JP2012054566A - 両極性発光電界効果トランジスタ - Google Patents
両極性発光電界効果トランジスタ Download PDFInfo
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- JP2012054566A JP2012054566A JP2011211888A JP2011211888A JP2012054566A JP 2012054566 A JP2012054566 A JP 2012054566A JP 2011211888 A JP2011211888 A JP 2011211888A JP 2011211888 A JP2011211888 A JP 2011211888A JP 2012054566 A JP2012054566 A JP 2012054566A
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- organic
- injection electrode
- semiconductor layer
- electrode
- hole injection
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- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical group N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000301 poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000172 poly(styrenesulfonic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001281 polyalkylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006324 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007348 radical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002940 repellent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001004 secondary ion mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005372 silanol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003011 styrenyl group Chemical group [H]\C(*)=C(/[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010023 transfer printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004402 ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003738 xylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
【解決手段】トランジスタのチャネル長を規定する長さLによって分離される電子注入電極及び正孔注入電極と接触する有機半導体層を備え、発光元の有機半導体層の領域は、電子注入電極及び正孔注入電極の両方からL/10より離れている両極性発光トランジスタ。
【選択図】図1
Description
−テトラシアノキノジメタン(tetracyanoquinodimethane)(A. R. Brown, D. M. de Leeuw, E. J. Lous and E. E. Havinga, Synthetic Metals 66 (1994) pg. 257)
−ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸(napthalenetetracarboxylic acid)の二無水物およびジイミド(J. G. Laquindanum, H. e. Katz, A. Dodabalapur and A. J. Lovinger, Journal of the Americal Chemical Society 118 (1996)pg. 11331; H. E. Katz, A. J. Lovinger, J. Johnson, C. Kloc, T. Siegrist, W. Li, Y-Y. Lin and A. Dodabalapur, Nature 404 (2000) pg. 478)
−ペリレンテトラカルボン酸(perylenetetracarboxlic acid)のジイミド(C. D. Dimitrakopoulos and P. R. L. Malenfant, Advanced Materials 14 (2002) pg. 99)
小分子n−チャネル半導体材料の例は、KatzらのNature 404 (2000) pg.478-481からも知られている。この文献は、実際、有機ポリイミド誘電体の可能性について言及している。しかしながら、適切なポリイミドの例は、挙げられておらず、どのようにして適切なポリイミドを選択すればよいかについての情報は、提供されていない。さらに、典型的なポリイミドは、1−5%の残留−COOH基を含んでいる。
−キノダールテルチオフェン(quinodal terthiophene)(R. J. Chesterfield, C. R. Newman, T. M. pappenfus, P. C. Ewbank, M. H. Haukaas, K. R. Mann, L. L. Miller and C. D. Frisbie, Advanced Materials 15 (2003) pg. 1278)
無機誘電体とともに使われてきた高い電子親和性ポリマーn−チャネル半導体材料の例としては、次のものがある。
バンドギャップ(ΔE)は、例えば光吸収を用いて測定される。数多くの共役ポリマーの場合、励起子結合エネルギー(BE)は、広く一般に0.4eVに維持される。
非反応性トラッピング基
非反応性トラップの場合、トラッピングは、可逆的であるため、非トラッピングとなる基についての基準は、EAsemicond未満となるべき誘電体材料(EAx)中の化学基の固体状態EAについてのものである。例として、一般的な基のいくつかのEAx値を以下に示す。本発明によると、これらの値は、気相EAデータから算出される。固体状態EAx値は、M. Pope and C.E. Swenberg, Electronic Processes in Organic Crystals and Polymers (Oxford University Press, 1999) によって与えられているように、ここでは1.8eVとされる固体状態分極エネルギーを加えることによって、気相EAから算出される。
(a)脂肪族カルボニル(-CO-、-COO-、-CONR-)およびCN 1.8-2.0
(b)芳香族カルボニル(-CO-、-COO-、-CONR-) 2.0-2.4
(c)芳香族フルオロカーボン 2.3
(d)キノキサリン 2.5
(e)脂肪族フルオロカーボン 2.8-2.9
(f)キノン 3.4-3.6
aは、適切なモデル化合物の気相EAに分極エネルギー(本発明の目的では1.8eVとされる)を加えることによって得られる。
反応性トラップ
このようなトラップは、デトラッピングを不可能とする結合反応にさらされる。結合反応の一例としては、活性水素を持つ部分からの水素原子の放出が挙げられる。一旦この水素原子が(水素ガスを提供するための何らかの他のラジカル反応または再結合によって)失われると、電子電荷は、何らかの電荷中和事象が生じるまで不可逆的に部分にトラップされる。いずれの場合でも、初期にトラップされた電子が再放出されることはなく、ゲート誘電体の容量性電荷密度は、このような固定の電荷によって充填される。反応性トラップの場合、非トラッピングとなる基の基準は、反応自由エネルギーを考慮することを必要とする。反応性トラップの気相EA値は、得ることができない。従って、本発明の目的では、このような基の反応性電子親和力を考慮しさえすればよい。
Semicond−(s)+Diel-COOH(s)→Semicond(s)+Diel-COO−(s)+H(s)
であり、これは、初期に半導体(Semicond−)に存在していた誘導された電子がH原子を失うことで誘電体(Diel−COO−)の−COO−にトラッピングされることを表している。
(i) Semicond−(s)→Semicond(s)+e−(g) EAsemicond
(ii) Diel-COOH(s)+e−(g)→Diel-COO−(s)+H(s) −(EArxn)
反応(ii)は、水素原子の放出を必要とする。ここで、反応(ii)のエネルギー論は、負の反応性電子親和力(EArxn)として表される。従って、本発明は、反応性トラップのEArxnを定義しており、対応の小分子モデルに対するボルン−ハーバー熱力学サイクルを用いて見積もることができるものであり、その一例は、次の通りである。
(ii)(a) Diel-COOH(s)→Diel-COOH(g) ΔGsub1
(ii)(b) Diel-COOH(g)→Diel-COO−(g)+H+(g) ΔGdeprot
(ii)(c) H+(g)+e−(g)→H(g) −ΔGion,H
(ii)(d) Diel-COO−(g)→Diel-COO−(s) ΔGpolar−ΔGsub1
(ii)(e) H(g)→H(s) −ΔGsub1.H
ここで、Diel−COOHモデルの小分子のために、3つの主なエネルギー用語は、それぞれ、気相脱プロトン化エネルギー(ΔGdeprot)、負の水素原子イオン化エネルギー(−ΔGion,H=−13.6eV)、および媒質分極エネルギー(ΔGpolar、ここでは−1.8eVとされる)である。
(a)脂肪族-NHR 16.6 -1.2
(b)脂肪族-OH 15.9 -0.5
(c)芳香族-NHR 15.5 -0.1
(d)脂肪族-SH 15.1 0.3
(e)芳香族-OH 14.8 0.6
(f)脂肪族-COOH 14.8 0.6
(g)芳香族-SH 14.5 0.9
(h)芳香族-COOH 14.5 0.9
実験により、本発明者は、(e)および(f)が一般的には有機半導体の範囲に入るn−チャネルFET伝導とは互換性がないと判断した(この場合、EAsemicond.≒2−2.5eV)。従って、本発明者は、ある部分を非トラッピングとするには、そのEArxnがそのEAsemicondよりも少なくとも2eVだけ小さくすべきである、すなわちEArxn<(EAsemicond−2eV)とすべきであることを提案する。
実施例
実施例1:
一般的な原則の例示として、200nmのSiO2層を持つp−ドープシリコン基板を、メシチレン(mesitylene)中の4.4w/v%BCB(シクロテン(登録商標、ダウケミカル社))溶液をスピンすることによって厚み50nmのBCB層でコーティングし、次に、290度に設定したホットプレート上で15秒間、窒素下で(pO2<5ppm)超高速熱アニールする。次いで、必要とされている有機半導体を、適切な溶媒中の1.3−1.8w/v%溶液から50−80nmの厚みの薄膜として基板全体にスピンキャストする。試験を行った共役ポリマーの範囲は、次の通りである。(i)混合キシレンから得られたポリ(9,9−ジオクチルフルオレン−アルト−ベンゾ−2−チア−1,3−ジアゾール)(poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzo-2-thia-1,3-diazole))(「F8BT」)、(ii)混合キシレンから得られたポリ(9,9−ジオクチルフルオレン−2,7−ジイル)(poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl))(「F8」)、(iii)トルエンから得られたポリ(2,5−ジヘキシル−p−フェニレンビニレン−コ−α,α−ジシアノ−2,5−ジヘキシル−p−フェニレンビニレン)(poly(2,5-dihexyl-p-phenylenevinylene-co-α,α’-dicyano-2,5-dihexyl-p-phenylenevinylene))(「CN−PPV」)、(iv)1:3(v/v)THF:トルエンから得られたポリ(2−メトキシ−5−(3,7−ジメチル)オクトキシ−p−フェニレンビニレン)(poly(2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyl)octoxy-p-phenylenevinylene)(「OC1C10−PPV」)、および(v)メタノールから得られた前駆体PPV(「PPV」)である。100nmのカルシウム電極をシャドウマスクを介して蒸着し、この電極を30nmのSiOに封入して、チャンネルの長さが25μmで幅が2.5mmのソース−ドレイントップコンタクト電極を得た。次に、トランジスタをグローブボックス内で試験した。
実施例2:
一般原則をさらに例示するものとして、今回は、アルミニウムソース−ドレイン電極を用いる。200nmのSiO2層を持つp−ドープシリコン基板を、メシチレン(mesitylene)中の4.4w/v%BCB(シクロテン(登録商標)、ダウケミカル社)溶液をスピンすることによって厚み50nmのBCB層でコーティングし、次に、290度に設定したホットプレート上で15秒間、窒素下で(pO2<5ppm)超高速熱アニールする。次いで、必要とされている有機半導体を、適切な溶媒中の1.3−1.8w/v%溶液から50−80nmの厚みの薄膜として基板全体にスピンキャストする。試験を行った2つの共役ポリマーは、次の通りである。(i)混合キシレンから得られたポリ(9,9−ジオクチルフルオレン−アルト−ベンゾ−2−チア−1,3−ジアゾル)(poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzo-2-thia-1,3-diazole))(「F8BT」)、および(ii)トルエンから得られたポリ(2,5−ジヘキシル−p−フェニレンビニレン−コ−α,α−ジシアノ−2,5−ジヘキシル−p−フェニレンビニレン)(poly(2,5-dihexyl-p-phenylenevinylene-co-α,α’-dicyano-2,5-dihexyl-p-phenylenevinylene))(「CN−PPV」)である。100nmのアルミニウム電極をシャドウマスクを介して蒸着する。次に、トランジスタをグローブボックス内で試験した。
実施例3:
一般原則をさらに例示するものとして、今回は、ガラス基板上にパターン化された金ソース−ドレイン電極およびトップゲートを用いる。ガラス基板を、混合キシレン中の1.7w/v%溶液から得られる50−80nmの厚みのポリ(9,9−ジオクチルフルオレン−アルト−ベンゾ−2−チア−1,3−ジアゾル)(poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzo-2-thia-1,3-diazole))でコーティングする。次に、30−40℃でデカン中の12.7w/v%BCB(ダウケミカル社のシクロテン(登録商標)から抽出)から厚みが200nmのBCB層をスピンすることによってゲート誘電体層を堆積し、そして290℃に設定したホットプレート上で15秒間、窒素下で(pO2<5ppm)超高速熱アニールする。次に、表面活性イオン交換ポリ(3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン)(poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene))−ポリ(スチレンスルホネート)(poly(styrenesulfonate))錯体(「PEDT:PSSR」)を印刷することによってトップゲート電極を堆積する。この表面活性イオン交換PEDT:PSSR錯体は、バイトロンP(ドイツのHC Starck of Leverkusen社)から作成されるもので、バイトロンPをポリ(スチレンスルホン酸)(poly(styrenesulfonic acid))で富裕化してPEDT:PSS比を10−16とした後、ヘキサデシルトリメチルアンモニウム(hexadecyltrimethylammonium)で透析交換することにより作成される。
実施例4:発光FET
本発明による両極性発光トランジスタを製造するために、ドレイン電極14としてカルシウムおよびソース電極13として金の実施例1で説明したものと同じ構造を使った(図3a(最下部))。チャネル幅が3mmでチャネル長が100μmのシャドウマスクを介してこれら2つの金属を引き続いて蒸着した。まず最初に、ソース電極を規定しているシャドウマスクの第2の開口部を遮蔽した状態で、ドレイン電極を規定しているシャドウマスクの第1の開口部を介してカルシウムを蒸着した。次いで、第1および第2の開口部の両方を開放した状態で、金を蒸着した。第2の蒸着中、カルシウム接触は、金がかぶせられ、その電子注入特性に影響を与えることなく、反応性カルシウム接触のいくらかの封入を提供する。半導体材料として、本発明者は、無水混合異性体キシレン溶液(5重量%)からスピンした「OC1C10−PPV」)を使用した。BCBと接触して、OC1C10−PPVは、高いフォトルミネッセンス効率と比較的高い、良好にバランスされた電子および正孔の電界効果移動度(5・10−4cm2/Vsの正孔移動度、および2・10−3cm2/Vsの電子移動度)とを組み合わせる。
2 誘電体
3 ソース電極
4 ドレイン電極
5 電子チャネル
6 正孔チャネル
7 活性有機半導体
8 再結合区域/発光
9 ゲート電極としての高濃度にドープされたSiおよび基板
10 300nmの熱成長SiO2
11 50nmの硬化BCB
12 40nmのスピンされたOC1C10−PPV
13 Au電極
14 Ca電極
15 SiOx封入
Claims (15)
- 有機ゲート誘電体層と、前記有機ゲート誘電体層と界面を形成する有機半導体層と、トランジスタのチャネル長を規定している距離Lによって互いに分離され、前記有機半導体層と接触している電子注入電極および正孔注入電極であって、前記有機半導体層と前記有機ゲート誘電体層との間の界面に沿って電荷キャリアが移動するように配置された電子注入電極と正孔注入電極とを備える両極性の発光トランジスタであって、光の発光元である有機半導体層の区域は、前記電子注入電極および前記正孔注入電極の両方からL/10よりも離れて配置されていることを特徴とする、両極性の発光トランジスタ。
- 有機ゲート誘電体層と、前記有機ゲート誘電体層と界面を形成する有機半導体層と、前記有機半導体層と接触している電子注入電極および正孔注入電極であって、前記有機半導体層と前記有機ゲート誘電体層との間の界面に沿って電荷キャリアが移動するように配置された電子注入電極と正孔注入電極とを備える両極性の発光トランジスタであって、光の発光元である有機半導体層の区域は、前記電子注入電極および前記正孔注入電極の両方から1μmよりも離れて配置されていることを特徴とする、両極性の発光トランジスタ。
- 有機ゲート誘電体層と、前記有機ゲート誘電体層と界面を形成する有機半導体層と、前記有機半導体層と接触している電子注入電極および正孔注入電極であって、前記有機半導体層と前記有機ゲート誘電体層との間の界面に沿って電荷キャリアが移動するように配置された電子注入電極と正孔注入電極とを備える両極性の発光トランジスタであって、光の発光元である有機半導体層の区域は、前記電子注入電極および前記正孔注入電極の両方から5μmよりも離れて配置されていることを特徴とする、両極性の発光トランジスタ。
- 前記有機ゲート誘電体層中のトラッピング基のバルク濃度は、1018cm−3未満であり、この場合、トラッピング基は、(i)EAsemicond以上の電子親和力EAxおよび/または(ii)(EAsemicond.−2eV)以上の反応性電子親和力EArxnを持つ基であることを特徴とする、請求項1ないし3の何れかに記載の両極性の発光トランジスタ。
- トランジスタの制御ゲート電極に印加されるバイアス電圧は、正孔注入電極に印加されるバイアス電圧と電子注入電極に印加されるバイアス電圧の間となるように選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1ないし4の何れかに記載の発光トランジスタをバイアスさせるための方法。
- 制御ゲート電極に印加されるバイアス電圧、正孔注入電極に印加されるバイアス電圧、および電子注入電極は、再結合区域をトランジスタのチャネルに沿って所望の位置へと移動させるように調整されることを特徴とする、請求項1ないし4の何れかに記載の発光トランジスタを作動させるための方法。
- 請求項1ないし4の何れかに定義されている発光トランジスタを作成するための方法。
- 前記電子注入および正孔注入電極を規定する工程は、シャドウマスク蒸着を含むことを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記電子注入および正孔注入電極を規定する工程は、表面エネルギーに手助けされた印刷を含むことを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記電子注入および正孔注入電極を規定する工程は、自己整合印刷を含むことを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記電子注入および正孔注入電極を規定する工程は、斜めの角度での蒸着を含むことを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記電子注入および正孔注入電極を規定する工程は、レジストパターンによって保護されている金属膜のアンダーエッチングを含むことを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の方法。
- トランジスタにおいて発光するための請求項1ないし4の何れかに記載の発光トランジスタの使用法。
- 請求項1ないし4の何れかに定義されている発光トランジスタを備える回路、相補型回路、論理回路、またはディスプレイ。
- 請求項14に定義されている回路、相補型回路、または論理回路を作成するための方法。
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US6828583B2 (en) * | 2003-03-12 | 2004-12-07 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Injection lasers fabricated from semiconducting polymers |
GB0315477D0 (en) | 2003-07-02 | 2003-08-06 | Plastic Logic Ltd | Rectifying diodes |
GB0318817D0 (en) * | 2003-08-11 | 2003-09-10 | Univ Cambridge Tech | Method of making a polymer device |
US7078937B2 (en) * | 2003-12-17 | 2006-07-18 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Logic circuitry powered by partially rectified ac waveform |
GB0400997D0 (en) * | 2004-01-16 | 2004-02-18 | Univ Cambridge Tech | N-channel transistor |
CN100569036C (zh) * | 2004-02-16 | 2009-12-09 | 独立行政法人科学技术振兴机构 | 发光型晶体管和激光光源 |
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EP1704587B1 (en) | 2015-02-11 |
EP1990845B1 (en) | 2012-10-24 |
KR20070004627A (ko) | 2007-01-09 |
JP5552205B2 (ja) | 2014-07-16 |
US20070278478A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 |
WO2005069401A1 (en) | 2005-07-28 |
WO2005069400A1 (en) | 2005-07-28 |
CN1918722A (zh) | 2007-02-21 |
CN1918724B (zh) | 2010-06-23 |
GB0400997D0 (en) | 2004-02-18 |
EP1711970A1 (en) | 2006-10-18 |
DE602005009495D1 (de) | 2008-10-16 |
JP5216217B2 (ja) | 2013-06-19 |
SG149855A1 (en) | 2009-02-27 |
EP1704587A1 (en) | 2006-09-27 |
JP2007523446A (ja) | 2007-08-16 |
KR101142991B1 (ko) | 2012-05-24 |
EP1711970B1 (en) | 2008-09-03 |
US20070295955A1 (en) | 2007-12-27 |
US20150221896A1 (en) | 2015-08-06 |
CN101847689A (zh) | 2010-09-29 |
US7638793B2 (en) | 2009-12-29 |
JP5329630B2 (ja) | 2013-10-30 |
JP2007518259A (ja) | 2007-07-05 |
ATE407457T1 (de) | 2008-09-15 |
CN101847689B (zh) | 2014-01-01 |
CN1918722B (zh) | 2010-05-12 |
CN1918724A (zh) | 2007-02-21 |
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