JP2000109840A - 液晶化合物及び液晶媒体 - Google Patents
液晶化合物及び液晶媒体Info
- Publication number
- JP2000109840A JP2000109840A JP11276095A JP27609599A JP2000109840A JP 2000109840 A JP2000109840 A JP 2000109840A JP 11276095 A JP11276095 A JP 11276095A JP 27609599 A JP27609599 A JP 27609599A JP 2000109840 A JP2000109840 A JP 2000109840A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- formula
- liquid crystal
- alkyl
- compounds
- compound
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003709 fluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- -1 ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, Hexoxy Chemical group 0.000 description 87
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 21
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 235000015244 frankfurter Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CSJLBAMHHLJAAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylaminosulfur trifluoride Chemical compound CCN(CC)S(F)(F)F CSJLBAMHHLJAAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004990 Smectic liquid crystal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 3
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000003187 heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- HNEGJTWNOOWEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-fluoropropane Chemical group [CH2]CCF HNEGJTWNOOWEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004777 2-fluoroethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(F)C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004200 2-methoxyethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])OC([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004493 2-methylbut-1-yl group Chemical group CC(C*)CC 0.000 description 1
- 125000005916 2-methylpentyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004975 3-butenyl group Chemical group C(CC=C)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000006043 5-hexenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000106 Liquid crystal polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004977 Liquid-crystal polymers (LCPs) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004988 Nematic liquid crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000404883 Pisa Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000620457 Telestes souffia Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010047571 Visual impairment Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003302 alkenyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004183 alkoxy alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004744 butyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- UHYPYGJEEGLRJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+);selenium(2-) Chemical compound [Se-2].[Cd+2] UHYPYGJEEGLRJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- 230000003098 cholesteric effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002858 crystal cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003754 ethoxycarbonyl group Chemical group C(=O)(OCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005745 ethoxymethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])OC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004216 fluoromethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001160 methoxycarbonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000004184 methoxymethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])OC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005740 oxycarbonyl group Chemical group [*:1]OC([*:2])=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000002958 pentadecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001148 pentyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000819 phase cycle Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004742 propyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012264 purified product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002889 tridecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000009281 ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000010626 work up procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
- C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
- C09K19/42—Mixtures of liquid crystal compounds covered by two or more of the preceding groups C09K19/06 - C09K19/40
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
- C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
- C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
- C09K19/08—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
- C09K19/30—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic rings, e.g. cyclohexane rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
- C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
- C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
- C09K19/32—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing condensed ring systems, i.e. fused, bridged or spiro ring systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
- C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
- C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
- C09K19/32—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing condensed ring systems, i.e. fused, bridged or spiro ring systems
- C09K2019/327—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing condensed ring systems, i.e. fused, bridged or spiro ring systems containing a spiro ring system
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2323/00—Functional layers of liquid crystal optical display excluding electroactive liquid crystal layer characterised by chemical composition
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal Substances (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19844498.2 | 1998-09-29 | ||
| DE19844498 | 1998-09-29 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2000109840A true JP2000109840A (ja) | 2000-04-18 |
| JP2000109840A5 JP2000109840A5 (enExample) | 2006-11-16 |
Family
ID=7882553
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP11276095A Ceased JP2000109840A (ja) | 1998-09-29 | 1999-09-29 | 液晶化合物及び液晶媒体 |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6146719A (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP2000109840A (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE19945889A1 (enExample) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010106279A (ja) * | 2009-12-14 | 2010-05-13 | Chisso Corp | 液晶組成物および液晶表示素子 |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1142242C (zh) * | 1995-08-01 | 2004-03-17 | 默克专利股份有限公司 | 液晶介质 |
| JP2000144135A (ja) * | 1998-11-05 | 2000-05-26 | Chisso Corp | 液晶組成物および液晶表示素子 |
| DE10124257B4 (de) * | 2000-05-31 | 2010-10-07 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Flüssigkristallines Medium mit niedriger Doppelbrechung und seine Verwendung |
| WO2004026991A1 (de) * | 2002-08-20 | 2004-04-01 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Flüssigkristallines medium |
| US7270856B2 (en) * | 2002-12-02 | 2007-09-18 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Cyclobutane derivatives |
| JP2007248699A (ja) * | 2006-03-15 | 2007-09-27 | Seiko Epson Corp | 電気光学装置及び電子機器 |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH01503387A (ja) * | 1987-05-23 | 1989-11-16 | メルク・パテント・ゲゼルシヤフト・ミツト・ベシユレンクテル・ハフツング | シクロブタン誘導体 |
| JPH04103555A (ja) * | 1990-08-23 | 1992-04-06 | Chisso Corp | シクロブタン誘導体 |
| JPH06200250A (ja) * | 1992-11-11 | 1994-07-19 | Merck Patent Gmbh | ネマチック液晶混合物および弗素化クロルテルフェニル |
| JPH06507603A (ja) * | 1991-03-16 | 1994-09-01 | メルク パテント ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフトング | メチレンシクロブタン誘導体 |
| JPH06264059A (ja) * | 1993-01-22 | 1994-09-20 | Merck Patent Gmbh | ネマチック液晶混合物と弗素化したフルオロターフェニル |
| JPH07506117A (ja) * | 1992-11-21 | 1995-07-06 | メルク パテント ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフトング | シクロブタンベンゼン誘導体 |
-
1999
- 1999-09-24 DE DE19945889A patent/DE19945889A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-09-25 US US09/407,940 patent/US6146719A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-29 JP JP11276095A patent/JP2000109840A/ja not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH01503387A (ja) * | 1987-05-23 | 1989-11-16 | メルク・パテント・ゲゼルシヤフト・ミツト・ベシユレンクテル・ハフツング | シクロブタン誘導体 |
| JPH04103555A (ja) * | 1990-08-23 | 1992-04-06 | Chisso Corp | シクロブタン誘導体 |
| JPH06507603A (ja) * | 1991-03-16 | 1994-09-01 | メルク パテント ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフトング | メチレンシクロブタン誘導体 |
| JPH06200250A (ja) * | 1992-11-11 | 1994-07-19 | Merck Patent Gmbh | ネマチック液晶混合物および弗素化クロルテルフェニル |
| JPH07506117A (ja) * | 1992-11-21 | 1995-07-06 | メルク パテント ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフトング | シクロブタンベンゼン誘導体 |
| JPH06264059A (ja) * | 1993-01-22 | 1994-09-20 | Merck Patent Gmbh | ネマチック液晶混合物と弗素化したフルオロターフェニル |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010106279A (ja) * | 2009-12-14 | 2010-05-13 | Chisso Corp | 液晶組成物および液晶表示素子 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE19945889A1 (de) | 2000-04-27 |
| US6146719A (en) | 2000-11-14 |
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