JP2016530280A - 膠芽腫治療のための併用療法 - Google Patents
膠芽腫治療のための併用療法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
「抗血管新生剤」または「血管新生阻害剤」とは、血管新生、血管発生、若しくは望ましくない血管透過性を直接的または間接的に阻害する、低分子量の物質、ポリヌクレオチド、ポリペプチド、単離されたタンパク質、組換えタンパク質、抗体、またはその複合体若しくは融合タンパク質を指す。抗血管新生剤としては、血管新生因子またはその受容体の血管新生作用を結合及び遮断する薬剤が含まれることを理解されるべきである。例えば、抗血管新生剤は、本明細書を通して定義される、または当技術分野で公知である血管新生因子に対する抗体または他の拮抗薬であり、例えば、VEGF−Aに対する抗体またはVEGF−A受容体(例えば、KDR受容体またはFlt−1受容体)に対する抗体、VEGFトラップ(VEGF−trap)、Gleevec(商標)(メシル酸イマチニブ)などの抗PDGFRの阻害剤があるが、これらに限定されるものではない。抗血管新生剤には、内因性の血管新生阻害物質、例えば、アンジオスタチン、エンドスタチンなども挙げられる。例えば、Klagsbrun and D’Amore,Annu.Rev.Physiol.,53:217−39(1991);Streit and Detmar,Oncogene,22:3172−3179(2003)(例えば、悪性黒色腫における抗血管新生治療を一覧にした表3);Ferrara&Alitalo,Nature Medicine 5:1359−1364(1999);Tonini et al.,Oncogene,22:6549−6556(2003)(例えば、既知の抗血管新生因子を一覧にした表2);及び、Sato.Int.J.Clin.Oncol.,8:200−206(2003)(例えば、臨床試験に使用される抗血管新生薬の一覧である表1)を参照のこと。
本発明は、腫瘍の増殖を支持する栄養の提供に必要な腫瘍血管の発生を阻害することに目標をおいた癌治療方法である、抗血管新生治療を包含する。血管新生は、原発腫瘍増殖及び転移の双方に関与しているので、本発明により提供される抗血管新生治療は、原発部位での腫瘍の新生物性増殖の阻害、並びに二次部位での腫瘍の転移妨害をすることができ、したがって他の薬物療法剤による腫瘍攻撃が可能になる。
本発明は、有効量の抗VEGF抗体(例えば、ベバシズマブ)と有効量の化学療法薬(例えば、テモゾロミド(TMZ))とを含む治療を患者に投与することを含む、膠芽腫と診断された患者の治療方法を提供する。対象は、放射線による治療(放射線治療)も受けてよい。そのような治療は、抗VEGF抗体(例えば、ベバシズマブ)を使用せずに同一の化学療法(例えば、TMZ)を受けた患者と比較して、治療を受けた患者のOS期間中央値及び/またはPFS期間中央値の延長をもたらすことができる。
本発明による治療方法により、抗VEGF抗体(例えば、ベバシズマブ)を使用せずに化学療法(例えば、TMZ)を受けた患者の場合と比較して、当該治療を受けた患者に、例えば、腫瘍の大きさ(例えば、膠芽腫腫瘍の大きさ)の縮小、全生存(OS)期間中央値、及び/または無増悪生存(PFS)期間の延長がもたらされうる。上記のように、抗VEGF抗体(例えば、ベバシズマブ)と、少なくとも1種の追加の薬品/治療(例えば、TMZなどの化学療法及び/または放射線治療)とを併用する治療により、付加的または相乗的な(付加的よりも大きい)治療利益を患者にもたらしうる。
抗VEGF抗体(例えば、ベバシズマブ)は、非経口、局所、皮下、腹腔内、肺内、経鼻、及び/または病変内投与を含む、任意の好適な手段で投与することができる。非経口注入としては、筋肉内、静脈内、動脈内、腹腔内、または皮下投与が挙げられる。くも膜下腔内投与もまた意図される。さらに、抗VEGF抗体は、好適には、パルス注入、例えば、抗VEGF抗体の用量を減少させながら投与してよい。最も好ましくは、投与は静脈内(i.v.)注射/注入により行われる。
本明細書に記載のすべての治療方法では、抗VEGF抗体は、十分な特異性と親和性でVEGFに結合し、さらに、キメラ抗体、ヒト化抗体、ヒト抗体、若しくはライブラリー由来の抗体、またはその抗体断片であってよい。
ある特定の実施形態では、抗VEGF抗体はキメラ抗体であってよい。ある特定のキメラ抗体は、例えば、米国特許第4,816,567号及びMorrison et al.PNAS USA,81:6851−6855,(1984)に記載されている。一実施例では、キメラ抗体は、非ヒト可変領域(例えば、マウス、ラット、ハムスター、ウサギ、またはサルなどの非ヒト霊長類に由来する可変領域)及びヒト定常領域を含む。さらなる実施例では、キメラ抗体は、クラス若しくはサブクラスが親抗体から変化している「クラススイッチした」抗体である。キメラ抗体としては、その抗原結合断片が挙げられる。
ある実施形態では、抗VEGF抗体はヒト抗体であってよい。ヒト化抗体及びその作製方法は、例えば、Almagro and Fransson,Front.BioSci.13:1619−1633(2008)に概説されており、また、詳細が、例えば、Riechmann et al.,Nature 332:323−329(1988);Queen et al.,Proc.Nat’l Acad.Sci.USA 86:10029−10033(1989);米国特許第5,821,337号、第7,527,791号、第6,982,321号、及び第7,087,409号;Kashmiri et al.,Methods 36:25−34(2005)(SDR(a−CDR)移植についてについて記載);Padlan,Mol.Immunol.28:489−498(1991)(「表面再構成(resurfacing)」について記載);Dall’Acqua et al.,Methods 36:43−60(2005)(「FRシャッフリング」について記載);及びOsbourn et al.,Methods 36:61−68(2005)及びKlimka et al.,Br.J.Cancer,83:252−260(2000)(FRシャッフリングへの「guided selection」アプローチについて記載)に記載されている。
ある特定の実施形態では、抗VEGF抗体は、所望する単一または複数の活性を有する抗体についてのコンビナトリアルライブラリーをスクリーニングして単離されてよく、または、すでにそのようにして単離されている。例えば、ファージディスプレイライブラリーを作製し、所望の結合特性を持つ抗体についてそのようなライブラリーのスクリーニングを行うための多種多様な方法が当技術分野で公知である。そのような方法は、例えば、Hoogenboom et al.in Methods in Molecular Biology 178:1−37(O’Brien et al.,ed.,Human Press,Totowa,NJ,2001)に概説されており、詳細な記載は、例えば、McCafferty et al.,Nature 348:552−554;Clackson et al.,Nature 352:624−628(1991);Marks et al.,J.Mol.Biol.222:581−597(1992);Marks and Bradbury,in Methods in Molecular Biology 248:161−175(Lo,ed.,Human Press,Totowa,NJ,2003);Sidhu et al.,J.Mol.Biol.338(2):299−310(2004);Lee et al.,J.Mol.Biol.340(5):1073−1093(2004);Fellouse,PNAS USA 101(34):12467−12472(2004);及びLee et al.,J.Immunol.Methods 284(1−2):119−132(2004)にある。
本発明の方法において有用な抗VEGF抗体には、VEGFに十分な親和性及び特異性で結合する、及び/またはVEGFの生物活性を低下させるか若しくは阻害することができる、あらゆる抗体、またはその抗原結合断片を含めることができる。抗VEGF抗体は、通常、VEGF−BまたはVEGF−Cのような他のVEGFホモログにも、また、PlGF、PDGF、またはbFGFのような他の成長因子にも結合しない。
DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCSASQDIS NYLNWYQQKP GKAPKVLIYF TSSLHSGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ YSTVPWTFGQ GTKVEIKR(配列番号1)、
及び以下のアミノ酸配列を含む重鎖可変領域:
EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGYTFT NYGMNWVRQA PGKGLEWVGW INTYTGEPTY AADFKRRFTF SLDTSKSTAY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCAKYP HYYGSSHWYF DVWGQGTLVT VSS(配列番号2)を有し得る。
本明細書に記載し使用し、本発明にしたがって使用する治療用抗体製剤は、所望の純度を有する抗体を、任意選択の薬理学的に許容される担体、賦形剤、または安定剤と、凍結乾燥製剤または水溶液の形態に混合することにより保存用に調製される。製剤に関する概要は、例えば、Gilman et al.,(eds.)(1990),The Pharmacological Bases of Therapeutics,8th Ed.,Pergamon Press;A.Gennaro(ed.),Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,18th Edition,(1990),Mack Publishing Co.,Eastori,Pennsylvania.;Avis et al.,(eds.)(1993)Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms:Parenteral Medications Dekker、New York;Lieberman et al.,(eds.)(1990)Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms:Tablets Dekker,New York;及びLieberman et al.,(eds.)(1990),Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms:Disperse Systems Dekker,New York,Kenneth A.Walters(ed.)(2002)Dermatological and Transdermal Formulations(Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences),Vol 119,Marcel Dekkerを参照のこと。
本発明の別の態様では、膠芽腫と診断された患者(例えば、新たに診断された膠芽腫及び/または前神経型膠芽腫)の治療に有用な物質を含有している製造物品を提供する。製造物品は、容器、ラベル及び添付文書を含む。好適な容器には、例えば、ボトル、バイアル、注射器などが挙げられる。容器は、ガラス又はプラスチックなどの多種多様な材料で形成してよい。容器は、病態の治療に有効な組成物を保持し、無菌アクセスポート(例えば、容器は、皮下注射針で貫通可能な栓を有する静脈用溶液バッグ又はバイアルであってよい)を有しうる。組成物中の少なくとも1種の活性剤は抗VEGF抗体(例えば、ベバシズマブ)である。容器上または容器に付随するラベルは、その組成物は選択病態の治療用に使用されることを示す。製造物品は、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水、リンゲル溶液及びデキストロース溶液のような薬理学的に許容される緩衝液を含む第2の容器をさらに含んでよい。製造物品は、他の緩衝剤、希釈剤、フィルター、針、及び注射器を含む、商用及び使用者の観点から望ましい他の物質をさらに含んでよい。さらに、製造物品は、使用についての指示を記載した添付文書を含み、これには、例えば、組成物使用者が抗VEGF抗体(例えば、ベバシズマブ)組成物及び化学療法薬(例えば、TMZ)を患者/対象に投与するための指示例が含まれる。添付文書には、任意選択で、実施例4に記載の結果の一部または全部を含めてよい。
AvaGlio治験では、新たに診断された膠芽腫について、テモゾロミド及び放射線治療にベバシズマブを併用した際の有効性及び安全性を検討した。この試験は、化学療法にベバシズマブを追加した場合と化学療法単独の場合とを評価する第III相前向きの無作為二重盲検プラセボ対照試験として設計された。適格患者としての条件は、外科的切除または生検後の組織診断で新たに膠芽腫と診断されたこととした。AvaGlio治験は、ベバシズマブを化学療法及び放射線治療に追加することにより、治療的選択肢が限られ、特に予後が不良であった本群患者の全生存(OS)及び無増悪生存(PFS)の改善を目標とした。主要目的は、テモゾロミド(TMZ)と放射線治療のみの群、または、テモゾロミドと放射線治療+ベバシズマブ群に無作為化した患者の、OS及びPFSを比較することであった。
この治験は、3期(併用療法、維持療法、及び単剤療法)、及び2つの治療群、すなわち、TMZと放射線治療(RT)(群1)、及び、TMZとRT+ベバシズマブ(群2)で構成された。患者をいずれかの群に無作為に割り付けた(1:1)。図1を参照のこと。
外科的切除または生検後の組織診断でテント上膠芽腫(GBM)と新たに診断された18歳以上の患者を組み入れた。これには、先に低悪性度星状細胞腫と診断され、悪性度が増してGBMであることが組織学的に確認された、化学療法及び放射線治療の治療歴のない患者が含まれる。患者は、WHOパフォーマンス状態が2以下であることとした。
術後の脳MRIで最近出血したことを示す証拠のあった患者は候補から除外した。ただし、臨床上無症状のヘモジデリンが認められる患者、手術に関連する出血が解決された患者、及び腫瘍の点状出血が認められる患者は試験参加が認められた。臨床試験登録のための、先のMGMT状態についての中央スクリーニングを受けた;膠芽腫及び低悪性度星細胞腫のための化学療法(カルムスチン含有ウェハ(Gliadel(登録商標)を含む)または免疫療法(ワクチン治療を含む)による任意の治療歴がある;過去の任意の脳放射線治療または過去の放射線治療が放射野と高度に重複する;高血圧クリーゼまたは高血圧性脳症の病歴がある;無作為化に先立つ1か月以内にNCI−CTC基準でグレード2以上の喀血歴がある;出血性素因または凝血異常(治療上の抗凝固剤を使用していない)を示す証拠がある;無作為化に先立つ28日以内に、主な外科的手技、切開生検、頭蓋内生検、脳室腹腔シャントまたは有意な外傷性損傷を受けた;無作為化に先立つ7日以内にコア生検(頭蓋内生検を除く)または他の小手術手技を受けた患者も除外された。中心静脈アクセスデバイス(CVAD)の留置を、ベバシズマブ/プラセボ投与に先立つ2日以内に実施した場合;無作為化に先立つ6か月以内に腹部フィステルまたは消化管穿孔の履歴がある;無作為化に先立つ6か月以内に頭蓋内膿瘍の病歴がある;重篤な未治癒の創傷、活動性潰瘍、または未治療の骨折のある患者も除外された。妊婦または授乳期の女性に関しては、試験治療開始に先立つ7日以内に、または14日以内に(試験治療開始に先立つ7日以内に検証的妊娠尿検査を伴う)血清妊娠検査で評価した。他に除外されたのは、生殖能のある女性(最終月経から2年未満で、不妊手術を受けていないことと定義した)及び有効性の高い、ホルモン性または非ホルモン性の避妊手段を使用していない男性(すなわち、子宮内避妊薬器具);無作為化に先立つ6か月以内に脳卒中または一過性虚血発作(TIA)の病歴のある患者、コントロールが不良の高血圧症(収縮期血圧>150mmHg及び/または拡張期血圧>100mmHgが持続)の患者または無作為化に先立つ6か月以内に重大な血管疾患(外科的な修復を要する大動脈瘤または最近の末梢動脈血栓症を含む)のある患者であった。他に除外されたのは、無作為化に先立つ6か月以内の心筋梗塞または不安定狭心症、New York Heart Association(NYHA)グレードIIまたはそれ以上のうっ血性心不全(CHF)、または任意の試験薬物または賦形剤で既知の過敏症を有する患者であった。
臨床試料を遺伝子発現サブタイプに層別化するのは、標準的試料調製法、例えば、ホルマリン固定パラフィン包埋(FFPE)法を用いて固定する方法では、標準的な方法、例えば、マイクロアレイを使用して行う分析に利用可能なRNAの品質及び量が低下するため、複雑である。最近、1分子分析技術、例えば、Nanostring nCounter(Geiss et al.Biotechnol.26(3):317−325,2008)を、FFPEに固定した材料の遺伝子発現アッセイに利用できるようになった。
1. 公開されているマイクロアレイデータを、Laiらにより分類されている98の試料について正規化し直し、35の分類遺伝子(参照データ)について遺伝子発現の重心を計算した。
2. 計算した重心を適用し、同じアフィメトリクス製マイクロアレイプラットフォームで解析した膠芽腫試料を47の新たなセットを分類した(参照データと同じの参照分布にしたがい正規化した)(検討試料)。
3. 同47の検討試料の分類遺伝子発現プロファイリングをNanostring nCounterシステムで行った。
4. アフィメトリクス社マイクロアレイデータに基づく47の検討試料に割り付けられたサブタイプラベルを使用して、Nanostringプラットフォームについて重心を再較正した。
我々は、Nanostringプラットフォームについて、サブタイプ1個に対して1つの重心、合計3つの重心を得、これを、本テクノロジーのプラットフォームで解析したばかりの新規試料の分類に直接適用することができた。
我々は、hgu133plus2アフィメトリクス製マイクロアレイでLaiらにより解析及び分類がなされた(Clin.Oncol.29(34):4482−4490,2011)98の試料について、Genentech’s research databaseから生の発現データを入手し、データの正規化を行い(アレイ間で比較可能にするため)、参照分布を保存した(Harbron et al.Bioinformatics.23(18):2493−2494,2007)。
表1.Laiらにより公開されている正規化アフィメトリクス発現データから測定した、Phillipsらの定義による発現サブタイプの重心
表2.参照データセットで利用可能なサブタイプあたりの試料数
次に、Nanostring nCounterシステムでもすでに解析されていた、47の新しい膠芽腫試料(検討試料)のマイクロアレイ生データを、Genentech’s research databaseから入手した。試験間の互換性を保証するため、各マイクロアレイを、上で使用したものと同じ参照分布に合わせて正規化した。
以下の30の分類遺伝子を標的にするようプローブを特徴付け、また、現在のところ、タンパク質コード座位:ANGPTL4、ATP6V1G2、CENPK、CHI3Ll、COL4Al、COL4A2、CSDC2、DLL3、DTL、E2F7、FOSL2、GABBR1、GALNT13、HMMR、KLRC3、LIF、MYL9、NCAM1、NDRG2、PDLIM4、PDPN、PLA2G5、RASL10A、SCG3、SERPINE1、SNAP91、SOX8、SPOCDl、TAGLN及びTIMP1にマッチしている元の35マイクロアレイプローブすべてを表すNanostring nCounterでも、先と同じ47の検討試料を解析した。
表4.Phillipsの発現サブタイプのNanostring特異的な重心
表5.検討データセットの、Nanostringベースのサブタイプ割り付けのリコール
次に、我々は、バイオマーカーをPhillipsの定義による遺伝子発現サブタイプで評価可能であった、AvaGlio治験から得た349の試料を分類した(Cancer Cell.9(3):157−173,2006)。これらのバイオマーカーの評価可能患者349人の各治療群内の選択ベースラインの特性を表6に示す。
表6.バイオマーカーの評価可能患者の選択ベースライン特性
試料を、サブタイプ特異的な重心を導くために使用したものと同一のNanostringプローブセットで解析し、同一の遺伝子についての発現スコアを、同一の技術とプローブ配列を使用して得た。349の試料のうち、良好な予後に関連することが既知であるイソクエン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ1(IDH1)遺伝子に変異(複数可)のあった患者の試料10個を、本解析から除外した。残る339のIDH1天然型の試料の、生のNanostringカウントをlog2変換し、試料全体の平均発現及び標準偏差を上記実施例2の検討セットに適用したものと同一の参照値に合わせて調整した。
表7.AvaGlio治験試料のブタイプの割り付け
上記の30の分類遺伝子に基づくPhillipsサブタイプ分類と、95の分類遺伝子に基づくTCGAサブタイプ分類(Verhaak et al.Cancer Cell.17(1):98−110,2010)との比較を下記表8に示す。
表8. Phillips分類及びTCGA分類に基づく両サブタイプ割り付けの比較
表9.PNサブタイプ患者の選択ベースライン特性
表10.AvaGlio試料の監視下及び非監視下での層別化
第III相AvaGlio試験では、治療群に抗VEGF抗体療法を追加したところ、全体的に無増悪生存(PFS)中央値がプラセボ群より約4.4か月改善されたが、全生存(OS)中央値は、両群間に有意差はなかった。したがって、Phillips分類を使用して、患者の膠芽腫腫瘍遺伝子発現サブタイプで定義された患者が、RT及び化学療法による治療に抗VEGF療法を追加したことでOS利益を受けているかどうか、評価した。
Claims (27)
- 有効量の抗VEGF抗体、有効量の化学療法薬、及び有効量の放射線治療を含む治療を前記患者に投与することを含む、膠芽腫と診断された患者の治療方法であって、抗VEGF抗体を用いずに前記化学療法薬を投与される膠芽腫患者と比較して、前記患者の全生存期間中央値を延長させる、前記治療方法。
- 前記患者のWHOパフォーマンス状態が2以下である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記化学療法薬がテモゾロミド(TMZ)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記TMZが150mg/m2で投与される、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記TMZが200mg/m2で投与される、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記放射線治療を2Gyで施行する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抗VEGF抗体がA4.6.1エピトープに結合する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抗VEGF抗体がベバシズマブである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抗VEGF抗体が、可変重鎖(VH)及び可変軽鎖(VL)を含み、前記VHは、配列番号2のアミノ酸配列を有し、前記VLは配列番号1のアミノ酸配列を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抗VEGF抗体の前記有効量が、2週間隔の静脈内10mg/kgである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抗VEGF抗体の前記有効量が、3週間隔の静脈内15mg/kgである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記有効量の前記抗VEGF抗体が、初回は静脈内に90分かけて投与され、続いて60分かけて注入され、その後、30分かけて注入される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第1のサイクルにおいて前記患者に前記抗VEGF抗体が最初に投与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抗VEGF抗体の順次投与が、前記化学療法薬の前、または後に行われる、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記膠芽腫が前神経性サブタイプである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記膠芽腫が新たに診断された膠芽腫である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抗VEGF抗体が、前記化学療法薬と同時に投与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記全生存期間中央値が、抗VEGF抗体を用いずに前記化学療法薬を投与される膠芽腫患者と比較して、約4.9か月延長され、ハザード比(HR)が0.42である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記全生存期間中央値が、抗VEGF抗体を用いずに前記化学療法薬を投与される膠芽腫患者と比較して、約4.9か月延長され、ハザード比(HR)が約0.24〜約0.72である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記患者が65歳未満である、請求項18または19に記載の方法。
- 前記患者が65歳以上である、請求項18または19に記載の方法。
- 抗VEGF抗体を用いずに前記化学療法薬を投与される膠芽腫患者に比較して、膠芽腫と診断された患者の全生存期間中央値を延長させるための医薬の製造における、有効量の抗VEGF抗体、化学療法薬、及び放射線治療の使用。
- 抗VEGF抗体を用いずに前記化学療法薬を投与される膠芽腫患者に比較して、膠芽腫と診断された患者の全生存期間中央値を延長させる方法における使用のための、有効量の抗VEGF抗体、化学療法薬、及び放射線治療を含む、組成物。
- 本質的にエピトープA4.6.1に結合する抗VEGF抗体、化学療法薬、並びに、膠芽腫と診断された患者に有効量の抗VEGF抗体及び化学療法薬を投与することを含む、膠芽腫と診断された前記患者の治療のための指示を有する添付文書またはラベルを含むキットであって、前記患者が、それまでに2以下の抗癌レジメンを受けており、前記治療が、抗VEGF抗体を用いずに前記化学療法薬を投与される膠芽腫患者と比較して、前記患者の全生存期間中央値を延長する、前記キット。
- 前記抗VEGF抗体がベバシズマブである、請求項24に記載のキット。
- 前記膠芽腫が前神経性サブタイプである、請求項24に記載のキット。
- 前記膠芽腫が新たに診断された膠芽腫である、請求項24に記載のキット。
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US20150065781A1 (en) | 2015-03-05 |
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