FR2774483B1 - Systeme d'egalisation de gain - Google Patents
Systeme d'egalisation de gainInfo
- Publication number
- FR2774483B1 FR2774483B1 FR9901431A FR9901431A FR2774483B1 FR 2774483 B1 FR2774483 B1 FR 2774483B1 FR 9901431 A FR9901431 A FR 9901431A FR 9901431 A FR9901431 A FR 9901431A FR 2774483 B1 FR2774483 B1 FR 2774483B1
- Authority
- FR
- France
- Prior art keywords
- equalization system
- gain equalization
- gain
- equalization
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/29—Repeaters
- H04B10/291—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form
- H04B10/293—Signal power control
- H04B10/294—Signal power control in a multiwavelength system, e.g. gain equalisation
- H04B10/2941—Signal power control in a multiwavelength system, e.g. gain equalisation using an equalising unit, e.g. a filter
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
- H01S3/10007—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating in optical amplifiers
- H01S3/10023—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating in optical amplifiers by functional association of additional optical elements, e.g. filters, gratings, reflectors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/29—Repeaters
- H04B10/291—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form
- H04B10/293—Signal power control
- H04B10/2933—Signal power control considering the whole optical path
- H04B10/2935—Signal power control considering the whole optical path with a cascade of amplifiers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0221—Power control, e.g. to keep the total optical power constant
- H04J14/02216—Power control, e.g. to keep the total optical power constant by gain equalization
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B2210/00—Indexing scheme relating to optical transmission systems
- H04B2210/25—Distortion or dispersion compensation
- H04B2210/258—Distortion or dispersion compensation treating each wavelength or wavelength band separately
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Lasers (AREA)
- Optical Communication System (AREA)
- Cable Transmission Systems, Equalization Of Radio And Reduction Of Echo (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP02353698A JP3638777B2 (ja) | 1998-02-04 | 1998-02-04 | 利得等化のための方法並びに該方法の実施に使用する装置及びシステム |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
FR2774483A1 FR2774483A1 (fr) | 1999-08-06 |
FR2774483B1 true FR2774483B1 (fr) | 2000-06-23 |
Family
ID=12113194
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
FR9809854A Expired - Fee Related FR2774482B1 (fr) | 1998-02-04 | 1998-07-31 | Procede d'egalisation de gain, dispositif et systeme pour une utilisation dans la mise en oeuvre du procede |
FR9901431A Expired - Fee Related FR2774483B1 (fr) | 1998-02-04 | 1999-02-08 | Systeme d'egalisation de gain |
FR9901432A Expired - Fee Related FR2774532B1 (fr) | 1998-02-04 | 1999-02-08 | Egaliseur de gain variable applique a une certaine longueur de fibre optique |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
FR9809854A Expired - Fee Related FR2774482B1 (fr) | 1998-02-04 | 1998-07-31 | Procede d'egalisation de gain, dispositif et systeme pour une utilisation dans la mise en oeuvre du procede |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
FR9901432A Expired - Fee Related FR2774532B1 (fr) | 1998-02-04 | 1999-02-08 | Egaliseur de gain variable applique a une certaine longueur de fibre optique |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (6) | US6219176B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP3638777B2 (fr) |
FR (3) | FR2774482B1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (77)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3779054B2 (ja) * | 1998-01-23 | 2006-05-24 | 富士通株式会社 | 可変光学フィルタ |
JP3638777B2 (ja) * | 1998-02-04 | 2005-04-13 | 富士通株式会社 | 利得等化のための方法並びに該方法の実施に使用する装置及びシステム |
US6600592B2 (en) | 1998-03-24 | 2003-07-29 | Xtera Communications, Inc. | S+ band nonlinear polarization amplifiers |
US6597493B2 (en) | 2000-05-05 | 2003-07-22 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Nonlinear fiber amplifiers used for a 1430-1530nm low-loss window in optical fibers |
US6356384B1 (en) | 1998-03-24 | 2002-03-12 | Xtera Communications Inc. | Broadband amplifier and communication system |
US6760148B2 (en) | 1998-03-24 | 2004-07-06 | Xtera Communications, Inc. | Nonlinear polarization amplifiers in nonzero dispersion shifted fiber |
US6693737B2 (en) | 1998-03-24 | 2004-02-17 | Xtera Communications, Inc. | Dispersion compensating nonlinear polarization amplifiers |
US6335820B1 (en) | 1999-12-23 | 2002-01-01 | Xtera Communications, Inc. | Multi-stage optical amplifier and broadband communication system |
US6359725B1 (en) | 1998-06-16 | 2002-03-19 | Xtera Communications, Inc. | Multi-stage optical amplifier and broadband communication system |
US6839522B2 (en) * | 1998-07-21 | 2005-01-04 | Corvis Corporation | Optical signal varying devices, systems and methods |
US6344922B1 (en) * | 1998-07-21 | 2002-02-05 | Corvis Corporation | Optical signal varying devices |
JP3134854B2 (ja) * | 1998-09-07 | 2001-02-13 | 日本電気株式会社 | 光増幅器 |
JP3844902B2 (ja) * | 1999-03-02 | 2006-11-15 | 富士通株式会社 | 波長多重用光増幅器及び光通信システム |
US6587261B1 (en) * | 1999-05-24 | 2003-07-01 | Corvis Corporation | Optical transmission systems including optical amplifiers and methods of use therein |
JP4635402B2 (ja) * | 1999-07-09 | 2011-02-23 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 光増幅器及び光増幅方法 |
JP2001057455A (ja) * | 1999-08-18 | 2001-02-27 | Fujitsu Ltd | レベル等化のための方法、装置及びシステム |
JP2001251245A (ja) | 2000-03-03 | 2001-09-14 | Fujitsu Ltd | 波長分割多重光通信システムにおける伝送特性均一化装置、及び伝送特性均一化方法 |
EP1130819A1 (fr) * | 2000-03-03 | 2001-09-05 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson | Détermination de la pente de gain d'amplificateurs optiques par la mesure du gain total |
JP4664513B2 (ja) * | 2000-04-11 | 2011-04-06 | 株式会社アドバンテスト | 広帯域光増幅器及び広帯域可変波長光源 |
US6459831B1 (en) * | 2000-05-31 | 2002-10-01 | Avanex Corporation | WDM utilizing diffraction gratings with polarization dependent loss compensation |
JP2001345758A (ja) * | 2000-05-31 | 2001-12-14 | Kddi Corp | 光伝送システム及び方法並びに光増幅伝送路 |
GB0013484D0 (en) * | 2000-06-02 | 2000-07-26 | Cit Alcatel | A method and apparatus for providing gain shape compensation |
AU2000255111A1 (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2002-04-08 | Nortel Networks (Photonics) Pty Ltd | Optical filter for frequency dependent filtering |
DE10040791A1 (de) * | 2000-08-21 | 2002-03-14 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung und Kompensation der Verkippung des Spektrums in einer Lichtleitfaser einer Datenübertragungsstrecke |
US6961522B1 (en) | 2000-11-22 | 2005-11-01 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Automatic raman gain and tilt control for ultra-long-distance dense WDM optical communication system |
JP2002171016A (ja) * | 2000-11-30 | 2002-06-14 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | 光フィルタ、光増幅システムおよび光通信システム |
JP2002176218A (ja) * | 2000-12-08 | 2002-06-21 | Advantest Corp | 光増幅装置、光増幅方法及び光源装置 |
JP4541574B2 (ja) | 2001-02-07 | 2010-09-08 | 富士通株式会社 | 光中継伝送システムおよび光中継伝送方法 |
US6810214B2 (en) | 2001-03-16 | 2004-10-26 | Xtera Communications, Inc. | Method and system for reducing degradation of optical signal to noise ratio |
US6532101B2 (en) | 2001-03-16 | 2003-03-11 | Xtera Communications, Inc. | System and method for wide band Raman amplification |
US6941079B1 (en) * | 2001-05-24 | 2005-09-06 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Optical demultiplexer with multi-channel power control and tilt compensation |
JP4686906B2 (ja) * | 2001-06-04 | 2011-05-25 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 波長多重用光伝送装置 |
JP4665344B2 (ja) * | 2001-06-04 | 2011-04-06 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 波長間レベル偏差や光sn偏差を補償する光伝送装置 |
US6798566B2 (en) | 2001-06-15 | 2004-09-28 | Fdk Corporation | Variable optical gain equalizer and variable branching ratio beam splitter |
JP2003008647A (ja) * | 2001-06-18 | 2003-01-10 | Ando Electric Co Ltd | プローブ装置 |
CA2449563C (fr) * | 2001-06-22 | 2011-12-06 | John C. Carrick | Systeme et procede de mesure de l'intensite des signaux optiques achemines dans une liaison optique |
JP2003008117A (ja) * | 2001-06-27 | 2003-01-10 | Fujitsu Ltd | 光増幅ブロックとこれを用いる光増幅システム |
US7154668B2 (en) * | 2001-07-10 | 2006-12-26 | Optellios, Inc. | Wavelength dependent optical attenuator and variable attenuation profile controller |
JP3946468B2 (ja) * | 2001-07-11 | 2007-07-18 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 光中継システムおよび光増幅中継器制御方法 |
US6614572B2 (en) | 2001-07-19 | 2003-09-02 | Coadna Photonics, Inc. | Apparatus and method for controlling optical gain profiles in a temperature independent manner |
US6747774B2 (en) | 2001-07-19 | 2004-06-08 | Coadna Photonics, Inc. | Apparatus and method for controlling optical gain profiles |
JP4651231B2 (ja) * | 2001-07-26 | 2011-03-16 | 富士通株式会社 | 光伝送システム |
US6587259B2 (en) | 2001-07-27 | 2003-07-01 | Xtera Communications, Inc. | System and method for controlling noise figure |
EP1280288A1 (fr) * | 2001-07-27 | 2003-01-29 | Alcatel | Méthode et système d' égalisation de gain automatique dans un système de transmission optique |
US20050135759A1 (en) * | 2003-12-22 | 2005-06-23 | Xingwu Wang | Optical fiber assembly |
US7092148B1 (en) * | 2002-02-01 | 2006-08-15 | Ciena Corporation | Optical communication system having dynamic gain equalization |
US6819478B1 (en) | 2002-03-15 | 2004-11-16 | Xtera Communications, Inc. | Fiber optic transmission system with low cost transmitter compensation |
US7197245B1 (en) | 2002-03-15 | 2007-03-27 | Xtera Communications, Inc. | System and method for managing system margin |
US6778321B1 (en) | 2002-03-15 | 2004-08-17 | Xtera Communications, Inc. | Fiber optic transmission system for a metropolitan area network |
JP3903830B2 (ja) | 2002-04-05 | 2007-04-11 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 利得補償装置及びそれを用いた伝送システム |
US7081987B2 (en) * | 2002-05-29 | 2006-07-25 | Pts Corporation | Coordinated control of dynamic gain equalization in a wavelength division multiplexed optical system |
IL152193A (en) * | 2002-10-09 | 2008-03-20 | Eci Telecom Ltd | Two stage optical amplifier |
US7009761B2 (en) * | 2003-05-29 | 2006-03-07 | Fujitsu Limited | Power tilt compensation using automatic power balance control |
US20040252366A1 (en) * | 2003-06-13 | 2004-12-16 | Rene Monnard | Optical amplifier having fast Raman tilt control |
US20070269163A1 (en) * | 2003-06-20 | 2007-11-22 | Swart Pieter L | Apparatus for Equalizing a Spectrum of a Broadband Light Source |
JP3936958B2 (ja) | 2003-06-27 | 2007-06-27 | 富士通株式会社 | 増幅媒体性能シミュレーションの装置および方法並びに光増幅器 |
JP2005175826A (ja) * | 2003-12-10 | 2005-06-30 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 光ファイバ無線伝送システム、送信装置及び受信装置 |
US7522334B2 (en) * | 2004-02-19 | 2009-04-21 | Corvis Equipment Corporation | Optical communication systems including optical amplifiers and amplification methods with flat noise figure profile |
US20050249505A1 (en) * | 2004-05-10 | 2005-11-10 | Richard Manderscheid | Spectral tilt measurement system and method for an optical medium |
US7602545B2 (en) | 2004-05-10 | 2009-10-13 | Bookham Technology, Plc | Gain-flattening apparatus and methods and optical amplifiers employing same |
JP2006067444A (ja) * | 2004-08-30 | 2006-03-09 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | 光信号特性選択装置 |
US7251167B2 (en) * | 2004-12-29 | 2007-07-31 | Macronix International Co., Ltd. | Method for programming multi-level nitride read-only memory cells |
US7940453B2 (en) * | 2006-08-07 | 2011-05-10 | Pyrophotonics Lasers Inc. | Fiber amplifiers and fiber lasers with reduced out-of-band gain |
US7769295B2 (en) * | 2006-08-25 | 2010-08-03 | Bookham Technology Plc | Dual beam splitter optical micro-components and systems and methods employing same |
WO2008126134A1 (fr) | 2007-03-19 | 2008-10-23 | Fujitsu Limited | Dispositif de transmission optique |
JP5292731B2 (ja) * | 2007-07-09 | 2013-09-18 | 富士通株式会社 | 光伝送装置 |
US20090086806A1 (en) * | 2007-09-27 | 2009-04-02 | Nanoamp Solutions Inc. (Cayman) | Time varying equalization |
EP2213022B1 (fr) * | 2007-10-22 | 2013-02-13 | Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (publ) | Compensation d'inclinaison spectrale |
JP5393288B2 (ja) * | 2009-06-23 | 2014-01-22 | 富士通テレコムネットワークス株式会社 | 伝送システムと伝送システムのチルト補正方法 |
JP5667395B2 (ja) * | 2010-01-25 | 2015-02-12 | 富士通株式会社 | 光受信器 |
JP6248551B2 (ja) * | 2013-11-05 | 2017-12-20 | 富士通株式会社 | 光伝送システム及び光伝送装置 |
EP3761529A1 (fr) * | 2018-02-27 | 2021-01-06 | NEC Corporation | Dispositif égaliseur, système de communication et procédé d'égalisation |
CN111801903A (zh) * | 2018-02-27 | 2020-10-20 | 日本电气株式会社 | 均衡器设备、通信系统和均衡方法 |
CN111819805A (zh) * | 2018-03-16 | 2020-10-23 | 日本电气株式会社 | 可变均衡器和控制可变均衡器的方法 |
JP7387149B2 (ja) * | 2019-10-29 | 2023-11-28 | 湖北工業株式会社 | 傾斜利得等化器 |
US11764875B2 (en) | 2020-11-06 | 2023-09-19 | Subcom, Llc | Gain equalization error management in optical communication systems |
WO2022201778A1 (fr) * | 2021-03-24 | 2022-09-29 | 日本電気株式会社 | Dispositif d'égalisation de gain et procédé d'égalisation de gain |
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US4197008A (en) | 1977-12-27 | 1980-04-08 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Electro-optic tunable optical filter |
JPS55121215U (fr) | 1979-02-21 | 1980-08-28 | ||
CA1253726A (fr) | 1982-06-28 | 1989-05-09 | Masataka Shirasaki | Compensateur de rotation de polarisation et isolateur optique utilisant ce compensateur |
US4678287A (en) | 1985-11-04 | 1987-07-07 | Gte Laboratories Incorporated | Methods of and apparatus for tuning a birefringent optical filter |
US4909612A (en) | 1986-07-14 | 1990-03-20 | Lightwave Electronics Co. | Optical isolator employing multipass faraday rotation |
US4974944A (en) | 1988-07-21 | 1990-12-04 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Optical nonreciprocal device |
US5052786A (en) | 1990-03-05 | 1991-10-01 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Broadband faraday isolator |
USH1155H (en) | 1991-05-10 | 1993-03-02 | American Telephone And Telegraph Company | Optical isolator with improved stabiity |
DE69219104T2 (de) | 1991-09-12 | 1997-08-28 | Fujitsu Ltd | Optische vorrichtung |
JPH063622A (ja) | 1992-06-19 | 1994-01-14 | Mitsubishi Gas Chem Co Inc | 偏波無依存型光アイソレータ |
US5889609A (en) | 1992-07-31 | 1999-03-30 | Fujitsu Limited | Optical attenuator |
JPH06130339A (ja) | 1992-10-16 | 1994-05-13 | Fujitsu Ltd | チューナブル光学フィルタ |
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US5819629A (en) * | 1994-05-31 | 1998-10-13 | Sarich; Richard T. | Food processing product |
IT1273676B (it) | 1994-07-25 | 1997-07-09 | Pirelli Cavi Spa | Sistema di telecomunicazione amplificata a multiplazione a divisione di lunghezza d'onda,con potenza di ricezione equalizzata |
JPH0915926A (ja) | 1995-06-30 | 1997-01-17 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | カラー画像形成装置 |
GB9522943D0 (en) | 1995-08-05 | 1996-01-10 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | Erbium doped fiber amplifier |
JP3422398B2 (ja) | 1995-12-07 | 2003-06-30 | 富士通株式会社 | 重心波長モニタ方法及び装置、光増幅器並びに光通信システム |
JPH09191303A (ja) * | 1996-01-09 | 1997-07-22 | Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co Ltd <Kdd> | 光伝送路 |
JP3730299B2 (ja) * | 1996-02-07 | 2005-12-21 | 富士通株式会社 | 光等化増幅器および光等化増幅方法 |
JP3739471B2 (ja) | 1996-03-01 | 2006-01-25 | 富士通株式会社 | 光可変減衰器 |
JP3883601B2 (ja) * | 1996-03-27 | 2007-02-21 | 富士通株式会社 | 光イコライザ |
US5940208A (en) | 1996-04-02 | 1999-08-17 | Corning Incorporated | Switchable fiber optic device for fiber transmission system and components thereof |
JPH09321701A (ja) | 1996-05-31 | 1997-12-12 | Fujitsu Ltd | 光通信システム及び光増幅器 |
JP3737566B2 (ja) | 1996-06-20 | 2006-01-18 | 富士通株式会社 | 光デバイス |
GB2314714B (en) | 1996-06-26 | 2000-04-05 | Northern Telecom Ltd | Optical amplifier modules |
US5694233A (en) | 1996-07-23 | 1997-12-02 | Macro-Vision Communications, Llc | Switchable wavelength router |
JP3773601B2 (ja) | 1996-09-18 | 2006-05-10 | 富士通株式会社 | ファラデー回転子 |
US5724373A (en) | 1996-11-15 | 1998-03-03 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Microphotonic acousto-optic tunable laser |
US5889610A (en) * | 1996-12-31 | 1999-03-30 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Optical protection switching system |
JP3808580B2 (ja) * | 1997-03-17 | 2006-08-16 | 富士通株式会社 | 光パワーモニタ及び該光パワーモニタを有する光増幅器 |
US6151157A (en) * | 1997-06-30 | 2000-11-21 | Uniphase Telecommunications Products, Inc. | Dynamic optical amplifier |
US5953467A (en) * | 1997-09-23 | 1999-09-14 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Switchable optical filter |
JP3779054B2 (ja) | 1998-01-23 | 2006-05-24 | 富士通株式会社 | 可変光学フィルタ |
JP3638777B2 (ja) * | 1998-02-04 | 2005-04-13 | 富士通株式会社 | 利得等化のための方法並びに該方法の実施に使用する装置及びシステム |
US5963361A (en) * | 1998-05-22 | 1999-10-05 | Ciena Corporation | Optical amplifier having a variable attenuator controlled based on detected ASE |
-
1998
- 1998-02-04 JP JP02353698A patent/JP3638777B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-07-21 US US09/119,594 patent/US6219176B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-31 FR FR9809854A patent/FR2774482B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-02-08 FR FR9901431A patent/FR2774483B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-02-08 FR FR9901432A patent/FR2774532B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-09-06 US US09/656,237 patent/US6381064B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-12-07 US US10/005,156 patent/US6580551B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2002
- 2002-11-25 US US10/303,040 patent/US6693739B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-12-29 US US10/745,969 patent/US6829083B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-12-06 US US11/003,482 patent/US20050094253A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20020041433A1 (en) | 2002-04-11 |
FR2774483A1 (fr) | 1999-08-06 |
US6381064B1 (en) | 2002-04-30 |
FR2774482A1 (fr) | 1999-08-06 |
US6580551B2 (en) | 2003-06-17 |
US6829083B2 (en) | 2004-12-07 |
JPH11224967A (ja) | 1999-08-17 |
US20050094253A1 (en) | 2005-05-05 |
FR2774532A1 (fr) | 1999-08-06 |
US6219176B1 (en) | 2001-04-17 |
US20040136054A1 (en) | 2004-07-15 |
FR2774482B1 (fr) | 2000-06-30 |
FR2774532B1 (fr) | 2001-02-16 |
US6693739B2 (en) | 2004-02-17 |
US20030123135A1 (en) | 2003-07-03 |
JP3638777B2 (ja) | 2005-04-13 |
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