HK1063528A1 - Proton conducting membrane, method for producing the same, and fuel cell using the same - Google Patents
Proton conducting membrane, method for producing the same, and fuel cell using the sameInfo
- Publication number
- HK1063528A1 HK1063528A1 HK04106177A HK04106177A HK1063528A1 HK 1063528 A1 HK1063528 A1 HK 1063528A1 HK 04106177 A HK04106177 A HK 04106177A HK 04106177 A HK04106177 A HK 04106177A HK 1063528 A1 HK1063528 A1 HK 1063528A1
- Authority
- HK
- Hong Kong
- Prior art keywords
- same
- producing
- fuel cell
- proton conducting
- conducting membrane
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
- C08G77/22—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to organic groups containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- C08G77/28—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to organic groups containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen sulfur-containing groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/48—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule in which at least two but not all the silicon atoms are connected by linkages other than oxygen atoms
- C08G77/50—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule in which at least two but not all the silicon atoms are connected by linkages other than oxygen atoms by carbon linkages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
- C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
- C08J5/2206—Films, membranes or diaphragms based on organic and/or inorganic macromolecular compounds
- C08J5/2275—Heterogeneous membranes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/122—Ionic conductors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1037—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having silicon, e.g. sulfonated crosslinked polydimethylsiloxanes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1069—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes
- H01M8/1072—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes by chemical reactions, e.g. insitu polymerisation or insitu crosslinking
- H01M8/1074—Sol-gel processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2383/00—Characterised by the use of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2383/04—Polysiloxanes
- C08J2383/06—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to oxygen-containing groups
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0088—Composites
- H01M2300/0091—Composites in the form of mixtures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1041—Polymer electrolyte composites, mixtures or blends
- H01M8/1046—Mixtures of at least one polymer and at least one additive
- H01M8/1051—Non-ion-conducting additives, e.g. stabilisers, SiO2 or ZrO2
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
- Y10T442/2418—Coating or impregnation increases electrical conductivity or anti-static quality
- Y10T442/2467—Sulphur containing
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Silicon Polymers (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2001332977 | 2001-10-30 | ||
JP2002029781 | 2002-02-06 | ||
JP2002109493 | 2002-04-11 | ||
PCT/JP2002/011242 WO2003041091A1 (en) | 2001-10-30 | 2002-10-29 | Proton conducting membrane, process for its production, and fuel cells made by using the same |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
HK1063528A1 true HK1063528A1 (en) | 2004-12-31 |
Family
ID=27347755
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
HK04106177A HK1063528A1 (en) | 2001-10-30 | 2004-08-18 | Proton conducting membrane, method for producing the same, and fuel cell using the same |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US7214756B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1441365A4 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP3679104B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100526085B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1230832C (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2433320C (zh) |
HK (1) | HK1063528A1 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2003041091A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (47)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CA2515494A1 (en) * | 2003-02-06 | 2004-08-19 | Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. | Proton conducting film, method for producing the same, and fuel cell using the same |
JP4317005B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-25 | 2009-08-19 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | シリカゲル組成物、プロトン交換膜電極膜複合体、及び燃料電池 |
EP1619692B1 (en) * | 2003-04-25 | 2011-02-09 | Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. | Proton-conductive film, process for producing the same, and fuel cell empolying the proton-conductive film |
JP2005005046A (ja) * | 2003-06-10 | 2005-01-06 | Canon Inc | シロキサン高分子電解質膜及びそれを用いた固体高分子型燃料電池 |
CA2525233C (en) * | 2003-06-13 | 2011-05-03 | Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. | Proton conducting membrane, method for producing the same and fuel cell using the same |
JP4643132B2 (ja) * | 2003-07-29 | 2011-03-02 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | プロトン伝導性膜、その製造方法およびこれを用いた燃料電池 |
KR100528345B1 (ko) | 2003-08-29 | 2005-11-15 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 고분자 나노 복합막 및 이를 채용한 연료 전지 |
US7183370B2 (en) * | 2003-09-11 | 2007-02-27 | Toyota Technical Center Usa, Inc | Phosphonic-acid grafted hybrid inorganic-organic proton electrolyte membranes (PEMs) |
JPWO2005027250A1 (ja) * | 2003-09-12 | 2006-11-24 | ローム株式会社 | プロトン伝導性膜、その製造方法およびこれを用いた燃料電池 |
EP1523057A1 (en) * | 2003-09-26 | 2005-04-13 | Paul Scherer Institut | Membrane electrode assembly (MEA), method for its manufacturing and a method for preparing a membrane to be assembled in a MEA |
JP2005146176A (ja) * | 2003-11-18 | 2005-06-09 | Ebara Corp | スルホン酸基を有する有機−シリカ複合膜、およびその製造方法 |
KR100821027B1 (ko) * | 2004-03-04 | 2008-04-08 | 니혼 이타가라스 가부시키가이샤 | 프로톤 전도성 막용 보강재 및 그것을 사용한 프로톤전도성 막 및 연료 전지 |
JP4547713B2 (ja) * | 2004-04-20 | 2010-09-22 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 電解質膜 |
JP2005332800A (ja) * | 2004-04-23 | 2005-12-02 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | 直接メタノール型燃料電池用プロトン伝導性膜 |
JP2005314531A (ja) * | 2004-04-28 | 2005-11-10 | Sony Corp | ハイブリッドシリカポリマー、その製造方法およびプロトン伝導性材料 |
US7811693B2 (en) * | 2004-05-13 | 2010-10-12 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manfacturing North America, Inc. | Proton exchange membranes (PEM) based on hybrid inorganic-organic copolymers with grafted phosphoric acid groups and implanted metal cations |
JP4645884B2 (ja) * | 2004-09-01 | 2011-03-09 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | シリカ系メソ構造体及びその製造方法 |
KR100590038B1 (ko) | 2004-09-07 | 2006-06-14 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 연료 전지 시스템 및 연료 공급장치 |
JP2006114277A (ja) * | 2004-10-13 | 2006-04-27 | Toyota Motor Corp | プロトン伝導材料、固体高分子電解質膜、及び燃料電池 |
WO2006057239A1 (ja) * | 2004-11-26 | 2006-06-01 | Nippon Sheet Glass Company, Limited | プロトン伝導性膜およびそれを用いた燃料電池、ならびにプロトン伝導性膜の製造方法 |
JP4833087B2 (ja) * | 2005-01-12 | 2011-12-07 | 日本板硝子株式会社 | 電解質膜補強材およびそれを用いた電解質膜と燃料電池ならびに電解質膜補強材の製造方法 |
JP2006324140A (ja) * | 2005-05-19 | 2006-11-30 | Samsung Sdi Co Ltd | 燃料電池用のカソード電極及び燃料電池 |
US7977392B2 (en) * | 2005-12-22 | 2011-07-12 | Daimler Ag | Water insoluble additive for improving conductivity of an ion exchange membrane |
KR101193164B1 (ko) * | 2006-02-21 | 2012-10-19 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 술폰산기 함유 유기 고분자 실록산 화합물 및 이를포함하는 연료전지 |
CA2651235C (en) * | 2006-05-04 | 2014-12-09 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Electrode active material with high stability and electrochemical device using the same |
JPWO2008018410A1 (ja) * | 2006-08-07 | 2009-12-24 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 燃料電池用電極およびその製造方法、並びに燃料電池 |
WO2008024780A2 (en) * | 2006-08-22 | 2008-02-28 | Georgia Tech Research Corporation | Fuel cell vent |
JP2008066113A (ja) * | 2006-09-07 | 2008-03-21 | Toyota Motor Corp | プロトン伝導材料、固体高分子電解質膜、及び燃料電池 |
TWI430502B (zh) * | 2007-03-02 | 2014-03-11 | Sekisui Chemical Co Ltd | Proton conductive film, membrane-electrode assembly and solid polymer fuel cell |
CN101611510B (zh) * | 2007-03-16 | 2013-04-24 | 积水化学工业株式会社 | 膜-电极粘接剂、带有接合层的质子传导性膜、膜-电极接合体、固体高分子型燃料电池以及膜-电极接合体的制造方法 |
WO2008114664A1 (ja) | 2007-03-16 | 2008-09-25 | Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. | 膜-電極接合剤、接合層付きプロトン伝導性膜、膜-電極接合体、固体高分子形燃料電池及び膜-電極接合体の製造方法 |
EP2131432B1 (en) | 2007-03-16 | 2012-12-26 | Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. | Electrode binder, electrode, membrane-electrode assembly, and solid polymer fuel cell |
JP5564755B2 (ja) * | 2007-06-26 | 2014-08-06 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 電解質膜およびこれを用いた膜電極接合体 |
KR100969011B1 (ko) * | 2008-02-20 | 2010-07-09 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 고온용 고분자 블렌드 전해질 막과 이의 제조 방법 |
JP5175619B2 (ja) * | 2008-05-29 | 2013-04-03 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | プロトン伝導性膜及びその製造方法 |
US7858266B2 (en) * | 2008-07-10 | 2010-12-28 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Structural reinforcement of membrane electrodes |
FR2964331B1 (fr) * | 2010-09-03 | 2017-12-15 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Membrane chimiquement stabilisee, son procede de preparation et ses utilisations |
BR112013025999A2 (pt) | 2011-06-24 | 2016-12-20 | Nippon Kodoshi Corp | material catalítico, e, método para fornecer o material catalítico |
US9450223B2 (en) | 2012-02-06 | 2016-09-20 | Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. | Lithium secondary battery |
KR101683212B1 (ko) | 2012-02-07 | 2016-12-06 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 리튬 이차 전지의 제조 방법 |
EP2814607A4 (en) * | 2012-02-14 | 2015-11-11 | Nippon Kodoshi Corp | INORGANIC / POLYMERIC CATALYTIC HYBRID MATERIALS OF HIGH ACTIVITY IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS |
JP6059563B2 (ja) * | 2013-03-08 | 2017-01-11 | 川研ファインケミカル株式会社 | アルミナ皮膜、アルミナゾル、及びアルミナ皮膜の製造方法 |
JPWO2016208486A1 (ja) * | 2015-06-24 | 2018-06-07 | ユニチカ株式会社 | 固体電解質補強材及び該補強材を含む固体電解質膜 |
KR102586433B1 (ko) * | 2018-04-26 | 2023-10-06 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 연료전지용 전해질막의 제조방법 및 이로 제조된 전해질막 |
KR102232262B1 (ko) * | 2019-03-29 | 2021-03-24 | 한국화학연구원 | 레독스 흐름 전지용 복합 분리막 및 이를 포함하는 레독스 흐름 전지 |
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JP2002309016A (ja) * | 2001-04-13 | 2002-10-23 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology | 可撓性に富んだプロトン伝導性膜、その製造方法及びそれを用いた燃料電池 |
DE10163518A1 (de) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-07-10 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Protonenleitfähige Membranen/Schichten und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
JPWO2005027250A1 (ja) * | 2003-09-12 | 2006-11-24 | ローム株式会社 | プロトン伝導性膜、その製造方法およびこれを用いた燃料電池 |
-
2002
- 2002-10-29 KR KR10-2003-7008703A patent/KR100526085B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-10-29 US US10/450,845 patent/US7214756B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-10-29 CA CA2433320A patent/CA2433320C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-10-29 EP EP02802706A patent/EP1441365A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-10-29 WO PCT/JP2002/011242 patent/WO2003041091A1/ja active IP Right Grant
- 2002-10-29 CN CNB028033167A patent/CN1230832C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-10-29 JP JP2003543039A patent/JP3679104B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2004
- 2004-08-18 HK HK04106177A patent/HK1063528A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
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2007
- 2007-03-23 US US11/727,036 patent/US20070213495A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2433320C (en) | 2013-06-25 |
CN1481559A (zh) | 2004-03-10 |
KR100526085B1 (ko) | 2005-11-08 |
JPWO2003041091A1 (ja) | 2005-03-03 |
WO2003041091A1 (en) | 2003-05-15 |
CN1230832C (zh) | 2005-12-07 |
EP1441365A1 (en) | 2004-07-28 |
EP1441365A4 (en) | 2010-02-24 |
US20070213495A1 (en) | 2007-09-13 |
KR20040060839A (ko) | 2004-07-06 |
CA2433320A1 (en) | 2003-05-15 |
US20040062970A1 (en) | 2004-04-01 |
US7214756B2 (en) | 2007-05-08 |
JP3679104B2 (ja) | 2005-08-03 |
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PC | Patent ceased (i.e. patent has lapsed due to the failure to pay the renewal fee) |
Effective date: 20171029 |