JP2021524986A - 低純度出発前駆体を使用するリチオ化遷移金属酸化物の電気めっき - Google Patents
低純度出発前駆体を使用するリチオ化遷移金属酸化物の電気めっき Download PDFInfo
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- JP2021524986A JP2021524986A JP2020564835A JP2020564835A JP2021524986A JP 2021524986 A JP2021524986 A JP 2021524986A JP 2020564835 A JP2020564835 A JP 2020564835A JP 2020564835 A JP2020564835 A JP 2020564835A JP 2021524986 A JP2021524986 A JP 2021524986A
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- Prior art keywords
- transition metal
- lithium
- salt
- working electrode
- purity
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Links
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 title abstract description 14
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 title abstract description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 95
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 90
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 50
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910013553 LiNO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 14
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- -1 Li 2 CO 3 Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Cs+] HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- CPRMKOQKXYSDML-UHFFFAOYSA-M rubidium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Rb+] CPRMKOQKXYSDML-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bromide Chemical compound [Na+].[Br-] JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910020599 Co 3 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910018663 Mn O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001410 inorganic ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
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- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000012983 electrochemical energy storage Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011262 electrochemically active material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 42
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 33
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 10
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- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 3
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- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- OUFSPJHSJZZGCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum lithium silicate Chemical compound [Li+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] OUFSPJHSJZZGCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;lithium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Li+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
- H01M4/045—Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation
- H01M4/0454—Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation from melts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/06—Wires; Strips; Foils
- C25D7/0614—Strips or foils
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D9/00—Electrolytic coating other than with metals
- C25D9/04—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with inorganic materials
- C25D9/06—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with inorganic materials by anodic processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D9/00—Electrolytic coating other than with metals
- C25D9/04—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with inorganic materials
- C25D9/08—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with inorganic materials by cathodic processes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
Description
本出願は、参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる、2018年5月24に出願された米国仮出願第62/676,043号の出願日に対する利益および優先権を主張する。本出願は、参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる、米国特許第9,780,356号として2017年10月3日に発行された、LITHIATED TRANSITION METAL OXIDESと題する、米国出願第15/362,993号に関係する。本出願はまた、参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる、米国特許公報2019/0100850A1として2019年4月4日に公告された、ELECTROPLATING TRANSITIONAL METAL OXIDESと題する、2018年9月27日に出願された、米国出願第16/143,453号に関係する。
Claims (20)
- 作用電極の表面にリチオ化遷移金属酸化物(a lithiated transition metal oxide)を形成する方法であって、
(a)リチウム源および遷移金属源を含む非水電解液に作用電極を浸すステップであって、前記リチウム源および遷移金属源が低純度である、ステップと、
(b)前記非水電解液の溶融温度を上回る温度で前記電解液から前記作用電極の表面にリチオ化遷移金属酸化物を電着させるステップと、
(c)溶液槽から前記作用電極を除去するステップと、
(d)前記電着されたリチオ化遷移金属酸化物をすすぐステップと
を含む、方法。 - 前記低純度のリチウム源および遷移金属源が、約50重量%から約98重量%までの範囲の純度を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記低純度リチウム源が、LiOH、Li2CO3、LiF、LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiNO3、LiNO2、Li2SO4、およびそれらの組合せからなるグループから選択される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記低純度遷移金属源が、MnCl2、MnSO4、Mn2O3、MnO2、Mn3O4、Mn(NO3)2、CoO、Co2O3、Co3O4、CoOH2、CoCl2、CoSO4、Co(NO3)2、およびそれらの組合せからなるグループから選択される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記非水電解液が無機溶融塩(an inorganic molten salt)を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記無機溶融塩電解液によって含まれる前記イオンの少なくとも50%が無機イオンである、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記無機溶融塩電解液が、水酸化物塩(a hydroxide salt)、ハロゲン化物塩(a halide salt)、硫酸塩(a sulfate salt)、硝酸塩(a nitrate salt)、亜硝酸塩(a nitrite salt)、およびそれらの組合せを含む、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記無機溶融塩電解液が、Li2SO4、LiOH、KOH、NaOH、RbOH、およびCsOHからなるグループから選択された水酸化物塩、LiCl、LiF、KF、KCl、NaCl、NaF、LiBr、NaBr、KBr、LiI、NaI、KIからなるグループから選択されたハロゲン化物塩、LiNO3、NaNO3、およびKNO3からなるグループから選択された硝酸塩、LiNO2、NaNO2、KNO2からなるグループから選択された亜硝酸塩、Li2SO4硫酸塩、ならびにそれらの組合せを含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記無機溶融塩電解液が、LiOH、KOH、NaOH、およびそれらの組合せからなるグループから選択された水酸化物塩を含む、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記無機溶融塩電解液がLi2SO4硫酸塩を含む、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記作用電極が、金属、金属合金、金属性セラミック、導電性カーボン、導電性ポリマ、および導電性複合材料からなるグループから選択された導電性材料を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記作用電極が、1μmから100mmまでの範囲の厚さを有する平面ホイルである、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記作用電極が、1%多孔度から99%多孔度までの範囲の多孔度を有する多孔質発泡体である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記作用電極が、アルミニウム、銅、クロム、コバルト、マンガン、ニッケル、銀、金、錫、プラチナ、パラジウム、亜鉛、タングステン、タンタル、ロジウム、モリブデン、チタン、鉄、ジルコニウム、バナジウム、およびハフニウム、ならびにそれらの合金からなるグループから選択された金属または金属合金である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記めっき溶液槽内の前記遷移金属源が、少なくとも1つの遷移金属の酸化物(an oxide)、ハロゲン化物(halide)、または硫酸塩(sulfate)を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記遷移金属源が、コバルト、マンガン、ニッケル、銅、鉄、クロム、バナジウム、チタン、モリブデン、タングステン、およびそれらの組合せからなるグループから選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記リチオ化遷移金属酸化物が、開気孔多孔質構造を有する3次元作用電極の表面に電着される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記リチオ化遷移金属酸化物が、前記作用電極にコンフォーマルにコーティングされる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電着されたリチオ化遷移金属酸化物の厚さが、約10nmから約500μmまでの範囲である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電着されたリチオ化遷移金属酸化物が、おおよそ63と70の間の2Θ度において二重項ピークを含むXRDスペクトルによって特徴付けられたリチウム・コバルト酸化物(lithium cobalt oxide)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
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