JP2006509163A - 水素の貯蔵、配達、回収システム - Google Patents
水素の貯蔵、配達、回収システム Download PDFInfo
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- JP2006509163A JP2006509163A JP2004557551A JP2004557551A JP2006509163A JP 2006509163 A JP2006509163 A JP 2006509163A JP 2004557551 A JP2004557551 A JP 2004557551A JP 2004557551 A JP2004557551 A JP 2004557551A JP 2006509163 A JP2006509163 A JP 2006509163A
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明の実施形態による、カセット・ベースの水素貯蔵と回収システム100を示す。システムは、カセット110、カセット内にある水素貯蔵材料115、水素回収システム130を含み、さらにカセットが水素カーゴをアンロードすなわち放出することが可能である回収システムのカセット受取りポート135を含む。水素貯蔵システムの実施形態である水素貯蔵材料を含むカセットは、システムがカセットから水素を回収することを可能にするために、水素回収システムのカセット・ポートと結合される。一例では、カセットは、ビデオ・カセット・レコーダ(VCR)のテープがVCRに挿入される方式と同様に、回収システムのカセット・リセプタクルに挿入される。水素回収システムは、回収された水素、または回収された水素から生成されるエネルギー、またはその両方を、水素燃料電池または様々な従来の電気システムなど、他の水素またはエネルギー利用システムに提供することが可能である。
いくつかの実施形態では、水素回収ユニットによって回収される水素は、水素利用システムに提供される。適切な水素利用システムには、燃料電池、水素動力車両(たとえば、燃料電池車両や修正内燃機関(ICE)車両)、触媒ヒータ、携帯電気生成装置、緊急電気生成装置、その他の水素利用システムがあるが、これに限定されるものではない。いくつかの実施形態では、水素利用システムは、水素回収システムとは別であり、一方、他の実施形態では、水素回収システムは、回収水素のいくらかまたはすべてを利用するために、燃料電池などの水素利用システムを含む。
本発明のいくつかの実施形態によれば、水素貯蔵システムは、カセットを備え、かつ水素を放出するように加熱されるカセット内に含まれる水素貯蔵材料を備えている。本発明のそのような実施形態では、水素貯蔵システムが、水素がカセットから出るために、カセットの開口を含む。システムは、開口を経たカセット内及び/又は外へのフローを開始、停止、及び/又は規制するために、1つまたは複数のバルブなど、1つまたは複数の水素フロー規制装置をさらに含む。一態様では、1つまたは複数の水素フロー規制装置により、たとえば外圧が大気圧より大きい所定の閾値(たとえば、2気圧)に到達するとき、一構成において水素がカセットに流れ込み、たとえば水素がカセット内の材料から回収されるとき、他の構成においてカセットから流れ出る。システムは、水素貯蔵材料を加熱して、水素を回収するために、加熱システムをさらに備えてもよい。挿入された加熱要素と電気抵抗ヒータに基づくものを含めて、様々なタイプの加熱システムが、以下においてさらに詳細に議論される。水素貯蔵システムは、カセット内の条件を感知して、それを外部制御システムに報告するために、センサをさらに含む。センサは、温度センサ、圧力センサ、またはカセットの水素の量を感知するセンサを含む。
本発明の実施形態によれば、水素貯蔵材料から解放された水素は、水素浸透性材料を通して水素を浸透させることによって、水素浸透性カセットまたは容器から除去される。本発明の実施形態による水素貯蔵システムが、内部に含まれる固体水素貯蔵材料を有する水素浸透性容器を備える。水素浸透性容器、または少なくともそのある部分は、装填条件または回収条件下において、それぞれ水素を容器に追加する、または容器から除去することを可能にするために、たとえば周囲よりかなり高い温度において、水素に対して十分な浸透性を有する水素浸透性材料を含む。水素浸透性容器は、加熱されると、水素に対して十分に浸透性であるガラス材料を含むガラス・カセットとすることが可能である。ガラスは、水素に対するガラスの浸透性を増大させる添加剤またはドーパントを含む。これらの容器のいずれかにおける固体水素貯蔵材料は、金属水素化物、炭素ナノ構造、または中空ガラス微小球を備える。当然、金属とポリマーを含めて(たとえば、水素分離室において従来使用されていたものなど)、ガラス以外の水素浸透性材料も使用される。本発明の概念は、ガラス水素浸透性材料について概ね示されるが、当技術分野の通常レベルの技能および本発明の開示の利益を有する者なら、ガラスは、他の水素浸透性材料で置き換えることが可能であることを理解するであろう。
本発明の一実施形態のカセットは、水素を回収するために反応される固体水素貯蔵材料を含むためのコンパクトな容器である。水素貯蔵材料は、水素に対して形成された化学結合を有することが可能であり、化学結合は、材料から水素を放出して、回収するために、化学反応により分解される。カセットは、材料がカセットに入る、及び/又はカセットから出ることを可能にするために、開口を含む。いくつかの実施形態では、水素貯蔵材料は、材料から水素を解放して、回収するように反応を実施し、制御する反応システムを含む水素回収システム内に、開口を通って出ることが可能である。他の実施形態では、水素回収システムからの反応物質が、開口を通ってカセットに入り、カセットからの回収水素と反応することが可能である。様々な実施形態によるカセットおよび開口が、以下においてさらに詳細に議論される。カセットにより、水素貯蔵材料が容易に対処され、配達され、出荷され、かつ、そうでない場合は、燃料電池または他の水素利用システムに供給する燃料として、カセットから水素を抽出し回収することが可能である水素回収システムに配備される。
本発明の実施形態は、水素燃料容器、容器内の水素燃料材料、材料内に貯蔵されている情報を含むシステムに関する。材料は、金属水素化物など、磁気特性を有する磁気材料を備える。事実上あらゆる対象情報が、材料の異なる部分を異なる強度の磁場に暴露することによって、磁気材料において磁気パターンとして記憶される。したがって、水素貯蔵材料または水素貯蔵材料内の磁気パターンが、水素燃料容器の情報記憶システムとして作用する。本発明の他の実施形態は、情報を水素燃料容器内に水素燃料材料に記憶する方法に関する。本発明の他の実施形態は、水素燃料容器内の材料から記憶情報を読み取る方法に関する。
本発明の実施形態は、水素燃料容器、容器内の材料、材料を調査するプローブを含むシステムに関する。容器は、水素燃料カセットを備えることが可能であり、材料は、金属水素化物などの水素貯蔵材料を備える。プローブは、信号を材料に加え、加えられた信号に対する応答を検出するために材料と接触する導電性先端、コイル、変換器、またはマイクロフォンの1つまたは複数など、1つまたは複数の部分を有する。信号は、電気信号、磁気信号、電磁信号、音、超音波、または他の検出可能な物理量とする。プローブは、容器内に含まれることが可能であり、または、プローブは、水素回収システム、水素動力車両、または他の水素利用システムなど、他のシステムに取り付けられてもよい。本発明の他の実施形態は、信号を材料に加え、対応する応答を検出することによって、カセットなど水素燃料容器内の金属水素化物などの材料を調査することを含む方法に関する。材料の水素含有量は、調査に基づいて決定される。決定された水素含有量は、水素回収システム、水素動力車両、水素利用システム、または他の所望のシステムに報告される。
本発明者は、水素燃料カセットの安全で効率的な通知されている配達のためのシステムを発見した。配達中、水素燃料カセットは、水素貯蔵材料または水素貯蔵材料を含む。水素貯蔵材料を含むカセットを配達し、枯渇カセットを返却するシステムおよび方法が、米国特許出願10/099274および10/099771、2002年3月15日出願、スコット D.レッドモンド、両方とも名称「Method And Apparatus For A Hydrogen Fuel Cassette Distribution And Recovery System」に記載されている。本発明者の開発前には、大容積の水素を貯蔵し、輸送し、エネルギー消費者に配達する適切な解決法は存在しなかった。水素燃料を配達し、貯蔵するコストとロジスティクスは、現実的な代替エネルギー源としての燃料電池の開発と普及を常に著しく阻害してきた。
本発明のいくつかの実施形態によれば、水素管理ネットワークが、水素の貯蔵、配達、回収に関連するタスクを管理するために使用される。ネットワークは、水素ネットワーク管理ソフトウェア・システムおよびネットワークに結合された複数のネットワーク構成要素を備える。カセット、配達業者(たとえば、一般輸送業者)、水素回収システム、水素利用システム、水素利用システムが使用されるシステムと環境、またはそのサブセットが、ネットワークと接続されることが可能であり、これらの構成要素のそれぞれは、水素の貯蔵、配達、回収に関連する様々なビジネス方法を実施するために、情報を提供及び/又は受け取ることが可能である。ソフトウェアは、水素の貯蔵、配達、回収の様々な態様を管理するために、地理的に遠隔の分散したカセット、水素回収システム、水素利用システム、およびその環境から情報を受信し、収集する。一例として、ソフトウェアは、たとえば一般輸送業者による配達を管理することによって、カセットを含む水素の水素消費者への流れを管理する。当技術分野の通常レベルの技能と本開示の利益を有する者なら、ネットワークが、コンピュータ・システム、サーバ、ネットワーク・ソフトウェアなどを含めて、従来のデータ・ネットワーク・インフラストラクチャとデバイスを使用することを理解するであろう。これらの従来のデータ・ネットワーク・インフラストラクチャ・デバイス、およびソフトウェアは、本発明の概念をあいまいにするのを回避するために、詳細には議論されない。
水素で車両に動力を加えることができるようにするために、車両上のカセットから水素燃料を回収できる、水素回収システムとカセットが水素動力車両に含まれる。図23は、本発明の実施形態による、カセットから回収された水素によって動力を加える水素動力車両2300を示す。車両は、複数カセット・デバイス2320、水素回収システム2330、随意選択燃料データ出力デバイス2340、随意選択通信デバイス2350を含む。複数カセット・デバイスと水素回収システムは、燃料電池またはエンジンやバッテリなどの他の関連する従来の車両構成要素と共に、トランクまたはフード・セクション2310内に置かれる。複数カセット・デバイスは、以前に記述された線形または回転複数カセット・デバイスとする。複数カセット・デバイスは、カセットを回収システムに順次、自動的に装填または挿入する。カセットと回収システムは、本明細書の他の箇所において記述されるもののいずれかとする。回収システムは、カセットから水素を回収して、燃料電池または内燃機関に提供する。カセットから回収される水素の各キログラムは、約100キロメートルについて約0.2〜0.4kWh/kmで動作する車両に動力を加えるのに十分であると推定される。水素回収システムは、要求に基づいて水素を生成するという点で、装填応答性とする。回収システムは、たとえば通信システムにより、車両から要求情報を受け取ることが可能である。例として、水素の最小在庫または圧力が、回収システム内のバッファ・タンクに維持される。このようにして、水素回収システムは、車両エンジンにおいて燃料電池を介してまたは直接電力するために変換される水素の定常供給を供給するように、複数のカセット・デバイスから連続的に供給される複数のカセットから水素を回収する。本発明の1つの特定の実施形態では、たとえば約14リットルまたは従来のガソリン・タンクの約3分の1のサイズの3つの小さいアタッシュ・ケース・サイズのカセットが、約300マイル以上の通常の燃料電池車両に動力を供給すると考慮される。
本発明の実施形態は、1つまたは複数のカセットを使用者と交換するために、少なくとも1つのカセット交換システムを含む水素ディスペンス・ユニットに関する。水素ディスペンス・ユニットは、水素小売りステーション内において、中央分離帯において、街路の脇の歩道において、店の内部において、店の入口において、または他の位置において、実現される。カセット交換システムは、枯渇水素燃料カセットを受け取る枯渇カセット受容装置、および充填水素燃料カセットをディスペンスする充填カセット・ディスペンサを含む。カセット受容装置は、カセットを受容し、ディスペンスするために、構造的に区画された位置を含む。センサが、ユニット内または構造区画位置内に適切に構成されたカセットを感知するために使用される。ユニットは、カセット及び/又はカセット内の材料を診断的に試験するために、診断試験システムを含む。ユニットは、超小型電子デバイスまたは磁気パターンなど、カセットの情報記憶システムに記憶されている情報を読み取るデバイスを有することも可能である。ユニットまたは小売りステーション、またはその両方は、水素ネットワークと通信して、本明細書において記述される様々なビジネス方法を実現するために、通信システムを備える。本発明の他の実施形態は、水素ディスペンス・ユニットを含む水素小売りステーションに関する。本発明の他の実施形態は、装填水素燃料カセットをユニットから購入するなど、水素ディスペンス・ユニットとの水素燃料取引きを実施する方法に関する。他の実施形態は、水素ネットワークと相互作用する水素ディスペンス・ユニット及び/又は水素小売り店を含むビジネス方法に関する。他の実施形態は、水素小売り店及び/又は水素ディスペンス・ユニットと相互作用する水素ネットワークを含むビジネス方法に関する。
図24は、水素貯蔵材料2430を含むカセット2420から水素2440を受け取り、水素を電気デバイスに供給される電力2450に変換する燃料電池2410を含む携帯電気デバイス2400を示す。電気デバイスは、とりわけ携帯コンピュータ・システム(たとえば、ラップトップ・コンピュータまたは携帯情報端末)と携帯通信デバイス(たとえば、携帯電話またはページャ)を含めて、当技術分野において既知のいくつかの携帯式電気デバイスとする。カセットが、プラグなしの状態において電力を提供するために、携帯デバイスにおいて特に有用である。本発明の1つの特定の実施形態では、電気デバイスは、プラグなし状態においてラップ・コンピュータを備え、カセットと貯蔵材料は、浸透性ガラス・カセットと金属水素化物を備える。そのようなカセットは、従来のラップトップ電池で可能であるよりはるかに長時間にわたってラップトップに給電するのに十分な水素を提供する。ラップトップの場合、カセットは、ほぼ支払いカードのデッキやマッチ箱の範囲にあるサイズ、またはより小さいラップトップが望ましい場合はいくらかより小さいサイズを有する。代替として、携帯電話の場合、カセットは、ほぼニッケルおよびたとえば5クォータのスタックの範囲にあるサイズを有する。当然、カセットは、特定の実施態様に適切な実質的にあらゆるサイズを有する。
Claims (34)
- 水素燃料容器内に含まれる材料の情報を記憶することを備える方法。
- 記憶することが、金属水素化物の情報を記憶することを備える請求項1に記載の方法。
- 記憶することが、磁場を前記材料に加えることによって、前記材料において磁気パターンを形成することを備える請求項1に記載の方法。
- 記憶することが、水素燃料容器識別情報、水素量情報、量制御情報、製造バッチ情報からなる群から選択される情報を記憶することを備える請求項1に記載の方法。
- 記憶することが、固有水素燃料カセット識別とカセット内の水素量からなる群から選択される情報を表す磁気パターンを形成するために、磁場を加えることによって水素燃料カセット内に含まれる金属水素化物の情報を記憶することを備える請求項1に記載の方法。
- 容器と、
前記容器内において金属水素化物を形成するために、水素と組み合わせることができる金属を含む材料と、
前記材料内に記憶されるシステムに関連する情報と
を備えるシステム。 - 前記材料が、金属水素化物を備える請求項6に記載のシステム。
- 前記情報が、容器識別情報、水素量情報、量制御情報、製造バッチ情報からなる群から選択される情報を備える請求項6に記載のシステム。
- 前記容器が水素燃料カセットを備える請求項6に記載のシステム。
- 前記情報が前記材料内に形成される磁気パターン内に記憶される請求項6に記載のシステム。
- 前記容器が水素燃料カセットを備え、前記材料が金属水素化物を備え、
前記情報が前記金属水素化物内に形成される磁気パターン内に記憶され、
前記情報が固有水素燃料カセット識別および前記カセット内の水素量からなる群から選択される情報を備える請求項6に記載のシステム。 - 水素燃料容器、前記容器内の材料、前記材料を調査するプローブを備えるシステム。
- 前記材料を調査する前記プローブが、信号を前記材料に加え、かつ前記加えられた信号に対する応答を検出するために、前記材料と接触する1つまたは複数の部分を備える請求項12に記載のシステム。
- 前記信号が、電気信号、磁気信号、電磁信号、音、超音波からなる群から選択される信号を備える請求項13に記載のシステム。
- 前記プローブが前記容器内に含まれる請求項12に記載のシステム。
- 前記容器がカセットを備える請求項15に記載のシステム。
- 前記プローブが前記水素燃料容器を含む水素回収システムに取り付けられる請求項12に記載のシステム。
- 前記水素回収システムが水素動力車両に取り付けられる請求項17に記載のシステム。
- 信号を前記材料に加え、対応する応答を検出することによって、水素燃料容器内の材料を調査することを備える方法。
- 前記材料が、水素貯蔵材料を備え、前記信号が、電気信号、磁気信号、電気信号、音、超音波からなる群から選択される請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記材料が金属水素化物を備え、前記信号が電気信号を備える請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記材料が水素貯蔵材料を備え、前記調査に基づいて前記水素貯蔵材料の水素含有量を決定することをさらに備える請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記水素貯蔵材料の前記水素含有量を水素動力車両に報告することをさらに備える請求項22に記載の方法。
- 支払い情報を入力する支払いシステムと、
水素燃料購入を適正化するユーザ・インターフェースと、
1つまたは複数のカセットを使用者と交換するカセット交換システムであって、枯渇水素燃料カセットを受容する枯渇カセット受容装置と、装填水素燃料カセットをディスペンする装填カセット・ディスペンサを含むカセット交換システムと
を備える水素ディスペンス・ユニット。 - 建物を備える水素小売りステーション内において実施される請求項24に記載の水素ディスペンス・ユニット。
- 前記水素小売りステーションが水素気体を貯蔵するために、水素貯蔵システムを備え、
水素ディスペンス・ユニットが、前記小売りステーションの頭上ルーフを介して前記ルーフから下に水素ディスペンス・ユニットまで経路指定された地上水素伝達パイプによって、前記水素貯蔵システムに結合される請求項25に記載の水素ディスペンス・ユニット。 - 中央分離帯、街路の脇の歩道、店内、店の入口からなる群から選択される位置に設置される請求項24に記載の水素ディスペンス・ユニット。
- 装填カセットをディスペンスするために、機械式カセット排出システムを備える請求項24に記載の水素ディスペンス・ユニット。
- 前記カセット受容装置に追加されたカセットを診断的に試験するために、診断試験システムを備える請求項24に記載の水素ディスペンス・ユニット。
- 前記カセット受容装置が、枯渇カセットを受容する複数の構造的に事前に区画された位置を含み、
前記カセット受容装置が、装填カセットをディスペンスする複数の構造的に事前に区画された位置を含む請求項24に記載の水素ディスペンス・ユニット。 - 構造的に事前に区画された位置が、前記位置内に構成されるカセットを感知するために、センサを備える請求項30に記載の水素ディスペンス・ユニット。
- 前記カセット受容装置に追加されたカセットの情報記憶システムに記憶される情報を読み取るデバイスを備える請求項24に記載の水素ディスペンス・ユニット。
- ユニットによってディスペンスされる装填カセットが、水素燃料カセット以外の生成物の市場情報を備える請求項24に記載の水素ディスペンス・ユニット。
- 前記市場情報が、レストラン、食品、飲料、車両部分、タイヤ、映画の市場情報を備える請求項33に記載の水素ディスペンス・ユニット。
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US10/310,498 US7169489B2 (en) | 2002-03-15 | 2002-12-04 | Hydrogen storage, distribution, and recovery system |
PCT/US2003/038452 WO2004050798A2 (en) | 2002-12-04 | 2003-12-03 | Hydrogen storage, distribution, and recovery system |
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JP2015530528A (ja) * | 2012-07-26 | 2015-10-15 | ゾディアック エアロテクニクス | 航空機などの旅客輸送機関に搭載される、水素のための着脱可能な貯蔵体 |
WO2018142491A1 (ja) * | 2017-01-31 | 2018-08-09 | 株式会社ジャパンブルーエナジー | 水素吸蔵カートリッジ |
JPWO2018142491A1 (ja) * | 2017-01-31 | 2019-12-19 | 株式会社ジャパンブルーエナジー | 水素吸蔵カートリッジ |
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US8932184B2 (en) | 2015-01-13 |
AU2003297634A1 (en) | 2004-06-23 |
US8066946B2 (en) | 2011-11-29 |
US7169489B2 (en) | 2007-01-30 |
US20130071294A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 |
EP1581931A2 (en) | 2005-10-05 |
WO2004050798A2 (en) | 2004-06-17 |
WO2004050798A3 (en) | 2005-07-07 |
US20040023087A1 (en) | 2004-02-05 |
US20070259220A1 (en) | 2007-11-08 |
AU2003297634A8 (en) | 2004-06-23 |
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