ã²ã¹ãç²åã®ããã²ã³åéãšããŠã¯ãå¡©åéãå¡©èåéãèåéåã³ãã¹ãç²å
ãšã¯ãšãŠåéå«éã®ç°ãªãæ²èåéã奜ãŸãããæ²èåéã®å Žåã¯ãæ²åéã®å«
éã10ã¢ã«ïŒ 以äžã§ããå Žåãç¹ã«å¥œãŸããã æ¬çºæã«ãããŠã²ã¹ãã圢æããéå¡©ã¯å¥œãŸããã¯ããã²ã³åéã§ããããã
ã«ããªã·ã¢ã³é žéãçé žéãã·ã¢ã³åéåã³çé žéãçšããããšãã§ããã æ¬çºæã«æŒãããã¹ãç²åãšã²ã¹ãç²åã®éçé¢ä¿ã«ç¹ã«å¶éã¯ãªããããã¹
ãç²åã«å¯ŸããŠã²ã¹ãç²åã0.01ã50ã¢ã«ïŒ ãç¹ã«0.2ã30ã¢ã«ïŒ ã§ããããšã
奜ãŸããã æ¬çºæã®ãšããã¿ã·ã€æ¥åãæããããã²ã³åéç²åã®è£œæ³ã«é¢ããŠã¯ããã
ã«ããããæè¡ã«é¢ããå ¬ç¥æç®ã«æŒãã補æ³ãåèã«ããããšãã§ãããããš
ãã°ç±³åœç¹èš±ç¬¬4,094,684å·ãå4,142,900å·ãå4,439,353å·ãç¹éæ59-119,35
0å·ãå59-162540å·ãå55-149,933å·ãå55-149,934å·ãå55-161,229å·ãå56
-110926å·ãå56-16124å·ãå56-27134å·ãå55-123532å·ãå56-1040å·ãå55-
124139å·ãªã©ã®èšèŒãåèã«ããããšãã§ããã æ¬çºæã®ä¹³å€ã¯éåžžãåå å¢æãããã æ¬çºæã«çšããããåå å¢æè²çŽ ãšããŠã¯éåžžã¡ãã³è²çŽ ãçšããããããã
ãã«ã¯ã·ã¢ãã³è²çŽ ãã¡ãã·ã¢ãã³è²çŽ ãè€åã·ã¢ãã³è²çŽ ãè€åã¡ãã·ã¢ãã³
è²çŽ ãããããŒã©ãŒã·ã¢ãã³è²çŽ ãããã·ã¢ãã³è²çŽ ãã¹ããªã«è²çŽ ããã³ãã
ãªããœããŒã«è²çŽ ãå å«ãããããããã®è²çŽ é¡ã«ã¯ãå¡©åºæ§ç°ç¯ç°æ žãšããŠã·
ã¢ãã³è²çŽ é¡ã«éåžžå©çšãããæ žã®ãããããé©çšã§ãããããªãã¡ããããªã³
æ žããªããµãŸãªã³æ žããã¢ãŸãªã³æ žããããŒã«æ žããªããµãŸãŒã«æ žããã¢ãŸãŒã«
æ žãã»ã¬ããŸãŒã«æ žãã€ãããŸãŒã«æ žãããã©ãŸãŒã«æ žãããªãžã³æ žãªã©ïŒãã
ãã®æ žã«èç°åŒçåæ°ŽçŽ ç°ãèåããæ žïŒåã³ãããã®æ žã«è³éŠæçåæ°ŽçŽ ç°ã
èåããæ žãå³ã¡ãã€ã³ãã¬ãã³æ žããã³ãºã€ã³ãã¬ãã³æ žãã€ã³ããŒã«æ žãã
ã³ãºãªããµããŒã«æ žãããããªããµããŒã«æ žããã³ãŸãã¢ãŸãŒã«æ žãããããã¢
ãŸãŒã«æ žããã³ãŸã»ã¬ããŸãŒã«æ žããã³ãºã€ãããŸãŒã«æ žããããªã³æ žãªã©ãé©
çšã§ããããããã®æ žã¯ççŽ ååäžã«çœ®æãããŠããŠãããã ã¡ãã·ã¢ãã³è²çŽ ãŸãã¯è€åã¡ãã·ã¢ãã³è²çŽ ã«ã¯ã±ãã¡ãã¬ã³æ§é ãæãã
æ žãšããŠããã©ãŸãªã³âïŒâãªã³æ žãããªããã³ãã€ã³æ žãïŒâããªãªããµãŸãª
ãžã³â2,4âãžãªã³æ žããã¢ãŸãªãžã³â2,4âãžãªã³æ žãããŒããã³æ žãããªãã«
ãããŒã«é žæ žãªã©ã®ïŒãïŒå¡ç°ç¯ç°æ žãé©çšããããšãã§ããã ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€èª¿è£œäžã«æ·»å ãããå¢æè²çŽ ã®éã¯ãæ·»å å€ã®çš®é¡ãããã²
ã³åééãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠäžçŸ©çã«è¿°ã¹ãããšã¯ã§ããªãããåŸæ¥ã®æ¹æ³ã«ãŠæ·»å ã
ããéãšã»ãŒåçéçšããããšãã§ããã ããªãã¡ã奜ãŸããå¢æè²çŽ ã®æ·»å éã¯ããã²ã³åéïŒã¢ã«ããã0.001ã100
mmolã§ãããããã«å¥œãŸããã¯0.01ã10mmolã§ããã å¢æè²çŽ ã¯ååŠçæåŸããŸãã¯ååŠçæåã«æ·»å ããããæ¬çºæã®ããã²ã³å
éç²åã«å¯ŸããŠã¯æã奜ãŸããã¯å¢æè²çŽ ã¯ååŠçæäžåã¯ååŠçæ以åïŒäŸã
ã°ç²å圢ææãç©ççææïŒã«æ·»å ãããã å¢æè²çŽ ãšãšãã«ãããèªèº«åå å¢æäœçšããããªãè²çŽ ãããã¯å¯èŠå ãå®
質çã«åžåããªãç©è³ªã§ãã£ãŠã匷è²å¢æã瀺ãç©è³ªãä¹³å€äžã«å«ãã§ãããã
äŸãã°ãå«çªçŽ ç°ç¯ç°åºã§çœ®æãããã¢ããã¹ãã«ååç©ïŒäŸãã°ç±³åœç¹èš±2,93
3,390å·ãå3,635,721å·ã«èšèŒã®ãã®ïŒãè³éŠæææ©é žãã«ã ã¢ã«ãããçž®åç©
ïŒããšãã°ç±³åœç¹èš±3,743,510å·ã«èšèŒã®ãã®ïŒãã«ãããŠã å¡©ãã¢ã¶ã€ã³ãã³
ååç©ãªã©ãå«ãã§ããããç±³åœç¹èš±3,615,613å·ãå3,615,641å·ãå3,617,29
5å·ãå3,635,721å·ã«èšèŒã®çµåãã¯ç¹ã«æçšã§ããã ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ã¯ãéåžžã¯ååŠå¢æããããååŠå¢æã®ããã«ã¯ãäŸãã°H.
ããªãŒãŒã«(H.Frieser)ç·šããã£ãŒã»ã°ã«ã³ãã©ãŒã²ã«ã»ãã«ã»ãã©ãã°ã©ãã£
ã·ã§ã³ã»ããããšã»ã»ãããã»ãžã«ãã«ããã²ããã³(Die Grundlagen der Phot
ographishen Prozesse mit Silberhaolgeniden)(ã¢ã«ãããã·ã§ ãã§ã«ã©ã°ã¹
ã²ãŒã«ã·ã£ã¯ã1968)675ã734é ã«èšèŒã®æ¹æ³ãçšããããšãã§ããã ããªãã¡ã掻æ§ãŒã©ãã³ãéãšåå¿ãåŸãç¡«é»ãå«ãååç©ïŒäŸãã°ãããªç¡«
é žå¡©ãããªå°¿çŽ é¡ãã¡ã«ã«ããååç©é¡ãããŒããã³é¡ïŒãçšããç¡«é»å¢ææ³ïŒ
éå æ§ç©è³ªïŒäŸãã°ã第äžããå¡©ãã¢ãã³é¡ãããã©ãžã³èªå°äœããã«ã ã¢ããž
ã³ã¹ã«ãã£ã³é žãã·ã©ã³ååç©ïŒãçšããéå å¢ææ³ïŒè²Žéå±ååç©ïŒäŸãã°ã
éé¯å¡©ã®ã»ããPtãIrãPdãªã©ã®åšæåŸè¡šVIIIæã®éå±ã®é¯å¡©ïŒãçšãã貎éå±
å¢æ³ãªã©ãåç¬ãŸãã¯çµåããŠçšããããšãã§ããã æ¬çºæã«çšããããåçä¹³å€ã«ã¯ãæå ææã®è£œé å·¥çšãä¿åäžãããã¯åç
åŠçäžã®ã«ããªãé²æ¢ãããããã¯åçæ§èœãå®å®åãããç®çã§ãçš®ã ã®åå
ç©ãå«æãããããšãã§ãããããªãã¡ãã¢ãŸãŒã«é¡ããšãã°ãã³ãŸãã¢ãŸãªãŠ
ã å¡©ããããªã€ã³ããŸãŒã«é¡ãããªã¢ãŸãŒã«é¡ããã³ãŸããªã¢ãŸãŒã«é¡ããã³ãº
ã€ãããŸãŒã«é¡ ïŒç¹ã«ãããâãŸãã¯ããã²ã³çœ®æäœïŒïŒãããç°ã¡ã«ã«ããååç©é¡ããšãã°
ã¡ã«ã«ãããã¢ãŸãŒã«é¡ãã¡ã«ã«ãããã³ãŸãã¢ãŸãŒã«é¡ãã¡ã«ã«ãããã³ãºã€
ãããŸãŒã«é¡ãã¡ã«ã«ãããã¢ãžã¢ãŸãŒã«é¡ãã¡ã«ã«ããããã©ãŸãŒã«é¡ïŒç¹ã«
ïŒâãã§ãã«âïŒâã¡ã«ã«ããããã©ãŸãŒã«ïŒãã¡ã«ã«ããããªããžã³é¡ïŒã«ã«
ããã·ã«åºãã¹ã«ãã³åºãªã©ã®æ°Žæº¶æ§åºãæããäžèšã®ãããç°ã¡ã«ã«ããåå
ç©é¡ïŒããªã±ãååç©ããšãã°ãªããµãŸãªã³ããªã³ïŒã¢ã¶ã€ã³ãã³é¡ããšãã°ã
ãã©ã¢ã¶ã€ã³ãã³é¡ïŒç¹ã«ïŒâããããã·çœ®æïŒ1,3,3a,7ïŒããã©ã¢ã¶ã€ã³ãã³
é¡ïŒïŒãã³ãŒã³ããªã¹ã«ãã³é žé¡ïŒãã³ãŒã³ã¹ã«ãã£ã³é žïŒãªã©ã®ãããªã«ããª
é²æ¢å€ãŸãã¯å®å®å€ãšããŠç¥ãããå€ãã®ååç©ãå ããããšãã§ããã ãããã«ããªé²æ¢å€ãŸãã¯å®å®å€ã®æ·»å ææã¯éåžžãååŠå¢æãæœããåŸã«è¡
ãªããããããã奜ãŸããã¯ååŠçæã®éäžåã¯ååŠçæã®éå§ä»¥åã®ææã®äž
ããéžã¶ããšãã§ãããããªãã¡ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ç²å圢æéçšã«ãããŠãéå¡©
溶液ã®æ·»å äžã§ããæ·»å åŸããååŠçæéå§ãŸã§ã®éã§ããååŠçæã®éäžïŒå
åŠçææéäžã奜ãŸããã¯éå§ãã50ïŒ ãŸã§ã®æéå ã«ããã奜ãŸããã¯20ïŒ ãŸ
ã§ã®æéå ïŒã§ãããã æ¬çºæã®ä¹³å€ã¯ä¹³å€å±€ãïŒå±€ãŸãã¯ïŒå±€ä»¥äžãåããä»»æã®å±€æ§æã®åçæå
ææã«çšããããšãã§ããã æ¬çºæã®ä¹³å€ãçšããããã²ã³åéå€å±€ã«ã©ãŒåçæå ææã¯éè²ãç·è²ãã
ã³èµ€è²å ãå¥ã ã«èšé²ããããã®ãã€ã³ããŒåã³ããã²ã³åéç²åãå«æããä¹³
å€å±€ãéãåãããå€å±€æ§é ãæããåä¹³å€å±€ã¯å°ãªããšãé«æ床局åã³äœæ床
å±€ã®äºå±€ããæããç¹ã«å®çšçãªå±€æ§æãšããŠã¯äžèšã®ãã®ãæããããã (1) BH/BL/GH/GL/RH/RL/S (2) BH/BM/BL/GH/GM/GL RH/RM/RL/S ã®å±€æ§æãç±³åœç¹èš±4184876å·ã«èšèŒã® (3) BH/BL/GH/RH/GL/RL/S RD-22534ãç¹éæ59-177551ãå59-177552ãªã©ã«èšèŒã® (4) BH/GH/RH/BL/GL/RL/S ã®å±€æ§æã§ããã ããã«ãã¯éè²ææ§å±€ãã¯ç·è²ææ§å±€ãã¯èµ€è²ææ§å±€ãããŸãã¯æé«
æ床局ãïŒã¯äžé床局ãã¯äœæ床局ãã¯æ¯æäœãè¡šãããä¿è·å±€ããã£ã«ã¿
ãŒå±€ãäžé å±€ããã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³é²æ¢å±€ãäžåŒå±€çã®éæå æ§å±€ã®èšé²ã¯çç¥ããŠããã ãã®ãã¡å¥œãŸããå±€æ§æã¯(1)ã(2)åã¯(4)ã§ããã ãŸããç¹éæ61-34541å·ã«èšèŒã® (5) BH/BL/CL/GH/GL/RH/RL/S (6) BH/BL/GH/GL/CL/RH/RL/S ãªã©ã®å±€æ§æã奜ãŸããã ããã§ãCLã¯éå±€å¹æä»äžå±€ã§ãä»ã¯åèšã®éãã§ããã åãåäžæè²æ§ã®é«æ床局ãšäœæ床局ãé転ããŠé 眮ããŠããŠãããã æ¬çºæã®ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ã¯åèšã®åŠãã«ã©ãŒæå ææã«é©çšããããšãã§ã
ãããä¹³å€å±€ãïŒå±€ããã³å€å±€ãåãããã以å€ã®æå ææãããšãã°ïŒžâã¬ã€
çšæå ææãé»çœæ®åœ±çšæå ææã補ççšæå ææãå°ç»çŽçã«ãåæ§ã«é©çšã
ãããšãåºæ¥ãã æ¬çºæã®ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ã®çš®ã ã®æ·»å å€ãããšãã°ãã€ã³ããŒãååŠå¢æå€
ãåå å¢æå€ãå®å®å€ããŒã©ãã³ç¡¬åå€ãçé¢æŽ»æ§å€ã垯é»é²æ¢å€ãããªããŒã©
ããã¯ã¹ããããå€ãã«ã©ãŒã«ãã©ãŒã玫å€ç·åžåå€ãéè²é²æ¢å€ãææåã³ã
ããã®ä¹³å€ãçšããæå ææã®æ¯æäœãå¡åžæ¹æ³ãé²å æ¹æ³ãçŸååŠçæ¹æ³çã«
ã€ããŠã¯ç¹ã«å¶éã¯ãªããããšãã°ãªãµãŒãã»ãã£ã¹ã¯ããŒãžã£ãŒ176å·»ãã¢ã€
ãã 17643ïŒRD-17643ïŒãå187å·»ãã¢ã€ãã 18716(RD-18716)åã³å225å·»ãã¢ã€
ãã 22534(RD-22534)ã®èšèŒãåèã«ããããšãã§ããã ããããªãµãŒãã»ãã£ã¹ã¯ããŒãžã£ãŒã®èšèŒã以äžã®äžèŠ§è¡šã«ç€ºããã 以äžã«å®æœäŸãæããŠæ¬çºæãããã«èª¬æããã å®æœäŸïŒ ïŒïŒïŒ ãã¹ãä¹³å€ã®èª¿è£œ ãšãŠèåé埮ç²åä¹³å€ ïŒâ 0.026Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã ãå«æãã2.0ééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³æº¶æ¶²2.6lã«ããããæª
æãªããããã«ãžãšããæ³ã§1.2Mã®ç¡é žé溶液ãšã1.08Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã ãš0.12M
ã®ãšãŠåã«ãªãŠã ãå«ãããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãå1200mlã15åéãããŠæ·»å ããã
ãã®éãŒã©ãã³æº¶æ¶²ã¯35âã«ä¿ãããã ãã®åŸä¹³å€ããåžžæ³ã®ããããŠã¬ãŒã·ãšã³æ³ã§æŽæµãããŒã©ãã³30ïœãå ãã
溶解ããåŸãpH6.5ãpAg8.6ã«èª¿æŽãããåŸããããšãŠèåé埮ç²åïŒãšãŠåé
å«é10ïŒ ïŒã¯ãå¹³åç²åãµã€ãºã¯0.07ÎŒïœã§ãã€ãã å¹³æ¿ç¶èåéæ žç²å ïŒâ 0.08Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã ãå«æãã0.8ééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³æº¶æ¶²1.3lã«ãããæªæã
ãªãããããã«ãžãšããæ³ã§2.0Mã®ç¡é žé溶液ãš2.0Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã 溶液ãšã15
0ccæ·»å ããããã®éãŒã©ãã³æº¶æ¶²ã¯30âã«ä¿ããããæ·»å åŸ70âã«ææž©ããŒã©
ãã³ã30gæ·»å ãããããã®åŸ30åéçæãããã ãã®ããã«ããŠåœ¢æããæ žãšãªãèåéå¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åïŒä»¥åŸçš®æ¶ãšåŒã¶ïŒãåžžæ³
ã®ããããŠã¬ãŒã·ãšã³æ³ã«ããæŽæµãã40âã«ãããŠpH6.0ãpAg7.5ã«ãªããã
ã«èª¿æŽãããåŸãããå¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åã®å¹³åæ圱é¢ç©åçžåœåŸã¯0.4ÎŒïœã§ãã€ãã å¹³æ¿ç¶ãšãŠèåéä¹³å€ ïŒâãæ¯èŒä¹³å€ã äžèšçš®æ¶ã®ååã®äžããïŒééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³ãå«ãã溶液ïŒïœäžã«æº¶è§£ããã
枩床75âãpBr1.1ã«ä¿ãããããã®åŸ3,6âãžãã¢ãªã¯ã¿ã³â1,8âãžãªãŒã«ãïŒ
gæ·»å ãããã ã¡ã«80åéã§150gã®ç¡é žéãå«ã氎溶液ãšãšãŠåã«ãªãŠã ã10MïŒ
å«ãèåã«ãªãŠã 溶液ãçã¢ã«å éãããæµéïŒçµäºæã®æµéãéå§æã®10åïŒ
ã§ããã«ãžãšããã§æ·»å ããã ãã®åŸãä¹³å€ã35âãŸã§å·åŽããåžžæ³ã®ããããŠã¬ãŒã·ãšã³æ³ã§æŽæµãã40â
ã«ãããŠpH6.5ãpAg7.8ã«ãªãããã«èª¿æŽããããã®ç²åã¯å¹³åçæ圱é¢ç©åçž
åœçŽåŸã2.2ÎŒïœã§ãããå¹³åã®åã¿ã¯0.3ÎŒïœã§ãã€ãã å¹³æ¿ç¶ãšãŠèåéä¹³å€ ïŒâãæ¬çºæã çš®æ¶ä¹³å€ïŒâã®ååã®äžããïŒééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³ãå«ã溶液ïŒïœäžã«æº¶è§£ã
ãã枩床75âãpBr1.1ã«ä¿ãããããã®åŸ3,6âãžãã¢ãªã¯ã¿ã³â1,8âãžãªãŒã«
ã2gæ·»å ããã ã¡ã«æº¶è§£ãã埮ç²åä¹³å€ïŒâããã³ãã§æ·»å ãããæ·»å é床ã¯
ãä¹³å€ïŒâã®å Žåãšåãã«ãªãããä¹³å€ã80åéãã³ãã§æ³šå ¥ãããïŒç¡é žé
éã«æç®ããŠç·æ·»å éã150gããã€çµäºæã®çµäºãéå§æã®æµéã®10åã«ãªãã
ãïŒãã®åŸãä¹³å€ãä¹³å€ïŒâãšåæ§ã«æ°ŽæŽãã40âã«ãããŠpH6.5ãpAg7.8ã«
調æŽããããã®å¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åã®å¹³åç圱é¢ç©åçžåœçŽåŸã2.2ÎŒïœã§ããå¹³åã®ç²
ååã¿ã¯0.3ÎŒïœã§ãã€ãã å¹³æ¿ç¶ãšãŠèåéä¹³å€ ïŒâãæ¬çºæã äžèšä»¥å€ã¯ãä¹³å€ïŒâãïŒâãšåæ§ã«èª¿è£œãããããã§ã¯çš®æ¶ã®ç²åæé·
ããåå¿å®¹åšã®ãã°ã«èšãã匷åãã€å¹çã®è¯ãæ··ååšã«ã80åéã§150gã®ç¡é ž
éãå«ã氎溶液ãšãšãŠåã«ãªãŠã ã10ã¢ã«ïŒ å«ããç¡é žéãšçã¢ã«ã®èåã«ãªãŠ
ã 溶液ãšïŒééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³æ°Žæº¶æ¶²250ccããå éãããæµéã§ïŒçµäºæã®æµé
ãéå§æã®10åïŒ ããªãã«ãžãšããã§æ·»å ãããæ··ååšã§æªæããåå¿ããŠçæãã極埮ç²åã¯ã
æ··ååšããããã ã¡ã«åå¿å®¹åšã«é£ç¶çã«å°å ¥ãããããã®éæ··ååšã®æž©åºŠã¯35
âã«ä¿ãããã ãã®åŸãä¹³å€ãä¹³å€ïŒâãšåæ§ã«æ°ŽæŽãã40âã«ãããŠpH6.5ãpAg7.8ã«èª¿
æŽããããã®å¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åã®å¹³åç圱é¢ç©åçžåœåŸã2.2ÎŒïœã§ãããå¹³åç²åå
ã¿ã¯0.3ÎŒïœã§ãã£ãããã®ééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡åçã第ïŒå³ã«ç€ºãã ä¹³å€ïŒâãïŒâãïŒâã®ç²åããããããµã³ããªã³ã°ããŠæ¶²äœããçŽ ã§
å·åŽããç¶æ ã§ã200kvoltééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡ã«ãããã®ééåã芳å¯ããããã®
çµæä¹³å€ïŒâã«ãããŠã¯æ確ãªå¹ŽèŒªç¶ã®çžæš¡æ§ã芳å¯ãããããæ¬çºæã®ïŒâ
ãïŒâã«ãããŠã¯ãã®çžæš¡æ§ãå šã芳å¯ããããæ¬çºæã«ãã€ãŠå®å šã«åäž
ãªãšãŠåéååžãæã€ãå¹³æ¿ç¶ãšãŠèåéä¹³å€ãåŸãããããšã解ã€ãã ïŒïŒïŒ ãã¹ãç²åäžãžã®å¡©åéã®ãšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«æé· ç¹éæ59-133540å·ã®å®æœäŸïŒãåèã«ããŠïŒã¢ã«ïŒ ã®AgClããã¹ãç²åïŒâ
ãïŒâãïŒâäžã«æ²çããããäœããå±éšæ¯é ç©è³ªãšããŠã¯ãã¢ã³ããã
âïŒâã¯ããâïŒâãšãã«âïŒâããšãã«â3,3â²âãã¹ïŒïŒâã¹ã«ããããã«
ïŒãªããµã«ã«ãã·ã¢ãã³ããããã·ãããªãšãã«ã¢ãã³å¡©ã䜿çšããã ïŒïŒïŒ ååŠå¢æ äžèšã®ä¹³å€ã50âã«ä¿ã¡ããªç¡«é žãããªãŠã ïŒÃ10-5mol/Agmolãšå¡©åéé žã«
ãªãŠã ïŒÃ10-3mol/Agmolãæ·»å ãååŠå¢æãããååŠå¢æçµäºåŸïŒâãããã
ã·âïŒâã¡ãã«â1,3,3a,7âããã©ã¶ã€ã³ãã³ãïŒÃ10-3mol/molAgå ããåŸã3
g/m2ã®ééã«ãªãããã«ããªãšãã¬ã³ãã¬ãã¿ã¬ãŒãæ¯æäœäžã«å¡åžããã ãã®ãµã³ãã«ã«ã¯ããŒã©ãã³å¡åžé1.0g/m2ã®ä¿è·å±€ãèšããŠããã ïŒïŒïŒ 4800°Kã®ã¿ã³ã°ã¹ãã³å æºã§ãŠãšããžãéããŠ1/10ç§é²å ããåŸãäžèšçŸå
液âïŒã§çŸåïŒ20âïŒåéïŒããå®ç液âïŒã§å®çããåŸãæ°ŽæŽã也ç¥ãã
ã ãçŸå液âïŒã ïŒâããšãã«âïŒâãã©ãŸãªãã³ 0.5g ãã€ããããã³ 20.0g ãšãã¬ã³ãžã¢ãã³åé ¢é žäºãããªãŠã 2.0g äºç¡«é žã«ãªãŠã 60.0g ããŠé ž 4.0g çé žã«ãªãŠã 20.0g èåãããªãŠã 5.0g ãžãšãã¬ã³ã°ãªã³ãŒã« 30.0g æ°Žãå ããŠïŒïœãšãããïŒpHã¯10.0ã«èª¿æŽãããïŒ ãå®ç液âïŒã ããªç¡«é žã¢ã³ã¢ããŠã 200.0g äºç¡«é žãããªãŠã ïŒç¡æ°ŽïŒ 20.0g ç¡Œé ž 8.0g ãšãã¬ã³ãžã¢ãã³åé ¢é žäºãããªãŠã 0.1g ç¡«é žã¢ã«ãããŠã 15.0g ç¡«é ž 2.0g æ°·é ¢é ž 22.0g æ°Žãå ããŠïŒïœãšãããïŒpHã¯4.2ã«èª¿æŽãããïŒ ã»ã³ã·ãã¡ããªãŒã®çµæãè¡šïŒã«ç€ºãã è¡šâïŒã«ç€ºãããã«æ¬çºæã®ä¹³å€ã¯ãæ¯èŒä¹³å€ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠãæ床ãé«ãã å®æœäŸïŒ ïŒïŒïŒ ãã¹ãä¹³å€ã®èª¿è£œ ãšãŠèåéå «é¢äœä¹³å€ ïŒâãæ¯èŒã 0.05Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã ãå«æããïŒééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³æº¶æ¶²1.2lã«ãããæªæã
ãªãã3,6âãžãã¢ãªã¯ã¿ã³â1,8âãžãªãŒã«3gãæ·»å ãã75âã«ä¿ã€ãåå¿å®¹åš
ã«0.24Mç¡é žé溶液100mlãšãšãŠåã«ãªãŠã 0.024Måã³èåã«ãªãŠã 0.22Mã®äž¡è
ãå«ããã©ã€ã溶液100mlã10åéã§ããã«ãžãšããã§æ·»å ãããç¶ããŠ1Mç¡é ž
é溶液ãšããšãŠåã«ãªãŠã 0.1Måã³èåã«ãªãŠã 0.9Mã®äž¡è ãå«ããã©ã€ã溶液
ãåã 800mlã80åéã§ããã«ãžãšããã§æ·»å ããããã®ãšãé»äœã¯0mV(察SCE)
ã«ä¿ã€ãããã®åŸãä¹³å€ã 35âã«å·åŽããåžžæ³ã®ããããŠã¬ãŒã·ãšã³æ³ã«ããæ°ŽæŽãããŒã©ãã³70ïœãå ã
ãŠpH6.2ãpAg7.9ã«èª¿æŽãããåŸãããä¹³å€ç²åã¯å¹³åæ圱é¢ç©åçžåœåŸ1.5ÎŒïœ
ã®å «é¢äœãšãŠèåéä¹³å€ã§ãã€ããïŒãšãŠåå«æç10ã¢ã«ïŒ ïŒ ãšãŠèåéå «é¢äœä¹³å€ ïŒâãæ¬çºæã 0.05Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã ãå«æãã1.5ééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³æº¶æ¶²1.2lã«ãããæªæã
ãªãã3,6âãžããªã¯ã¿ã³â1,8âãžãªãŒã«ã5gæ·»å ããåå¿å®¹åšã75âã«ä¿ã€ã
ãç¶ããŠåå¿å®¹åšã«ããšãŠèåé埮ç²åä¹³å€ïŒâ 40gïŒç¡é žéã§4gã«çžåœãã
éãå«ãïŒã«æ°Žã270mlæ·»å ããŠæº¶è§£ããä¹³å€ã10åéã§æ·»å ãããç¶ããŠåŸ®ç²
åä¹³å€ïŒâã1360ïœïŒç¡é žéã§136gã«çžåœããéãå«ãïŒã80åéã§ãã³ãã§
åå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããããã®åŸä¹³å€ïŒâãšåæ§ã«æ°ŽæŽããŠåãpHãpAgã«èª¿ç¯ã
ããåŸãããä¹³å€ç²åã¯å¹³åæ圱é¢ç©åçžåœåŸã1.5ÎŒïœã®å «é¢äœãšãŠèåéä¹³
å€ã§ãã€ããïŒãšãŠåéå«æç10ã¢ã«ïŒ ïŒ ãšãŠèåéå «é¢äœä¹³å€ ïŒâãæ¬çºæã 0.05Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã ãå«æãã1.5ééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³æº¶æ¶²1.2lã«ãããæªæã
ãªãã0.5ïŒ 3,6âãžãã¢ãªã¯ã¿ã³â1,8âãžãªãŒã«ã3gæ·»å ããåå¿å®¹åšã75â
ã«ä¿ã€ããåå¿å®¹åšã®ãã°ã«èšããããæ··ååšã«0.24Mã®ç¡é žé氎溶液100ml å
ã³0.22Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã ãš0.024Mã®ãšãŠåã«ãªãŠã ãå«ãããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²100ml
åã³ïŒééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³æ°Žæº¶æ¶²200mlã10åéãããŠããªãã«ãžãšããæ³ã§æ·»å
ãããæ··ååšã®æž©åºŠã¯30âã§æªæç¿Œã®å転æ°ã¯2000r.p.m ã§ãã€ããåŸããã埮
ç²åã¯çŽæ¥æ³ééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡ã§ïŒäžåã®åçã§ç¢ºèªãããšãã0.02ÎŒïœã§ãã€
ããæ··ååšã§çæãã埮ç²åã¯é£ç¶çã«75âã«ä¿ãããåå¿å®¹åšã«å°å ¥ãããã
åŸããããšãŠèåéå «é¢äœæ žç²åïŒãšãŠåéå«æ25ã¢ã«ïŒ ïŒã¯0.5ÎŒmã§ãã€ãã
ã²ãç¶ã75âã«ãããŠä¹³å€ïŒâãšå šãåæ§ã«ç²åæé·ãè¡ããããã«æ°ŽæŽããŠ
åãpHãpAgã®ä¹³å€ãåŸããåŸãããä¹³å€ç²åã¯å¹³åæ圱é¢ç©åçžåœåŸ1.5ÎŒmã®
å «é¢äœãšãŠèåéä¹³å€ã§ãã€ããïŒãšãŠåå«æç10ã¢ã«ïŒ ïŒ åŸããããšãŠåé10ã¢ã«ïŒ ãå«ããšãŠèåéå «é¢äœä¹³å€ïŒâãïŒâãïŒâ
ã®ãšãŠåéååžã調ã¹ãçºãåã«è¿°ã¹ãαç·ãçšããŠ(420)é¢ã®ïŒžç·åæã
枬å®ãããè©Šæã¯åä¹³å€ã3gAgïŒm2ã§ããªã¢ã»ããŒããã€ã«ã æ¯æäœäžã«å¡åžã
ããã®ãçšãããã®éåäžãµã€ãºã®çŽèåéä¹³å€ã®å¡åžç©ã枬å®ã«å ããã ç·åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å·Ÿãçµæãè¡šâïŒã«ç€ºãã è¡šâïŒã®äžã§ïŒ£ã§ç€ºããåå€å·Ÿãçã®ããã²ã³ååžããããããã®ã§ãããæ¬
çºæã®ä¹³å€ïŒâãïŒâã¯æ¯èŒä¹³å€ïŒâã«æ¯ã¹ãã®åå€å·Ÿã1/2以äžã§ãã
éåžžã«åäžã§ããããšã解ãã ïŒïŒïŒ ãã¹ãç²åäžãžã®å¡©åéãšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«æé· ãã¹ãä¹³å€ã«å¢æè²çŽ ã60â170mg/molAgãæ·»å ããŠ20ååŸæž©åºŠã40âã«ã
ãå¡©åãããªãŠã ã0.2gæ·»å ããåŸãå¡©åãããªãŠã ã3.6gå«ã溶液60mlãšç¡é ž
é2gãå«ã溶液60mlãïŒåéã§ããã«ãžãšããã§åå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããããã®åŸ45
âã«ãããŠããªç¡«é žãããªãŠã ïŒÃ10-5mol/Agmolãšå¡©åéé žã«ãªãŠã ïŒÃ10-3m
ol/molAgãæ·»å ããŠæé©ã«ååŠå¢æããåŸäžèšã®ååç©ã å ããŠãäžå¡å±€ãæããããªã¢ã»ãã«ã»ã«ããŒã¹ãã€ã«ã æ¯æäœäžã«å¡åžããã ïœã«ãã©ãŒ ïœããªã¯ã¬ãžã«ããªã¹ããšãŒã ïœå®å®å€ ïŒâããããã·âïŒâã¡ãã«â1,3,3a,7âããã©ã¶ã€ã³ãã³ ïœå¡åžå©å€ ããã·ã«ãã³ãŒã³ã¹ã«ãã³é žãããªãŠã ïŒïŒïŒ ä¿è·å±€ ïœ2,4âãžã¯ãã-6-ããããã·âïœâããªã¢ãžã³ãããªãŠã å¡© ïœãŒã©ãã³ ãããã®è©Šæã«ã»ã³ã·ãã¡ããªãŒçšé²å ãäžãã次ã®ã«ã©ãŒçŸååŠçãè¡ã€ã
ã åŠçæžã®è©Šæãç·è²ãã€ã«ã¿ãŒã§æ¿åºŠæž¬å®ãããåŸãããåçæ§èœã®çµæã第
ïŒè¡šã«ç€ºããã ããã§çšããçŸååŠçã¯äžèšã®æ¡ä»¶ã§38âã§è¡ã€ãã 1.ã«ã©ãŒçŸå âŠïŒå45ç§ 2.æŒ çœ âŠïŒå30ç§ 3.æ°Ž æŽ âŠïŒå15ç§ 4.å® ç âŠïŒå30ç§ 5.æ°Ž æŽ âŠïŒå15ç§ 6.å® å® âŠïŒå15ç§ åå·¥çšã«çšããåŠç液çµæã¯äžèšã®ãã®ã§ããã ã«ã©ãŒçŸå液 ãããªãäžé ¢é žãããªãŠã 1.0g äºç¡«é žãããªãŠã 4.0g çé žãããªãŠã 30.0g èåã«ãª 1.4g ããããã·ã«ã¢ãã³ç¡«é žå¡© 2.4g 4-ïŒïŒ®âãšãã«ââβããããã·ãšãã«ã¢ããïŒ-2-ã¡ãã«ã¢ããªã³ç¡«é žå¡© 4.5g æ°Žãå ã㊠ïŒïœ æŒçœæ¶² èåã¢ã³ã¢ããŠã 160.0g ã¢ã³ã¢ãã¢æ°ŽïŒ28ïŒ ïŒ 25.0ml ãšãã¬ã³ãžã¢ãã³âåé ¢é žãããªãŠã å¡© 130g æ°·é ¢é ž 14ml æ°Žãå ã㊠ïŒïœ å®ç液 ããã©ããªãªã³é žãããªãŠã 2.0g äºç¡«é žãããªãŠã 4.0g ããªç¡«é žã¢ã³ã¢ããŠã ïŒ70ïŒ ïŒ 175.0ml éäºç¡«é žãããªãŠã 4.6g æ°Žãå ã㊠ïŒïœ å®å®æ¶² ãã«ããªã³ 8.0ml æ°Žãå ã㊠ïŒïœ åçæ§èœã®çµæãè¡šïŒã«ç€ºãã è¡šâïŒãã解ãããã«æ¬çºæã®ä¹³å€ïŒâãïŒâã¯æ¯èŒä¹³å€ïŒâã«æ¯ã¹ãŠ
æ床ãé«ãã
ã©ã®æŸå°ç·ã®ç §å°ã«ããæœåã圢æããæŽã«ãããçŸåããããšã«ããå¯èŠåã
圢æããã®ã«æçšã§ããããšã¯åçã®åéã«ãããŠã¯å ¬ç¥ã§ããããã®ãããªã
ãã²ã³åéãšããŠã¯æ²åéãèåéãå¡©åéãæ²èåéãæ²å¡©åéãå¡©èåéã
ããã¯æ²å¡©èåéãäž»äœãšããæ§ã ãªããã²ã³åéçµæ¶ç²åã䜿çšãããŠããã
ãŸããããããã²ã³åéçµæ¶ç²åã®åœ¢ç¶ãšããŠãç«æ¹äœãå «é¢äœãååé¢äœãå
äºé¢äœã®ãããªã¬ã®ãŠã©ãŒçµæ¶ç²åãããçç¶ãå¹³æ¿ç¶ãäžå®åœ¢ç¶ãªã©ã®ã€ã¬ã®
ãŠã©ãŒçµæ¶ç²åããŸãç²åå ã«å±€ç¶æ§é ãæ¥åæ§é ãæããå€å±€æ§é ã®çµæ¶ç²å
ãŸã§ç¥ãããŠããããã®ãããªãç²åã®ããã²ã³çµæã圢ç¶ãããã¯æ§é ããã
ã²ã³åéç²åã®è«žæ§è³ªã«å€§ããé¢äžããŠããããšã¯T.H.ãžãšãŒã ã¹(James)èã®
ãã¶ã»ã»ãªãªãŒã»ãªãã»ã¶ã»ããªãã°ã©ãã€ãã¯ã»ããã»ã¹ãïŒThe Theory of
the Photographic ProcessïŒç¬¬ïŒçãã¯ãã©ã³ç€ŸãããŠãŒãšãŒã¯(Macmillan Co.
Ltd.New York)ã®ç¬¬ïŒç« ã第ïŒç« ã®ããã²ã³åéã®æ§è³ªã«é¢ããèšè¿°ã第ïŒç« ã®
ããã²ã³åéã®åœ¢æã«é¢ããèšè¿°çããæããã§ããã°ããã§ãªããåœæ¥è ã«ã
ããŠãåšç¥ã®ããšã§ããã ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ã®ããã²ã³çµæãç²åã®åœ¢ç¶ããŸãç²åãµã€ãºãç²åãµã€ãº
ååžã¯ããã®ä¹³å€ãçšããåçæå ææã®äœ¿çšãããçšéãéäžãã¹ãæ§èœã«ã
ãé©åãªãã®ãéžæã»èª¿è£œããããããããªããå¿ èŠãšãããæ§èœãååã«æºè¶³
ããããã²ã³åéç²åãåžžã«åŸãããããã§ã¯ãªããããã«ããŠç®çãšããæ§èœ
ãååã«æºè¶³ãåŸãä¹³å€ãåŸããã¯ãåœæ¥è ã®é¢å¿ã®äžèŽãããšããã§ããã äŸãã°åçæ§èœã«é¢ããŠã¯é«ãæ床ãäœãã«ããªãåªããç²ç¶æ§ãè±å¯ãªé調
çãæåŸ ãããåŠçæ§èœã«ã€ããŠã¯è¿ éæ§ãå®å®æ§ãæåŸ ãããæŽã«ã¯çµæå®å®
æ§ãèå§åæ§ã«åªããŠããããšãæåŸ ãããã ãããã®åçš®ã®ããã²ã³åéã®ç¹åŸŽãå©çšããæ°å€ãã®æè¡ãç¥ãããŠããã
ããã²ã³åéç²åã®ã³ã¢âã·ãšã«ã®å±€ç¶æ§é ã«é¢ããå€ãã®èšèŒãåçš®ã®æç®äž
ã«ååšã ããå žåçã«ã¯ãã³ã¢ã¯ãã®å šè¡šé¢ãç°ãªã€ãããã²ã³åéã®äžã€ãŸãã¯ãã以
äžã®ã·ãšã«ã§è¢«èŠãããŠãããç¹å ¬æ56-18939å·ã«ã¯ã³ã¢ã«èåéãã·ãšã«ã«å¡©
åéãæããä¹³å€ãèåéã®é«ãæå æ§ãšå¡©åéã®æ¥éãªçŸåæ§ãåãããã€ã
ãæ··æ¶åå¡©èåéä¹³å€ã§ã¯äž¡è ã®æå©ãªäœçšãæå¶ããããšèšè¿°ãããŠããããŸ
ã西ç¬åœç¹èš±åºé¡å ¬é(OLS)å ¬å ±3,229,999å·ã«ã¯å°ããšã25ã¢ã«ïŒ ã®å¡©åéå«é
ãæããããã²ã³åéå±€ã«ããããå¡©åéå«éã®å°ãªãããã²ã³åéå±€ãé£æ¥ã
ããŠçæãããã³ã¢âã·ãšã«ããã²ã³åéç²åã«ãããŠã«ããªãå°ãªããã€å§å
æ§ãè¯å¥œã§ãããšããç¹åŸŽãåŸãããããšãé瀺ãããŠããã äžæ¹ãã³ã¢âã·ãšã«æ§é ãšç°ãªãæ§é ãæããããã²ã³åéçµæ¶ç²åã«ã€ããŠ
ãããã€ãã®æè¡ãç¥ãããŠãããããªãã¡ç±³åœç¹èš±4,094,684å·ã«ã¯å€é¢äœãš
ãŠåéã«å¡©åéããšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«æé·ãããããã²ã³åéç²åãå«ãä¹³å€ã«ã€ã
ãŠé瀺ãããŠãããããã«ãç±³åœç¹èš±4142900å·ã«ãããŠã¯ãå€é¢äœæ²åéã«å¯Ÿ
ããŠå¡©èåéãæ¥åãããããã²ã³åéç²åãé瀺ãããŠããããŸãã¢ã¹ãã¯ã
æ¯8:1ãã倧ããªå¹³æ¿ç¶ã®æ²åéã®ãã¹ãç²åã«å¡©åéããšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«æé·ã
ããåçä¹³å€ããã³ãã®ä¹³å€ãçšããåçèŠçŽ ãç¹éæ59-119344å·ããã³ç¹é
æ59-119350å·ã«é瀺ãããŠããã ããã«æ²åéå€é¢äœçµæ¶ã«èåéãããã¯æ²èåéããšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«æ¥åãã
ãç²åãç¹éæ55-163532å·ã«ããŸãæ²åéå€é¢äœçµæ¶ã«å¡©æ²èåéããšãã¿ã
ã·ã€ã«æ¥åãããç²åãç¹éæ55-149934å·ã«ãæ²åéå€é¢äœçµæ¶ã«(111)é¢ãã
ãªãèåéãŸãã¯æ²èåéããšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«æ¥åãããç²åã®è£œé æ¹æ³ãç¹éæ
56-27134å·ã«é瀺ãããŠããã ç¹éæ55-161229å·ã«ã¯ãæ²åéå«æç15ã40ã¢ã«ïŒ ã®æ²èåéã«æ²åéå«æ
ç10ã¢ã«ïŒ 以äžã®ããã²ã³åéããšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«ã«æ¥åãããç²åãé瀺ãããŠ
ããã ãã¹ãç²åã®ã¢ã¹ãã¯ãæ¯ã8:1ãã倧ã§ããå¹³æ¿ç¶ã®ããã²ã³åç²åã®éžã°
ããè¡šé¢éšäœäžã«éå¡©ãé ãããŠããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããç²åãç¹éæ58-108526
å·ã«é瀺ãããŠããã ããã«ããã¹ãç²åã(111)é¢ãå«ãã¢ã¹ãã¯ãæ¯8:1æªæºã®æ²åç©ãå«ããã
ã²ã³åéç²åã«ããã¹ãç²åããæ²åç©ã®å°ãã²ã¹ãçµæ¶ããã¹ãç²åã®éšäœã
éå®ããŠãšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«æé·ãããããã²ã³åéåçä¹³å€ããç±³åœç¹èš±4463087
å·ã«é瀺ãããŠããããã®éæ¥åç®æã®éžææ§ãé«ããç®çã§éšäœæ瀺å€ãšããŠ
å¢æè²çŽ ãçšããããšãã§ããããšã瀺ãããŠããã ç±³åœç¹èš±4471050å·ã§ã¯é¢å¿ç«æ¹åçµæ¶æ§é ã®ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãšãã®
ãã¹ãç²åã®ãšããžãã³ãŒããŒã«éå®ããŠæé·ããéå圢éå¡©ããæãä¹³å€ã«ã€
ããŠé瀺ãããŠããã æŽã«ãŸããç¹å ¬æ58-24772å·ã§ã¯ãçªèµ·ç¶ã®æ¥åã§ã¯ãªããæ²åéå«æç20ã¢
ã«ïŒ 以äžã®æ²èåéååé¢äœç²åã®(111)é¢è¡šé¢ã«å¡©åéãŸãã¯å¡©èåéãæé·
ãããç«æ¹äœç²åãé瀺ãããŠããã ãããã®ãšãã¿ãã·æ¥åã«ãã圢æãããããã²ã³åéç²åã¯ããã¹ãç²åå
ã³ã²ã¹ãç²åã®ç¹åŸŽã䜵ãæã€ããšãã§ããçš®ã ã®ç¹åŸŽãæãããããšãã°é«æ
床åãç²ç¶æ§ã®æ¹è¯ãã«ããªã³ã°ãã¯ãŒã®åäžãçŸååŠçæ§ã®æ¹è¯çã«æå¹ã§ã
ããããããªããããããã®ç²åã«ã¯ãäžèšã®ãããªç²åå ã®ãã©ã€ãã®åŸ®èŠç
ãªäžåäžååžãååšããŠãããæœå圢æå¹çã®äœäžããããããŠããããšãå€æ
ãããããæ¹åããããšãå¿ èŠã§ããã äžè¬çã«ããã²ã³åéç²åã¯ãåå¿å®¹åšã®äžã®ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã«ãããŠãéå¡©
氎溶液ãšããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãšãåå¿ãããããšã«ãã補é ããããåå¿å®¹åšäžã«
ãŒã©ãã³ã®ãããªä¿è·ã³ãã€ãåã³ããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãå ¥ããæªæããªãããã
ãã«é塩氎溶液ãããæéæ·»å ããã·ã³ã°ã«ãžãšããæ³ããåå¿å®¹åšäžã«ãŒã©ã
ã³æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãå ¥ããããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãšé塩氎溶液ãšãããããããæéæ·»å ãã
ããã«ãžãšããæ³ãç¥ãããŠãããäž¡è ãæ¯èŒãããšãããã«ãžãšããæ³ã®æ¹ã
ç²ååŸååžã®çãããã²ã³åéç²åãåŸãããããã«ç²åã®æé·ã«äŒŽã£ãŠããã®
ãã©ã€ãçµæãèªç±ã«å€ããããšãã§ããã ãŸããããã²ã³åéç²åã®æé·é床ã¯ãåå¿æº¶æ¶²äžã®éã€ãªã³ïŒããã²ã³ã€ãª
ã³ïŒæ¿åºŠãããã²ã³åé溶å€ã®æ¿åºŠãç²åéè·é¢ãç²åãµã€ãºãªã©ã«ãã倧ãã
å€åããããšãç¥ãããŠãããç¹ã«åå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ãããé塩氎溶液ãšããã²ã³
塩氎溶液ã«ãã€ãŠã€ããåºãããéã€ãªã³ãããã¯ããã²ã³ã€ãªã³æ¿åºŠã®äžåäž
ã¯ãåã ã®æ¿åºŠã«ããæé·é床ãç°ãªããçµæãšããŠåºãäžãããã²ã³åéä¹³å€
ã«äžåäžã«çããããããã®çºã«ã¯ãåå¿å®¹åšäžã®éã€ãªã³ãããã¯ããã²ã³ã€
ãªã³æ¿åºŠãåäžã«ãã¹ããã³ãã€ã氎溶液äžã«äŸçµŠããé塩氎溶液ãšããã²ã³å¡©
氎溶液ãšãè¿ éã«åäžæ··åããŠåå¿ãããããšãå¿ èŠã§ãããåŸæ¥ã®ããã²ã³å¡©
氎溶液ãšé塩氎溶液ãšãåå¿å®¹åšäžã®ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã®è¡šé¢ã«æ·»å ããæ¹æ³ã§ã¯
ãåã ã®åå¿æ¶²ã®æ·»å äœçœ®è¿åã«ãããŠãããã²ã³ã€ãªã³åã³éã€ãªã³ã®æ¿åºŠã®
é«ãéšåãçããåäžãªããã²ã³åéç²åã補 é ããããšã¯å°é£ã§ãã€ãããã®å±éšçãªæ¿åºŠã®ãããããæ¹è¯ããæ¹æ³ãšããŠ
ãç±³åœç¹èš±3415650ãè±åœç¹èš±1323464ãç±³åœç¹èš±3692283ã«é瀺ãããæè¡çã
ç¥ãããŠããããããã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã«ããæºããããåå¿å®¹åšã«äž
倪ç¶åçã®å£ã«ã¹ãªãããæããäžç©ºã®å転ããæ··ååšïŒå éšã¯ã³ãã€ã氎溶液
ã§æºãããŠããããã奜ãŸããã¯æ··ååšããã€ã¹ã¯ã«ãã€ãŠäžäžïŒå®€ã«åå²ãã
ãŠãããïŒãããã®å転軞ãéçŽãšãªãããã«èšãããã®äžäžã®éæŸç«¯ãããã
ã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãšé塩氎溶液ãšãäŸçµŠç®¡ãéããŠé«éå転ããŠããæ··ååšå ã«äŸçµŠ
ãæ¥éã«æ··åããŠåå¿ãããïŒäžäžã®åé¢ãã€ã¹ã¯ãããå Žåã¯ãäžäžïŒå®€ã«äŸ
絊ãããããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãšé塩氎溶液ã¯åã å宀ã«æºããããã³ãã€ã氎溶液
ã«ãã€ãŠçšéãããæ··ååšã®åºå£ã¹ãªããä»è¿ã§æ¥éã«æ··åããŠåå¿ãããïŒã
æ··ååšã®å転ã«ããçããé å¿åã§çæããããã²ã³åéç²åãåå¿å®¹åšäžã®ã³
ãã€ã氎溶液ã«æåºãããæé·ãããæ¹æ³ã§ããã äžæ¹ãç¹å ¬æ55-10545ã«ãå±éšçãªæ¿åºŠã®ãããããæ¹è¯ããŠäžåäžãªæé·ã
é²ãããšããæè¡ãé瀺ãããŠããããã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãã³ãã€ã氎溶液ãæºããããŠ
ããåå¿åšäžã«ããã®å éšã«ã³ãã€ã氎溶液æºãããæ··ååšã®ãã®éæŸãããäž
端éšãããããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãšé塩氎溶液ãšãäŸçµŠç®¡ãéããŠãå¥ã ã«äŸçµŠãã
該åå¿æ¶²ããæ··ååšã«èšããããäžéšæªæç¿ŒïŒã¿ãŒãã³çŸœæ ¹ïŒã«ãã€ãŠäž¡åå¿æ¶²
ãæ¥æ¿ã«æªææ··åãããããã²ã³åéãæé·ããããã ã¡ã«åèšæªæç¿Œã®äžæ¹ã«
èšããããäžéšæªæç¿Œã«ããæé·ããããã²ã³åéç²åããäžæ¹ã®æ··ååšã®éå£
éšããåå¿å®¹åšäžã®ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã«æåºããããæè¡ã§ããã ç¹éæ57-92523ã«ã¯ãåæ§ã«ãã®æ¿åºŠã®äžåäžãæ¹è¯ããããšãã補é æ³ãé
瀺ãããŠããããã®æ¹æ³ã§ã¯ãã³ãã€ã氎溶液ãæºããããŠããåå¿å®¹åšå ã«ã
ã®å éšã«ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ãæºããããæ··ååšã«ããã®éæŸãããäžç«¯éšãããã
ã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãšé塩氎溶液ãšãå¥ã ã«äŸçµŠãã該䞡åå¿æ¶²ãåèšã³ãã€ã氎溶液
ã«ããçšéã該åå¿æ¶²ããæ··ååšã«èšããããäžéšæªæç¿Œã«ãã€ãŠäž¡åå¿æ¶²ãæ¥
æ¿ã«æªææ··åãããããã ã¡ã«è©²æ··ååšäžæ¹ã®éæŸéšããæé·ããããã²ã³åé
ç²åãåå¿å®¹åšäžã®ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã«æåºãããã補é æ³ãªããè£ çœ®ã«ãããŠå
èšã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã§çšéãããäž¡åå¿æ¶²ãåèšæªæç¿Œã®åç¿Œéã®ééãéãããš
ãªãåèšæ··ååšã®å åŽå£ãšåèšæªæç¿Œã®ç¿Œçå 端åŽå€æ¹ã«åœ¢æãããéééšã«é
ãã該éééšã«ãããŠè©²äž¡åå¿æ¶²ãæ¥æ¿ã«åªææ··åããŠåå¿ãããã²ã³åéç²å
ãçæãããã補é æ³åã³è£ 眮ãé瀺ãã㊠ããã ããããªããããããŸã§è¿°ã¹ãŠãã補é æ³åã³è£ 眮ã§ã¯ã確ãã«åå¿å®¹åšäžã®
éã€ãªã³åã³ããã²ã³ã®å±éšçãªæ¿åºŠã®äžåäžã¯å®å šã«è§£æ¶ããããšã¯ã§ããã
ãæ··ååšå ã«ãããŠã¯äŸç¶ãšããŠãã®æ¿åºŠã®äžåäžã¯ååšããç¹ã«é塩氎溶液å
ã³ããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãäŸçµŠããããºã«ã®è¿ååã³æªæç¿Œã®äžéšåã³æªæéšåã«ã
ããŠããªã倧ããªæ¿åºŠååžãååšãããããã«ä¿è·ã³ãã€ããšå ±ã«æ··ååšã«äŸçµŠ
ãããããã²ã³åéç²åã¯ããã®ãããªäžåäžãªæ¿åºŠååžããã€ãå Žæãééã
ãç¹ã«å€§åãªããšã¯ãããã²ã³åéç²åã¯ããããã®éšåã«ãããŠæ¥éã«æé·ã
ããã€ãŸããããã®è£œé æ³åã³è£ 眮ã«ãããŠã¯ãæ¿åºŠååžã¯æ··ååšå ã«ååšãã
ç²åæé·ã¯ãã®æ··ååšå ã§æ¥éã«èµ·ãçºãæ¿åºŠååžã®ãªãç¶æ ã§ããã²ã³åéã
åäžã«æé·ãããããšããç®çã¯éãåŸãŠããªãã ããã«ããå®å šãªæ··åã«ãããããã®éã€ãªã³ãããã²ã³ã€ãªã³ã®æ¿åºŠã®äžå
äžååžã解æ¶ãã¹ããåå¿å®¹åšãšæ··ååšãããããç¬ç«ããããæ··ååšã«éå¡©æ°Ž
溶液ãšããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãäŸçµŠãæ¥éæ··åããŠããã²ã³åéç²åãæé·ãããã
è©Šã¿ããªãããŠãããäŸãã°ç¹éæ53-37414åã³ç¹å ¬æ48-21045ã«ã¯ãåå¿å®¹åš
ã®åºãããã³ãã«ããåå¿å®¹åšå ã®ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ïŒããã²ã³åéç²åãå«
ãïŒã埪ç°ãããã®åŸªç°ç³»ã®éäžã«æ··ååšãèšãããã®æ··ååšã«é塩氎溶液åã³
ããã²ã³æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãäŸçµŠãã該混ååšã§æ¥éã«è©²äž¡æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãæ··åãããã²ã³åéç²
åãæé·ãããã補é æ³åã³è£ 眮ãé瀺ãããŠããããŸãç±³åœç¹èš±3897935å·ã«
ã¯ãåå¿å®¹åšã®åºãããã³ãã«ããåå¿å®¹åšå ã®ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ïŒããã²ã³
åéç²åãå«ãïŒã埪ç°ãããã®åŸªç°ç³»ã®éäžã«ããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³é塩氎溶
液ããã³ãã«ããæ³šå ¥ããæ¹æ³ãé瀺ãããŠãããç¹éæ53-47397ã«ã¯ãåå¿å®¹
åšãããã³ãã«ããåå¿å®¹åšå ã®ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ïŒããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ãå«ã
ïŒã埪ç°ããããã®åŸªç°ç³»ã«ãŸãããã²ã³åã¢ã«ã«ãªéå±å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãæ³šå ¥ããã
ãåäžã«ãªããŸã§æ¡æ£ãããããåŸã«ããã®ç³»ã«é塩氎溶液ãæ³šå ¥ãæ··åããŠã
ããã²ã³åéç²åã圢æããããšãç¹åŸŽãšãã補é æ³åã³è£ 眮ãé瀺ãããŠãã
ãããçã®æ¹æ³ã§ã¯ç¢ºãã«ã埪ç°ç³»ã«æµãåå¿å®¹åšå ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ã®æµéãšæ··ååšã®
æªæå¹çãç¬ç«ã«å€åãããããšãã§ããããæ¿åºŠååžãåäžãªæ¡ä»¶ã§ç²åæé·
ãè¡ãããšãã§ããã§ãããããçµå±ãä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ãšå ±ã«åå¿å®¹åšãã
éãããŠããããã²ã³åéçµæ¶ã¯é塩氎溶液ãããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ã®æ³šå ¥å£ã§æ¥é
æé·ãèµ·ããåŸã€ãŠåã«è¿°ã¹ããšåæ§ã«æ··åéšãããã¯æ³šå ¥å£ä»è¿ã®æ¿åºŠååžã
ç¡ã ããããšã¯åççã«äžå¯èœã§ãããã€ãŸãæ¿åºŠååžã®ãªãç¶æ ã§ããã²ã³åéã
åäžã«æé·ããããç®çã¯éãåŸãªãã ãããã®åé¡ã解決ããã¹ãæ¬é¡çºæè ã¯ç¹é¡æ63-7851å·ãå63-7852å·ãå
63-7853å·ãå63-194861å·ãå63-194862å·åã³å63-195778å·ã«æŒãŠããã²ã³å
éç²åå ã®ããã²ã³ååžãå®å šã«åäžãªããã²ã³åéç²ååã³ãããçšããæå
ææãé瀺ããã ïŒçºæã®ç®çïŒ ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãšè©²ãã¹ãç²åã®éžæéšäœäžã«ãšãã¿ãã·æ¥åããŠåœ¢
æãããŠããããã²ã³åéã²ã¹ããããªãããã²ã³åéç²åã«ãããŠè©²ãã¹ãç²
åã®åŸ®èŠçãªãã©ã€ãååžãå®å šã«åäžã§ãã€ç²åéã®ãã©ã€ãååžãåäžã«ã
ãããšã«ãããã«ããªãäœãæ床ãé«ãããã€ç²ç¶æ§ãã·ã€ãŒããã¹ãã«ããªã³
ã°ãã¯ãŒãæ¹è¯ããããŸãåªããä¿åæ§ãå§åæ§ãæããããã²ã³åéåçææ
åã³ãã®è£œé æ³ãæäŸããããšã«ããã ïŒçºæã®éç€ºïŒ æ¬çºæã®ç®çã¯äžèšã«ãã€ãŠéæããããããªãã¡ ïŒïŒ æ¯æäœäžã«å°ããšãïŒå±€ã®ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€å±€ãæããããã²ã³åéåç
æå ææã«ãããŠã該ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€å±€ã®æå æ§ããã²ã³åéç²åãããã²ã³
åéãã¹ãç²åãšè©²ãã¹ãç²åã®éžæéšäœäžã«ãšãã¿ãã·æ¥åããŠåœ¢æãããŠã
ãããã²ã³åéã²ã¹ããšããæã€ãŠããã該ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãå°ãªããš
ãïŒçš®ã®ããã²ã³åéãå«æããæ··æ¶ã§ãã£ãŠäžã€ãã®ããã²ã³çµæååžãå®å š
ã«åäžã§ããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããããã²ã³åéåçæå ææã ïŒïŒ ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãã該ç²åã®æ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯æé·ãèµ·ãããå
å¿å®¹åšäžã«ãããããã調補ããå°ãªããšãïŒçš®ã®ããã²ã³åéãå«æããç²åŸ
0.1ÎŒïœä»¥äžã®åŸ®çŽ°ãªãµã€ãºã®ããã²ã³åéæ··æ¶ç²åãæ·»å ããäžæŠæº¶è§£ããæ¶
倱ãããåŸæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµæ¶æé·ãããããšã«ããåŸãããæå æ§ããã²ã³
åéç²åã§ããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããåèš(1)ã®ããã²ã³åéæå ææã ïŒïŒ ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åã該ç²åã®æ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯æé·ãèµ·ãããåå¿
容åšã®å€ã«èšããããæ··ååšã«ãããŠã氎溶æ§éå¡©ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³æ°Žæº¶æ§ãã©ã€ã
ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãæ··åããŠåœ¢æãããç²åŸ0.1ÎŒïœä»¥äžã®ããã²ã³åé埮现ç²åã圢æ
åŸãã ã¡ã«è©²åå¿å®¹åšäžã«äŸçµŠããäžæŠæº¶è§£ããæ¶å€±ãããåŸæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯
çµæ¶æé·ãããã ãšã«ãããåŸãããæå æ§ããã²ã³åéç²åã§ããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããåèš(1)ã
ãã²ã³åéæå ææã ïŒïŒ æ¯æäœäžã«å°ããšãïŒå±€ã®ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€å±€ãæããããã²ã³åéåç
æå ææã®è£œé æ¹æ³ã«ãããŠã該ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€å±€ã®æå æ§ããã²ã³åéç²å
ãããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãšè©²ãã¹ãç²åã®éžæéšäœäžã«ãšãã¿ãã·æ¥åããŠåœ¢
æãããããã²ã³åéã²ã¹ããšããæã€ãŠããã該ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãã
該ç²åã®åœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯æé·ãèµ·ãããåå¿å®¹åšäžã«ããããã調補ããå°ãªã
ãšãïŒçš®ã®ããã²ã³åéãå«æããç²åŸ0.1ÎŒïœä»¥äžã®åŸ®çŽ°ãªãµã€ãºã®ããã²ã³
åéæ··æ¶ç²åãæ·»å ããäžæŠæº¶è§£ããæ¶å€±ãããåŸæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµæ¶æé·ã
ããããšã«ããåŸãããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããããã²ã³åéåçæå ææã®è£œé æ¹æ³
ã ïŒïŒ ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åã該ç²åã®æ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯æé·ãèµ·ãããåå¿
容åšã®å€ã«èšããããæ··ååšã«ãããŠæ°Žæº¶æ§éå¡©ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³æ°Žæº¶æ§ãã©ã€ãã®
氎溶液ãæ··åããŠåœ¢æãããç²åŸ0.1ÎŒïœä»¥äžã®ããã²ã³åé埮现ç²åã圢æåŸ
ãã ã¡ã«è©²åå¿å®¹åšäžã«äŸçµŠããäžæŠæº¶è§£ããæ¶å€±ãããåŸæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµ
æ¶æé·ãããããšã«ããåŸãããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããåèš(4)ã®ããã²ã³åéåç
æå ææã®è£œé æ¹æ³ã æ¬çºæã®ããã²ã³åéç²åã¯ãããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åã®éžæéšäœã«ãšãã¿ã
ã·ã€æ¥åããŠåœ¢æãããããã²ã³åéã²ã¹ããæããããã°è€åç²åæ§é ãæã
ãç¹ã«ç¹åŸŽãããã ããã«ããã¹ãç²åãã²ã¹ãç²ååã³ãšãã¿ãã·ã€æ¥åãªãçšèªã¯åœæ¥çã§äž
è¬çã«çšããããŠããã®ãšåãæå³ã«æŒãŠçšããããã å³ã¡ãããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åã®éžæéšäœãå³ã¡ãç¹å®ã®çµæ¶é¢ãç¹å®ã®çšïŒ
ãšããžïŒãç¹å®ã®è§ïŒã³ãŒããŒïŒç¹ã«ç¹å®ã®çšåã¯è§ã«éå®çã«ããã²ã³åéã²
ã¹ãç²åã圢æããããŠãªãè€åããã²ã³åéç²åã§ããã æ¬çºæã®ç¹åŸŽã§ãããã¹ãç²åã®ããã²ã³çµæååžãå®å šã«ã§ããããšã®æå³
ã詳现ã«èª¬æããã ããã§ã¯èª¬æã®äŸ¿å®äžãããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ç²åã®äžäŸãšããŠãããã§ãšãŠèå
éçžããã€å¹³æ¿ç¶ãšãŠèåéç²åã«ã€ããŠèª¬æããã ããã«èšããå®å šã«åäžãªãšãŠåéååžããšã¯ããããŸã§åãæ±ãããŠãããš
ãŠåéååžãšã¯å šãç°ãªãããã埮èŠçãªååžãèšãããšãŠèåéç²åã«ããã
ãšãŠåéååžã枬å®ããæ段ãšããŠãåæé»åé¡åŸ®é¡ïŒAnalytical Electron Mi
croscopyïŒã ããçšãããããäŸãã°ãã³ã°ïŒM.A.KingïŒãã¬ããïŒM.H.LorrettoïŒããã¿ãŒ
ããã³(T.J.Maternaghan)åã³ããªãŒ(F.J.Berry)ã«ãããåæé»åé¡åŸ®é¡(analy
tical electron microscopy)ã«ãããšãŒãååžã®ç 究ïŒã¶ ã€ã³ãã¹ãã£ã²ãŒã·
ã§ã³ ãªã ã¢ã€ãªãã€ããã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ ã〠ã¢ããªãã£ã«ã« ãš
ã¬ã¯ããã³ ãã€ã¯ãã¹ã³ããŒïŒããããŒã°ã¬ã¹ ã€ã³ ãã€ã·ã㯠ããªã³ã·
ãã«ãº ãªã ã€ã¡ãŒãžã³ã° ã·ã¹ãã ãºãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãã·ã§ãã« ã³ã³ã°ã¬ã¹
ãªããã©ãã°ã©ãã£ã㯠ãµã€ãšã³ã¹ ã±ã«ã³ïŒKolnïŒã1986ã«ãããŠããšãŠè
åéå¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åã«ããããšãŠåéã®å«æéã®ããã°ã©ãã£ãŒã®çµæãèšèŒãããŠ
ããããã®ç 究ã«ãããŠçšããé»åç·ç §å°çšãããŒãã®ãµã€ãºã¯50â«ã§ãããã
å®éã«ã¯é»åã®åŒŸæ§æ£ä¹±ã«ãã£ãŠé»åç·ãåºãã£ãŠããŸãããµã³ãã«ã®è¡šé¢ã«ç §
å°ãããé»åç·ã®ã¹ãããã®åŸã¯çŽ300â«äœã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããåŸã£ãŠãã®æ¹æ³ã§
ã¯ããããããŸããªãšãŠåéååžã枬å®ããããšã¯ã§ããªããç¹éæ58-113927
ã«ãåãææ³ãçšããŠãšãŠåéååžã枬å®ãããŠããããçšããé»åç·ã¹ããã
ã®ãµã€ãºã¯0.2ÎŒã§ãã£ãã åŸã£ãŠãããã®æž¬å®æ³ã«ãã£ãŠã¯ããã埮èŠçãªïŒ100â«ãªãŒããŒããã以äž
ã®å Žæçå€åïŒãšãŠåéååžãæããã«ããããšã¯äžå¯èœã§ããããã®åŸ®èŠçãª
ãšãŠåéã®ååžã¯ãããšãã°ãããã«ãã³ïŒJ.F.HamiltonïŒãã©ãã°ã©ãã£ãã¯
ãµã€ãšã³ã¹ ã¢ã³ã ãšã³ãžãã¢ãªã³ã°11å·»ã1967 P.P57ãå¡©æ²¢çå ¬ãæ¥æ¬å
çåŠäŒ35å·»ãïŒå·1972 P.P213ã«èšèŒã®äœæž©ã§ã®ééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡ãçšããçŽæ¥
çãªæ¹æ³ã«ãã芳å¯ããããšãã§ãããããªãã¡ãä¹³å€ç²åãããªã³ãã¢ãŠãã
ãªãããå®å šå äžã§åãåºããããã²ã³åéç²åãé»åé¡åŸ®é¡èŠ³å¯çšã®ã¡ãã·ã¥
ã«ã®ããé»åç·ã«ããæå·ïŒããªã³ãã¢ãŠãçïŒãé²ãããã«æ¶²äœçªçŽ ãããã¯
液äœããªãŠã ã§è©Šæãå·åŽããç¶æ ã§ééæ³ã«ãã芳å¯ãè¡ãã ããã§é»åé¡åŸ®é¡ã®å éé»å§ã¯ãé«ãçšãé®®æãªééåãåŸãããããç²åå
ã0.25ÎŒïœãŸã§ã¯200Kvoltããã以äžã®ç²ååãã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ã1000Kvoltãè¯ã
ãå éé»å§ãé«ãçšãç §å°é»åç·ã«ããç²åã®æå·ã倧ãããªãã®ã§æ¶²äœçªçŽ ã
ã液äœããªãŠã ã§è©Šæãå·åŽããæ¹ãæãŸããã æ®åœ±åçã¯è©Šæãšãªãç²åãµã€ãºã«ãã£ãŠãé©å®å€æŽãåŸãããïŒäžåããïŒ
äžåã§ããã ãã®ããã«ããŠãšãŠèåéå¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åã®ééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡åçãæ®åœ±ãããšãš
ãŠèåéçžã®éšåã«éåžžã«ããŸããªå¹ŽèŒªç¶ã®çžæš¡æ§ã芳å¯ãããããã®äžäŸã第
ïŒå³ã«ç€º ããããã§ç€ºããå¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åã¯ãèåéå¹³æ¿ç²åãã³ã¢ãŒãšããããã«ãšãŠåé
10ã¢ã«ïŒ ã®ãšãŠèåéã®ã·ã§ã«ãã³ã¢ãŒã®å€åŽã«åœ¢æãããã®ã§ããããã®æ§é
ã¯ãã®ééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡åçã§æ確ã«ç¥ãããšãã§ãããããªãã¡ãã³ã¢ãŒéšã¯
èåéã§ãããåœç¶åäžã§ãããããåäžãªãã©ãããªåãåŸãããã®ã¿ã§ãã
ããäžæ¹ãšãŠèåéçžã«ã¯ãéåžžã«ããŸããªå¹ŽèŒªç¶ã®çžæš¡æ§ãæ確ã«ç¢ºèªã§ãã
ããã®çžæš¡æ§ã®ééã¯éåžžã«ããŸãã100â«ã®ãªãŒããŒãããã以äžã§ããéåžž
ã«åŸ®èŠçãªäžåäžæ§ã瀺ããŠããããšã解ãããã®éåžžã«ããŸããªçžæš¡æ§ããšãŠ
åéååžã®äžåäžæ§ã瀺ãããšã¯çš®ã ã®æ¹æ³ã§æããã«ã§ããããããçŽæ¥çã«
ã¯ãã®å¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åããšãŒãã€ãªã³ãããã²ã³åéçµæ¶å ã移åã§ããæ¡ä»¶ã§ã¢ã
ãŒã«(annealing)ããŠãããšïŒäŸãã°250âãïŒæéïŒããã®çžæš¡æ§ãå šãæ¶å€±ã
ãŠããŸãããšãããæããã«çµè«ã§ããã ããã«è¿°ã¹ãŠããå¹³æ¿ç¶ãšãŠèåéä¹³å€ç²åã®ãšãŠåéååžã®äžåäžæ§ã瀺ã
幎茪ç¶ã®çžæš¡æ§ã¯å ã«åŒçšãããç¹éæ58-113927ã«æ·»ä»ãããŠããééåé»å
é¡åŸ®é¡åçã«ãæ確ã«èŠ³å¯ãããããŸãåæ§ã«å ã«åŒçšãããã³ã°çã®ç 究ã«ã
ããééåé»é¡åçã«ãã¯ã£ãããšç€ºãããŠãããããçã®äºå®ããããããŸã§
ãåäžãªãšãŠåéååžåŸãã¹ãäžå®ã®ãšãŠåéå«éã§èª¿è£œããããšãŠèåéç²å
ã¯ããã®è£œé ã®æå³ãšã¯å šãåããŠãéåžžã«åŸ®èŠçãªãšãŠåéã®äžåäžååžãæ
ã£ãŠãããããŸã§ããããåäžåããæè¡ãé瀺ãããŠãããããŸããã®è£œé æ³
ãé瀺ãããŠã¯ããªããæ¬çºæã¯ãã®åŸ®èŠçãªãšãŠåéååžãå®å šã«åäžã«ãã
ä¹³å€ãšãã®è£œé æ³ãé瀺ãããã®ã§ããã ãããŸã§è¿°ã¹ãŠããããã«æ¬çºæã®ãå®å šã«åäžãªãšãŠåéååžãããã€ãã
ã²ã³åéç²åã¯ãå·åŽåééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡ãçšããŠãç²åã®ééåã芳å¯ããã
ãšã«ãããåŸæ¥ã®ããã²ã³åéç²åãšæ確ã«åºå¥ããããšãã§ãããããªãã¡æ¬
çºæã®ãšãŠåéãå«ãããã²ã³åéç²åã«ã¯ããšãŠåéã®åŸ®èŠçãªäžåäžã«èµ·å
ãã埮èŠçãªç·ãç·ã«çŽäº€ããæ¹åã§0.2ÎŒïœééã«å€ããšãïŒæ¬ã奜ãŸããã¯
ïŒæ¬ãã奜ãŸããã¯ååšããªãããã®ãšãŠåéã®åŸ®èŠçäžåäžã瀺ãã幎茪ç¶ã®
çžæš¡æ§ãæ§æããç·ã¯ãç²åæé·ã®æ¹åã«çŽäº€ãã圢ã§çºçããçµæçã«ããã
ã®ç·ã¯ç²åã®äžå¿ããåå¿åç¶ã«ååžãããäŸãã°å³ïŒã«ç€ºããå¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åã®å Ž
åããšãŠåéã®äžåäžã瀺ãã幎茪ç¶ã®çžæš¡æ§ãæ§æããç·ã¯ãå¹³æ¿ç²åã®æé·
æ¹åã«çŽäº€ããçºãçµæãšããŠç²åã®ãšããã«å¹³è¡ã§ããããã€ããããã«çŽäº€
ããæ¹åã¯ç²åã®äžå¿ã«åãæ¹åãæã£ãŠãããç²åã®äžå¿ã®ãŸããã«åå¿åç¶
ã«ååžããã å¿è«ãç²åæé·äžã«æ¥æ¿ã«ãšãŠåéå«éãå€åããããã°ããã®å¢çç·ã¯äžèš
ã®èŠ³å¯æ³ã§ãäžã«è¿°ã¹ããšåæ§ã®ç·ãšããŠèŠ³å¯ããããããã®ãããªãšãŠåéå«
éã®å€åã¯åäžã®ç·ãæ§æããã®ã¿ã§ããšãŠåéã®åŸ®èŠçäžåã«ç±æ¥ããè€æ°ã®
ç·ããæ§æããããã®ãšã¯æ確ã«åºå¥ã§ãããããã«ãã®ãããªãšãŠåéå«éã®
å€åã«ç±æ¥ããç·ã¯ããã®ç·ã®äž¡åŽã®ãšãŒåéå«éãå ã«è¿°ã¹ãåæé»åé¡åŸ®é¡
ã§æž¬å®ããã°æããã«ç¢ºèªããããšãã§ããããã®ãããªãšãŠåéå«éã®å€åã«
ããç·ã¯æ¬çºæã§èšãããšãŠåéã®åŸ®èŠçäžåäžã«ç±æ¥ããç·ãšã¯ãå šãç°ãªã
ãå·šèŠçãªãšãŠåéååžãã瀺ããã®ã§ããã ãŸããç²åã®æé·äžã«ãšãŠåéå«éãå®è³ªçã«é£ç¶çã«å€åãããå Žåã¯ããš
ãŠåéå«éã®æ¥æ¿ãªå€åããªãçºãäžèšã®å·šèŠçãªãšãŠåéå«éã®å€åã瀺ãç·
ã¯èŠ³å¯ããããåŸã£ãŠãããããã«0.1ÎŒïœééã«å°ããšãïŒæ¬ä»¥äžã®ç·ãååš
ããã°ãããã¯åŸ®èŠçãªãšãŠåéå«éã®äžåäžããããšããããšã«ãªãã ããããŠæ¬çºæã®ããšãŠåéååžãå®å šã«åäžãªããã²ã³åéç²åã¯ãå·åŽå
ééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡ãçšããŠåŸãç²åã®ééåã«ãããŠãç·ãšçŽäº€ããæ¹åã§0.2
ÎŒïœééã«åŸ®èŠçãªãšãŠåéååžã瀺ãç·ãå€ããšãïŒæ¬ãæããç²åã§ããã
奜ãŸããã¯ïŒæ¬ãã奜ãŸããã¯ãã®ãããªç·ãååšããªãããã²ã³åéç²åã§ã
ãããã€ãã®ãããªç²åãå šç²åã®å°ããšã60ïŒ ã奜ãŸããã¯å°ããšã80ïŒ ãã
ã奜ãŸããã¯å°ããšã90ïŒ ãå ããããã²ã³åéç²åã§ããã ãããŸã§åäžãªãšãŠåéãå«ãããã²ã³åéç²åãšåŒã°ããŠããããã²ã³åé
ç²åã¯åã«ç²åæé·ã®éãç¡é žéãšäžå®ã®çµæã®ïŒäžå®ã®ãšãŒåç©å«éïŒããã²
ã³å¡©æ··åç©ãããã«ãžãšããæ³ã§åå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããã«ãããããã®ãããªç²å
ã«ãããŠã¯å·šèŠçãªãšãŠåéååžã¯ç¢ºãã«äžå®ã§ãããã埮èŠçãªãšãŠåéååž
ã¯åäžã§ã¯ãªããæ¬çºæã«ãããŠã¯ããã®ãããªç²åããäžå®ã®ããã²ã³çµæã
ããã€ç²åãšåŒã³ãå®å šã«åäžããªæ¬çºæã«ç€ºãç²åãšã¯æ確ã«åºå¥ããã ããã§ã¯ãšãŠèåéããã²ã³åéç²åã«ã€ããŠèª¬æããŠãããã埮èŠçãªãã©
ã€ãçµæååžã®åé¡ã¯ãå¡©èåéãå¡©ãšãŠèåéãå¡©ãšãŠåéçã®ããã²ã³åé
æ··æ¶ç²åã«ã€ããŠå šãŠã«ããŠã¯ãŸããã®ã§ãããå¡©åéãå«ãæ··æ¶ã«ã€ããŠã¯ã
æ¬é¡çºæè ã¯ç¹é¡æ63-7449å·ãå63-7451å·ã«åŸ®èŠçãªãã©ã€ãååžãå®å šã«å
äžãªå¡©åéãå«ãããã²ã³åéç²ååã³ãããçšããæå ææãé瀺ããã ããã²ã³åéæ··æ¶ã®åŸ®èŠçãªãã©ã€ãååžã®åäžæ§ã¯ããã«ïŒžç·åæãå©çšã
ãŠæž¬ å®ããããšãã§ããã ç·åæèšïŒãã€ãã©ã¯ãã¡ãŒã¿ãŒïŒãçšããŠããã²ã³çµæã決å®ããã®ã¯åœ
該æ¥è ã«ã¯åšç¥ã®ããšã§ããã ãã®åçãç°¡åã«è¿°ã¹ããšä»¥äžã®éãã§ãããç·åæã«ãããŠBraggè§ã枬
å®ããããšã§æ¬¡ã®Braggã®åŒããæ Œåå®æ°ïœã決å®ã§ããã λïŒïŒžç·ã®æ³¢é· ΞhklïŒ(hkl)é¢ããã®Braggè§ ïœhklïŒ(hkl)é¢ããã®é¢éé ïœïŒæ Œåå®æ° ãšããã§ãT.H.ãžãšãŒã ã¹(James)èã®ãã¶ã»ã»ãªãªãŒã»ãªãã»ã¶ã»ããªãã°ã©
ãã€ãã¯ã»ããã»ã¹ãïŒThe Theory of the Photographic ProcessïŒç¬¬ïŒçãã¯
ãã©ã³ç€ŸãããŠãŒãšãŒã¯(Macmillan Co Ltd.New York)ã®ç¬¬äžç« ã«æ²èåéãå¡©
èåéãæ²å¡©åéã«ã€ããŠããã²ã³çµæã«å¯Ÿããæ Œåå®æ°ïœã®é¢ä¿ã瀺ãããŠã
ãããã®ããã«æ Œåå®æ°ïŒããã²ã³çµæïŒãç°ãªããšãåæããŒã¯äœçœ®ãç°ãªã
ãåŸã€ãŠãããã²ã³çµæååžã®åäžæ§ã®ããããæ Œåå®æ°ã®ã°ãã€ãã®å°ãªãã
ãã²ã³åéç²åã¯åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å¹ ã¯çããªãããã®åæãããã¢ã€ã«
ã®æž¬å®ã«ãããŠãç·æºã¯åŒ·åºŠã®å€§ããåè²æ§ã®ããαç·ãβãã奜ãã§çšã
ãããããªããαç·ã¯äºéç·ãªã®ã§Rachingerã®æ¹æ³ãçšããŠåäžã®ãããã¢
ã€ã«ãåŸãŠåå€å¹ ãæ±ããããšãå¯èœã§ãããè©Šæã«ã¯ãä¹³å€ãããŒã©ãã³ãé€
å»ããç²æ«ç²åãçšããããããã¯ããžã€ãŒãã« ãªã ããªãã°ã©ãã€ãã¯
ãµã€ãšã³ã¹(Journal of Photographic Science)ã®1976幎床24å·»ïŒããŒãžã®G.C.
ãã¢ãŒãã«(G.C.Farnell)ïŒR.J.ãžãšã³ãã³ã¹(R.J.Jenkins)ããã³L.R.ãœã«ãã³
ïŒL.R.SolmanïŒã«ããæ¹æ³ãçšããŠã50ïŒ ã°ãªã»ãªã³æº¶æ¶²ã«20åé浞挬ããŠä¹Ÿè
äžã®ãŒã©ãã³ã«ããç²åè¡šé¢ã«ããã€ãŠããå§åãé€å»ãããšãå¡åžãããä¹³å€
èã䜿çšã§ãããåæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®è§åºŠãæ£ç¢ºã«æ±ããã«ã¯åæè§æ¢ç¥ã®Siç²
æ«ãããã¯NaClç²æ«ããµã³ãã«ã«æ··åãããæ¹æ³ãçšãããããããã«åæè§ã
ãã³åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®ç·å¹ ã粟床ãã枬å®ããã«ã¯é«ææ°é¢ããã®åæè§ã®å€§
ããåæãããã¢ã€ã«ãçšããããšãããããšãç¥ãããŠãããåŸã€ãŠæ¬ç¹èš±ã«
ã ããŠã¯é ã¿ãŒã²ããã®ïŒ«Î±ç·ã§ïŒ420ïŒé¢ã®åæãããã¢ã€ã«ãåæè§ïŒBraggã®
è§ã®ïŒåïŒ71°ãã77°ã®é åã«ãããŠæž¬å®ããã ç·åæ枬å®ã¯ãç²æ²«ãããå¡åžãããä¹³å€èã®æ¹ã枬å®ç²ŸåºŠãè¯ããåŸè¿°ã
ãå®æœäŸã«ãããŠããå¡åžãããä¹³å€èã§æž¬å®ããã ãšããã§ãæ¬ç¹èš±èšè¿°ã®è©Šæã®åœ¢æ ã®ããã«å€çãªå¿åã«ããæªã¿ããªãç³»ã®
åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å¹ ã¯ãããã²ã³çµæååžã®ã¿ã§æ±ºå®ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã
ãã以å€ã«åæèšã®å åŠç³»ã«ããåå€å¹ ãšè©Šæã®çµæ¶åïŒã¯ãªã¹ã¿ãªããïŒã®å€§
ããã«ããåå€å¹ ãå«ãã§ãããåŸã€ãŠããã²ã³çµæååžã«èµ·å ããåå€å¹ ãåŸ
ãã«ã¯ãåäºè ã«ããåå€å¹ ã®å¯äžãå·®ãåŒãå¿ èŠããããåæèšã®å åŠç³»ã«ã
ãåå€å¹ ã¯æªã¿ã®ããã€ãŠããªãïŒæ Œåå®æ°ã®ã°ãã€ãã®ãªãïŒ25ÎŒïœä»¥äžã®ç²
床ã®åçµæ¶ã®åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å¹ ãšããŠåŸãããšãã§ããããã®ãããªè©Š
æãšããŠã¯25ã44ÎŒïœïŒ500ã¡ãã·ãŠ ãªã³ 350ã¡ãã·ãŠ ã¢ã³ããŒïŒã®Î±âç³
è±ã800âã§ã¢ããŒã«ãããã®ã䜿çšããããšãçåŠé»æ©æ ªåŒäŒç€Ÿã«ããç·å
æã®æåŒæ¹èšåçäºç« å «ç¯ã«èšè¿°ãããŠãããSiç²åãSiåçµæ¶ãŠãšãã¢ãŒçã§
ãçšããããšãå¯èœã§ãããå åŠç³»ã«ããåå€å¹ ã¯åæè§äŸåæ§ãããã®ã§ãæ°
ç¹ã®åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã«ã€ããŠåå€å¹ ãæ±ããå¿ èŠããããå¿ èŠã«å¿ããŠå€æ¿å
æ¿ãè¡ãã枬å®ããŠããç³»ã®åæè§ã«ã€ããŠã®å åŠç³»ã«ããåå€å¹ ãåŸãããã
ãããŠãçµæ¶åã®å€§ããã«ããåå€å¹ ã¯æ¬¡åŒã§èšè¿°ãããã β :çµæ¶åã®å€§ããã«ããåå€å¹ ïŒÂ°ïŒ  :å®æ°ïŒäžè¬ã«0.9ïŒ ïŒ€ :çµæ¶åã®å€§ããïŒâ«ïŒ λ :ç·ã®æ³¢é·ïŒâ«ïŒ Ξ :Braggè§ æž¬å®ãããåæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å¹ ãããã®ããã«ããŠæ±ããå åŠç³»ã«ãã
åå€å¹ ãšçµæ¶åã®å€§ããã«ããåå€å¹ ãå·®ãåŒããšãããã²ã³çµæååžã«ããå
å€å¹ ãåŸããããä»æž¬å®ãããæ··æ¶ç²åã®å åŠç³»ã«ããåå€å¹ ãšçµæ¶åã®å€§ãã
ã«ããåå€å¹ ã¯ããã®çç®ããŠããç²åãšåäžã®çµæ¶åã®å€§ãããæããããã²
ã³çµæååžåäžïŒæ Œåå®æ°äžå®ïŒã®ããã²ã³åéç²åã®åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€
å¹ ãšç䟡ã§ãããäžè¬ã«ãå€çãªå¿åã«ããæªã¿ãååšããªãå Žåãæ Œåæ¬ é¥ã®
ãªãç²åã§ã¯ãã®ç²å㮠倧ããïŒèŸºé·ãçäœç©ççžåœåŸçïŒã¯çµæ¶åã®å€§ãããšäžèŽããããã®ããšã¯ã
ã€ãã©ã¯ãã¡ãŒã¿ãŒã§ã¯ãªãåçæ³ã§ã¯ãããåæç·å¹ ããæ±ããAgBrã®çµæ¶å
ã®å€§ãããšç²åã®å€§ãããäžèŽããããšãããªãã€ãã·ãŠ ãžã€ãŒãã« ãªã
ã¢ãã©ã€ã ãã€ãžãã¯ã¹ïŒBritish Journal of Applied PhysicsïŒã®1965幎16
å·»323ããŒãžã§F.W.ãŠã€ã¬ãã(F.W.Willets)ã«ãã€ãŠå ±åãããŠããããã®å ±å
ã¯åçæ³ã§åå€å¹ ã§ã¯ãªããããã¢ã€ã«ã®æšæºåå·®ãçšããŠã·ãšã©ãŒå®æ°ãšããŠ
1.44ãéžãã§ãããæã ã®æž¬å®ç³»ã§ã¯ããã€ãã©ã¯ãã¡ãŒã¿ãŒãçšããŠãããSi
åçµæ¶ãçšããŠæ±ããå åŠç³»ã«ããåå€å¹ ãå·®ãåŒããåå€å¹ ããæ±ããçµæ¶å
ã®å€§ãããšç²åã®å€§ããããã©ã³ã¹ã ããã« ãžãšããã§èª¿è£œãããAgBrç²å
ã«ãããŠè¯å¥œã«äžèŽããããšãèŠåºããŠããã ããªãã¡ãæ··æ¶ä¹³å€ç²åã®å åŠç³»ã«ããåå€å¹ ãšçµæ¶åã®å€§ããã«ããåå€å¹
ã¯ãæ··æ¶ä¹³å€ç²åãšåäžç²åãµã€ãºã®AgBrç²åãAgClç²åãAgIç²åã®åæãã
ãã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å¹ ãšããŠåŸãããšãã§ããã æ··æ¶ä¹³å€ç²åã®ããã²ã³çµæååžã®ã¿ã«ããåå€å¹ ã¯ã枬å®ãããåæããã
ã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å¹ ããçç®ããŠããç²åãšåäžç²åãµã€ãºã®AgBrç²åãAgClç²åã
AgIç²åã®åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å¹ ãå·®ãåŒãããšã«ãã€ãŠåŸãããã æ¬çºæã«ãã埮èŠçãªããã²ã³çµæãåäžã§ããããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ç²åã®åèš
ã®æ¹æ³ã«ããç·åæã®ãããã¢ã€ã«ã®å¥œãŸããåå€å¹ ãå¡©èåéã«ã€ããŠã¯ã
第ïŒå³ã«ããšãŠèåéã«ã€ããŠã¯ç¬¬ïŒå³ã«ç€ºããã第ïŒå³åã³ç¬¬ïŒå³ã«ãããŠã
åããã²ã³çµæã®ç²åã®åäžæ§ã¯åç²åã®ïŒžç·åæã®åå€å¹ ãããåäžç²åãµã€
ãºã®çŽå¡©åéãããã¯çŽèåéã®åå€å¹ ãå·®ãã²ããå€ã§ç€ºããããæ¬çºæã®ç²
åã¯ãæ²ç·ïŒ¡ã§ç€ºãããåå€å¹ 以äžã奜ãŸããã¯æ²ç·ïŒ¢ã§ç€ºãããåå€å¹ ããå°
ããåå€å¹ ãæãããã®ã§ããã 次ã«æ¬çºæã®ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åã®è£œé æ³ã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ãã ç¹é¡æ63-195778å·ã«ç€ºãããŠããããã«ãæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµæ¶æé·ãèµ·ã
ããåå¿å®¹åšã®å€ã«èšããããæ··ååšã«ãããŠã氎溶æ§éå¡©ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³æ°Žæº¶æ§
ãã©ã€ãã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãæ··åããŠåœ¢æããã埮ç²åããã ã¡ã«è©²åå¿å®¹åšäžã«äŸçµŠã
ãããšã«ãããããã²ã³åéã³ã¢ç²åã®æ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµæ¶æé·ãè¡ããïŒä»¥
äžïŒ¡æ³ãšåŒã¶ïŒ ç¹é¡æ63-195778å·ã«ç€ºãããŠããç²å圢ææ³ã®ã·ã¹ãã ã第ïŒå³ã«ç€ºãã 第ïŒå³ã§ã¯ããŸãåå¿å®¹åšïŒã¯ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ïŒãå«æããŠãããä¿è·ã³
ã〠ã氎溶液ã¯ãå転ã·ã€ããã«ãšãã€ãããããããã©ïŒã«ãã€ãŠæªææ··åããã
ãåå¿å®¹åšå€ã®æ··ååšïŒã«é塩氎溶液ãããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãåã³ä¿è·ã³ãã€ãæ°Ž
溶液ãåã æ·»å ç³»ãïŒãïŒåã³ïŒã«ãŠå°å ¥ãããïŒãã®éãä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液
ã¯ãããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³ïŒãŸãã¯é塩氎溶液ã«ãŸããŠæ·»å ããŠããããïŒæ··å
åšå ã§ãããã®æº¶æ¶²ãæ¥éãã€åŒ·åã«æ··åããŠããã ã¡ã«ç³»ïŒã«ãã€ãŠåå¿å®¹åš
ïŒã«å°å ¥ããã第ïŒå³ã«æ··ååšïŒã®è©³çŽ°ãå³ç€ºããããã®æ··ååšïŒã¯ãã®äžã«å
å¿å®€10ãèšãããããã®åå¿å®€10ã®äžã«å転ã·ã€ãã11ã«ãšãã€ããããæªæç¿Œ
ïŒãèšããããŠãããé塩氎溶液ãããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã¯
äžã€ã®å°å ¥å£ïŒïŒãïŒãããäžã€ã®å°å ¥å£ã¯å³é¢ããçç¥ãããïŒããåå¿å®€10
ã«æ·»å ããããå転ã·ã€ãããé«éã§å転ããïŒ1000r.p.m以äžã奜ãŸããã¯200
0r.p.m以äžããã奜ãŸããã¯3000r.p.m以äžïŒããšã«ãããæ¥éãã€åŒ·åã«æ··å
ãçæãã極ã埮现ãªç²åãå«ã溶液ã¯ããã ã¡ã«å€éšãžã®æåºå£ïŒããæåºã
ãããããããŠæ··ååšã§åå¿ããŠçæãã極ã埮现ãªç²åã¯åå¿å®¹åšã«å°å ¥ãã
ãåŸããã®ç²åãµã€ãºã埮现ã§ããçºã容æã«æº¶è§£ãåã³éã€ãªã³ãšããã²ã³ã€
ãªã³ãšãªããåäžãªæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯ç²åæé·ãèµ·ããããããã®æ¥µã埮现ãªç²
åã®ãã©ã€ãçµæã¯ç®çãšããããã²ã³åéç²åã®ãã©ã€ãçµæãšåäžã«ããŠã
ããåå¿å®¹åšå ã«å°å ¥ããã極埮ç²åã¯ãåå¿å®¹åšå ã®æªæã«ãã€ãŠãåå¿å®¹åš
å ã«ã°ããŸããããã€åã ã®åŸ®çŽ°ç²åãããç®çã®ãã©ã€ãçµæã®ããã²ã³ã€ãª
ã³ãšéã€ãªã³ãæŸåºããããããã§æ··ååšã§çºçããç²åã¯æ¥µã埮现ã§ãããã
ã®ç²åæ°ã¯éåžžã«å€ãããã®ãããªéåžžã«å€æ°ã®ç²åãããåã éã€ãªã³åã³ã
ãã²ã³ã€ãªã³ïŒæ··æ¶æé·ã®å Žåãç®çã®ããã²ã³ã€ãªã³çµæã«ãªã€ãŠãããïŒã
æŸåºããããã€ãããåå¿å®¹åšäžã®ä¿è·ã³ãã€ãå šäœã«äºã€ãŠèµ·ãçºãå šãåäž
ãªç²åæé·ãèµ·ãããšãã§ããã倧åãªããšã¯éã€ãªã³åã³ããã²ã³ã€ãªã³ã¯ã
氎溶液ãšããŠã¯ãpAg調ç¯çšä»¥å€ã¯æ±ºããŠåå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããªãããšåã³åå¿å®¹
åšå ã®ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã溶液ãæ··ååšã«åŸªç°ããªãããšã§ãããããã«ãããŠåŸæ¥ã®
æ¹æ³ãšã¯å šãç°ãªãããã®æ¹æ³ãããã²ã³åéç²åã®åäžæé·ã«ãããŠé©ãã¹ã
å¹æãæããããšãã§ããã æ··ååšã§åœ¢æããã埮ç²åã¯ããã®æº¶è§£åºŠãç²åãµã€ãºã埮现ã§ããæ éåžžã«
é«ããåå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããããšæº¶è§£ããåã³éã€ãªã³åã³ããã²ã³ã€ãªã³ãšãªã
ãåå¿å®¹åšã«æ¢ã«ããç²åã«æ²ç©ãç²åæé·ãèµ·ãããã®éã埮ç²åã¯ãã®æº¶è§£
床ãé«ãæ ã«åŸ®ç²ååå¿ã§ãããããªã¹ãã¯ã«ãçæãèµ·ããŠããã®ç²åãµã€ãº
ãå¢å€§ããŠããŸãã埮ç²åã®ãµã€ãºã倧ãããªã€ãŠããŸããšãããã ã溶解床ã
äœäžããåå¿å®¹åšäžã§ã® 溶解ãé ããªããç²åæé·ã®é床ãèããäœäžãããå Žåã«ã¯ææ©æº¶è§£ããããš
ãªããéã«ããèªèº«ãæ žãšãªã€ãŠæé·ãèµ·ããŠããŸãã æ¬çºæã«ãããŠã¯åèšç¹é¡æ63-7851å·ãå63-195778å·ãšåæ§ã«ä»¥äžã®äžã€ã®
æè¡ã«ãã€ãŠãã®åé¡ã解決ããã æ··ååšã§åŸ®ç²åã圢æããåŸããã ã¡ã«ãããåå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããã æ¬çºæã«ãããŠã¯åå¿å®¹åšã®ããè¿ãã«æ··ååšãèšããã€æ··ååšå ã®æ·»å 液ã®
æ»çæéãçããããããšã«ãããåŸã€ãŠçæãã埮ç²åããã ã¡ã«åå¿å®¹åšã«
æ·»å ããããšã«ãããã®ãªã¹ãã¯ã«ãçæãèµ·ããªãããã«ãããå ·äœçã«ã¯æ··
ååšã«æ·»å ããã液ã®æ»çæéïœã¯äžèšã§ããããããã ïœïŒæ··ååšã®åå¿å®€ã®äœç©ïŒmlïŒ ïœïŒç¡é žé溶液ã®æ·»å éïŒml/minïŒ ïœïŒããã²ã³å¡©æº¶æ¶²ã®æ·»å éïŒml/minïŒ ïœïŒä¿è·ã³ãã€ã溶液ã®æ·»å éïŒml/minïŒ æ¬çºæã®è£œé æ³ã«ãããŠã¯ïœã¯10å以äžã奜ãŸããã¯ïŒå以äžããã奜ãŸãã
ã¯ïŒå以äžãããã«å¥œãŸããã¯20ç§ä»¥äžã§ãããããããŠæ··ååšã§åŸããã埮ç²
åã¯ãã®ç²åãµã€ãºãå¢å€§ããããšãªãããã ã¡ã«åå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ãããã æ··ååšã§åŒ·åãã€å¹çã®ããæªæãè¡ãªãã ãžãšãŒã ã¹(T.H.James)㶠ã»ãªãªãŒ ãªã 㶠ããªãã°ã©ãã€ã㯠ãã
ã»ã¹p.p.93ã«ã¯ããªã¹ãã¯ã«ãçæãšäžŠãã§ããäžã€ã®åœ¢æ ã¯åé(coalescence
)ã§ãããã³ã¢ã¬ãã»ã³ã¹çæã§ã¯ãã®åã«ã¯é ãé¢ããŠããçµæ¶ãçŽæ¥ãæ¥è§Š
ããçããŠãã倧ããªçµæ¶ãçæããã®ã§ç²åãµã€ãºãçªç¶å€åããããªã¹ãã¯
ã«ãçæãšã³ã¢ã¬ãã»ã³ã¹çæã®äž¡æ¹ãšãæ²ç©ã®çµäºåŸã®ã¿ã§ãªããæ²ç©äžã«ã
èµ·ãããããã«è¿°ã¹ãããŠããã³ã¢ã¬ãã»ã³ã¹çæã¯ç¹ã«ç²åãµã€ãºãéåžžã«å°
ãããšãã«èµ·ãæããç¹ã«æªæãäžå åã§ããå Žåèµ·ãæãã極端ãªå Žåã¯ãç²
倧ãªå¡ç¶ã®ç²åãäœãããšãããããæ¬çºæã«ãããŠã¯ç¬¬ïŒå³ã«ç€ºãããã«å¯é
åã®æ··ååšãçšããŠããçºãåå¿å®€ã®æªæç¿Œãé«ãå転æ°ã§å転ãããããšãã§
ãåŸæ¥ã®ãããªéæŸåã®åå¿å®¹åšã§ã¯ã§ããªãã€ãïŒéæŸåã§ã¯ãé«å転ã§æªæ
ç¿Œãå転ããããšé å¿åã§æ¶²ããµããšã°ãããçºæ³¡ã®åé¡ããããã§ãå®çšã§ã
ãªããïŒåŒ·åãã€å¹çã®ããæªææ··åãè¡ãããšã ã§ãäžèšã®ã³ã¢ã¬ãã»ã³ã¹çæãé²æ¢ã§ããçµæãšããŠéåžžã«ç²åãµã€ãºã®å°ã
ã埮ç²åãåŸãããšãã§ãããæ¬çºæã«ãããŠã¯æªæç¿Œã®å転æ°ã¯1000r.p.m以
äžã奜ãŸããã¯2000r.p.m以äžããã奜ãŸããã¯3000r.p.m以äžã§ããã ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã®æ··ååšãžã®æ³šå ¥ åè¿°ã®ã³ã¢ã¬ãã»ã³ã¹çæã¯ããã²ã³åé埮ç²åã®ä¿è·ã³ãã€ãã«ãã€ãŠé¡è
ã«é²ãããšãã§ãããæ¬çºæã«ãããŠã¯ä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液ã®æ··ååšãžã®æ·»å ã¯
äžèšã®æ¹æ³ã«ããã ä¿è·ã³ãã€ãã®æ¿åºŠã¯0.2ééïŒ ä»¥äžã奜ãŸããã¯0.5ééïŒ ããããæµéã¯ã
ç¡é žé溶液ãšããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ã®æµéã®åã®å°ããšã20ïŒ ã奜ãŸããã¯å°ããšã
50ïŒ ããã奜ãŸããã¯100ïŒ ä»¥äžã§ããã ä¿è·ã³ãã€ãã®æ¿åºŠã¯ã0.2ééïŒ ä»¥äžå¥œãŸããã¯0.5ééïŒ ä»¥äžã§ããã ä¿è·ã³ãã€ãã®æ¿åºŠã¯0.2ééïŒ ä»¥äžã奜ãŸããã¯0.5ééïŒ ä»¥äžã§ããããŒã©
ãã³ãçšããå Žåãéã€ãªã³ãšãŒã©ãã³ã§ãŒã©ãã³éãäœããå å解åã³ç±å解
ããŠéã³ãã€ããçæããçºãç¡é žé溶液ãšä¿è·ã³ãã€ã溶液ã¯äœ¿çšçŽåã«æ··å
ããæ¹ãããã ãããŸããåæã«äžã€ãçšããŠãããã æ¬çºæã«ãããŠã¯åèšç¹é¡æ63-7852ãå63-7853ãå63-194861ãå63-194862
ã§é瀺ãããããã«ãããããã調補ãã埮现ãªãµã€ãºã®ç²åãæãã埮ç²åã
ãã²ã³åéä¹³å€ãåå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããŠæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯ç²åæé·ãè¡ãæ¹æ³ãçš
ããããšãã§ãããïŒä»¥äžããæ³ãïŒãã®éãããããã調補ãããä¹³å€ã®ç²
åãµã€ãºãå°ããæ¹ãè¯ãããšã¯åèšãšåæ§ã§ãããæ¬æ¹æ³ã«ãããŠããæ žåœ¢æ
åã³ïŒåã¯ç²åæé·ãèµ·ãåå¿å®¹åšã«ã¯ãåå¿å®¹åšå ã®ä¹³å€ã®pAg調ç¯çšä»¥å€ã¯
åå¿å®¹åšã«æ°Žæº¶æ§éå¡©ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³æ°Žæº¶æ§ãã©ã€ãã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãå šãæ·»å ããªãã
ãã®äºã調補ãããä¹³å€ã¯åå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããã«å ç«ã¡ãäºãæ°ŽæŽåã³ïŒåã¯åº
åããŠãããŠãããã æ³ã«ãããæ··ååšã®æž©åºŠã¯40â以äžå¥œãŸããã¯35â以äžãåå¿å®¹åšã®æ¿åºŠã¯
ã50â以äžã奜ãŸããã¯60â以äžãããã«å¥œãŸããã¯70â以äžã§ããã æ³ã«ãããŠã¯ããããã調補ãã埮ç²åä¹³å€ã®ç²å圢æ枩床ã¯40â以äžã奜
ãŸã ãã¯35â以äžã§ããã埮ç²åä¹³å€ãæ·»å ããåå¿å®¹åšã®æž©åºŠã¯50â以äžã奜ãŸã
ãã¯60â以äžããã«å¥œãŸããã¯70â以äžã§ããã æ¬çºæã«ãããŠçšãããã埮现ãªãµã€ãºã®ããã²ã³åéã®ç²åãµã€ãºã¯ç²åã
ã¡ãã·ãŠã«ã®ããã®ãŸãŸééåé»é¡ã«ãã€ãŠç¢ºèªã§ããåçã¯ïŒäžåããïŒäžå
ããããæ¬çºæã®åŸ®ç²åã®ãµã€ãºã¯0.1ÎŒïœä»¥äžã奜ãŸããã¯0.06ÎŒïœä»¥äžãã
ã奜ãŸããã¯0.03ÎŒm以äžã§ããã æ¬çºæã«ãã€ãŠåŸããããã¹ãç²åä¹³å€ã®ãã©ã€ãçµæã¯ããšãŠèåéãå¡©è
åéãå¡©ãšãŠèåéãå¡©ãšãŠåéãã®ãããã§ããããæ¬çºæã«ããã°ããã©ã€
ãã®åŸ®èŠçãªååžãåäžãªãããªãã¡ãå®å šã«åäžããªããã²ã³åéæ··æ¶ç²åã
åŸãããããšã¯ãç¹é¡æ63-195778ãå63-7851ãå63-7852ãå63-7853ãå63-7
451ãå63-7449ã«è¿°ã¹ãããŠããéãã§ãããããã¯å šãŠã®ãã©ã€ãçµæã«ãã
ãŠåŸããããã®ã§ããã æ¬æ¹æ³ã«ãããŠã¯ãããã²ã³åé溶å€ãåå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããŠäœ¿çšããã°ããã
ã«é«ã埮ç²åã®æº¶è§£é床åã³ããã«é«ãåå¿å®¹åšå ã®ç²åã®æé·é床ãåŸãããš
ãã§ããã ããã²ã³åé溶å€ãšããŠã¯ã氎溶æ§èåç©ã氎溶æ§å¡©åç©ãããªã·ã¢ã³é žå¡©ã
ã¢ã³ã¢ãã¢ãããªãšãŒãã«ãããªå°¿çŽ é¡ãªã©ãæããããšãã§ããã äŸãã°ããªã·ã¢ã³é žå¡©ïŒç±³åœç¹èš±ç¬¬2,222,264å·ãå第2,448,534å·ãå第3,32
0,069å·ãªã©ïŒãã¢ã³ã¢ãã¢ãããªãšãŒãã«ååç©ïŒäŸãã°ç±³åœç¹èš±ç¬¬3,271,157
å·ãå第3,574,628å·ãå第3,704,130å·ãå第4,297,439å·ãå第4,276,347å·ãª
ã©ïŒãããªã³ååç©ïŒäŸãã°ç¹éæ53-144319å·ãå53-82408å·ãå55-77737å·
ãªã©ïŒãã¢ãã³ååç©ïŒäŸãã°ç¹éæ54-100717å·ãªã©ïŒããªå°¿çŽ èªå°äœïŒäŸã
ã°ç¹éæ55-2982å·ïŒã€ãããŸãŒã«é¡ïŒäŸãã°ç¹éæ54-100717å·ïŒã眮æã¡ã«ã«
ããããã©ãŸãŒã«ïŒäŸãã°ç¹éæ57-202531å·ïŒãªã©ãæããããšãã§ããã åŸãããå®å šã«åäžãªããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ç²åã«ç¹ã«å¶éã¯ãªããã0.3ÎŒïœä»¥
äžã§ããããšã奜ãŸãããããã«0.8ÎŒïœä»¥äžãç¹ã«1.4ÎŒïœä»¥äžã§ããããšã奜
ãŸãããæ¬çºæã«ããããã²ã³åéç²åã®åœ¢ã¯å é¢äœãå «é¢äœãåäºé¢äœãåå
é¢äœãäºååé¢äœãååå «é¢äœã®ãããªèŠåçãªçµæ¶åœ¢ïŒæ£åžžæ¶ç²åïŒãæãã
ãã®ã§ããããŸãçç¶ããããããç¶ãªã©ã®äžèŠåãªçµæ¶åœ¢ã®ãã®ã§ããããã
ãã«åæ¶é¢ãïŒæ以äžãã€çš®ã ã®åœ¢äœã®ç²åããªãã§ãå¹³è¡ãªåæ¶é¢ãïŒæãã
ãã¯ïŒææããå è§åœ¢å¹³æ¿ç²ååã³äžè§åœ¢å¹³æ¿ç¶åæ¶ç²åã§ãã€ãŠãããã ããã²ã³åéç²å圢æåã¯ç©ççæã®éçšã«ãããŠãã«ãããŠã å¡©ãäºéå¡©ã
éå¡©ã ã¿ãªãŠã å¡©ãã€ãªãžãŠã å¡©åã¯ãã®é¯å¡©ãããžãŠã å¡©åã¯ãã®é¯å¡©ãéå¡©åã¯é
é¯å¡©ãªã©ãå ±åãããŠãããã æ¬çºæã«æŒããŠãã¹ãç²åäžã«ãã²ã¹ãç²åããšãã¿ãã·ã€æ¥åãããæ¹æ³ã«
ç¹ã«å¶éã¯ãªãå ¬ç¥ã®æ¹æ³ãããããçšããããšãã§ããã äŸãã°ãã¹ãç²åã芪氎æ§ã³ãã€ãåã³å¿ èŠã«ããããã²ã³ã€ãªã³ãå«æãã
åå¿å®¹åšäžã«ããã¹ãç²åã®ããã²ã³çµæãšã¯ç°ãªãçµæã®ããã²ã³åç©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²
ãšé塩氎溶液ãåææ·»å ããŠããã¹ãç²åã®ç¹å®ã®çšåã¯è§ã«ããã¹ãç²åãšã¯
ç°ãªãçµæã®ã²ã¹ãç²åããšãã¿ãã·ã€æ¥åãããæ¹æ³ãäžèšåå¿å®¹åšäžã«å¥é
調補ãã埮ç²åããã²ã³åéãæ·»å ããæ¹æ³ãåèšã®åŠã圢æãããã²ã¹ãç²å
äžã«ãããã«è©²ã²ã¹ãç²åãšã¯ç°ãªãããã²ã³åéãåææ·»å æ³ã§ãšãã¿ãã·ã€
æ¥åããæ¹æ³ãäžæŠãã²ã¹ãç²åããšãã¿ãã·ã€æ¥åããåŸã該ã²ã¹ãç²åãã
ãã²ã³å€ææ³ïŒã³ã³ããŒã·ãšã³æ³ïŒã§ããã²ã³çµæãå€åããããæ¹æ³ããã¹ã
ç²åã芪氎æ§ã³ãã€ãåã³æ°Žæº¶æ§éå¡©ãæããåå¿å®¹åšäžã«ãããã²ã³åç©æ°Žæº¶
液ãæ·»å ããããšã«ãããã¹ãç²åã®ç¹å®ã®çšåã¯è§ã«ãã¹ãç²åãšã¯ç°ãªãçµ
æã®ã²ã¹ãç²åã圢æããããæ¹æ³çãããã åããã¹ãç²åäžã«ã²ã¹ãç²åããšãã¿ãã·ã€æ¥åãããéã«ãåœæ¥çã§å±éš
æ¯é ç©è³ªïŒsitedirectorïŒãšããŠç¥ãããŠããååç©ãååšãããããšã«ããã
ç¹å®ã®éšäœãžã®ãšããã¿ã·ã€æ¥åãä¿é²ããããšãã§ããã å±éšæ¯é ç©è³ªãšããŠã¯ã氎溶æ§æ²åç©åã¯åå å¢æè²çŽ ã奜ãŸãããç¹ã«åå
å¢æè²çŽ ãå±éšæ¯é ç©è³ªãšããŠçšããããšã«ãããå¹æçã«ãšãã¿ãã·ã€æ¥åã
ä¿é²ããããšãã§ããã ãããç®çã§çšããããåå å¢æè²çŽ ã®éã¯ç¹ã«å¶éã¯ãªããããã¹ãç²åè¡š
é¢ã®ååååžç被èŠéã®15ïŒ ä»¥äžãç¹ã«70ïŒ ä»¥äžã§ããããšã奜ãŸããã ãããç®çã§çšããããåå å¢æè²çŽ ã®çš®é¡ã¯ãåŸè¿°ããã²ã¹ãç²å圢æåŸã«
åå å¢æã®ç®çã§çšããããåå å¢æè²çŽ ãšåäžã§ãç°ã€ãŠããŠããããåå å¢
æè²çŽ ã«ã€ããŠã¯ããã«åŸè¿°ããã å±éšæ¯é ç©è³ªã«ãããšãã¿ãã·âæ¥åã®è©³çŽ°ã«é¢ããŠã¯ãããã«ãžã€ãŒãã«ã»
ãªãã»ã¢ãã©ã€ãã»ãã€ãžã¯ã¹ïŒJournal of Applied PhysicsïŒ35å·»No.7,1964
幎7æ21 65ã2169é ãç¹éæ58-108526å·å ¬å ±ãå59-133540å·å ¬å ±ã®èšèŒãåè
ã«ããããšãã§ããã æ¬çºæã®ã²ã¹ãç²åã®çµæã¯ããã¹ãç²åã®çµæãšç°ãªã€ãŠããããšã奜ãŸã
ãã ã²ã¹ãç²åã®ããã²ã³åéãšããŠã¯ãå¡©åéãå¡©èåéãèåéåã³ãã¹ãç²å
ãšã¯ãšãŠåéå«éã®ç°ãªãæ²èåéã奜ãŸãããæ²èåéã®å Žåã¯ãæ²åéã®å«
éã10ã¢ã«ïŒ 以äžã§ããå Žåãç¹ã«å¥œãŸããã æ¬çºæã«ãããŠã²ã¹ãã圢æããéå¡©ã¯å¥œãŸããã¯ããã²ã³åéã§ããããã
ã«ããªã·ã¢ã³é žéãçé žéãã·ã¢ã³åéåã³çé žéãçšããããšãã§ããã æ¬çºæã«æŒãããã¹ãç²åãšã²ã¹ãç²åã®éçé¢ä¿ã«ç¹ã«å¶éã¯ãªããããã¹
ãç²åã«å¯ŸããŠã²ã¹ãç²åã0.01ã50ã¢ã«ïŒ ãç¹ã«0.2ã30ã¢ã«ïŒ ã§ããããšã
奜ãŸããã æ¬çºæã®ãšããã¿ã·ã€æ¥åãæããããã²ã³åéç²åã®è£œæ³ã«é¢ããŠã¯ããã
ã«ããããæè¡ã«é¢ããå ¬ç¥æç®ã«æŒãã補æ³ãåèã«ããããšãã§ãããããš
ãã°ç±³åœç¹èš±ç¬¬4,094,684å·ãå4,142,900å·ãå4,439,353å·ãç¹éæ59-119,35
0å·ãå59-162540å·ãå55-149,933å·ãå55-149,934å·ãå55-161,229å·ãå56
-110926å·ãå56-16124å·ãå56-27134å·ãå55-123532å·ãå56-1040å·ãå55-
124139å·ãªã©ã®èšèŒãåèã«ããããšãã§ããã æ¬çºæã®ä¹³å€ã¯éåžžãåå å¢æãããã æ¬çºæã«çšããããåå å¢æè²çŽ ãšããŠã¯éåžžã¡ãã³è²çŽ ãçšããããããã
ãã«ã¯ã·ã¢ãã³è²çŽ ãã¡ãã·ã¢ãã³è²çŽ ãè€åã·ã¢ãã³è²çŽ ãè€åã¡ãã·ã¢ãã³
è²çŽ ãããããŒã©ãŒã·ã¢ãã³è²çŽ ãããã·ã¢ãã³è²çŽ ãã¹ããªã«è²çŽ ããã³ãã
ãªããœããŒã«è²çŽ ãå å«ãããããããã®è²çŽ é¡ã«ã¯ãå¡©åºæ§ç°ç¯ç°æ žãšããŠã·
ã¢ãã³è²çŽ é¡ã«éåžžå©çšãããæ žã®ãããããé©çšã§ãããããªãã¡ããããªã³
æ žããªããµãŸãªã³æ žããã¢ãŸãªã³æ žããããŒã«æ žããªããµãŸãŒã«æ žããã¢ãŸãŒã«
æ žãã»ã¬ããŸãŒã«æ žãã€ãããŸãŒã«æ žãããã©ãŸãŒã«æ žãããªãžã³æ žãªã©ïŒãã
ãã®æ žã«èç°åŒçåæ°ŽçŽ ç°ãèåããæ žïŒåã³ãããã®æ žã«è³éŠæçåæ°ŽçŽ ç°ã
èåããæ žãå³ã¡ãã€ã³ãã¬ãã³æ žããã³ãºã€ã³ãã¬ãã³æ žãã€ã³ããŒã«æ žãã
ã³ãºãªããµããŒã«æ žãããããªããµããŒã«æ žããã³ãŸãã¢ãŸãŒã«æ žãããããã¢
ãŸãŒã«æ žããã³ãŸã»ã¬ããŸãŒã«æ žããã³ãºã€ãããŸãŒã«æ žããããªã³æ žãªã©ãé©
çšã§ããããããã®æ žã¯ççŽ ååäžã«çœ®æãããŠããŠãããã ã¡ãã·ã¢ãã³è²çŽ ãŸãã¯è€åã¡ãã·ã¢ãã³è²çŽ ã«ã¯ã±ãã¡ãã¬ã³æ§é ãæãã
æ žãšããŠããã©ãŸãªã³âïŒâãªã³æ žãããªããã³ãã€ã³æ žãïŒâããªãªããµãŸãª
ãžã³â2,4âãžãªã³æ žããã¢ãŸãªãžã³â2,4âãžãªã³æ žãããŒããã³æ žãããªãã«
ãããŒã«é žæ žãªã©ã®ïŒãïŒå¡ç°ç¯ç°æ žãé©çšããããšãã§ããã ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€èª¿è£œäžã«æ·»å ãããå¢æè²çŽ ã®éã¯ãæ·»å å€ã®çš®é¡ãããã²
ã³åééãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠäžçŸ©çã«è¿°ã¹ãããšã¯ã§ããªãããåŸæ¥ã®æ¹æ³ã«ãŠæ·»å ã
ããéãšã»ãŒåçéçšããããšãã§ããã ããªãã¡ã奜ãŸããå¢æè²çŽ ã®æ·»å éã¯ããã²ã³åéïŒã¢ã«ããã0.001ã100
mmolã§ãããããã«å¥œãŸããã¯0.01ã10mmolã§ããã å¢æè²çŽ ã¯ååŠçæåŸããŸãã¯ååŠçæåã«æ·»å ããããæ¬çºæã®ããã²ã³å
éç²åã«å¯ŸããŠã¯æã奜ãŸããã¯å¢æè²çŽ ã¯ååŠçæäžåã¯ååŠçæ以åïŒäŸã
ã°ç²å圢ææãç©ççææïŒã«æ·»å ãããã å¢æè²çŽ ãšãšãã«ãããèªèº«åå å¢æäœçšããããªãè²çŽ ãããã¯å¯èŠå ãå®
質çã«åžåããªãç©è³ªã§ãã£ãŠã匷è²å¢æã瀺ãç©è³ªãä¹³å€äžã«å«ãã§ãããã
äŸãã°ãå«çªçŽ ç°ç¯ç°åºã§çœ®æãããã¢ããã¹ãã«ååç©ïŒäŸãã°ç±³åœç¹èš±2,93
3,390å·ãå3,635,721å·ã«èšèŒã®ãã®ïŒãè³éŠæææ©é žãã«ã ã¢ã«ãããçž®åç©
ïŒããšãã°ç±³åœç¹èš±3,743,510å·ã«èšèŒã®ãã®ïŒãã«ãããŠã å¡©ãã¢ã¶ã€ã³ãã³
ååç©ãªã©ãå«ãã§ããããç±³åœç¹èš±3,615,613å·ãå3,615,641å·ãå3,617,29
5å·ãå3,635,721å·ã«èšèŒã®çµåãã¯ç¹ã«æçšã§ããã ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ã¯ãéåžžã¯ååŠå¢æããããååŠå¢æã®ããã«ã¯ãäŸãã°H.
ããªãŒãŒã«(H.Frieser)ç·šããã£ãŒã»ã°ã«ã³ãã©ãŒã²ã«ã»ãã«ã»ãã©ãã°ã©ãã£
ã·ã§ã³ã»ããããšã»ã»ãããã»ãžã«ãã«ããã²ããã³(Die Grundlagen der Phot
ographishen Prozesse mit Silberhaolgeniden)(ã¢ã«ãããã·ã§ ãã§ã«ã©ã°ã¹
ã²ãŒã«ã·ã£ã¯ã1968)675ã734é ã«èšèŒã®æ¹æ³ãçšããããšãã§ããã ããªãã¡ã掻æ§ãŒã©ãã³ãéãšåå¿ãåŸãç¡«é»ãå«ãååç©ïŒäŸãã°ãããªç¡«
é žå¡©ãããªå°¿çŽ é¡ãã¡ã«ã«ããååç©é¡ãããŒããã³é¡ïŒãçšããç¡«é»å¢ææ³ïŒ
éå æ§ç©è³ªïŒäŸãã°ã第äžããå¡©ãã¢ãã³é¡ãããã©ãžã³èªå°äœããã«ã ã¢ããž
ã³ã¹ã«ãã£ã³é žãã·ã©ã³ååç©ïŒãçšããéå å¢ææ³ïŒè²Žéå±ååç©ïŒäŸãã°ã
éé¯å¡©ã®ã»ããPtãIrãPdãªã©ã®åšæåŸè¡šVIIIæã®éå±ã®é¯å¡©ïŒãçšãã貎éå±
å¢æ³ãªã©ãåç¬ãŸãã¯çµåããŠçšããããšãã§ããã æ¬çºæã«çšããããåçä¹³å€ã«ã¯ãæå ææã®è£œé å·¥çšãä¿åäžãããã¯åç
åŠçäžã®ã«ããªãé²æ¢ãããããã¯åçæ§èœãå®å®åãããç®çã§ãçš®ã ã®åå
ç©ãå«æãããããšãã§ãããããªãã¡ãã¢ãŸãŒã«é¡ããšãã°ãã³ãŸãã¢ãŸãªãŠ
ã å¡©ããããªã€ã³ããŸãŒã«é¡ãããªã¢ãŸãŒã«é¡ããã³ãŸããªã¢ãŸãŒã«é¡ããã³ãº
ã€ãããŸãŒã«é¡ ïŒç¹ã«ãããâãŸãã¯ããã²ã³çœ®æäœïŒïŒãããç°ã¡ã«ã«ããååç©é¡ããšãã°
ã¡ã«ã«ãããã¢ãŸãŒã«é¡ãã¡ã«ã«ãããã³ãŸãã¢ãŸãŒã«é¡ãã¡ã«ã«ãããã³ãºã€
ãããŸãŒã«é¡ãã¡ã«ã«ãããã¢ãžã¢ãŸãŒã«é¡ãã¡ã«ã«ããããã©ãŸãŒã«é¡ïŒç¹ã«
ïŒâãã§ãã«âïŒâã¡ã«ã«ããããã©ãŸãŒã«ïŒãã¡ã«ã«ããããªããžã³é¡ïŒã«ã«
ããã·ã«åºãã¹ã«ãã³åºãªã©ã®æ°Žæº¶æ§åºãæããäžèšã®ãããç°ã¡ã«ã«ããåå
ç©é¡ïŒããªã±ãååç©ããšãã°ãªããµãŸãªã³ããªã³ïŒã¢ã¶ã€ã³ãã³é¡ããšãã°ã
ãã©ã¢ã¶ã€ã³ãã³é¡ïŒç¹ã«ïŒâããããã·çœ®æïŒ1,3,3a,7ïŒããã©ã¢ã¶ã€ã³ãã³
é¡ïŒïŒãã³ãŒã³ããªã¹ã«ãã³é žé¡ïŒãã³ãŒã³ã¹ã«ãã£ã³é žïŒãªã©ã®ãããªã«ããª
é²æ¢å€ãŸãã¯å®å®å€ãšããŠç¥ãããå€ãã®ååç©ãå ããããšãã§ããã ãããã«ããªé²æ¢å€ãŸãã¯å®å®å€ã®æ·»å ææã¯éåžžãååŠå¢æãæœããåŸã«è¡
ãªããããããã奜ãŸããã¯ååŠçæã®éäžåã¯ååŠçæã®éå§ä»¥åã®ææã®äž
ããéžã¶ããšãã§ãããããªãã¡ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ç²å圢æéçšã«ãããŠãéå¡©
溶液ã®æ·»å äžã§ããæ·»å åŸããååŠçæéå§ãŸã§ã®éã§ããååŠçæã®éäžïŒå
åŠçææéäžã奜ãŸããã¯éå§ãã50ïŒ ãŸã§ã®æéå ã«ããã奜ãŸããã¯20ïŒ ãŸ
ã§ã®æéå ïŒã§ãããã æ¬çºæã®ä¹³å€ã¯ä¹³å€å±€ãïŒå±€ãŸãã¯ïŒå±€ä»¥äžãåããä»»æã®å±€æ§æã®åçæå
ææã«çšããããšãã§ããã æ¬çºæã®ä¹³å€ãçšããããã²ã³åéå€å±€ã«ã©ãŒåçæå ææã¯éè²ãç·è²ãã
ã³èµ€è²å ãå¥ã ã«èšé²ããããã®ãã€ã³ããŒåã³ããã²ã³åéç²åãå«æããä¹³
å€å±€ãéãåãããå€å±€æ§é ãæããåä¹³å€å±€ã¯å°ãªããšãé«æ床局åã³äœæ床
å±€ã®äºå±€ããæããç¹ã«å®çšçãªå±€æ§æãšããŠã¯äžèšã®ãã®ãæããããã (1) BH/BL/GH/GL/RH/RL/S (2) BH/BM/BL/GH/GM/GL RH/RM/RL/S ã®å±€æ§æãç±³åœç¹èš±4184876å·ã«èšèŒã® (3) BH/BL/GH/RH/GL/RL/S RD-22534ãç¹éæ59-177551ãå59-177552ãªã©ã«èšèŒã® (4) BH/GH/RH/BL/GL/RL/S ã®å±€æ§æã§ããã ããã«ãã¯éè²ææ§å±€ãã¯ç·è²ææ§å±€ãã¯èµ€è²ææ§å±€ãããŸãã¯æé«
æ床局ãïŒã¯äžé床局ãã¯äœæ床局ãã¯æ¯æäœãè¡šãããä¿è·å±€ããã£ã«ã¿
ãŒå±€ãäžé å±€ããã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³é²æ¢å±€ãäžåŒå±€çã®éæå æ§å±€ã®èšé²ã¯çç¥ããŠããã ãã®ãã¡å¥œãŸããå±€æ§æã¯(1)ã(2)åã¯(4)ã§ããã ãŸããç¹éæ61-34541å·ã«èšèŒã® (5) BH/BL/CL/GH/GL/RH/RL/S (6) BH/BL/GH/GL/CL/RH/RL/S ãªã©ã®å±€æ§æã奜ãŸããã ããã§ãCLã¯éå±€å¹æä»äžå±€ã§ãä»ã¯åèšã®éãã§ããã åãåäžæè²æ§ã®é«æ床局ãšäœæ床局ãé転ããŠé 眮ããŠããŠãããã æ¬çºæã®ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ã¯åèšã®åŠãã«ã©ãŒæå ææã«é©çšããããšãã§ã
ãããä¹³å€å±€ãïŒå±€ããã³å€å±€ãåãããã以å€ã®æå ææãããšãã°ïŒžâã¬ã€
çšæå ææãé»çœæ®åœ±çšæå ææã補ççšæå ææãå°ç»çŽçã«ãåæ§ã«é©çšã
ãããšãåºæ¥ãã æ¬çºæã®ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ã®çš®ã ã®æ·»å å€ãããšãã°ãã€ã³ããŒãååŠå¢æå€
ãåå å¢æå€ãå®å®å€ããŒã©ãã³ç¡¬åå€ãçé¢æŽ»æ§å€ã垯é»é²æ¢å€ãããªããŒã©
ããã¯ã¹ããããå€ãã«ã©ãŒã«ãã©ãŒã玫å€ç·åžåå€ãéè²é²æ¢å€ãææåã³ã
ããã®ä¹³å€ãçšããæå ææã®æ¯æäœãå¡åžæ¹æ³ãé²å æ¹æ³ãçŸååŠçæ¹æ³çã«
ã€ããŠã¯ç¹ã«å¶éã¯ãªããããšãã°ãªãµãŒãã»ãã£ã¹ã¯ããŒãžã£ãŒ176å·»ãã¢ã€
ãã 17643ïŒRD-17643ïŒãå187å·»ãã¢ã€ãã 18716(RD-18716)åã³å225å·»ãã¢ã€
ãã 22534(RD-22534)ã®èšèŒãåèã«ããããšãã§ããã ããããªãµãŒãã»ãã£ã¹ã¯ããŒãžã£ãŒã®èšèŒã以äžã®äžèŠ§è¡šã«ç€ºããã 以äžã«å®æœäŸãæããŠæ¬çºæãããã«èª¬æããã å®æœäŸïŒ ïŒïŒïŒ ãã¹ãä¹³å€ã®èª¿è£œ ãšãŠèåé埮ç²åä¹³å€ ïŒâ 0.026Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã ãå«æãã2.0ééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³æº¶æ¶²2.6lã«ããããæª
æãªããããã«ãžãšããæ³ã§1.2Mã®ç¡é žé溶液ãšã1.08Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã ãš0.12M
ã®ãšãŠåã«ãªãŠã ãå«ãããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãå1200mlã15åéãããŠæ·»å ããã
ãã®éãŒã©ãã³æº¶æ¶²ã¯35âã«ä¿ãããã ãã®åŸä¹³å€ããåžžæ³ã®ããããŠã¬ãŒã·ãšã³æ³ã§æŽæµãããŒã©ãã³30ïœãå ãã
溶解ããåŸãpH6.5ãpAg8.6ã«èª¿æŽãããåŸããããšãŠèåé埮ç²åïŒãšãŠåé
å«é10ïŒ ïŒã¯ãå¹³åç²åãµã€ãºã¯0.07ÎŒïœã§ãã€ãã å¹³æ¿ç¶èåéæ žç²å ïŒâ 0.08Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã ãå«æãã0.8ééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³æº¶æ¶²1.3lã«ãããæªæã
ãªãããããã«ãžãšããæ³ã§2.0Mã®ç¡é žé溶液ãš2.0Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã 溶液ãšã15
0ccæ·»å ããããã®éãŒã©ãã³æº¶æ¶²ã¯30âã«ä¿ããããæ·»å åŸ70âã«ææž©ããŒã©
ãã³ã30gæ·»å ãããããã®åŸ30åéçæãããã ãã®ããã«ããŠåœ¢æããæ žãšãªãèåéå¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åïŒä»¥åŸçš®æ¶ãšåŒã¶ïŒãåžžæ³
ã®ããããŠã¬ãŒã·ãšã³æ³ã«ããæŽæµãã40âã«ãããŠpH6.0ãpAg7.5ã«ãªããã
ã«èª¿æŽãããåŸãããå¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åã®å¹³åæ圱é¢ç©åçžåœåŸã¯0.4ÎŒïœã§ãã€ãã å¹³æ¿ç¶ãšãŠèåéä¹³å€ ïŒâãæ¯èŒä¹³å€ã äžèšçš®æ¶ã®ååã®äžããïŒééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³ãå«ãã溶液ïŒïœäžã«æº¶è§£ããã
枩床75âãpBr1.1ã«ä¿ãããããã®åŸ3,6âãžãã¢ãªã¯ã¿ã³â1,8âãžãªãŒã«ãïŒ
gæ·»å ãããã ã¡ã«80åéã§150gã®ç¡é žéãå«ã氎溶液ãšãšãŠåã«ãªãŠã ã10MïŒ
å«ãèåã«ãªãŠã 溶液ãçã¢ã«å éãããæµéïŒçµäºæã®æµéãéå§æã®10åïŒ
ã§ããã«ãžãšããã§æ·»å ããã ãã®åŸãä¹³å€ã35âãŸã§å·åŽããåžžæ³ã®ããããŠã¬ãŒã·ãšã³æ³ã§æŽæµãã40â
ã«ãããŠpH6.5ãpAg7.8ã«ãªãããã«èª¿æŽããããã®ç²åã¯å¹³åçæ圱é¢ç©åçž
åœçŽåŸã2.2ÎŒïœã§ãããå¹³åã®åã¿ã¯0.3ÎŒïœã§ãã€ãã å¹³æ¿ç¶ãšãŠèåéä¹³å€ ïŒâãæ¬çºæã çš®æ¶ä¹³å€ïŒâã®ååã®äžããïŒééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³ãå«ã溶液ïŒïœäžã«æº¶è§£ã
ãã枩床75âãpBr1.1ã«ä¿ãããããã®åŸ3,6âãžãã¢ãªã¯ã¿ã³â1,8âãžãªãŒã«
ã2gæ·»å ããã ã¡ã«æº¶è§£ãã埮ç²åä¹³å€ïŒâããã³ãã§æ·»å ãããæ·»å é床ã¯
ãä¹³å€ïŒâã®å Žåãšåãã«ãªãããä¹³å€ã80åéãã³ãã§æ³šå ¥ãããïŒç¡é žé
éã«æç®ããŠç·æ·»å éã150gããã€çµäºæã®çµäºãéå§æã®æµéã®10åã«ãªãã
ãïŒãã®åŸãä¹³å€ãä¹³å€ïŒâãšåæ§ã«æ°ŽæŽãã40âã«ãããŠpH6.5ãpAg7.8ã«
調æŽããããã®å¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åã®å¹³åç圱é¢ç©åçžåœçŽåŸã2.2ÎŒïœã§ããå¹³åã®ç²
ååã¿ã¯0.3ÎŒïœã§ãã€ãã å¹³æ¿ç¶ãšãŠèåéä¹³å€ ïŒâãæ¬çºæã äžèšä»¥å€ã¯ãä¹³å€ïŒâãïŒâãšåæ§ã«èª¿è£œãããããã§ã¯çš®æ¶ã®ç²åæé·
ããåå¿å®¹åšã®ãã°ã«èšãã匷åãã€å¹çã®è¯ãæ··ååšã«ã80åéã§150gã®ç¡é ž
éãå«ã氎溶液ãšãšãŠåã«ãªãŠã ã10ã¢ã«ïŒ å«ããç¡é žéãšçã¢ã«ã®èåã«ãªãŠ
ã 溶液ãšïŒééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³æ°Žæº¶æ¶²250ccããå éãããæµéã§ïŒçµäºæã®æµé
ãéå§æã®10åïŒ ããªãã«ãžãšããã§æ·»å ãããæ··ååšã§æªæããåå¿ããŠçæãã極埮ç²åã¯ã
æ··ååšããããã ã¡ã«åå¿å®¹åšã«é£ç¶çã«å°å ¥ãããããã®éæ··ååšã®æž©åºŠã¯35
âã«ä¿ãããã ãã®åŸãä¹³å€ãä¹³å€ïŒâãšåæ§ã«æ°ŽæŽãã40âã«ãããŠpH6.5ãpAg7.8ã«èª¿
æŽããããã®å¹³æ¿ç¶ç²åã®å¹³åç圱é¢ç©åçžåœåŸã2.2ÎŒïœã§ãããå¹³åç²åå
ã¿ã¯0.3ÎŒïœã§ãã£ãããã®ééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡åçã第ïŒå³ã«ç€ºãã ä¹³å€ïŒâãïŒâãïŒâã®ç²åããããããµã³ããªã³ã°ããŠæ¶²äœããçŽ ã§
å·åŽããç¶æ ã§ã200kvoltééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡ã«ãããã®ééåã芳å¯ããããã®
çµæä¹³å€ïŒâã«ãããŠã¯æ確ãªå¹ŽèŒªç¶ã®çžæš¡æ§ã芳å¯ãããããæ¬çºæã®ïŒâ
ãïŒâã«ãããŠã¯ãã®çžæš¡æ§ãå šã芳å¯ããããæ¬çºæã«ãã€ãŠå®å šã«åäž
ãªãšãŠåéååžãæã€ãå¹³æ¿ç¶ãšãŠèåéä¹³å€ãåŸãããããšã解ã€ãã ïŒïŒïŒ ãã¹ãç²åäžãžã®å¡©åéã®ãšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«æé· ç¹éæ59-133540å·ã®å®æœäŸïŒãåèã«ããŠïŒã¢ã«ïŒ ã®AgClããã¹ãç²åïŒâ
ãïŒâãïŒâäžã«æ²çããããäœããå±éšæ¯é ç©è³ªãšããŠã¯ãã¢ã³ããã
âïŒâã¯ããâïŒâãšãã«âïŒâããšãã«â3,3â²âãã¹ïŒïŒâã¹ã«ããããã«
ïŒãªããµã«ã«ãã·ã¢ãã³ããããã·ãããªãšãã«ã¢ãã³å¡©ã䜿çšããã ïŒïŒïŒ ååŠå¢æ äžèšã®ä¹³å€ã50âã«ä¿ã¡ããªç¡«é žãããªãŠã ïŒÃ10-5mol/Agmolãšå¡©åéé žã«
ãªãŠã ïŒÃ10-3mol/Agmolãæ·»å ãååŠå¢æãããååŠå¢æçµäºåŸïŒâãããã
ã·âïŒâã¡ãã«â1,3,3a,7âããã©ã¶ã€ã³ãã³ãïŒÃ10-3mol/molAgå ããåŸã3
g/m2ã®ééã«ãªãããã«ããªãšãã¬ã³ãã¬ãã¿ã¬ãŒãæ¯æäœäžã«å¡åžããã ãã®ãµã³ãã«ã«ã¯ããŒã©ãã³å¡åžé1.0g/m2ã®ä¿è·å±€ãèšããŠããã ïŒïŒïŒ 4800°Kã®ã¿ã³ã°ã¹ãã³å æºã§ãŠãšããžãéããŠ1/10ç§é²å ããåŸãäžèšçŸå
液âïŒã§çŸåïŒ20âïŒåéïŒããå®ç液âïŒã§å®çããåŸãæ°ŽæŽã也ç¥ãã
ã ãçŸå液âïŒã ïŒâããšãã«âïŒâãã©ãŸãªãã³ 0.5g ãã€ããããã³ 20.0g ãšãã¬ã³ãžã¢ãã³åé ¢é žäºãããªãŠã 2.0g äºç¡«é žã«ãªãŠã 60.0g ããŠé ž 4.0g çé žã«ãªãŠã 20.0g èåãããªãŠã 5.0g ãžãšãã¬ã³ã°ãªã³ãŒã« 30.0g æ°Žãå ããŠïŒïœãšãããïŒpHã¯10.0ã«èª¿æŽãããïŒ ãå®ç液âïŒã ããªç¡«é žã¢ã³ã¢ããŠã 200.0g äºç¡«é žãããªãŠã ïŒç¡æ°ŽïŒ 20.0g ç¡Œé ž 8.0g ãšãã¬ã³ãžã¢ãã³åé ¢é žäºãããªãŠã 0.1g ç¡«é žã¢ã«ãããŠã 15.0g ç¡«é ž 2.0g æ°·é ¢é ž 22.0g æ°Žãå ããŠïŒïœãšãããïŒpHã¯4.2ã«èª¿æŽãããïŒ ã»ã³ã·ãã¡ããªãŒã®çµæãè¡šïŒã«ç€ºãã è¡šâïŒã«ç€ºãããã«æ¬çºæã®ä¹³å€ã¯ãæ¯èŒä¹³å€ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠãæ床ãé«ãã å®æœäŸïŒ ïŒïŒïŒ ãã¹ãä¹³å€ã®èª¿è£œ ãšãŠèåéå «é¢äœä¹³å€ ïŒâãæ¯èŒã 0.05Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã ãå«æããïŒééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³æº¶æ¶²1.2lã«ãããæªæã
ãªãã3,6âãžãã¢ãªã¯ã¿ã³â1,8âãžãªãŒã«3gãæ·»å ãã75âã«ä¿ã€ãåå¿å®¹åš
ã«0.24Mç¡é žé溶液100mlãšãšãŠåã«ãªãŠã 0.024Måã³èåã«ãªãŠã 0.22Mã®äž¡è
ãå«ããã©ã€ã溶液100mlã10åéã§ããã«ãžãšããã§æ·»å ãããç¶ããŠ1Mç¡é ž
é溶液ãšããšãŠåã«ãªãŠã 0.1Måã³èåã«ãªãŠã 0.9Mã®äž¡è ãå«ããã©ã€ã溶液
ãåã 800mlã80åéã§ããã«ãžãšããã§æ·»å ããããã®ãšãé»äœã¯0mV(察SCE)
ã«ä¿ã€ãããã®åŸãä¹³å€ã 35âã«å·åŽããåžžæ³ã®ããããŠã¬ãŒã·ãšã³æ³ã«ããæ°ŽæŽãããŒã©ãã³70ïœãå ã
ãŠpH6.2ãpAg7.9ã«èª¿æŽãããåŸãããä¹³å€ç²åã¯å¹³åæ圱é¢ç©åçžåœåŸ1.5ÎŒïœ
ã®å «é¢äœãšãŠèåéä¹³å€ã§ãã€ããïŒãšãŠåå«æç10ã¢ã«ïŒ ïŒ ãšãŠèåéå «é¢äœä¹³å€ ïŒâãæ¬çºæã 0.05Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã ãå«æãã1.5ééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³æº¶æ¶²1.2lã«ãããæªæã
ãªãã3,6âãžããªã¯ã¿ã³â1,8âãžãªãŒã«ã5gæ·»å ããåå¿å®¹åšã75âã«ä¿ã€ã
ãç¶ããŠåå¿å®¹åšã«ããšãŠèåé埮ç²åä¹³å€ïŒâ 40gïŒç¡é žéã§4gã«çžåœãã
éãå«ãïŒã«æ°Žã270mlæ·»å ããŠæº¶è§£ããä¹³å€ã10åéã§æ·»å ãããç¶ããŠåŸ®ç²
åä¹³å€ïŒâã1360ïœïŒç¡é žéã§136gã«çžåœããéãå«ãïŒã80åéã§ãã³ãã§
åå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããããã®åŸä¹³å€ïŒâãšåæ§ã«æ°ŽæŽããŠåãpHãpAgã«èª¿ç¯ã
ããåŸãããä¹³å€ç²åã¯å¹³åæ圱é¢ç©åçžåœåŸã1.5ÎŒïœã®å «é¢äœãšãŠèåéä¹³
å€ã§ãã€ããïŒãšãŠåéå«æç10ã¢ã«ïŒ ïŒ ãšãŠèåéå «é¢äœä¹³å€ ïŒâãæ¬çºæã 0.05Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã ãå«æãã1.5ééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³æº¶æ¶²1.2lã«ãããæªæã
ãªãã0.5ïŒ 3,6âãžãã¢ãªã¯ã¿ã³â1,8âãžãªãŒã«ã3gæ·»å ããåå¿å®¹åšã75â
ã«ä¿ã€ããåå¿å®¹åšã®ãã°ã«èšããããæ··ååšã«0.24Mã®ç¡é žé氎溶液100ml å
ã³0.22Mã®èåã«ãªãŠã ãš0.024Mã®ãšãŠåã«ãªãŠã ãå«ãããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²100ml
åã³ïŒééïŒ ã®ãŒã©ãã³æ°Žæº¶æ¶²200mlã10åéãããŠããªãã«ãžãšããæ³ã§æ·»å
ãããæ··ååšã®æž©åºŠã¯30âã§æªæç¿Œã®å転æ°ã¯2000r.p.m ã§ãã€ããåŸããã埮
ç²åã¯çŽæ¥æ³ééåé»åé¡åŸ®é¡ã§ïŒäžåã®åçã§ç¢ºèªãããšãã0.02ÎŒïœã§ãã€
ããæ··ååšã§çæãã埮ç²åã¯é£ç¶çã«75âã«ä¿ãããåå¿å®¹åšã«å°å ¥ãããã
åŸããããšãŠèåéå «é¢äœæ žç²åïŒãšãŠåéå«æ25ã¢ã«ïŒ ïŒã¯0.5ÎŒmã§ãã€ãã
ã²ãç¶ã75âã«ãããŠä¹³å€ïŒâãšå šãåæ§ã«ç²åæé·ãè¡ããããã«æ°ŽæŽããŠ
åãpHãpAgã®ä¹³å€ãåŸããåŸãããä¹³å€ç²åã¯å¹³åæ圱é¢ç©åçžåœåŸ1.5ÎŒmã®
å «é¢äœãšãŠèåéä¹³å€ã§ãã€ããïŒãšãŠåå«æç10ã¢ã«ïŒ ïŒ åŸããããšãŠåé10ã¢ã«ïŒ ãå«ããšãŠèåéå «é¢äœä¹³å€ïŒâãïŒâãïŒâ
ã®ãšãŠåéååžã調ã¹ãçºãåã«è¿°ã¹ãαç·ãçšããŠ(420)é¢ã®ïŒžç·åæã
枬å®ãããè©Šæã¯åä¹³å€ã3gAgïŒm2ã§ããªã¢ã»ããŒããã€ã«ã æ¯æäœäžã«å¡åžã
ããã®ãçšãããã®éåäžãµã€ãºã®çŽèåéä¹³å€ã®å¡åžç©ã枬å®ã«å ããã ç·åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å·Ÿãçµæãè¡šâïŒã«ç€ºãã è¡šâïŒã®äžã§ïŒ£ã§ç€ºããåå€å·Ÿãçã®ããã²ã³ååžããããããã®ã§ãããæ¬
çºæã®ä¹³å€ïŒâãïŒâã¯æ¯èŒä¹³å€ïŒâã«æ¯ã¹ãã®åå€å·Ÿã1/2以äžã§ãã
éåžžã«åäžã§ããããšã解ãã ïŒïŒïŒ ãã¹ãç²åäžãžã®å¡©åéãšãã¿ãã·ã€ã«æé· ãã¹ãä¹³å€ã«å¢æè²çŽ ã60â170mg/molAgãæ·»å ããŠ20ååŸæž©åºŠã40âã«ã
ãå¡©åãããªãŠã ã0.2gæ·»å ããåŸãå¡©åãããªãŠã ã3.6gå«ã溶液60mlãšç¡é ž
é2gãå«ã溶液60mlãïŒåéã§ããã«ãžãšããã§åå¿å®¹åšã«æ·»å ããããã®åŸ45
âã«ãããŠããªç¡«é žãããªãŠã ïŒÃ10-5mol/Agmolãšå¡©åéé žã«ãªãŠã ïŒÃ10-3m
ol/molAgãæ·»å ããŠæé©ã«ååŠå¢æããåŸäžèšã®ååç©ã å ããŠãäžå¡å±€ãæããããªã¢ã»ãã«ã»ã«ããŒã¹ãã€ã«ã æ¯æäœäžã«å¡åžããã ïœã«ãã©ãŒ ïœããªã¯ã¬ãžã«ããªã¹ããšãŒã ïœå®å®å€ ïŒâããããã·âïŒâã¡ãã«â1,3,3a,7âããã©ã¶ã€ã³ãã³ ïœå¡åžå©å€ ããã·ã«ãã³ãŒã³ã¹ã«ãã³é žãããªãŠã ïŒïŒïŒ ä¿è·å±€ ïœ2,4âãžã¯ãã-6-ããããã·âïœâããªã¢ãžã³ãããªãŠã å¡© ïœãŒã©ãã³ ãããã®è©Šæã«ã»ã³ã·ãã¡ããªãŒçšé²å ãäžãã次ã®ã«ã©ãŒçŸååŠçãè¡ã€ã
ã åŠçæžã®è©Šæãç·è²ãã€ã«ã¿ãŒã§æ¿åºŠæž¬å®ãããåŸãããåçæ§èœã®çµæã第
ïŒè¡šã«ç€ºããã ããã§çšããçŸååŠçã¯äžèšã®æ¡ä»¶ã§38âã§è¡ã€ãã 1.ã«ã©ãŒçŸå âŠïŒå45ç§ 2.æŒ çœ âŠïŒå30ç§ 3.æ°Ž æŽ âŠïŒå15ç§ 4.å® ç âŠïŒå30ç§ 5.æ°Ž æŽ âŠïŒå15ç§ 6.å® å® âŠïŒå15ç§ åå·¥çšã«çšããåŠç液çµæã¯äžèšã®ãã®ã§ããã ã«ã©ãŒçŸå液 ãããªãäžé ¢é žãããªãŠã 1.0g äºç¡«é žãããªãŠã 4.0g çé žãããªãŠã 30.0g èåã«ãª 1.4g ããããã·ã«ã¢ãã³ç¡«é žå¡© 2.4g 4-ïŒïŒ®âãšãã«ââβããããã·ãšãã«ã¢ããïŒ-2-ã¡ãã«ã¢ããªã³ç¡«é žå¡© 4.5g æ°Žãå ã㊠ïŒïœ æŒçœæ¶² èåã¢ã³ã¢ããŠã 160.0g ã¢ã³ã¢ãã¢æ°ŽïŒ28ïŒ ïŒ 25.0ml ãšãã¬ã³ãžã¢ãã³âåé ¢é žãããªãŠã å¡© 130g æ°·é ¢é ž 14ml æ°Žãå ã㊠ïŒïœ å®ç液 ããã©ããªãªã³é žãããªãŠã 2.0g äºç¡«é žãããªãŠã 4.0g ããªç¡«é žã¢ã³ã¢ããŠã ïŒ70ïŒ ïŒ 175.0ml éäºç¡«é žãããªãŠã 4.6g æ°Žãå ã㊠ïŒïœ å®å®æ¶² ãã«ããªã³ 8.0ml æ°Žãå ã㊠ïŒïœ åçæ§èœã®çµæãè¡šïŒã«ç€ºãã è¡šâïŒãã解ãããã«æ¬çºæã®ä¹³å€ïŒâãïŒâã¯æ¯èŒä¹³å€ïŒâã«æ¯ã¹ãŠ
æ床ãé«ãã
ãå³é¢ã®ç°¡åãªèª¬æã
第ïŒå³åã³ç¬¬ïŒå³ã¯ããã²ã³åéç²åã®åäžæ§ãè¡šããç·åæã§ããããã®ã
ãŠè»žã¯ïŒžç·åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å·Ÿãè¡šããã暪軞ã¯ããã²ã³åéç²åã®ãã
ã²ã³çµæãè¡šããã 第ïŒå³ã¯æ¬çºæã®æ¹æ³ãæš¡åŒçã«è¡šããããã®ã§ããã ïŒïŒåå¿å®¹åš ïŒïŒä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液 ïŒïŒãããã© ïŒïŒããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²æ·»å ç³» ïŒïŒé塩氎溶液添å ç³» ïŒïŒä¿è·ã³ãã€ãæ·»å ç³» ïŒïŒæ··ååš ç¬¬ïŒå³ã¯æ¬çºæã«ãããæ··ååšã®è©³çŽ°å³ã§ãããïŒãïŒãïŒã¯ç¬¬ïŒå³ãšåã å矩
ã§ããã ïŒïŒåå¿å®¹åšãžã®å°å ¥ç³» ïŒïŒæªæç¿Œ 10ïŒåå¿å®€ 11ïŒå転ã·ã€ãã 第ïŒå³ã¯åŸæ¥ã®æ²èåéå¹³æ¿ç¶ããã²ã³åéç²åã®çµæ¶æ§é ãè¡šãé»ååçé¡åŸ®
é¡åçã§ãããåçã¯ïŒäžåã§ããã 第ïŒå³ã¯æ¬çºæã®å®æœäŸïŒã§èª¿è£œãããã¹ãä¹³å€ïŒâã®çµæ¶æ§é ãè¡šãé»åå
çé¡åŸ®é¡åçã§ãããåçã¯37,000åã§ããã
ãŠè»žã¯ïŒžç·åæãããã¢ã€ã«ã®åå€å·Ÿãè¡šããã暪軞ã¯ããã²ã³åéç²åã®ãã
ã²ã³çµæãè¡šããã 第ïŒå³ã¯æ¬çºæã®æ¹æ³ãæš¡åŒçã«è¡šããããã®ã§ããã ïŒïŒåå¿å®¹åš ïŒïŒä¿è·ã³ãã€ã氎溶液 ïŒïŒãããã© ïŒïŒããã²ã³å¡©æ°Žæº¶æ¶²æ·»å ç³» ïŒïŒé塩氎溶液添å ç³» ïŒïŒä¿è·ã³ãã€ãæ·»å ç³» ïŒïŒæ··ååš ç¬¬ïŒå³ã¯æ¬çºæã«ãããæ··ååšã®è©³çŽ°å³ã§ãããïŒãïŒãïŒã¯ç¬¬ïŒå³ãšåã å矩
ã§ããã ïŒïŒåå¿å®¹åšãžã®å°å ¥ç³» ïŒïŒæªæç¿Œ 10ïŒåå¿å®€ 11ïŒå転ã·ã€ãã 第ïŒå³ã¯åŸæ¥ã®æ²èåéå¹³æ¿ç¶ããã²ã³åéç²åã®çµæ¶æ§é ãè¡šãé»ååçé¡åŸ®
é¡åçã§ãããåçã¯ïŒäžåã§ããã 第ïŒå³ã¯æ¬çºæã®å®æœäŸïŒã§èª¿è£œãããã¹ãä¹³å€ïŒâã®çµæ¶æ§é ãè¡šãé»åå
çé¡åŸ®é¡åçã§ãããåçã¯37,000åã§ããã
Claims (1)
- ãç¹èš±è«æ±ã®ç¯å²ã ïŒïŒæ¯æäœäžã«å°ãªããšãïŒå±€ã®ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€å±€ãæããããã²ã³åéå
çæå ææã«ãããŠã該ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€å±€ã®æå æ§ããã²ã³åéç²åãããã²
ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãšè©²ãã¹ãç²åã®éžæéšäœäžã«ãšãã¿ãã·æ¥åããŠåœ¢æãããŠ
ããããã²ã³åéã²ã¹ããšããæã£ãŠããã該ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãå°ãªã
ãšãïŒçš®ã®ããã²ã³åéãå«æããæ··æ¶ã§ãã£ãŠäžã€ãã®ããã²ã³çµæååžãå®
å šã«åäžã§ããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããããã²ã³åéåçæå ææã ïŒïŒããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãã該ç²åã®æ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµæ¶æé·ãèµ·ãã
ãåå¿å®¹åšäžã«ãããããã調補ããå°ãªããšãïŒçš®ã®ããã²ã³åéãå«æãã
ç²åŸ0.1ÎŒïœä»¥äžã®åŸ®çŽ°ãªãµã€ãºã®ããã²ã³åéæ··æ¶ç²åãæ·»å ããäžæŠæº¶è§£ã
ãæ¶å€±ãããåŸæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµæ¶æé·ãããããšã«ããåŸãããæå æ§ãã
ã²ã³åéç²åã§ããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããç¹èš±è«æ±ã®ç¯å²ç¬¬ïŒé ã«èšèŒã®ããã²ã³å
éåçæå ææã ïŒïŒããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãã該ç²åã®æ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµæ¶æé·ãèµ·ãã
ãåå¿å®¹åšã®å€ã«èšããããæ··ååšã«ãããŠã氎溶æ§éå¡©ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³æ°Žæº¶æ§ã
ã©ã€ãã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãæ··åããŠåœ¢æãããç²åŸ0.1ÎŒïœä»¥äžã®ããã²ã³åé埮现ç²å
ã圢æåŸãã ã¡ã«è©²åå¿å®¹åšäžã«äŸçµŠããäžæŠæº¶è§£ããæ¶å€±ãããåŸæ žåœ¢æåã³
ïŒåã¯çµæ¶æé·ãããããšã«ãããåŸãããæå æ§ããã²ã³åéç²åã§ããããš
ãç¹åŸŽãšããç¹èš±è«æ±ã®ç¯å²ç¬¬ïŒé ã«èšèŒã®ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææã ïŒïŒæ¯æäœäžã«å°ãªããšãïŒå±€ã®ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€å±€ãæããããã²ã³åéå
çæå ææã®è£œé æ¹æ³ã«ãããŠã該ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€å±€ã®æå æ§ããã²ã³åéç²
åãããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãšè©²ãã¹ãç²åã®éžæéšäœäžã«ãšãã¿ãã·æ¥åããŠ
圢æãããããã²ã³åéã²ã¹ããšããæã£ãŠããã該ããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åã
ã該ç²åã®æ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµæ¶æé·ãèµ·ãããåå¿å®¹åšäžã«ããããã調補ã
ãå°ãªããšãïŒçš®ã®ããã²ã³åéãå«æããç²åŸ0.1ÎŒïœä»¥äžã®åŸ®çŽ°ãªãµã€ãºã®
ããã²ã³åéæ··æ¶ç²åãæ·»å ããäžæŠæº¶è§£ããæ¶å€±ãããåŸæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµ
æ¶æé·ãããããšã«ããåŸãããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããããã²ã³åéåçæå ææã®
補é æ¹æ³ã ïŒïŒããã²ã³åéãã¹ãç²åãã該ç²åã®æ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµæ¶æé·ãèµ·ãã
ãåå¿å®¹åšã®å€ã«èšããããæ··ååšã«ãããŠæ°Žæº¶æ§éå¡©ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²åã³æ°Žæº¶æ§ãã©
ã€ãã®æ°Ž 溶液ãæ··åããŠåœ¢æãããç²åŸ0.1ÎŒïœä»¥äžã®ããã²ã³åé埮现ç²åã圢æåŸã
ã ã¡ã«è©²åå¿å®¹åšäžã«äŸçµŠããäžæŠæº¶è§£ããæ¶å€±ãããåŸæ žåœ¢æåã³ïŒåã¯çµæ¶
æé·ãããããšã«ããåŸãããããšãç¹åŸŽãšããç¹èš±è«æ±ã®ç¯å²ç¬¬ïŒé ã«èšèŒã®
ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææã®è£œé æ¹æ³ã
Family
ID=
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US4668614A (en) | Silver halide photographic light sensitive materials | |
USH1285H (en) | Silver halide photographic emulsion and material | |
JP2534118B2 (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææåã³ãã®è£œé æ¹æ³ | |
EP0370116B1 (en) | Silver halide photographic material and process for its preparation | |
JP2838563B2 (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææ | |
JP2587284B2 (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææåã³ãã®è£œé æ¹æ³ | |
JP2587282B2 (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææ | |
JP2587287B2 (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææåã³ãã®è£œé æ¹æ³ | |
US5155017A (en) | Silver halide photographic material | |
JP2534121B2 (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææ | |
JP4053746B2 (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçä¹³å€åã³ãããçšããããã²ã³åéåçæå ææ | |
JP2587284C (ja) | ||
JP2664272B2 (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçä¹³å€ã®è£œé æ¹æ³ | |
JPH0268538A (ja) | ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ã®è£œé æ³ | |
JPH02234151A (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææ | |
JPS61215540A (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææ | |
JP2587287C (ja) | ||
JP2587282C (ja) | ||
JP2587288B2 (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææåã³ãã®è£œé æ¹æ³ | |
JP2587283B2 (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææåã³ãã®è£œé æ¹æ³ | |
JPS63264739A (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææåã³ãã®è£œé æ¹æ³ | |
JP4021571B2 (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææ | |
JP2587288C (ja) | ||
JP2835607B2 (ja) | ããã²ã³åéä¹³å€ | |
JPH03116132A (ja) | ããã²ã³åéåçæå ææåã³ãã®è£œé æ¹æ³ |