JP2021177485A - 安定化固体ガーネット電解質及びその方法 - Google Patents
安定化固体ガーネット電解質及びその方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2021177485A JP2021177485A JP2021100720A JP2021100720A JP2021177485A JP 2021177485 A JP2021177485 A JP 2021177485A JP 2021100720 A JP2021100720 A JP 2021100720A JP 2021100720 A JP2021100720 A JP 2021100720A JP 2021177485 A JP2021177485 A JP 2021177485A
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- garnet
- composition
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- electrolyte
- solid
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 42
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 68
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
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- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 lithium cobalt oxide compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
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Abstract
Description
「空気(air)」、「周囲空気(ambient air)」、「周囲雰囲気(ambient atmosphere)」、「大気(atmospheric air)」又は同様の用語は、地球の大気中で発生する化学成分を指し、例えば、乾燥空気は78.09%の窒素、20.95%の酸素、0.93%のアルゴン、0.039%の二酸化炭素、及び少量の他のガスを含有する。湿り空気は水蒸気も含む。
例えばリチウムガーネット電解質の酸処理を伴う作製方法は、例えば周囲温度において1〜2時間の、短時間の酸への曝露によって達成できる。
リチウムガーネットを含むバルク組成物;及び
上記リチウムガーネットの外面の少なくとも一部分上に表面プロトン化ガーネットを含む表面組成物であって、上記ガーネット組成物の表面プロトン化部分は、空気中で組成的に安定であり、二酸化炭素に対して非感受性である、表面組成物
を含む。
リチウムガーネットからなる、又は本質的になるバルク組成物;及び
上記リチウムガーネットの外面の少なくとも一部分上の表面プロトン化ガーネットからなる、又は本質的になる表面組成物であって、上記表面プロトン化ガーネット組成物は、空気中で組成的に安定であり、二酸化炭素に対して非感受性である、表面組成物
を含む。
保護アノード構造体であって:
固体ガーネット組成物を含む固体セラミックガーネット電解質組成物を含む第1の層であって:
リチウムガーネットを含むバルク組成物;及び
上記リチウムガーネットの外面の少なくとも一部分上にプロトン化ガーネットを含む表面組成物
を含み、上記固体ガーネット組成物は、空気中で組成的に安定であり、二酸化炭素に対して非感受性である、第1の層;
リチウム金属の源を含む第2の層
を備え、上記第1の層及び上記第2の層は物理的に接触しており、上記保護アノード構造体内に内包される、保護アノード構造体;並びに
カソード
を備える、複合電解質構造体を提供する。
空気感受性リチウム含有固体ガーネット電解質をプロトン酸と接触させて、プロトン化表面を有する固体ガーネット組成物を形成すること
を含む。
空気感受性リチウム含有固体ガーネット膜上のリチウムイオンを、プロトンを用いてイオン交換して、リチウム欠失プロトン化表面を有する、空気安定性かつ二酸化炭素非感受性の固体ガーネット電解質を形成すること
を含む、不動態化方法を提供する。
以下の一般化学量論式:
Li7‐zLa3‐yGayZr2‐zNbzO12(ここでzは0.1〜0.3であり、yは0.1〜0.3である)を有するガリウム及びニオブ二重ドープ組成物を、以下のようにして合成した。
好適な開始ガーネット粉体を、Li2CO3、LiOH、La2O3、ZrO2、Ga2O3、Nb2O5、Al2O3、AlOOH及び同様の成分といった酸化物前駆体から作製した。上記ガーネット粉体の形成には、固体状態反応を使用できる。上記固体状態反応は、前駆体の混合及びか焼を伴う。この例は、Li6.75La2.9Ga0.1Nb0.25Zr1.75O12の組成を有し、か焼条件は1100℃で6時間であった。か焼後、上記粉体は、90重量%を超える立方体リチウムガーネット相を有していた。次に上記ガーネット粉体を乾燥押圧して、直径約38mm及び高さ約20〜40mmの固体ディスクを形成した。焼成条件は1180℃で15時間であった。焼結後、上記試料は、4.78g/cm3の密度を有していた。次にこのガーネット固体を、精密ダイヤモンドブレード湿潤ノコを用いて、薄型スライス(又は膜)へと機械的に切断した。完成したディスクの厚さは0.4〜0.8mmであり、ディスクにわたって0.040mmの厚さ変動を有していた。上記薄膜は平坦であり、気密性であり、強靭である。この実施例のイオン伝導率は3.65×10‐4S/cmであった。セル試験のために、上記薄膜を、レーザを用いて直径27mmに切断した。0.2mm未満等のより薄いディスクを得るために、更なる乾燥研磨を行うこともできる。
長期にわたる酸処理により、有意なH+/Li+交換をもたらすことができる。ガーネット表面、バルク又はこれら両方を、好適な酸を用いて「滴定(titrated)」して、超プロトン化表面又はバルク組成物を得ることができる。交換の程度が十分であれば、上記ガーネットは塩基としての挙動を示さない。即ち、上記プロトン化材料を中性水に浸漬した場合に、水性pHは大きく塩基性に変移することがない。上記ガーネットが酸によって十分に中和されていれば、周囲雰囲気への曝露下においてLiOHは形成されない。従って上記ガーネットは炭酸リチウム表面層を形成せず、周囲条件において自由に操作できる。
セル試験は、以下のように達成された。セラミック‐電解質保護リチウム金属アノードセルを、図2に示すセル構成で組み立てた。この構成は、リチウム金属アノード(150)とLLZO固体電解質との間に微多孔性ポリプロピレン層が存在しないことを除いて、過去に報告されているスキームに類似している(Visco, S.J., et al., Lithium‐Air, ELC Encyclopedia of electrochemical power sources, Elsevier, 2009, 4:376-383を参照)。本開示のセル構成では、リチウム金属を、間にいずれのセパレータ層を存在させずに、ガーネットペレットに直接接触させた。炭酸エチレン(EC)及び炭酸ジメチル(DMC)(EC/DMC 1/1(体積比)、BASF)中のLiPF6の混合溶液を、陽極液として使用した。2Mの水性LiClと3Mの水性NH4Clとの混合溶液を、陰極液として使用した。
コンテナ(202)又は同様の容器;
固体ガーネット電解質(110)の上に置かれ、更にリチウム金属アノード(150)をまたぐ、ガラス管若しくはガラスシリンダ、又は同様の容器(104);
金属ロッド(206)は、ガラス容器(104)の端部に配置されたシール及びホルダ部材(207)を横断し、また上記金属ロッドは、ガラス容器(104)内において、有機陽極液(260)(ED/DMC;1:1(体積比)中のLiPF6等)と接触する;
集電体(208)は、金属ロッド(206)の外側端部に取り付けられる;
Ni箔(212)は、金属ロッド(206)の内側端部に取り付けられる;
上記Ni箔(212)は、リチウム金属アノード(150)に取り付けられるか、又はリチウム金属アノード(150)と電気的に接触している;
上記セルは更に、例えばコンテナ(202)の壁によって支持されたカソード(240)と、水性陰極液(230)と接触したAg/AgCl基準電極(210)とを備える。
リチウムガーネットを含むバルク組成物;及び
上記リチウムガーネットの外面の少なくとも一部分上にプロトン化ガーネットを含む表面組成物であって、上記ガーネットの表面プロトン化部分は、空気中で組成的に安定であり、二酸化炭素に対して非感受性である、表面組成物
を含む、固体ガーネット組成物。
上記バリチウムガーネットは、Li7La3Zr2O12であり、
上記プロトン化ガーネットは、Li(7‐x)HxLa3Zr2O12(ここでxは0.1〜7である)である、実施形態1に記載の組成物。
上記リチウムガーネットは、Li6.75La2.9Ga0.1Nb0.25Zr1.75O12であり、
上記プロトン化ガーネットは、Li(6.75‐x)HxLa2.9Ga0.1Nb0.25Zr1.75O12(ここでxは0.1〜6.75である)である、実施形態1又は2に記載の組成物。
上記リチウムガーネットの上記外面の少なくとも一部分上の上記プロトン化ガーネットは、上記リチウムガーネットの外面全体を含む、実施形態1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の組成物。
上記リチウムガーネットの上記外面の少なくとも一部分上の上記プロトン化ガーネットは、0.1〜100nmの厚さを有する層を含む、実施形態1〜4のいずれか1つに記載の組成物。
上記表面組成物は、0.1〜46モル%のリチウム濃度を有する、実施形態1〜5のいずれか1つに記載の組成物。
上記表面組成物は、電気絶縁Li表面種を実質的に含まない、実施形態1〜6のいずれか1つに記載の組成物。
上記表面組成物は、LiOH、Li2CO3又はこれらの組み合わせのうちの少なくとも1つを含まない表面を備える、実施形態1〜7のいずれか1つに記載の組成物。
保護アノード構造体であって:
実施形態1の固体ガーネット組成物を含むセラミック電解質組成物を含む第1の層;
リチウム金属の源を含む第2の層
を備え、上記第1の層及び上記第2の層は物理的に接触している、保護アノード構造体;並びに
カソード
を備える、複合電解質構造体。
上記保護アノード構造体と上記カソードとの間に、上記保護アノード構造体及び上記カソードと接触して、水性陰極液を備える、実施形態9に記載の複合電解質構造体。
上記カソードは、酸化リチウムコバルト化合物である、実施形態9又は10に記載の複合電解質構造体。
実施形態1の固体ガーネット組成物を作製する方法であって、
上記方法は:
空気感受性リチウム含有ガーネットをプロトン酸と接触させて、プロトン化ガーネット表面組成物を有する上記固体ガーネット組成物を形成すること
を含む、方法。
上記プロトン酸は:無機酸;有機酸;又は無機酸と有機酸との組み合わせのうちの少なくとも1つから選択される、実施形態12に記載の方法。
上記プロトン化ガーネット表面を有する、空気安定性かつ二酸化炭素非感受性の上記固体ガーネット組成物を、リチウムイオンの源と接触させて、空気感受性リチウム含有固体ガーネットを再生することを更に含む、実施形態12に記載の方法。
上記リチウムイオンの源との上記接触は、封止セル構造体内で達成される、実施形態14に記載の方法。
上記リチウムイオンの源は、リチウム金属である、実施形態14に記載の方法。
空気感受性リチウム含有固体ガーネット膜上のリチウムイオンを、プロトンを用いてイオン交換して、リチウム欠失プロトン化表面を有する、空気安定性かつ二酸化炭素非感受性の固体ガーネット電解質を形成すること
を含む、不動態化方法。
104 セパレータ、ガラス管若しくはガラスシリンダ又は同様の容器
110 固体ガーネット電解質、膜、清浄な膜、LLZO、バルク又は内部組成物、リチウム化表面組成物
115 曝露
120 LiOH及びLi2CO3、表面汚染層
130 HLZO
135 処理
136 プロトン化表面組成物
140 表面プロトン化ガーネット電解質製品
145 組み立て
150 リチウム金属アノード、リチウム金属源
155 チウムイオンフラックス
160 組み立て済みセル
165 試験
170 Li+フラックス
200 試験セル組立体
202 コンテナ
206 金属ロッド
207 ホルダ部材
208 集電体
210 Ag/AgCl基準電極
212 Ni箔
230 水性陰極液
240 カソード
260 有機陽極液
500 酸で処理されていないガーネット対照試料
510 酸処理済みガーネット試料
Claims (11)
- Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO)及びドープLLZO組成物から選択されるリチウムガーネットを含むバルク組成物;及び
前記リチウムガーネットの外面の少なくとも一部分上のプロトン化ガーネットを含む表面組成物
を含み、
前記プロトン化ガーネットを含む表面組成物は、空気中で組成的に安定で、二酸化炭素に対して非感受性であり、前記リチウムガーネットの前記外面の少なくとも一部分上の前記プロトン化ガーネットは、0.1〜100nmの厚さを有する層を含む、固体ガーネット電解質の膜。 - 前記プロトン化ガーネットは、Li(7‐x)HxLa3Zr2O12(ここでxは0.1〜7である)である、請求項1に記載の固体ガーネット電解質の膜。
- 前記ドープLLZO組成物は、Ga、Nb、またはその組み合わせでドープされた、Li7La3Zr2O12である、請求項1に記載の固体ガーネット電解質の膜。
- 前記リチウムガーネットの前記外面の少なくとも一部分上の前記プロトン化ガーネットは、前記リチウムガーネットの外面全体を含む、請求項1に記載の固体ガーネット電解質の膜。
- 前記表面組成物は、0.1〜46モル%の濃度のリチウムを含む、請求項1に記載の固体ガーネット電解質の膜。
- 前記表面組成物は、電気絶縁Li表面種を実質的に含まない、請求項1に記載の固体ガーネット電解質の膜。
- 前記表面組成物は、LiOH、Li2CO3又はこれらの組み合わせのうちの少なくとも1つを含まない表面を含む、請求項1に記載の固体ガーネット電解質の膜。
- 請求項1に記載の固体ガーネット電解質の膜を含む、セラミック電解質を含む第1の層、及び、
リチウム金属の源を含む第2の層であって、前記第1の層と物理的に接触している、第2の層を含む、保護アノード構造体、及び、
カソード
を含む、複合電解質構造体。 - 前記保護アノード構造体と前記カソードとの間に、前記保護アノード及び前記カソードと接触して、水性陰極液を更に含む、請求項8に記載の複合電解質構造体。
- 前記カソードは、酸化リチウムコバルト化合物である、請求項8に記載の複合電解質構造体。
- カソード、アノード、及び、請求項1に記載の固体ガーネット電解質の膜を含む、エネルギ貯蔵デバイス。
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