JP2012179060A - 転移性骨癌の治療のための受容体アンタゴニスト - Google Patents
転移性骨癌の治療のための受容体アンタゴニスト Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】本発明は、IGF-IRアンタゴニスト及び/又はPDGFRαアンタゴニストを投与することにより、骨癌、特に転移性骨癌を治療する方法を提供する。本発明は、ヒトPDGFRαに結合し、受容体の活性化を中和する抗体も提供する。本発明は、PDGFRαの活性化を中和する方法、及び抗体単独又は他の薬剤と併用して使用することにより、腫瘍疾患を患う哺乳動物を治療する方法を、さらに提供する。
【選択図】 なし
Description
本発明の方法は、IGF-IR又はPDGFRαアンタゴニストを、単独で、互いに組み合わせて、又は他の癌療法、例えば化学療法剤及び放射線照射と組み合わせて、使用することを含む。
1)抗体はIGF-IRの外部ドメインに結合し、IGF-I又はIGF-IIがIGF-IRに結合するのを阻害する。阻害は、例えば、精製された受容体又は膜結合受容体を用いて、直接的な結合アッセイにより測定できる。この実施形態では、本発明の抗体又はそのフラグメントは、好ましくは、IGF-IRの天然のリガンド(IGF-I及びIGF-II)と少なくとも同じ強さで、IGF-IRに結合する。
IMC-A12及びドセタキセルの腫瘍増殖に対する効果
アンドロゲン非依存性(AI)LuCaP35Vの腫瘍小片(20〜30 mm3)を、32匹の6週令の去勢したSCIDマウスに、前述のとおり皮下に(s.c.)それぞれ移植した。移植した腫瘍の体積が150〜200 mm3に達するまで観察し、被験動物を治療試験のために、4つのグループに無作為割付けした。グループ1の被験動物には、用量20 mg/kgのドセタキセルによる治療を行った。グループ2の被験動物には、用量10 mg/kgのドセタキセルによる治療を行った。グループ3の被験動物には、10 mg/kgのドセタキセル及び40 mg/kgのA12の併用療法を行った。グループ4の被験動物には、20 mg/kgのドセタキセル及び40 mg/kgのA12の併用療法を行った。すべての治療は、腹腔内(ip)投与した。ドセタキセルは、週に1回投与した。Al2は週に3回投与した。すべての被験動物を4週間治療し、安楽死させる前にさらに4週間モニターした。1週間に2回腫瘍を測定して、式:体積 = L X W2/2を用いて腫瘍体積を算出した。我々ワシントン大学のIACUCによって承認された動物プロトコールに従って、腫瘍体積が1000 mm3に達するよりも前に、又は被験動物の体重減少が最初の体重の20%を超える前に、被験動物を安楽死させた。被験動物の体重は、週に2回測定した。血液サンプルを、眼窩洞から毎週採取した。血清を分離し、IMxトータルPSAアッセイ(Abott Laboratories, Abott Park, IL)を用いて、PSAレベルを測定した。in vivoでの腫瘍細胞増殖速度の評価のために被験動物を安楽死させる1時間前に、BrdUを腫瘍に注射した。
治療終了時において、ドセタキセル及びA12の併用治療の細胞周期及び細胞生存に対するin vivo効果を、Apop-Direct kit (BD BioScience)を用いて、末端デオキシヌクレオチジルトランスフェラーゼ介在切断末端標識(TUNEL)アッセイ及びプロピジウム(PI)染色によって、既報のとおり測定した。簡潔にいうと、単一細胞の懸濁液から得た1×106細胞を10%中性緩衝ホルマリン(NBF)にいれた後、70%エタノールアルコールに−2O℃で30分間いれて固定した。数回の洗浄後に、細胞を0.1%Triton X-100で溶解し、FITCとコンジュゲートしたdUTP及び末端デオキシヌクレオチジルトランスフェラーゼ酵素(TdT)と共に37℃で1時間インキュベートした後、PI/RNase緩衝液(100μg/mlのPI、50μg/ml RNase)と共に室温で60分間インキュベートした。BD FACscanを用いて、サンプルをフローサイトメトリーで解析した。データは、CellQuestPROソフトウェアで解析した。
Al2によるドセタキセルの効果の著しい増強でとり得るメカニズムを調べるために、免疫組織化学分析及びフローサイトメトリー分析により、採取した腫瘍の全てにおいて、IGF-IR発現を調べた。全ての治療群で、又は対照群(データは示してない)と比較して、表面IGF-IR発現の差はなかった。20 mg/kgのドセタキセル及びA12を併用して20 mg/kgのドセタキセルを投与した患者から得た腫瘍において、cDNAマイクロアレイ分析を用いて、治療後の遺伝子発現を調べた。SAM解析では、ドセタキセル及びA12の併用療法を受けた腫瘍において、ドセタキセル単独療法を受けた腫瘍と比較して、示差的に発現したものとして49個の遺伝子を同定した。この際、発現レベルの差は2倍を超えており、過誤発見率(FDR)は10%未満であった(データを示していない)。13個の遺伝子が、アポトーシス又は細胞周期の制御に関与している可能性があることを同定した(表4)。13個の遺伝子は全て、2つの治療間で少なくとも2倍異なっており、FDRは0.02%未満であった。ドセタキセル単独で治療した腫瘍と比べ、ドセタキセル及びA12で治療した腫瘍では、9個の遺伝子がダウンレギュレートされており、4個の遺伝子がアップレギュレートされていた。
A12を併用してドセタキセルを投与した被験動物において、A12の血清レベルを測定した。血清A12レベルは、治療終了後2週では100倍減少し、治療終了後4週では、非常に低いレベルで検出した(図5)。
ドセタキセル及びIMC-A12の同時投与による細胞毒性を調べた。A12は、マウスIGF-IRと95%超の交差反応性を有するが、薬剤の併用又はドセタキセル単独で治療した被験動物では、対照群の腫瘍を有する被験動物と比べて、異常な日常活動や挙動の変化は全く観察しなかった。細胞周期及びアポトーシスアッセイの両方では、どの治療群でも腎細胞に対する有意な影響を認めなかった(データは示していない)。体重変化の有意な変化も、治療群間で認めなかった(図6)。
骨中の前立腺癌細胞の転移増殖に対する抗IGF-IR抗体による治療の効果を、SCIDマウスの頸骨に直接注射した前立腺癌細胞を用いて評価した。この方法によって、循環系からの化学走化性依存性浸潤には頼らずに、転移性腫瘍を直接定着させた。多様な腫瘍株を、骨転移を定着させるために利用することができる。これらには、PC-3、LuCaP35、骨融解性病変を産生するLnCaP細胞、及び造骨性病変を産生するLuCaP 23.1が含まれる。
頸骨腫瘍注射の2週間前に、SCIDマウスを去勢させた。LuCaP23.1前立腺癌細胞をマウスの頸骨に直接注射することにより骨転移を発生させ、造骨性病変に成長させた。異種移植片はIGF-IRを発現する。腫瘍増殖を評価するために、隔週で血清PSAレベルを測定する。血清PSAレベルが5〜10 ng/mlに達し、腫瘍の定着が示された時に、被験動物を4つのグループに無作為割付けした。
LuCaP23.1ヒト前立腺腫瘍小片(20〜30 mm3)を機械的に消化した。2〜5×105個のLuCaP23.1生細胞を、6〜8週令のSCIDマウスの頸骨に注射した。3つのグループに無作為割付した21匹のマウスを、この試験では使用した。腫瘍注射後に、血清PSAを毎週モニターした。血清PSAレベルが5〜10 ng/mlに達し、腫瘍増殖が示された時に治療を開始した。グループ1には、対照溶媒である生理食塩水緩衝液を投与した。グループ2には、20 mg/kgのドセタキセルを4週間かけて週に1回投与(i.p.)した。グループ3には、4週間にわたり、20 mg/kgのドセタキセルを週に1回及び40mg/kgのAl2を週3回投与(i.p.)した。治療反応が、骨芽球性であるか又は骨融解性であるか決定するために、全ての治療終了時に、被験動物のDexaスキャン及びX線撮影によってBMDを測定した。
骨髄穿刺液により誘導されるAktリン酸化
Cambrex (PoieticsTM Donor Program)より、健常男性ドナー(18〜45歳)から入手した骨髄サンプルの供給を受けた。サンプルを1,500 rpmで遠心分離することにより、可溶性相と細胞性相を分離した。連続して0.8μm及び0.22μmのフィルターを用いて、上澄液を濾過した。50μlの骨髄穿刺液を1 mlの溶媒を用いて(最終希釈1:20)、細胞に投与した。
骨芽細胞及び破骨細胞は、PDGF-AA及びPDGF-BBの両方を分泌するが、骨髄の可溶性環境では、これらの成長因子を与えると考えられている。骨髄抽出物に対するPC3-ML細胞の反応性が、PDGFRαを介したシグナル伝達と関係するか否かを決定するために、20μMのAG-1296の不在下又は存在下で、PC3-ML細胞を骨髄穿刺液にさらした。この濃度のAG-1296は、PDGF-BB誘導性のAkt活性化を完全に阻害した(図11A)。AG-1296は、骨髄穿刺液誘導性のAkt活性化を、40%を超えて阻害した(図11B及びD)。このことは、骨髄誘導性Akt活性化の大半においてPDGFRαシグナル伝達が役割と果たすことを示している。
中和抗体IMC-3G3は、ヒトPDGFRαに特異的であるが、PC3-ML細胞のAktリン酸化を阻害するその能力についても試験した。30分間のプレインキュベーション及び濃度20μg/mlのIMC-3G3で、30 ng/mlのPDGF-BBによる刺激効果を中和した(図12A)。抗体による処理も、骨髄誘導性のAktリン酸化を約40%阻害した(図12B及びC)。Aktリン酸化に対するIMC-3G3の阻害効果は、プレインキュベーション時間に依存しており、30分間のインキュベーション(12B及びC)よりも、120分間のインキュベーションのほうが、著しく有効であることも観察した(図12D)。1つの考えられる説明は、IMC-3G3がPDGFRαの内在化を誘導しており、その阻害効果は、リガンド結合の遮断だけでなく、細胞膜からの受容体の除去にも関係しているというものである。
ヒト抗PDGFRα抗体の単離
ヒト抗PDGFRαモノクローナル抗体を、標準的ハイブリドーマ技術(Harlow & Lane, ed., Antibody: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, 211-213 (1998);これらは、引用により本明細書に包含される)により、ヒトγ重鎖及びκ軽鎖免疫グロブリンを発現するトランスジェニックマウス(Medarex Inc., Sunnyvale, CA)を用いて作製した。ヒトPDGFRα細胞外ドメイン(ECD)は、R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN)から購入した。PDGFRαを安定して発現する3×107個のブタ大動脈内皮細胞(PAE Rα)を皮下投与(s.c.)して、KMマウスを免疫した。4週間後、マウスを、完全フロインドアジュバント中50μgのPDGFRαECD(s.c.)でブーストし、更に3×107のPAE Rα細胞(i.p.)を加えた。3週間毎にさらに2回、不完全フロインドアジュバント中25μgのPDGFRαECDで、マウスをブーストした。
IMC-3G3によるPDGF誘導性細胞内シグナル伝達に対する効果を、PAE Rα細胞を用いて調べた。細胞を6-ウェルファルコン組織培養プレート(250,000細胞/ウェル)に播種し、一晩成長させた。その後ウェルをすすぎ、無血清培地中でインキュベートした。細胞を静止させるために一晩インキュベートした後、該細胞を抗体で、37℃で30分間処理した。その後、PDGF-AA又はPDGF-BBを加え、37℃でさらに10分間インキュベートした。そして、細胞を剥離し、200μLの溶解緩衝液(50 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 8.0)、1%Triton X-100、150 mmol/L NaCl、1 mmol/L EDTA、0.1%SDS、1 mmol/L o-バナジウム酸ナトリウム及びプロテアーゼ阻害剤(Complete Mini、Roche、Mannheim、Germany))中で溶解した。細胞溶解物を、増強された化学ルミネセンス試薬及びHyperfilm(Amersham Biosciences)を用いて、SDS-PAGE及びウェスタンブロット法により解析した。
抗PDGFRαモノクローナル抗体を、PDGFR-AAによって誘導されるPAE Rα細胞の有糸分裂を遮断するその能力について、試験した。細胞を96-ウェル組織培養プレート(1×104細胞/ウェル)に播種し、100μL培地/ウェル中で一晩生育した。その後、ウェルを無血清培養液ですすぎ、それぞれのウェルに75μL無血清培地を加え、細胞を一晩、血清欠乏状態とした。IgGを加え(25μL/ウェル)、プレートを30分間、37℃でインキュベートした。その後、PDGF-AA又はPDGF-BB (25μL/ウェル)を加え、プレートを18〜20時間、37℃でインキュベートした。それぞれのウェルに0.25μCi[3H]チミジン(25μL/ウェル)を加えた後、プレートをさらに4時間インキュベートした。抗体、PDGF、及び[3H]チミジンは、全て無血清培地中で希釈した。その後、1%ウシ血清アルブミンを加えたPBSで細胞を洗浄し、トリプシン(100μL/ウェル)による処理で剥離した。フィルター上に細胞を集め、MACH III細胞回収機(Tomtec, Inc., Hamden, CT)を用いて、再蒸留水でスライスを洗浄した。濾過処理した後、DNAに取り込まれた放射能をシンチレーションカウンタ(Wallac Microbeta, model 1450)で計測した。
PDGFRαを発現するヒト腫瘍細胞株を試験して、悪性増殖に対するヒト抗PDGFRα抗体の効果をin vitro及びin vivo系で測定した。フローサイトメトリーで測定した際にPDGFRαを発現するような2つの腫瘍細胞株は、SKLMS-1(平滑筋肉腫)及びU118(神経膠芽腫)である。これらの細胞株も、有糸分裂アッセイにおいてリガンドと反応し、マウスにおいて腫瘍を形成する。SKLMS-1は、パラクリン刺激だけでなく、オートクリン刺激も行う可能性がある。SKLMS-1は、培養して生育した際に、定量的サンドウィッチ酵素イムノアッセイ法(R&D Systems)により、PDGF-AAタンパク質を発現することがわかった。
無胸腺ヌードマウス中、神経膠芽腫(U118)及び平滑筋肉腫(SKLMS-1)皮下(s.c.)異種移植片モデルにおいて、IMC-3G3をin vivoで試験した。皮下の腫瘍異種移植片は、Matrigel (Collaborative Research Biochemicals, Bedford, MA)中で混合した10×106 SKLMS-1又はU118細胞を、雌の無胸腺ヌードマウス(Crl:NU/NU-nuBR, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA)に注射することにより、定着させた。腫瘍は、平均腫瘍体積(π/6×最長径×垂直方向の高さ2)が約400 mm3になるまで成長させた。マウスを5つのグループに無作為割付けし(n = 12)、試験期間中は週に2回i.p.注射して処置した。グループ1のマウスは、対照溶媒(0.9%NaCl;洗浄用のUSP, B/Braun)で処置した。グループ2〜4のマウスは、6、20、及び60 mg/kgの当該抗PDGFRα抗体で処置した。グループ5のマウスは、60 mg/kgのヒトIgG(Sigma)で処置した。6、20、又は60 mg/kgの抗PDGFRα抗体又はヒトIgGで処置したグループでは、初回用量をそれぞれ21.4、71.4、及び 214 mg/kgで与えた。初回用量は、週2回の投与レジュメンを用いて、第1の用量(消失半減期7日間)から定常状態の血清濃度を達成するように計算した。週に2回腫瘍体積を評価し、治療群における腫瘍増殖を、繰り返しANOVAを測定して比較した。
U118腫瘍における受容体ホスホチロシンのレベルを、抗PDGFRα抗体又はヒトIgGで処置してから1週間後に評価した。定着したU118腫瘍(500 mm3)を有するマウスを、初回用量214 mg/kgで処置し、72時間後に維持用量60 mg/kgの抗体で処置した。第1の抗体注射から1週間(168時間)後に(平均して、腫瘍消退が観察される前の時点に;図18Aを参照されたい)、マウスから腫瘍を採取し、リン酸化アッセイ溶解緩衝液中でホモジナイズした(上記参照)。溶解物を14,000 rpmで2回遠心分離し、回収した上澄液のタンパク質濃度を測定した(Bio-Radタンパク質アッセイ, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA)。それぞれのサンプルからの溶解物(4 mg)を、抗PDGFRα抗体を用いて免疫沈降させた。その後、免疫沈降させたヒトPDGFRαを、抗PDGFR又は抗ホスホチロシン抗体のいずれかでイムノブロットした。図19は、これらの腫瘍において、抗PDGFRα抗体の投与が、ヒトIgG対照と比べPDGFRαホスホチロシンのレベルを減少させることを示す。
はじめに、ヒト抗PDGFRα抗体の重鎖及び軽鎖可変ドメインをコードする遺伝子をクローニングし、配列決定した。一連のプライマーは、MEDAREX由来のハイブリドーマ中で、ヒト免疫グロブリン可変領域配列の5'及び3'フランキング配列にアニーリングするMEDAREXから得た。重鎖可変領域は、プライマー対AB88(フォワード)及びAB90(リバース)(表7)を用いて増幅した。軽鎖産物は、フォワードプライマーAB182及びリバースプライマーAB16(表7)を含むプライマー対を用いて増幅した。これらの0.4kb反応産物をベクターZeroBlunt (Invitrogen)にクローニングして、AB88-1(VH)及びAB182-3(Vκ)を作製し、挿入物をユニバーサルT7及びM13Rプライマーを用いて配列決定した。
5サイクル 94℃ 20秒
48℃ 60秒
68℃ 2分
20サイクル 94℃ 20秒
65℃ 60秒
68℃ 2分
1サイクル 68℃ 5分
Claims (37)
- 配列番号2で表されるCDRH1;配列番号4で表されるCDRH2;配列番号6で表されるCDRH3;配列番号10で表されるCDRL1;配列番号12で表されるCDRL2;及び配列番号14で表されるCDRL3からなる群から選択される1以上の相補性決定領域を含み、PDGFRαに特異的な、単離されたヒト抗体又は抗体フラグメント。
- 配列番号2で表されるCDRH1;配列番号4で表されるCDRH2;及び配列番号6で表されるCDRH3を含む、請求項1に記載の抗体又は抗体フラグメント。
- 配列番号8を含む、請求項1に記載の抗体又は抗体フラグメント。
- 配列番号10で表されるCDRL1;配列番号12で表されるCDRL2;及び配列番号14で表されるCDRL3を含む、請求項1に記載の抗体又は抗体フラグメント。
- 配列番号16を含む、請求項1に記載の抗体又は抗体フラグメント。
- 配列番号2で表されるCDRH1;配列番号4で表されるCDRH2;配列番号6で表されるCDRH3;配列番号10で表されるCDRL1;配列番号12で表されるCDRL2;及び配列番号14で表されるCDRL3を含む、請求項1に記載の抗体又は抗体フラグメント。
- 配列番号8及び配列番号16を含む、請求項1に記載の抗体又は抗体フラグメント。
- PDGFRαと選択的に結合する、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の抗体又は抗体フラグメント。
- PDGFRαが、PDGFRαのリガンドに結合するのを阻害する、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の抗体又は抗体フラグメント。
- PDGFRαを中和する、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の抗体又は抗体フラグメント。
- 一本鎖抗体、Fab、一本鎖Fv、ジアボディ(diabody)、及びトリアボディ(triabody)からなる群から選択される、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の抗体又は抗体フラグメント。
- 請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の抗体又は抗体フラグメントのコンジュゲート。
- 抗腫瘍剤、標的分子又はレポーター分子を含む、請求項12に記載のコンジュゲート。
- 抗体又は抗体フラグメントをコードし、配列番号1で表されるCDRH1;配列番号3で表されるCDRH2;配列番号5で表されるCDRH3;配列番号9で表されるCDRL1;配列番号11で表されるCDRL2;及び配列番号13で表されるCDRL3からなる群から選択される1以上のヌクレオチド配列を含む、単離されたポリヌクレオチド。
- 配列番号7を含む、請求項14に記載の単離されたポリヌクレオチド。
- 配列番号15を含む、請求項14に記載の単離されたポリヌクレオチド。
- 請求項14〜16のいずれか1項に記載のポリヌクレオチドを含む発現ベクター。
- 請求項17に記載の発現ベクターを含む、組換え宿主細胞。
- 配列番号8を含むポリペプチド及び配列番号16を含むポリペプチドを産生する、請求項18に記載の組換え宿主細胞。
- 配列番号8及び配列番号16を含むポリペプチドを産生する、請求項18に記載の組換え宿主細胞。
- 哺乳動物においてPDGFRαの活性化を中和する方法であって、有効量の請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の抗体を投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 哺乳動物において腫瘍の増殖を阻害する方法であって、治療上有効量の請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の抗体を投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 腫瘍がPDGFRαを発現する、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 腫瘍がPDGFRαを過剰発現する、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 腫瘍が原発性腫瘍である、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 腫瘍が転移性腫瘍である、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 腫瘍が治療抵抗性の腫瘍である、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 腫瘍が血管形成腫瘍である、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 腫瘍が、卵巣癌、乳癌、肺癌、肝細胞癌、胃腸間質腫瘍、メラノーマ、腎細胞癌、前立腺癌、及び柔組織肉腫からなる群から選択される、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 抗体又は抗体フラグメントが、抗腫瘍剤と組み合わせて投与される、請求項22〜29のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 抗腫瘍剤が化学療法剤である、請求項30に記載の方法。
- 抗腫瘍剤がドキソルビシンである、請求項30に記載の方法。
- 抗腫瘍剤が放射線療法である、請求項30に記載の方法。
- 抗体又は抗体フラグメントが、第2のPDGFRαアンタゴニストと共に投与される、請求項22〜33のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- PDGFRαアンタゴニストが、細胞内PDGFRαアンタゴニストである、請求項34に記載の方法。
- 治療上有効量の上皮成長因子受容体(EGFR)アンタゴニストを投与することをさらに含む、請求項22〜35のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 治療上有効量のインスリン様成長因子受容体(IGF-IR)アンタゴニストを投与することをさらに含む、請求項22〜36のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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