ES2558124T3 - Procedimiento para detección de polimorfismos basada en AFLP de alto rendimiento - Google Patents
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Abstract
Procedimiento para genotipificación de marcadores genéticos en una muestra, que comprende las etapas consistentes en: (a) suministro de una muestra de ADN; (b) reducción de la complejidad de la muestra de ácido nucleico que usa AFLP para producir un subconjunto reproducible de fragmentos de restricción ligados a un adaptador amplificados; (c) secuenciación del subconjunto reproducible de fragmentos de restricción ligados a un adaptador amplificados que usa secuenciación de alto rendimiento; (d) alineación de las secuencias del subconjunto reproducible de fragmentos de restricción ligados a un adaptador amplificados; (e) selección de fragmentos de restricción ligados a un adaptador amplificados a partir del subconjunto que ha sido secuenciado al menos 6 veces; (f) identificación de marcadores genéticos en la selección de fragmentos de restricción ligados a un adaptador amplificados; y (g) determinación de genotipos codominantes de los marcadores genéticos en la selección de fragmentos de restricción ligados a un adaptador amplificados.
Description
Higgins y Sharp (1988) Gene 73:237-244; Higgins y Sharp (1989) CABIOS 5:151-153; Corpet y col. (1988) Nucl. Acids Res. 16:10881-90; Huang y col. (1992) Computer Appl. in the Biosci. 8:155-65; y Pearson y col. (1994) Meth. Mol. Biol. 24:307-31. Altschul y col. (1994) Nature Genet. 6:119-29 presentan una consideración detallada de procedimientos de alineación de secuencias y cálculos de homología.
5 [0061] La herramienta de búsqueda de alineación local básica NCBI (BLAST) (Altschul y col., 1990) está disponible en varias fuentes, entre ellas el National Center for Biological Information (NCBI, Bethesda, Md.) y en Internet, para su uso en relación con los programas de análisis de secuencias blastp, blastn, blastx, tblastn y tblastx. Puede accederse a ella en <http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/>. Una descripción de cómo determinar la identidad
10 de secuencias usando este programa está disponible en <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/blast_help.html>. La base de datos comprende preferentemente secuencias EST, secuencias genómicas de las especies de interés y/o la base de secuencias no redundante de GenBank o bases de datos de secuencias similares.
[0062] Los procedimientos de secuenciación de alto rendimiento pueden usarse tal como se describe en
15 Shendure y col. Science, Vol 309, Issue 5741, 1728-1732. Algunos ejemplos de los mismos son secuenciación microelectroforética, secuenciación de hibridación/secuenciación por hibridación (SBH), secuenciación de matriz cíclica en moléculas amplificadas, secuenciación de matriz cíclica en moléculas individuales, procedimientos en tiempo real no cíclicos en moléculas individuales, tales como secuenciación de polimerasas, secuenciación de exonucleasas, secuenciación de nanoporos.
20 [0063] En la biblioteca puede determinarse ahora la presencia de marcadores genéticos y/o el genotipo de la muestra para marcadores genéticos.
[0064] El procedimiento de la presente invención puede usarse para la identificación, detección de
25 marcadores de AFLP y determinación de genotipos, pero también para la identificación, detección y genotipificación de marcadores de SNP contenidos en bandas constantes. Para proporcionar una solución al problema de variación del muestreo que afecta a la precisión de la genotipificación de marcadores genéticos por fragmentos alélicos (de marcadores) de secuenciación contenidos en una biblioteca de múltiples fragmentos, los autores de la presente invención han encontrado también que la detección de marcadores de AFLP por medio de secuenciación se realiza
30 preferentemente con suficiente redundancia (profundidad) para muestrear todos los fragmentos amplificados al menos una vez y acompañado de medios estadísticos que abordan la cuestión de la variación del muestreo en relación con la exactitud de los genotipos invocados. Además, al igual que con la valoración de AFLP, en el contexto de una población segregada, la valoración simultánea de los progenitores en un experimento ayudará a determinar el umbral estadístico, dado que todos los posibles alelos de la muestra se valorarán como progenitor 1 o progenitor
35 2. Debe observarse que se sugiere muestrear los progenitores con mayor redundancia que los individuos de las poblaciones segregadas.
[0065] Así, en algunas formas de realización, la redundancia de los fragmentos de restricción etiquetados ligados a un adaptador amplificados es de al menos 6, preferentemente al menos 7, más preferentemente al menos
40 8 y con la máxima preferencia al menos 9. En algunas formas de realización, la secuencia de cada fragmento de restricción ligada a adaptador se determina al menos 6, preferentemente al menos 7, más preferentemente al menos 8 y con la máxima preferencia al menos 9 veces. En algunas formas de realización, la redundancia se selecciona de tal forma que, suponiendo una probabilidad global de 50/50 de identificar el locus correctamente como homocigoto, la probabilidad de una identificación correcta del locus sea de más del 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99,5%.
45 [0066] En algunas formas de realización, el número de muestras puede estar comprendido entre 1 y 100.000, lo que depende también en gran medida del tamaño del genoma que se analizará y del número de fragmentos amplificados selectivamente. Normalmente, la capacidad de la tecnología de secuenciación empleada proporciona el factor más limitante a este respecto.
50
Breve descripción de los dibujos
55 La Figura 1A muestra un fragmento según la presente invención apareado en una microesfera (’microesfera 454’) y la secuencia de cebador usada para preamplificación de las dos líneas de pimiento. ’Fragmento de ADN’ denota el fragmento obtenido después de la digestión con una endonucleasa de restricción, ’adaptador keygene’ denota un adaptador que proporciona un sitio de apareamiento para los cebadores de oligonucleótidos (fosforilados) usados para generar una biblioteca, ’KRS’ denota una secuencia de identificador (etiqueta), ’adaptador SEQ 454’ denota un
12
adaptador de secuenciación, y ’adaptador de PCR 454’ denota un adaptador para permitir la amplificación por emulsión del fragmento de ADN. El adaptador de PCR permite el apareamiento con la microesfera y la amplificación y puede contener un saliente en 3’.
5 La Figura 1B muestra un cebador esquemático usado en la etapa de reducción de la complejidad. Dicho cebador comprende en general una región de sitio de reconocimiento indicada como (2), una región constante que puede incluir una sección de etiqueta indicada como (1) y uno o más nucleótidos selectivos en una región selectiva indicada como (3) en el extremo 3’ de los mismos.
10 La Figura 2 muestra la estimación de concentración de ADN usando electroforesis en gel de agarosa al 2%. S1 denota PSP11; S2 denota PI201234. 50, 100, 250 y 500 ng denotan respectivamente 50 ng, 100 ng, 250 ng y 500 ng para estimar las cantidades de ADN de S1 y S2. Las Fig. 2C y 2D muestran la determinación de la concentración de ADN usando espectrofotometría Nanodrop.
15 La Figura 3 muestra los resultados de las valoraciones intermedias de calidad del ejemplo 3.
La Figura 4 muestra los organigramas del desarrollo del procesamiento de datos de secuencias, es decir, las etapas adoptadas desde la generación de los datos de secuenciación a la identificación de posibles SNP, SSR e indeles, a través de las etapas de la eliminación de la información de secuencias conocida en Recorte y Etiquetado que
20 produce datos de secuencias recortadas que se agrupan y ensamblan para producir cóntigos y singletones (fragmentos que no pueden ensamblarse en un cóntigo) después de que puedan identificarse y valorarse los posibles polimorfismos. La Figura 4B elabora adicionalmente el proceso de investigación de polimorfismos.
La Figura 5 es una alineación múltiple "10037_CL989contig2" de secuencias de fragmentos de AFLP de pimiento,
25 que contienen un posible polimorfismo de nucleótido simple (SNP). Obsérvese que el SNP (indicado por una flecha negra) se define por un alelo A presente en las dos lecturas de la muestra 1 (PSP11), denotado por la presencia de la etiqueta MS1 en el nombre de las dos lecturas superiores, y un alelo G presente en la muestra 2 (PI201234), denotado por la presencia de la etiqueta MS2 en el nombre de las dos lecturas inferiores. Los nombres de las lecturas se muestran a la izquierda. La secuencia de consenso de esta alineación múltiple es (5’-3’):
30
La Figura 6 es una representación gráfica de la probabilidad de clasificación correcta del genotipo basándose en el número de lecturas observadas por locus.
[0068] El procedimiento se ilustra del modo siguiente:
40 1) Se preparan plantillas AFLP según un protocolo modificado de Vos y col. que incluye una etapa de desnaturalización por calor durante 20 min a 80°C entre las etapas de restricción y ligación. Después de incubación durante 20 min a 80°C, se enfría el digesto de la enzima de restricción a temperatura ambiente y se añade ADN ligasa. La etapa de desnaturalización conduce a disociación de las cadenas complementarias de los fragmentos de restricción hasta 120 pb de manera que no se ligarán adaptadores a los extremos. En consecuencia, los fragmentos
45 inferiores a 120 pb no se amplificarán, con lo que se consigue una selección de tamaño.
2) Las reacciones de preamplificación, si fueran aplicables, se realizan como en AFLP convencional.
3) La última etapa de amplificación (selectiva) se realiza usando cebadores AFLP con etiquetas de identificador
50 únicas para cada muestra en la población/experimento (usando una única secuencia de identificador de 4 pb; KIS). Los KIS están situados en el extremo 5’ de los cebadores AFLP selectivos. Se usará un nucleótido selectivo adicional en comparación con el número de bases selectivas usadas en detección de AFLP convencional por electroforesis, por ejemplo +4/+3 para una huella genética EcoRI/MseI en pimiento (detección de gel +3/+3) y +4/+4 para huella genética EcoRI/MseI en maíz (detección de gel +4/+3). El número de nucleótidos selectivos que se
55 aplican debe determinarse empíricamente; puede ser tal que puede aplicarse el mismo número de nucleótidos selectivos que se usa en la detección de gel. Este número depende además del número de muestras incluidas en el experimento, dado que se supone que el número de trazas de secuencias se fija en 200.000 en el estado actual de
13
92A18/92A19: 5-GACGATGAGTCCTGAG-3 :92A18 [SEQ ID 7] 3-TACTCAGGACTCAT-5 :92A19 [SEQ ID 8]
- (2) Preamplificación
- 10
- Preamplificación (A/C): [0082]
- 15 20
- Mezcla RL (10x) EcoRI-pr E01L (50 ng/µl) MseI-pr M02K (50 ng/µl) dNTPs (25 mM) Taq.pol. (5U) 10XPCR MQ Total 5 µl 0,6 µl 0,6 µl 0,16 µl 0,08 µl 2,0 µl 11,56 µl 20 µl/reacción
- Perfil térmico de preamplificación
[0083] Se realizó la preamplificación selectiva en un volumen de reacción de 50 µl. La PCR se llevó a cabo
25 en un PE GeneAmp PCR System 9700 y se inició un perfil de 20 ciclos con una etapa de desnaturalización a 94°C durante 30 segundos, seguido por una etapa de apareamiento de 56°C durante 60 segundos y una etapa de extensión de 72°C durante 60 segundos.
EcoRI +1(A)1 30
E01 L 92R11: 5-AGACTGCGTACCAATTCA-3 [SEQ ID 9]
35 MseI +1 (C)1
M02k 93E42: 5-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAAC-3 [SEQ ID 10] 40 Preamplificación A/CA:
45 PA+1/+1-mix (20x) :5 µl EcoRI-pr :1,5 µl MseI-pr. :1,5 µl dNTPs (25 mM) :0,4 µl Taq.pol.(5U) :0,2 µl
50 10XPCR :5 µl MQ :36,3 µl Total : 50 µl
[0087] Se realizó la preamplificación selectiva en un volumen de reacción de 50 µl. La PCR se llevó a cabo
55 en un PE GeneAmp PCR System 9700 y se inició un perfil de 30 ciclos con una etapa de desnaturalización a 94°C durante 30 segundos, seguido por una etapa de apareamiento de 56°C durante 60 segundos y una etapa de extensión de 72°C durante 60 segundos.
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| US75259005P | 2005-12-22 | 2005-12-22 | |
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| ES14166884.8T Active ES2558124T3 (es) | 2005-12-22 | 2006-12-20 | Procedimiento para detección de polimorfismos basada en AFLP de alto rendimiento |
| ES18174221T Active ES2882401T3 (es) | 2005-12-22 | 2006-12-20 | Método de detección de polimorfismos basado en AFLP de alto rendimiento |
| ES06835670T Active ES2391837T3 (es) | 2005-12-22 | 2006-12-20 | Método para la detección de polimorfismos basados en AFLP de alto rendimiento |
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| ES06835670T Active ES2391837T3 (es) | 2005-12-22 | 2006-12-20 | Método para la detección de polimorfismos basados en AFLP de alto rendimiento |
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| EP (5) | EP2363504A1 (es) |
| JP (1) | JP5452021B2 (es) |
| CN (2) | CN103937899B (es) |
| DK (3) | DK3404114T3 (es) |
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