JP2018125198A - 非水電解液および非水電解液二次電池の製造方法 - Google Patents
非水電解液および非水電解液二次電池の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2018125198A JP2018125198A JP2017017115A JP2017017115A JP2018125198A JP 2018125198 A JP2018125198 A JP 2018125198A JP 2017017115 A JP2017017115 A JP 2017017115A JP 2017017115 A JP2017017115 A JP 2017017115A JP 2018125198 A JP2018125198 A JP 2018125198A
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- additive
- carbonate
- aqueous electrolyte
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- positive electrode
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- USFPINLPPFWTJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphenylphosphonium Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[P+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 USFPINLPPFWTJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-O triethylammonium ion Chemical compound CC[NH+](CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;azanide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[NH2-] BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZFEAYIKULRXTAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M triphenylsulfanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC=CC=C1[S+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZFEAYIKULRXTAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
ここに開示される技術の好ましい一態様に係る非水電解液は、リチウムイオン二次電池に用いられる非水電解液であって、典型的には常温(例えば25℃)において液状を呈し、好ましくは使用温度域内(例えば−20℃〜60℃)において常に液状を呈する。かかる非水電解液は、フッ素化溶媒と支持塩と添加剤Aと添加剤Bとを含む。
支持塩としては、リチウムイオン二次電池の非水電解液に支持塩(リチウム塩)として使用し得ることが知られている各種の材料を特に限定なく使用することができる。支持塩の好適例としては、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3、LiC4F9SO3、Li(CF3SO2)2N、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiSiF6、LiClO4等が挙げられる。これらは1種を単独でまたは2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。上記支持塩の濃度は、0.5モル/L〜3.0モル/Lの範囲内となるよう調製することが好ましく、0.5モル/L〜2.0モル/Lがより好ましい。
フッ素化溶媒としては、リチウムイオン二次電池の非水電解液に非水溶媒として使用し得ることが知られている各種の材料であって、かつ、一部がフッ素(F)で置換されているものを特に限定なく使用することができる。例えば、フッ素化溶媒として、フッ素化環状カーボネートやフッ素化鎖状カーボネートが好ましく用いられる。フッ素化環状カーボネートの例としては、モノフルオロエチレンカーボネート(MFEC)、ジフルオロエチレンカーボネート、4,4−ジフルオロエチレンカーボネート、トリフルオロエチレンカーボネート(TFPC)、パーフルオロエチレンカーボネート等が例示される。フッ素化鎖状カーボネートの例としては、フルオロメチルメチルカーボネート、ジフルオロメチルメチルカーボネート、トリフルオロメチルメチルカーボネート、フルオロメチルジフルオロメチルカーボネート、ビス(フルオロメチル)カーボネート、ビス(ジフルオロメチル)カーボネート、ビス(トリフルオロメチル)カーボネート、(2‐フルオロエチル)メチルカーボネート、エチルフルオロメチルカーボネート、(2,2‐ジフルオロエチル)メチルカーボネート、(2‐フルオロエチル)フルオロメチルカーボネート、エチルジフルオロメチルカーボネート、(2,2,2‐トリフルオロエチル)メチルカーボネート、(2,2‐ジフルオロエチル)フルオロメチルカーボネート、(2‐フルオロエチル)ジフルオロメチルカーボネート、エチルトリフルオロメチルカーボネート、エチル‐(2‐フルオロエチル)カーボネート、エチル‐(2,2‐ジフルオロエチル)カーボネート、ビス(2‐フルオロエチル)カーボネート、エチル‐(2,2,2‐トリフルオロエチル)カーボネート、2,2‐ジフルオロエチル‐2’‐フルオロエチルカーボネート、ビス(2,2‐ジフルオロエチル)カーボネート、2,2,2‐トリフルオロエチル‐2’‐フルオロエチルカーボネート、2,2,2‐トリフルオロエチル‐2’,2’‐ジフルオロエチルカーボネート、ビス(2,2,2‐トリフルオロエチル)カーボネート、ペンタフルオロエチルメチルカーボネート、ペンタフルオロエチルフルオロメチルカーボネート、ペンタフルオロエチルエチルカーボネート、ビス(ペンタフルオロエチル)カーボネート等が挙げられる。
ここに開示される非水電解液は、添加剤Aとして、下記一般式(I)により表されるプロピレンカーボネート誘導体を含有する。
ここに開示される非水電解液は、さらに下記一般式(II)により表される添加剤Bを含有する。
正極シート10は、長尺状の正極集電体と、その少なくとも一方の表面(典型的には両面)に長手方向に沿って形成された正極活物質層14とを備えている。このような正極シート10は、例えば正極活物質層の形成成分を適当な溶媒(例えばN‐メチル‐2‐ピロリドン)に分散させてなる組成物を正極集電体の表面に付与し、乾燥することによって作製し得る。上記正極活物質層の形成成分は、正極活物質と必要に応じて用いられる導電材やバインダ(結着剤)等とを含み得る。また、正極集電体としては、導電性の良好な金属(例えばアルミニウム、ニッケル、チタン、ステンレス鋼等)からなる導電性部材を好適に採用し得る。
Lix(NiyMn2−y−zMe1 z)O4+α (I)
で表されるスピネル構造のリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物が例示される。ここで、Me1は、Ni、Mn以外の任意の遷移金属元素または典型金属元素(例えば、Fe、Ti、Co、Cu、Cr、ZnおよびAlから選択される1種または2種以上)であり得る。あるいは、半金属元素(例えば、B、SiおよびGeから選択される1種または2種以上)や非金属元素であってもよい。また、xは0.8≦x≦1.2であり;yは0<yであり;zは0≦zであり;y+z<2(典型的にはy+z≦1)であり;αは−0.2≦α≦0.2で電荷中性条件を満たすように定まる値である。好ましい一態様では、yは0.2≦y≦1.0(より好ましくは0.4≦y≦0.6、例えば0.45≦y≦0.55)であり;zは0≦z<1.0(例えば0≦z≦0.3)である。上記一般式で表されるリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物の具体例としては、LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4などが挙げられる。かかるスピネル構造のリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物は電池の高エネルギー密度化に寄与し得る。なお、化合物(酸化物)がスピネル構造を有しているか否かについては、例えばX線構造解析(好ましくは単結晶X線構造解析)によって判別することができる。具体的には、CuKα線を使用したX線回折測定によって判別することができる。
正極活物質層は、正極活物質の他に、必要に応じて導電材、バインダ(結着材)などの添加材を含有し得る。導電材としては、カーボン粉末やカーボンファイバーなどの導電性粉末材料が好ましく用いられる。カーボン粉末としては、種々のカーボンブラック(CB)、例えばアセチレンブラック(AB)が好ましい。
負極シート20は、長尺状の負極集電体と、その少なくとも一方の表面(典型的には両面)に長手方向に沿って形成された負極活物質層24とを備えている。このような負極シート20は、例えば、負極活物質層の形成成分を適当な溶媒(例えば水)に分散させてなる組成物を負極集電体の表面に付与し、乾燥することによって作製し得る。上記負極活物質層の形成成分は、負極活物質と必要に応じて用いられるバインダ等とを含み得る。また、負極集電体としては、導電性の良好な金属(例えば、銅、ニッケル、チタン、ステンレス鋼等)からなる導電性材料を好適に採用し得る。
負極活物質層は、負極活物質の他に、必要に応じてバインダ(結着材)、増粘剤などの添加材を含有し得る。負極活物質層に用いられるバインダおよび増粘剤としては、正極活物質層について説明したバインダと同様のものを用いることができる。
かかる構成のリチウムイオン二次電池100は、電池組立体構築工程と初期充電工程とを経て製造され得る。
電池組立体構築工程では、正極シート10および負極シート20を備えた捲回電極体80を非水電解液とともに電池ケース内に収容し、電池組立体を構築する。ここで、電池組立体とは、電池の製造工程において、初期充電工程を行う前の形態にまで組み立てられた電池をいう。電池組立体は、例えば、電池ケース50の開口部から捲回電極体80をその内部に収容し、該ケース50の開口部に蓋体54を取り付けた後、蓋体54に設けられた図示しない注入孔から非水電解質を注入し、次いでかかる注入孔を溶接等により封止することによって構築することができる。この実施形態では、電池組立体に収容される非水電解液は、非水溶媒として前記フッ素化溶媒を含んでいる。また、上記非水電解液は、前記一般式(I)で表される添加剤Aと前記一般式(II)で表される添加剤Bとを含んでいる。
初期充電工程では、上記電池組立体に対して初期充電を行う。典型的には、該電池組立体の正極(正極端子)と負極(負極端子)の間に外部電源を接続し、所定の電圧範囲まで充電(典型的には定電流充電)を行う。これによって、負極表面に前記化合物Cおよび前記化合物D由来の成分を含んだ良質な被膜が形成される。
<例1>
フッ素化溶媒としてのトリフルオロプロピレンカーボネート(TFPC)とメチルトリフルオロエチルカーボネート(MTTFEC)との混合溶媒(体積比30:70)中にLiPF6を1モル/Lの濃度で含む溶液を基準電解液NAとし、これを例1の電解液サンプルとした。
基準電解液NAに、添加剤Aとしての3‐フルオロプロピレンカーボネート(FPC:前記一般式(I)において、R1、R2、R3=H、R4=CFH2に相当する化合物)を濃度CAが0.5モル/Lとなるように添加し、これを例2の電解液サンプルとした。
基準電解液NAに、添加剤Bとしてのリチウムジフルオロオキサレートボレート(LiDFOB:前記一般式(II)において、R5、R6=F、A=Liに相当する化合物)を濃度CBが0.05モル/Lとなるように添加し、これを例3の電解液サンプルとした。
基準電解液NAに、添加剤AとしてのFPCと添加剤BとしてのLiDFOBとを所定の濃度CA、CBとなるように添加し、これを例4〜例14の電解液サンプルとした。
例1〜例14で作製した各電解液を用いて、以下のようにして評価用のリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
このリチウムイオン二次電池用の正極は、次のようにして作製した。すなわち、正極活物質としてのスピネル構造リチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物(LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4)と、導電材としてのアセチレンブラック(AB)と、結着材としてのPVdFとを、それらの材料の質量比が87:10:3となるようにNMP中で混合して正極活物質層形成用組成物を調製した。この組成物をアルミニウム箔(正極集電体)の片面に塗布し乾燥した後、正極活物質層の密度が2.3g/cm3となるようにロールプレスすることにより、正極集電体上に正極活物質層が形成された正極シートを得た。
各評価用セルに対し、25℃の温度下において、C/3の定電流にて4.9Vに到達するまで充電し、次いで同電圧で2.5時間充電した。10分休止後、C/3のレートで3Vとなるまで放電させ、次いで同電圧で2時間放電させ、この放電時に測定された放電容量を初期容量(定格容量)とした。
SOC60%(定格容量の凡そ60%の充電状態)に調整した各例の評価用セルに対し、1C、3C、5C、10Cの各レートで10秒間の放電を行い、その間の電圧降下を測定した。測定された電圧降下量を放電時の電流値で除して内部抵抗を算出し、初期抵抗とした。結果を表1の「抵抗」欄に示す。
各例の評価用セルのそれぞれに対し、約60℃の恒温槽中において、2Cの定電流で4.9Vに到達するまで充電した後、2Cの定電流で3.5Vに到達するまで放電を行う充放電サイクルを200回連続して繰り返すサイクル耐久試験を行った。
そして、上記サイクル耐久試験前における初期容量と、サイクル耐久試験後における電池容量とから容量維持率を算出した。ここで、サイクル耐久試験後における電池容量は、前述した初期容量と同じ手順で測定した。また、上記容量維持率は、「サイクル耐久試験後の電池容量/サイクル耐久試験前の初期容量」×100により求めた。結果を表1の「容量維持率」欄に示す。
14 正極活物質層
20 負極シート
24 負極活物質層
40 セパレータシート
50 電池ケース
100 リチウムイオン二次電池
Claims (6)
- 非水電解液二次電池に用いられる非水電解液であって、
フッ素化溶媒と、下記一般式(I):
で表される添加剤Aと、
下記一般式(II):
で表される添加剤Bと、を含み、
前記非水電解液における前記添加剤Aの濃度CA[モル/L]と前記添加剤Bの濃度CB[モル/L]との比(CA/CB)が、1〜30の範囲内である、非水電解液。 - 前記添加剤Aとして、フルオロプロピレンカーボネートおよびジフルオロプロピレンカーボネートからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種を含む、請求項1に記載の非水電解液。
- 前記添加剤Aとして、リチウムジフルオロオキサラトボレートを含む、請求項1または2に記載の非水電解液。
- 非水電解液二次電池の製造方法であって、
正極および負極を非水電解液とともに電池ケース内に収容し、電池組立体を構築する工程;および、
前記電池組立体に対して初期充電処理を行う初期充電工程;
を含み、
ここで、前記電池組立体に収容される前記非水電解液は、
フッ素化溶媒と、下記一般式(I):
で表される添加剤Aと、
下記一般式(II):
で表される添加剤Bと、を含み、
前記非水電解液における前記添加剤Aの濃度CA[モル/L]と前記添加剤Bの濃度CB[モル/L]との比(CA/CB)が、1〜30の範囲内である、非水電解液二次電池の製造方法。 - 前記非水電解液は、前記添加剤Aとして、フルオロプロピレンカーボネートおよびジフルオロプロピレンカーボネートからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種を含む、請求項4に記載の非水電解液二次電池の製造方法。
- 前記非水電解液は、前記添加剤Bとして、リチウムジフルオロオキサラトボレートを含む、請求項4または5に記載の非水電解液二次電池の製造方法。
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