ES2644883T3 - Enzimas y métodos para producir ácidos grasos omega-3 - Google Patents

Enzimas y métodos para producir ácidos grasos omega-3 Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2644883T3
ES2644883T3 ES09827035.8T ES09827035T ES2644883T3 ES 2644883 T3 ES2644883 T3 ES 2644883T3 ES 09827035 T ES09827035 T ES 09827035T ES 2644883 T3 ES2644883 T3 ES 2644883T3
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Spain
Prior art keywords
dha
desaturase
fatty acids
total
epa
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ES09827035.8T
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Inventor
James Robertson Petrie
Anne Maree Mackenzie
Qing Liu
Pushkar Shrestha
Peter David Nichols
Susan Irene Ellis Blackburn
Maged Peter Mansour
Stanley Suresh Robert
Dion Matthew Frederick Frampton
Xue-Rong Zhou
Surinder Pal Singh
Craig Christopher Wood
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Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSIRO
Grains Research and Development Corp
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Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSIRO
Grains Research and Development Corp
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    • C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
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Description

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"ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena muy larga" se refieren al ácido graso en un estado libre (no esterificado) o en una forma esterificada tal como formando parte de un triglicérido, diacilglicérido, monoacilglicérido, unido a acil-CoA u otra forma unida. El ácido graso puede estar esterificado como un fosfolípido tal como en las formas de fosfatidilcolina (PC), fosfatidiletanolamina, fosfatidilserina, fosfatidilglicerol, fosfatidilinositol o difosfatidilglicerol. Por 5 consiguiente, los LC-PUFA pueden estar presentes como una mezcla de formas en el lípido de una célula o un aceite purificado o lípido extraído de células, tejidos u organismos. En formas de realización preferidas, la invención proporciona un aceite que comprende al menos un 75 % o 85 % de triacilgliceroles, siendo el resto otras formas de lípidos tales como los ya mencionados, donde al menos dichos triacilgliceroles comprenden a los LC-PUFA. El aceite se puede purificar o tratar adicionalmente, por ejemplo, mediante hidrólisis con una base fuerte para liberar el ácido
10 graso libre, o mediante fraccionamiento, destilación o semejantes.
Las proteínas desaturasa, elongasa y acil transferasa, y los genes que codifican las mismas, que se pueden usar en la invención son cualquiera de los conocidos en el arte o bien, homólogos o derivados de los mismos. Los ejemplos de tales genes y los tamaños de las proteínas codificadas se enumeran en la Tabla 1. Las enzimas desaturasa cuya
15 participación en la biosíntesis de los LC-PUFA ha sido demostrada, pertenecen todas al grupo de las denominadas desaturasas “front-end”.
Tabla 1. Genes clonados relacionados con la biosíntesis de LC-PUFA
Enzima
Tipo de organismo Especie Nº Acceso Tamaño de la proteína (aa) Referencias
Δ4desaturasa
Protista Euglena gracilis AY278558 541 Meyer et al., 2003
Algas
Pavlova lutherii AY332747 445 Tonon et al., 2003
Isochrysis galbana
AAV33631 433 Pereira et al., 2004b
Pavlova salina
AAY15136 447 Zhou et al., 2007
Traustoquitriales
Thraustochytrium aureum AAN75707 AAN75708 AAN75709 AAN75710 515 N/D
Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC21685
AAM09688 519 Qiu et al. 2001
Δ5desaturasa
Mamíferos Homo sapiens AF199596 444 Cho et al., 1999b Leonard et al., 2000b
Nematodos
Caenorhabditis elegans AF11440, NM_069350 447 Michaelson et al., 1998b; Watts y Browse, 1999b
Hongos
Mortierella alpina AF067654 446 Michaelson et al., 1998a; Knutzon et al., 1998
Pythium irregulare
AF419297 456 Hong et al., 2002a
Dictyostelium discoideum
AB022097 467 Saito et al., 2000
Saprolegnia diclina
470 WO02081668
Diatomeas
Phaeodactilum tricornutum AY082392 469 Domergue et al., 2002
Algas
Thraustochytrium sp AF489588 439 Qiu et al., 2001
Thraustochytrium aureum
439 WO02081668
Isochrysis galbana
442 WO02081668
Musgo
Marchantia polimorpha AY583465 484 Kajikawa et al., 2004
Δ6desaturasa
Mamíferos Homo sapiens NM_013402 444 Cho et al., 1999a; Leonard et al., 2000
Mus musculus
NM_019699 444 Cho et al., 1999a
Nematodos
Caenorhabditis elegans Z70271 443 Napier et al., 1998
Plantas
Borago officinales U79010 448 Sayanova et al., 1997
Echium
AY055117 AY055118 Garcia-Maroto et al., 2002
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Enzima
Tipo de organismo Especie Nº Acceso Tamaño de la proteína (aa) Referencias
Primula vialii
AY234127 453 Sayanova et al., 2003
Anemone leveillei
AF536525 446 Whitney et al., 2003
Musgos
Ceratodon purpureus AJ250735 520 Sperling et al., 2000
Marchantia polimorpha
AY583463 481 Kajikawa et al., 2004
Physcomitrella patens
CAA11033 525 Girke et al., 1998
Hongos
Mortierella alpina AF110510 AB020032 457 Huang et al., 1999; Sakuradani et al., 1999
Pythium irregulare
AF419296 459 Hong et al., 2002a
Mucor circinelloides
AB052086 467 NCBI*
Rhizopus sp.
AY320288 458 Zhang et al., 2004
Saprolegnia diclina
453 WO02081668
Diatomeas
Phaeodactilum tricornutum AY082393 477 Domergue et al., 2002
Bacteria
Synechocystis L11421 359 Reddy et al., 1993
Algas
Thraustochytrium aureum 456 WO02081668
Δ5/Δ6 desaturasa bifuncional
Peces Danio rerio AF309556 444 Hastings et al., 2001
C20 Δ8desaturasa
Algas Euglena gracilis AF139720 419 Wallis y Browse, 1999
Plantas
Borago officinales AAG43277 446 Sperling et al., 2001
Δ6-elongasa
Nematodos Caenorhabditis elegans NM_069288 288 Beaudoin et al., 2000
Musgos
Physcomitrella patens AF428243 290 Zank et al., 2002
Marchantia polimorpha
AY583464 290 Kajikawa et al., 2004
Hongos
Mortierella alpina AF206662 318 Parker-Barnes et al., 2000
Algas
Pavlova lutheri** 501 WO 03078639
Thraustochytrium
AX951565 271 WO 03093482
Thraustochytrium sp**
AX214454 271 WO 0159128
PUFAelongasa
Mamíferos Homo sapiens AF231981 299 Leonard et al., 2000b; Leonard et al., 2002
Rattus norvegicus
AB071985 299 Inagaki et al., 2002
Rattus norvegicus**
AB071986 267 Inagaki et al., 2002
Mus musculus
AF170907 279 Tvrdik et al., 2000
Mus musculus
AF170908 292 Tvrdik et al., 2000
Peces
Danio rerio AF532782 291 (282) Agaba et al., 2004
Danio rerio**
NM_199532 266 Lo et al., 2003
Gusanos
Caenorhabditis elegans Z68749 309 Abbott et al 1998 Beaudoin et al 2000
Algas
Thraustochytrium aureum** AX464802 272 WO 0208401-A2
Pavlova lutheri**
320 WO 03078639
Δ9-elongasa
Algas Isochrysis galbana AF390174 263 Qi et al., 2002
Euglena gracilis
258 WO 08/128241
Δ5-elongasa
Algas Ostreococcus tauri AAV67798 300 Meyer et al., 2004
Pyramimonas cordata
268 este trabajo
Pavlova sp. CCMP459
AAV33630 277 Pereira et al., 2004b
Pavlova salina
AAY15135 302 Robert et al., 2009
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El análisis por BLASTP usando la secuencia de aminoácidos de la desaturasa de Micromonas CCMP1545 SEQ ID NO:8 como búsqueda para otras proteínas en el banco de datos Genbank mostró que la proteína tuvo una homología con las ∆6-desaturasas. El mayor grado de identidad fue 66 % respecto de la longitud completa con la secuencia de aminoácidos de número de acceso AAW70159, la secuencia de una ∆6-desaturasa de Ostreococcus tauri. En la Figura 6 se provee un árbol de relación de secuencia basándose en el alineamiento múltiple de secuencias similar a la desaturasa de Micromonas CCMP1545. Esta desaturasa front-end contiene un dominio de citocromo b5 (dominio conservado pfam00173 en NCBI) en los aminoácidos entre 54 y 104 y el dominio conservado de similar a ∆6-FADS (Dominio conservado cd03506 en NCBI) en los aminoácidos entre 172 y 428. Las tres cajas de histidina indicativas de una desaturasa front-end están presentes en esta secuencia en 190-195, 227-232 y 401405, respectivamente. Las proteínas que contienen ambos de estos dominios son generalmente desaturasas frontend requeridas para la síntesis de ácidos grasos altamente insaturados. Interesantemente, estas desaturasas se agrupan estrechamente con AAW70159, la única desaturasa de acil-CoA similar a plantas bioquímicamente confirmada publicada hasta la fecha.
Caracterización funcional de la ∆6-desaturasa de Micromonas CCMP1545 en células de levaduras
La región codificante entera de la desaturasa de Micromonas, contenida en un fragmento KpnI-SacI del plásmido pGA4 se insertó en el vector para levaduras pYES2 en el sitio KpnI-SacI, generando pYES2+Micd6D para la introducción y caracterización funcional en levaduras. Las células de la cepa INVSC1 de levaduras se transformaron con pYES2+Micd6D y los transformantes se seleccionaron en medio sin uracilo. Las células de levaduras conteniendo pYES2+Micd6D se hicieron crecer en cultivo y luego se indujeron con galactosa. Luego de la adición de 0,5 mM de LA, ALA, ETrA, DGLA o ETA al medio de cultivo y 48 horas de cultivo adicional a 30oC, se analizaron los ácidos grasos en los lípidos celulares totales. Cuando se agregó LA al medio, la presencia de GLA en los lípidos celulares de las levaduras transformantes se detectó como el 3,9 % de FA totales, representando una eficacia de conversión ∆6-desaturación del 11,4 %. Cuando se agregó ALA al medio, la presencia de SDA en los lípidos celulares de las levaduras transformantes se detectó como el 13,9 % de FA totales, representando una eficacia de conversión ∆6-desaturación del 39,0 %. Esto es, la eficacia de conversión para sustratos ácidos grasos ω3 fue 3,5 veces mayor que para el correspondiente sustrato ácido graso ω6. Cuando se agregó ETrA al medio, la presencia de ETA en los lípidos celulares de las levaduras transformantes se detectó como el 0,21 % de FA totales, representando una eficacia de conversión ∆8-desaturación del 8,0 %. Sin embargo, cuando se agregó tanto DGLA o ETA al medio, la presencia de ARA o EPA, respectivamente, no se detectó. Esto indicó la ausencia de cualquier actividad de ∆5-desaturación (Tabla 7).
Tabla 7.Conversión de ácidos grasos en células de levaduras transformadas con construcciones genéticas que
expresan desaturasas aisladas de Micromonas CCMP1545, Ostreococcus lucimarinus y Pyramimonas CS-0140.
Clon
Precursor de ácido graso / % de FA totales Ácido graso formado / % de FA totales Tasa de conversión
pYES2+ Mic-d6D
LA, 18:2ω6 / 30,3 % GLA, 18:3ω6 / 3,9 % 11,4 %
pYES2+ Mic-d6D
ALA, 18:3ω3 / 21,7 % SDA, 18:4ω3 / 13,9 % 39,0 %
pYES2+ Mic-d6D
ETrA, 20:3ω3 / 2,4 % ETA, 20:4ω3 / 0,21 % 8,0 %
pYES2+ Mic-d6D
DGLA, 20:3ω6 / 2,6 % ARA, 20:4ω6 / 0 % -
pYES2+ Mic-d6D
ETA, 20:4ω3 / 6,2 % EPA, 20:5ω3 / 0 % -
pYES2+ Ostlu-d6D
LA, 18:2ω6 / 29,5 % GLA, 18:3ω6 / 2,1 % 6,6 %
pYES2+ Ostlu-d6D
ALA, 18:3ω3 / 21,8 % SDA, 18:4ω3 / 13,8 % 38,8 %
pYES2+ Ostlu-d6D
ETrA, 20:3ω3 / 2,2 % ETA, 20:4ω3 / 0 % -
pYES2+ Ostlu-d6D
GLA, 18:3ω6 / 29,2 % 18:4ω6 / 0 % -
pYES2+ Ostlu-d6D
SDA, 18:4ω3 / 41,7 % 18:5ω3 / 0 % -
pYES2+ Ostlu-d6D
DGLA, 20:3ω6 / 2,3 % ARA, 20:4ω6 / 0 % -
pYES2+ Ostlu-d6D
ETA, 20:4ω3 / 4,9 % EPA, 20:5ω3 / 0 % -
pYES2+ Pyrco-d5D
LA, 18:2ω6 / 35,1 % GLA, 18:3ω6 / 0 % -
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18:3 ω3*
0,0 0 0
18:1 ω9
21,4 13,9 59,5
18:1 ω7
3,3 3 7,9
18:0
4,3 8,5 14,7
20:4 ω6
21,0 6,7 19,1
20:5 ω3
1,3 7,1 22,2
20:3 ω6
1,1 0,3 1,5
20:4 ω3
0,2 0,5 2,8
20:2 ω6
2,6 0,4 1,8
20:3 ω3*
0,2 0 0
20:1 ω9/ ω11
1,6 2,2 21,1
20:0
0,7 0,4 4,2
22:4 ω6
0,8 1 4,4
22:5 ω3
0,0 2,4 14,9
22:0
0,0 0,2 0,7
24:1 ω9/11/13*
0,2 0 0
24:0
0,2 0,2 1,6
Suma de PUFA ω6
56 10 41
% de conversiones
∆9E
LA-->20:2 ω6
45 82
ALA-->20:3 ω3
100 100
∆8D
20:2ω6-->20:3 ω6
90 95
20:3ω3-->20:4 ω3
88 100
∆5D
20:3ω6-->20:4 ω6
95 96
20:4ω3-->20:5 ω3
90 95
Vale la pena señalar que la ∆8-desaturasa de Pavlova salina fue considerablemente más eficiente en la conversión de ETrA a ETA en comparación con las otras ∆8-desaturasas publicadas, en particular cuando se coexpresa con ∆9 elongasa y ∆5 desaturasa. Por ejemplo, se ha informado que cuando la ∆8-desaturasa de Euglena gracilis se
5 coexpresó o bien con la ∆9-elongasa de Euglena gracilis o bien con la de Isochrysis galbana en embriones de soja, las eficiencias de conversión de sustratos ω3y ω6 fueron 64 % y 73 %, respectivamente. La eficiencia de cada paso observada en el experimento que se describió previamente y la eficiencia de conversión total de ALA a EPA fue también mucho mayor que la informada por Qi et al. (2004) en hojas de Arabidopsis, en donde los mismos observaron solo 3,0 % de EPA y niveles sustanciales de intermediarios indeseables que incluyen ETrA (4,6 %).
10 Las elongasas se sabe que solo tienen acceso a sustratos en el conjunto de los acil-CoA. El hecho de que los subsiguientes pasos de la ∆8-desaturasa y la ∆5-desaturasa se hayan observado como funcionando con eficiencias extremadamente altas en las semillas transformadas, aun cuando el producto ∆9-elongado fue indudablemente producido en el conjunto de los acil-CoA, fue una fuerte indicación de que ambas desaturasas de Pavlova salina
15 eran capaces de acceder a sustratos acil-CoA con altas eficiencias.
Biosíntesis de altos niveles de ARA y EPA usando la ruta metabólica de ∆9-elongasa
A partir de estos datos y las observaciones de la eficiencia de los pasos individuales, se predijo que sería posible
20 generar altos niveles de ARA y EPA y subsiguientemente de DPA y DHA en una planta transgénica tal como Arabidopsis, canola, soja, lino o algodón usando una ruta metabólica de ∆9-elongasa modificada. Además se predijo que se pueden hacer niveles incluso más altos con agregado adicional de cualquiera de las tres funciones enzimáticas, o sea con la función acil-CoA ∆12-desaturasa, para incrementar la cantidad de sustrato LA disponible en el conjunto de los acil-CoA para la ∆9-elongación, segundo con el agregado de una ∆15-desaturasa para
25 incrementar el nivel de ALA para la conversión directa a EPA, y tercero con una ∆17-desaturasa que puede convertir
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0804673_Pyrco-elo1_pGA18, contenida en un fragmento SwaI, en 35S-pORE04 en el sitio SmaI-EcoRV, generando pJP2060. Se hizo una construcción genética 35S:Pavsa-d5D que codifica Δ5-desaturasa mediante la inserción de la región codificante completa de 0804674_Pavsa-d5D_pGA15, contenida en un fragmento SwaI, en 35S-pORE04 en el sitio SmaI-EcoRV, generando pJP2067. Se hizo una construcción genética 35S:Pyrco-d5E que codifica Δ5elongasa mediante la inserción de la región codificante completa de 0804675_Pyrco-elo2_pGA4, contenida en un fragmento SwaI, en 35S-pORE04 en el sitio SmaI-EcoRV, generando pJP2061. Se hizo una construcción genética 35S:Pavsa-d4D que codifica Δ4-desaturasa mediante la inserción de la región codificante completa de 0804676_Pavsa-d4D_pGA15, contenida en un fragmento SwaI, en 35S-pORE04 en el sitio SmaI-EcoRV, generando pJP2068. Se hizo una construcción genética 35S:Arath-DGAT1 que codifica la enzima DGAT1 mediante la inserción de la región codificante completa de pXZP513E, contenida en un fragmento BamHI-EcoRV, en 35S-pORE04 en el sitio BamHI-EcoRV, generando pJP2078.
Estos vectores quiméricos se introdujeron en forma individual en Agrobacterium tumefaciens cepa AGL1 y se mezclaron las células transgénicas de los cultivos de estas y se infiltró la mezcla en el tejido de hojas de plantas de Nicotiana benthamiana en el invernadero. Se hicieron crecer las plantas durante cinco días adicionales luego de la infiltración antes de tomar discos de hoja para análisis por GC lo que reveló que estos genes estaban funcionando para producir DHA en Nicotiana benthamiana. El tejido de hoja transformado con estos genes contuvo SDA (2,3 %), ETA (0,7 %), EPA (0,8 %), DPA (2,8 %) y DHA (4,4 %) (Tabla 14). El tejido de hoja también contuvo niveles traza de GLA, ETA y ARA. Las eficiencias de conversión fueron como sigue: 17,4 % del ALA que se produjo en la célula se convirtió a EPA (incluyendo EPA subsiguientemente convertido a DPA o DHA); 15,5 % del ALA se convirtió a DPA o DHA; 9,6 % del ALA que se produjo en la célula se convirtió a DHA; mientras que 40 % del ALA que se produjo en la célula que estaba ∆6-desaturó subsiguientemente se convirtió a DHA. Debido a la expresión transitoria de los transgenes en este experimento, se esperarían mayores eficiencias que las anteriores en células transformadas en forma estable.
Cuando se fraccionaron los lípidos totales extraídos de tejido de hoja mediante TLC para separar las clases lipídicas, y se analizaron las fracciones de TAG y de lípidos polares para composición de ácidos grasos por FAME, se observó que el nivel de DHA en los TAG era 7 % como porcentaje de los ácidos grasos totales, y en los lípidos polares el nivel de DHA era de 2,8 %. El menor nivel en la clase de lípidos polares se cree que fue debido a la contribución relativa de los lípidos de cloroplasto en las hojas, favoreciendo a los lípidos polares, y a la expresión transitoria de los genes en lugar de la inserción estable de los transgenes en el genoma de las células hospedadoras.
Tabla 14. Composición de ácidos grasos de lípidos de hojas transformadas con una combinación de desaturasas y elongasas.
Ácido graso
Ácido graso
Células no transformadas Células transformadas
16:0
palmítico 17,1 20,4
16:1d7
0,1 0,4
16:1d9
0,2 0,2
C6:1d?
0,5 0,4
16:1d?
0,5 0,4
17:1d9
0,9 0,7
16:2
0,9 0,9
16:3
6,6 5,4
18:0
esteárico 2,1 3,6
18:1d7
0,0 0,0
18:1d9
oleico 0,8 2,6
18:1d11
0,0 0,0
18:1d12
0,3 0,6
18:1d13
0,2 0,2
18:2n6
LA 5,1 10,8
18:3n6
GLA 0,7 1,9
18:3n3
ALA 57,8 35,0
20:0
0,4 0,7
20:1d5
0,4 0,3
18:4n3
SDA 0,4 2,3
20:1d8
0,0 0,0
20:1d11
0,0 0,0
20:2n6
EDA 0,1 0,2
20:3n6
DGLA 0,3 0,4
81
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Cuando se fraccionaron los lípidos totales extraídos de tejido de hoja mediante TLC para separar las clases lipídicas, y se analizaron las fracciones de TAG y de lípidos polares para composición de ácidos grasos por FAME, se observó que el nivel de DHA en los TAG era de 15,9 % como porcentaje de los ácidos grasos totales, y en los lípidos polares el nivel de DHA era de 4,4 %. El menor nivel en la clase de lípidos polares se cree que fue debido a la contribución relativa de los lípidos de cloroplasto en las hojas, favoreciendo a los lípidos polares, y a la expresión transitoria de los genes en lugar de la inserción estable de los transgenes en el genoma de las células hospedadoras.

Tabla 15. Composición de ácidos grasos de lípidos de hojas transformadas con una combinación de desaturasas y elongasas.
Control
Ruta Metabólica Pavsa-D5E DHA Ruta Metabólica Pyrco-D5E DHA
Ácido graso
Lípidos Totales Lípidos Totales TAG Lípidos Totales TAG
AG usuales
16:0
15,9±0,2 17,0±0,1 20,2 16,6±0,1 21,6
16:1∆3t
1,7±0,1 1,5±0,2 0,3 1,5±0,1 0,3
16:3 ∆9,12,15
6,3±0,3 5,2±0,1 0,4 5,6±0,1 0,6
18:0
3,6±0,3 3,5±0,1 5,9 3,3±0,1 6,5
18:1 ∆9
2,8±0,1 3,4±0,1 5,1 2,8±0,2 5,6
18:2 ∆9,12
18,7±0,1 14,1±0,4 15,2 13,0±0,1 17,3
18:3 ∆9,12,15
45,6±1,4 39,1±0,4 6,9 40,2±0,5 6,7
20:0
1,3±0,4 0,7±0 1,8 0,6±0 2,0
Otros minoritarios
4,1 2,5 6,3 2,3 6,2
Total
100 87,0 62,1 85,9 66,8
Nuevos PUFA w6
18:3 ∆6,9,12
- 1,6±0,1 3,3 2,1±0,2 4,3
20:3 ∆8,11,14
- - - - -
20:4 ∆5,8,11,14
- 0,3±0,1 0,5 0,2±0 -
Total
0 1,9 3,8 2,3 4,3
Nuevos PUFA ω3
18:4 ∆6,9,12,15
- 1,5±0,1 (22 % D6D) 3,8 2,0±0 (23 % D6D) 6,4
20:4 ∆8,11,14,17
- 0,5±0 (86 % D6E) 1,5 0,4±0 (83 % D6E) 1,6
20:5 ∆5,8,11,14,17
- 4,1±0,2 (95 % D5D) 14,2 0,7±0 (96 % D5D) 1,5
22:5 ∆7,10,13,16,19
- 2,4±0,1 (55 % D5E 1,6 4,3±0 (93 % D5E) 3,5
22:6 ∆4,7,10,13,16,19
- 2,6±0,1 (52 % D4D) 13,0 4,4±0,1 (51 % D4D) 15,9
Total
0 11,1 34,1 11,8 28,9
Total de nuevos ácidos grasos
0 13,0 37,9 14,0 33,2
Total de Ácidos grasos
100 100 100 100 100
Tabla 16. Eficiencias de conversión de hojas transformadas con una combinación de desaturasas y elongasas.
Ácido Graso
Total Enzima Eficiencia de Conversión
LA
13
GLA
2,1 15,0 % d6D
DGLA
0 8,7 % d6E
AA
0,2 100,0 % d5D
83 5
Ácido Graso
Total Enzima Eficiencia de Conversión
ALA
40,2
SDA
2 22,7 % d6D 18,1 % d6D a EPA+DPA+DHA
ETA
0,4 83,1 % d6E 16,7 % d6D a DPA+DHA
EPA
0,7 95,9 % d5D 8,5 % ALA a DHA
DPA
4,3 92,6 % d5E 46,8 % EPA a DHA
DHA
4,4 50,6 % d4D
TAG
LA
17,3
GLA
4,3 19,9 % d6D
DGLA
0 0,0 % d6E
AA
0 0,0 % d5D
ALA
6,7
SDA
6,4 81,2 % d6D 58,7 % d6D a EPA+DPA+DHA
ETA
1,6 77,9 % d6E 54,5 % d6D a DPA+DHA
EPA
1,5 92,9 % d5D 44,7 % ALA a DHA
DPA
3,5 92,8 % d5E 76,1 % EPA a DHA
DHA
15,9 82,0 % d4D
10
15
20
25
30
35
Discusión: Síntesis más eficiente de DHA en tejido de hoja y semilla
Este resultado pareciera facilitar el terreno para avances similares en el campo de los TAG de semilla debido a la sustancial conservación de los mecanismos extraplastídicos de síntesis de lípidos entre tejidos de hoja y semilla (Ohlrogge y Browse, 2004; Bates et al., 2007). Los inventores postulan que probablemente varios elementos sean responsables por este gran incremento de producción: 1. el uso de una acil-CoA ∆6-desaturasa específica para ω3 incrementa el flujo hacia la ruta metabólica para ω3 y disminuye la competición con sustratos ω6 paralelos por los subsiguientes pasos metabólicos; 2. una ∆5-elongasa altamente eficiente incrementa claramente la cantidad de DPA disponible para la ∆4-desaturación a DHA; 3. la reducción del silenciamiento génico mediante el uso de unidades transcripcionales independientes y el uso de una proteína supresora vírico (P19).
La fuerte preferencia hacia ω3 mostrada por la ∆6-desaturasa es claramente deseable cuando se intenta construir una planta de suelo que acumule los LC-PUFA ω3 EPA y DHA, debido a que la actividad ∆17-desaturasa adicional que se requeriría para convertir AA (20:4D5,8,11,14) a EPA no se requiere, simplificando de eso modo tanto la construcción metabólica como los desafíos regulatorios.
Además del paso optimizado previamente, el uso de la ∆5-elongasa de P. cordata altamente eficiente resultó en un perfil de ácidos grasos de la fracción TAG (aceite) que se asemeja mucho al aceite de atún, un aceite de pescado notable por su alto contenido en DHA y bajo contenido de intermediarios (Figura 18). Además, la actividad exhibida por la ∆5-elongasa de P. cordata en N. benthamiana es por lejos la ∆5-elongación más eficiente que hayan visto los inventores, y el uso de este gen supera en forma eficaz el gran cuello de botella de la ∆5-elongación que se ha experimentado en otros intentos de producción transgénica de DHA.
Finalmente, a pesar de que se requiere claramente el uso de genes óptimos, los inventores consideran probable que el método por el cual se introdujeron estos transgenes (o sea como casetes de expresión independiente y en presencia de un supresor de silenciamiento génico) jugó un importante rol para conseguir los altos niveles de DHA en este estudio. La manipulación metabólica para la producción de LC-PUFA se ha basado hasta ahora en construcciones multigénicas relativamente grandes que se insertan al azar en el genoma del huésped y, mientras muchos grupos han tenido buenos resultados con este método, existen indicaciones de que es difícil de obtener eventos que exhiban una misma expresión para todos los transgenes (WO 2004/017467). Además, los efectos de silenciamiento pueden reducir la eficiencia con el paso de generaciones (Matzke et al., 2001). Es posible que las estrategias de transformación alternativas tales como los cromosomas artificiales que involucran formación de centrómeros de novo sobre una unidad ensamblada en forma independiente y la manipulación de mini-cromosomas se puedan requerir finalmente para una exitosa manipulación metabólica estable de LC-PUFA (Yu et al., 2007).
84
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células transgénicas de cultivos separados de AGL1 ya sea con pJP3057 o con 35S:LEC2 y se infiltró la mezcla en tejido de hoja de plantas de Nicotiana benthamiana. Se hicieron crecer las plantas por otros cuatro días luego de la infiltración antes de tomar discos de hoja para análisis por GC de los ácidos grasos totales en los lípidos de hoja, y en las fracciones lipídicas separadas. Esto reveló que estos genes estaban funcionando para producir DHA en
5 Nicotiana benthamiana (Tabla 19). El tejido de hoja transformado con estos genes contuvo SDA (1,2 %), ETA (2,0 %), EPA (0,6 %), DPA (1,7 %) y DHA (2,5 %). El tejido de hoja también contuvo GLA (2,4 %) y niveles traza de otros ácidos grasos ω6 de cadena larga.
Se introdujeron los vectores quiméricos pJP3115 y pJP3116 (Ejemplo 17) en Agrobacterium tumefaciens cepa
10 AGL1. Se mezclaron células transgénicas de cuatro cultivos separados de AGL1 con uno de pJP3115, pJP3116, 35S:P19 y 35S:LEC2 y se infiltró la mezcla en tejido de hoja de plantas de Nicotiana benthamiana. Se hicieron crecer las plantas por otros cuatro días luego de la infiltración antes de tomar discos de hoja para análisis por GC lo que reveló que estos genes estaban funcionando para producir DHA en Nicotiana benthamiana (Tabla 19). El tejido de hoja transformado con estos genes contuvo SDA (5,6 %), ETA (1,4 %), EPA (0,2 %), DPA (1,7 %) y DHA (2,4 %).
15 El tejido de hoja también contuvo niveles traza de ácidos grasos ω6 de cadena larga.
Este experimento confirmó que las construcciones duales pJP3115 y pJP3116 estaban funcionando en combinación para producir DHA en forma tan eficiente como una construcción individual que contiene los ocho genes.
20 Tabla 19. Composición de ácidos grasos (porcentaje de ácidos grasos totales) de tejido de hoja de Nicotiana benthamiana transformado en forma transitoria con diferentes construcciones. Los errores muestran la desviación estándar entre infiltraciones separadas llevadas a cabo por triplicado.
Ácidos grasos usuales
P19 sola 35S:LEC2 pJP3057 pJP3057 + 35S:LEC2
16:0
13,2 ± 0,5 12,8 ± 1,0 13,3 ± 0,1 13,2 ± 0,6
16:1∆3t
1,5 ± 0,1 1,4 ± 0,2 1,3 ± 0,1 1,1 ± 0,0
16:3 ∆ 9,12,15
7,6 ± 0,3 8,2 ± 0,4 7,1 ± 0,3 7,5 ± 0,4
18:0
1,7 ± 0,2 2,0± 0,4 1,8 ± 0,1 2,4 ± 0,3
18:1 ∆ 9
0,9 ± 0,1 0,9 ± 0,1 1,1 ± 0,1 1,5 ± 0,2
18:2 ∆ 9,12
12,6 ± 1,1 12,8 ± 0,6 13,8 ± 0,1 12,7 ± 0,4
18:3 ∆ 9,12,15
58,3 ± 1,9 56,3 ± 2,6 56,3 ± 0,7 44,8 ± 2,1
20:0
0,3 ± 0,0 0,4 ± 0,1 0,3 ± 0,0 0,5 ± 0,1
Otros minoritarios
3,8 4,6 3,9 4,8
Total
99,9 99,6 98,9 88,5
Nuevos PUFA ω6
18:3 ∆ 6,9,12
− 0,1 ± 0,0 − 2,4 ± 0,1
20:3 ∆ 8,11,14
0,1 ± 0,1 0,3 ± 0,1 0,2 ± 0,1 0,2 ± 0,1
20:4 ∆ 5,8,11,14
− − − −
22:4∆7,10,13,16
− − − 0,6 ± 0,1
22:5 ∆ 4,7,10,13,16
− − − 0,3 ± 0,0
Total
0,1 0,4 0,2 3,5
Nuevos PUFA ω3
18:4 ∆ 6,9,12,15
− − 0,9 ± 0,1 1,2 ± 0,1
20:4 ∆ 8,11,14,17
− − − 2,0 ± 0,1
20:5 ∆ 5,8,11,14,17
− − − 0,6 ± 0,0
22:5 ∆ 7,10,13,16,19
− − − 1,7 ± 0,1
22:6 ∆ 4,7,10,13,16,19
− − − 2,5 ± 0,2
Total
− − 0,9 8,0
Total de nuevos ácidos grasos
0,1 0,4 1,1 11,5
Total de ácidos grasos
100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0
Discusión: Verificación rápida de fallas y validación de construcciones específicas de semillas
Los experimentos que usan un factor de transcripción, en este caso LEC2, en combinación con un juego apropiado de genes, cada uno bajo el control de un promotor específico de tejido tal como un promotor específico de semilla, mostraron que dichas construcciones se pueden ensayar en un sistema heterólogo, tal como hojas, en donde el promotor específico de tejido normalmente no se expresaría, y siendo predictivos de la expresión en semillas. La
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