ES2305156T3 - Procedimiento para la mejora de la calidad superficial de piezas de moldeo. - Google Patents
Procedimiento para la mejora de la calidad superficial de piezas de moldeo. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ES2305156T3 ES2305156T3 ES02016828T ES02016828T ES2305156T3 ES 2305156 T3 ES2305156 T3 ES 2305156T3 ES 02016828 T ES02016828 T ES 02016828T ES 02016828 T ES02016828 T ES 02016828T ES 2305156 T3 ES2305156 T3 ES 2305156T3
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- UCVPKAZCQPRWAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(C(=O)OCC=2C=CC=CC=2)C=1C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 UCVPKAZCQPRWAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- OBQVOBQZMOXRAL-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium;docosanoate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O OBQVOBQZMOXRAL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- XZTOTRSSGPPNTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphono dihydrogen phosphate;1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1.OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O XZTOTRSSGPPNTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XFZRQAZGUOTJCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O.NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 XFZRQAZGUOTJCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XRVCFZPJAHWYTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N prenderol Chemical compound CCC(CC)(CO)CO XRVCFZPJAHWYTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
- HHJJPFYGIRKQOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;oxido-oxo-phenylphosphanium Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][P+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 HHJJPFYGIRKQOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003606 tin compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylolethane Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)CO QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GKXVJHDEWHKBFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N xylylenediamine group Chemical group C=1(C(=CC=CC1)CN)CN GKXVJHDEWHKBFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
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Abstract
Procedimiento para la mejora de la calidad superficial de piezas de moldeo a partir de masas de moldeo termoplásticas con una percepción de color negra cuya transparencia láser se encuentra en el intervalo del material no coloreado, caracterizado porque en las masas de moldeo termoplásticas utilizadas para ello resulta una percepción de color oscura (es decir, un valor de color normalizado de Y<30) mediante la combinación de al menos dos colorantes y porque en el intervalo de la luz visible (400 nm a 700 nm), a un grosor de capa que se encuentra en el intervalo de 0,5 a 5 mm, aparece una transmisión baja o nula (es decir, una transmisión <_10%) y en el intervalo de longitud de onda de 700 nm a 1.200 nm, al menos en intervalos espectrales parciales, aparece una transmisión >10% a irradiaciones con luz láser, en el que las combinaciones de colorantes se seleccionan de los tintes de tipo pirazolona, perinona y antraquinona, metina, azoicos y cumarina y/o pigmentos que contienen metal como pigmentos inorgánicos y complejos metálicos de tintes azoicos, de azometina o metina, colorantes de azometina, quinacridona, dioxazina, isoindolina, isoindolinona, perileno, ftalocianina, pirrolopirrol y tioíndigo y vanadato de bismuto, y en el que las masas de moldeo contienen poliamidas o poliésteres termoplásticos y los colorantes se combinan de modo que, en el uso en una matriz no difusora, la extinción a 1 mm de grosor de capa asciende en el intervalo VIS a E>_2 y en el intervalo NIR a E<_2.
Description
Procedimiento para la mejora de la calidad
superficial de piezas de moldeo.
La presente invención describe un procedimiento
para la mejora de la calidad superficial de piezas de moldeo a
partir de masas de moldeo termoplásticas con una percepción de color
negro cuya transparencia láser se encuentra en el intervalo del
material no coloreado.
Para la soldadura de piezas de moldeo de
plástico existen distintos procedimientos (Kunststoffe 87,
(1997), 11, 1632-1640). El requisito para un cordón
de soldadura estable es, en el caso de los procedimientos
ampliamente extendidos de soldadura por elemento calefactor y de
soldadura por vibración (por ejemplo, de tubos de aspiración de
vehículos), un reblandecimiento suficiente del asociado de unión en
la zona de contacto antes de la propia etapa de ensamblaje.
En la compresión del asociado de soldadura, es
decisivo para la resistencia del cordón de soldadura a formar que
la presión empleada para ello se encuentre en un intervalo óptimo
determinado. No debe ser demasiado grande, puesto que si no se
comprime demasiado material fundido sobre la zona de contacto, pero
tampoco debe ser demasiado pequeña, puesto que si no se llega
igualmente a puntos débiles en el cordón de soldadura. Esto tiene su
origen, entre otras cosas, en que en muchas piezas industriales que
deben soldarse entre sí no puede alcanzarse un 100% de exactitud de
ajuste. Mediante una presión de contacto suficientemente alta, puede
conseguirse entonces ciertamente el contacto de las mitades de la
pieza de moldeo por todo el cordón de soldadura, pero las diferentes
relaciones de presión locales conducen a vertidos de material
fundido de diferente medida sobre el cordón de soldadura y por
tanto a resistencias locales de diferente valor. Es posible una
disminución del problema, por ejemplo, mediante la elevación de la
viscosidad en estado fundido (documento EP-A
0.685.528 A1), que ocasiona un vertido menor de material fundido
sobre la zona de ensamblaje.
Como procedimiento alternativo a la soldadura
por vibración y soldadura por elemento calefactor, encuentra cada
vez más difusión en los últimos tiempos la soldadura por irradiación
láser, particularmente con láser de diodos. La base de la soldadura
por radiación láser de plásticos es la absorción de radiación en la
masa de moldeo. Los polímeros puros son mayoritariamente
transparentes o translúcidos para la radiación láser, es decir,
sólo absorben un poco. Mediante pigmentos, cargas o reforzantes y
aditivos, puede controlarse la absorción y por tanto la conversión
de luz láser en calor.
Los principios básicos de la soldadura por
irradiación láser se describen en la bibliografía especializada
(Kunststoffe 87 (1997), 3, 348-350;
Kunststoffe 88 (1998), 2, 210-212;
Kunststoffe 87 (1997), 11, 1632-1640;
Plastverarbeiter 50 (1999), 4, 18-19;
Plastverarbeiter 46 (1995), 9, 42-46).
Es un requisito para la aplicación de la
soldadura por radiación láser que la radiación emitida por el láser
atraviese en primer lugar un asociado de ensamblaje, que es
suficientemente transparente para la luz láser de la longitud de
onda utilizada, y después se absorba por el segundo asociado de
ensamblaje en una capa fina de aproximadamente 100 \mum y se
convierta en calor, que conduce a la fusión en la zona de contacto y
finalmente a la unión de ambos asociados de ensamblaje mediante un
cordón de soldadura.
En el intervalo de longitud de onda del láser
utilizado habitualmente para soldadura termoplástica (láser Nd:YAG:
1060 nm; láser de diodos de alta resolución: 800 a 1000 nm), los
termoplásticos parcialmente cristalinos como poliamidas, por
ejemplo poliamida 6 (PA6) y poliamida 66 (PA66) o poliésteres, por
ejemplo, poli(tereftalato de butileno) (PBT) y
poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET), son mayoritariamente
transparentes o translúcidos al láser.
Cuando se usan a continuación los términos
transparente al láser y absorbente de láser, se refieren siempre al
intervalo de longitud de onda citado anteriormente. Sin embargo,
puede llegarse por la morfología parcialmente cristalina a una
dispersión más o menos alta de la luz láser, de modo que la mayor
parte de la transmisión corresponde a la proporción difusa. La
medida de la potencia de transmisión para luz láser IR se realiza
habitualmente con un espectrofotómetro y una esfera de integración
fotométrica. Esta disposición de medida detecta también la
proporción difusa de la radiación transmitida. Se mide no sólo a una
longitud de onda, si no en un intervalo espectral que comprende
todas las longitudes de onda láser utilizadas actualmente para el
proceso de soldadura.
La trasmisión de luz láser está afectada por
componentes de las masas de moldeo termoplásticas que absorben luz
de las correspondientes longitudes de onda. Estos son
particularmente hollines, pero también otros tintes, pigmentos o
cargas y reforzantes, por ejemplo, fibras de carbono. Para una
aplicación industrial exitosa de la soldadura por irradiación láser
para la unión de piezas de moldeo a partir de masas de moldeo
termoplásticas es necesario por tanto una masa de moldeo absorbente
de radiación láser y una masa de moldeo mayoritariamente
transparente a la radiación láser.
Para la masa de moldeo absorbente de radiación
láser pueden utilizarse, por ejemplo en el caso de compuestos PA6
reforzados con fibra de vidrio, masas de moldeo que contienen
hollín. Dichas masas de moldeo se utilizan, por ejemplo,
habitualmente también para tubos de aspiración de motores de
combustión de vehículos que se ensamblan en procedimientos de
soldadura por vibración.
En caso de que la absorción de la radiación se
realice muy cercana a la superficie, lo que conduce posiblemente a
una resistencia del cordón de soldadura menor, puede conseguirse
eventualmente una mejora mediante la reducción de la concentración
de hollín (Kunststoffe 87 (1997), 3,
348-350).
En el documento EP-A 0.751.865
se describe un procedimiento de soldadura por irradiación láser en
el que se suelda una primera pieza de trabajo con una transmisión
mayor del 60% con una segunda pieza de trabajo de transmisión
despreciable. La baja transmisión del soporte de carcasa se consigue
a este respecto mediante una pigmentación con 1 a 2% de tinte y,
para la cubierta de carcasa, con una concentración menor de
colorante, eventualmente también sin pigmentación. No se describe
cuáles pigmentos o colorantes son adecuados.
Es por tanto una posibilidad fundamental en este
caso para conseguir una unión firme de dos piezas de moldeo de PA6
reforzado con fibra de vidrio la combinación de, por ejemplo, PA6
reforzado con fibra de vidrio no coloreado como asociado
transparente al láser con un PA6 reforzado con fibra de vidrio
coloreado con hollín como asociado absorbente de láser.
La unión de una pieza de moldeo negra (por
ejemplo, absorbente de láser coloreada con hollín) con una pieza de
moldeo incolora o blanca (transparente al láser no coloreada) es sin
embargo problemática para muchas aplicaciones. Particularmente en
aplicaciones con altas cargas térmicas (T> 100ºC), como es típico
por ejemplo para piezas de moldeo de poliamida en el campo de los
automóviles, se llega muy rápidamente con piezas de moldeo no
coloreadas a un amarilleamiento a amarronamiento de mal aspecto de
la superficie, que es indeseable por razones estéticas.
El colorante usado más frecuentemente para la
coloración negra de termoplásticos industriales es el hollín,
utilizándose hollines que se fabrican mediante distintos
procedimientos y poseen distintas distribuciones de tamaño de grano
o superficies específicas. El uso de hollines es claramente más
económico para la coloración negra que colorantes orgánicos o
inorgánicos.
En muchos casos, la coloración con hollines o
pigmentos inorgánicos afecta sin embargo negativamente a las
propiedades mecánicas de los termoplásticos industriales,
particularmente la tenacidad, medida por ejemplo como resistencia
al impacto Izod según la norma ISO 180 1C.
En varios termoplásticos industriales, por
ejemplo, en poliamida 6 y poliamida 66, los hollines actúan además
como agentes de nucleación, es decir, el hollín actúa como núcleo de
cristalización en el material fundido de poliamida y potencia por
tanto la cristalización. La cristalización acelerada conduce sin
embargo frecuentemente a un empeoramiento de la calidad
superficial, particularmente en piezas de moldeo fabricadas en
procedimientos de fundición inyectada. Por lo tanto, se utiliza
frecuentemente en masas de moldeo termoplásticas una concentración
lo menor posible de hollín. Las masas de moldeo de poliamida 6
reforzadas con fibra de vidrio presentan sin embargo también a muy
bajas proporciones de hollín (<0,2%) una transmisión tan baja
para la luz láser que no es posible la soldadura de piezas de
moldeo correspondiente al procedimiento descrito en el documento
EP-A 0.751.865. Una reducción continua de la
concentración de hollín conduce ciertamente a una elevación de la
transmisión, pero supone una gran desventaja en la percepción de
color uniforme para la pieza de trabajo completa.
Es deseable una coloración lo más consistente
posible del asociado de ensamblaje a soldar con la mejor calidad
superficial posible. Una buena calidad superficial significa aquí
ante todo superficies lo más lisas posibles de alto brillo.
Existe por tanto el objetivo de procurar un
procedimiento para la mejora de la calidad superficial de piezas de
moldeo a partir de masas de moldeo termoplásticas con una percepción
de color negra cuya transparencia al láser se encuentre en el
intervalo del material no coloreado. Dichas masas de moldeo
utilizadas en el procedimiento pueden unirse bien en procedimientos
de irradiación láser con piezas de moldeo absorbentes de láser, en
las que ambas piezas de moldeo presentan al ojo humano un aspecto
óptico similar respecto al color y calidad superficial.
Se ha encontrado ahora sorprendentemente que
puede mejorarse la calidad superficial de piezas de moldeo a partir
de masas de moldeo termoplásticas proporcionadas con una percepción
de color negra cuya transparencia al láser se encuentra en el
intervalo del material no coloreado mediante un procedimiento según
la reivindicación 1.
La combinación de colorantes para el cuerpo de
moldeo coloreado negro que se irradia por el láser se selecciona de
modo que la transmisión sea en el intervalo espectral VIS (intervalo
de longitud de onda de luz de 400 nm a 700 nm), al menos en
intervalos espectrales parciales <10%, y en el intervalo NIR
(intervalo de longitud de onda de luz de 700 nm a 1.200 nm)
>10%. Preferiblemente, la transmisión debería ascender en NIR a
>20% y la transmisión en VIS a <5%, con especial preferencia
a <1% (VIS) y >30% (NIR).
Los colorantes se combinan de modo que, en el
uso en una matriz no difusora, la extinción ascienda a 1 mm de
grosor de capa en el intervalo VIS a E\geq2 y en el intervalo NIR
a E\leq2. Preferiblemente, la extinción asciende a 1 mm de grosor
de capa en el intervalo VIS a E>2,5 y a E<1 en el intervalo
NIR, y con especial preferencia a E>3 en el intervalo VIS y a
E<0,1 en el intervalo NIR.
Las masas de moldeo termoplásticas a utilizar en
el procedimiento se colorean con la combinación de al menos dos
colorantes de modo que resulte una percepción de color oscuro (valor
de color normalizado Y<30, preferiblemente Y<20, con especial
preferencia Y<10) de la masa de moldeo y que en el intervalo de
luz visible (400 nm a 700 nm), al menos a un grosor de capa que
puede encontrarse en el intervalo de 0,4 a 5 mm, aparezca una baja
o nula transmisión (\leq10%) y en el intervalo de longitud de onda
de 700 nm a 1200 nm, al menos en intervalos espectrales parciales,
aparezca >10% de transmisión a irradiación con luz láser.
Se prefiere utilizar masas de moldeo que en el
intervalo de la luz visible (400 nm a 700 nm), al menos a un grosor
de capa que puede encontrarse en el intervalo de 0,4 a 5 mm,
presenten una baja o nula transmisión (\leq5%) y en el intervalo
de longitud de onda de 700 nm a 1.200 nm presenten al menos en
intervalos espectrales parciales una transmisión >20%, y que las
masas de moldeo proporcionen una percepción de color oscuro (valor
de color normalizado Y<30, preferiblemente Y<20, con especial
preferencia Y<10).
Se utilizan con especial preferencia masas de
moldeo que en el intervalo de luz visible (400 nm a 700 nm), al
menos a un grosor de capa que puede encontrarse en el intervalo de
0,4 a 5 mm, presenten una baja o nula transmisión (\leq1%) y en
el intervalo de longitud de onda de 700 nm a 1.200 nm, al menos en
intervalos espectrales parciales, presenten una transmisión
>30%, y que proporcionen una percepción de color oscuro (valor
de color normalizado Y<30, preferiblemente Y<20, con especial
preferencia Y<10).
Los plásticos transparentes al láser utilizados
contienen poliamidas o poliésteres termoplásticos.
Las poliamidas pueden fabricarse según distintos
procedimientos y sintetizarse a partir de muy diferentes
componentes y suministrarse, en casos de aplicación especiales,
solos o en combinación con coadyuvantes de procesamiento,
estabilizantes, asociados de composición (por ejemplo, elastómeros)
o también materiales reforzantes (como, por ejemplo, cargas
minerales o fibras de vidrio) a materiales con combinaciones de
propiedades especialmente ajustadas. Son adecuadas también
combinaciones con proporciones de otros polímeros, por ejemplo,
polietileno, polipropileno, ABS. Las propiedades de las poliamidas
pueden mejorarse mediante la adición de elastómeros, por ejemplo,
con respecto a la resistencia al impacto de, por ejemplo, poliamidas
reforzadas. La multitud de posibilidades de combinación posibilita
un número muy alto de productos con diferentes propiedades.
Para la fabricación de poliamidas son conocidos
una multitud de métodos, en los que según el producto final deseado
se utilizan diferentes componentes monoméricos y diferentes
reguladores de cadena para el ajuste del peso molecular perseguido,
o también monómeros con grupos reactivos para tratamientos
posteriores pretendidos a continuación.
Los procedimientos industrialmente relevantes
para la fabricación de poliamidas operan sin excepciones mediante
policondensación en estado fundido. En este ámbito, se entiende
también como policondensación la polimerización hidrolítica de
lactamas.
Son poliamidas preferidas las poliamidas
parcialmente cristalinas que pueden fabricarse a partir de diaminas
y ácidos dicarboxílicos y/o lactamas con al menos 5 miembros de
anillo o los correspondientes aminoácidos.
Como productos de partida se tienen en
consideración ácidos dicarboxílicos alifáticos y/o aromáticos como
ácido adípico, ácidos 2,2,4- y
2,4,4-trimetiladípico, ácido azelaico, ácido
sebácico, ácido isoftálico, ácido tereftálico, diaminas alifáticas
y/o aromáticas como, por ejemplo, hexametilendiamina,
1,9-nonanodiamina, 2,2,4- y
2,4,4-trimetilhexametilendiamina, los
diaminodiciclohexilmetanos isoméricos, diaminodiciclohexilpropanos,
bisaminometilciclohexano, fenilendiaminas, xililendiaminas, ácidos
aminocarboxílicos como, por ejemplo, ácido aminocaprónico o las
correspondientes lactamas. Están incluidas copoliamidas de varios de
los monómeros citados.
Se utilizan con especial preferencia
caprolactamas, con muy especial preferencia
s-caprolactama.
Son especialmente adecuados además los
compuestos basados mayoritariamente en PA6, PA66 y otras poliamidas
o copoliamidas alifáticas y/o aromáticas, en los que en un grupo
poliamida en la cadena polimérica se encuentran 3 a 11 grupos
metileno.
Las poliamidas fabricadas según la invención
pueden utilizarse también en mezclas con otras poliamidas y/u otros
polímeros.
Adicionalmente, las masas de moldeo de poliamida
pueden contener agentes ignífugos como, por ejemplo, compuestos de
fósforo, compuestos halogenados orgánicos, compuestos de nitrógeno
y/o hidróxido de magnesio, estabilizantes, coadyuvantes de
procesamiento como, por ejemplo, deslizantes, agentes de nucleación,
estabilizantes, modificadores de la resistencia al impacto como,
por ejemplo, cauchos o poliolefinas, entre otros, a condición de que
estos presenten una absorción no demasiado alta en el intervalo de
longitud de onda del láser usado.
Como reforzantes en forma de fibra se tienen en
cuenta, además de fibras de vidrio, fibras de aramida, fibras
minerales y fibras monocristalinas. Como cargas minerales adecuadas
se citan, por ejemplo, carbonato de calcio, dolomita, sulfato de
calcio, mica, mica fluorada, wolastonita, talco y caolín. Para la
mejora de las propiedades mecánicas, los reforzantes en forma de
fibra y las cargas minerales pueden estar tratados en
superficie.
\newpage
La adición de cargas puede realizarse antes,
durante o después de la polimerización de monómeros hasta poliamida.
Si se realiza la adición de las cargas según la invención después
de la polimerización, se realiza preferiblemente mediante la
adición a la mezcla fundida de poliamida en un extrusor. Si se
realiza la adición de las cargas según la invención antes o durante
la polimerización, la polimerización puede comprender fases en las
que se trabaja en presencia de 1 a 50% en peso de agua.
Las cargas pueden presentarse en la adición ya
en forma de partículas con el tamaño de partícula presente
finalmente en la masa de moldeo. Como alternativa, las cargas pueden
añadirse en forma de precursores, a partir de los cuales se generan
las partículas presentes finalmente en la masa de moldeo sólo en el
transcurso de la adición o introducción.
Como agentes ignífugos se tienen en cuenta, por
ejemplo, fósforo rojo (documentos DE-A 3.713.746 A1
(=US-A-4.877.823) y
EP-A-299.444
(=US-A-5.081.222), difenilos
bromados o difeniléter en combinación con trióxido de antimonio e
hidrocarburos cicloalifáticos clorados (Dechlorane® plus de
Occidental Chemical Co.), oligómeros de estireno bromados (por
ejemplo, en el documento
DE-A-2.703.419) y poliestirenos de
núcleo bromado (por ejemplo, Pyro-Chek 68® de FERRO
Chemicals).
Como sinergistas para los compuestos halogenados
citados se utilizan, por ejemplo, compuestos de cinc u óxidos de
hierro.
Como otras alternativas, se han acreditado ante
todo sales de melamina como agentes ignífugos, especialmente para
poliamidas no reforzadas.
Además, se ha acreditado desde hace tiempo el
hidróxido de magnesio como agente ignífugo para poliamida.
Las masas de moldeo de poliamida pueden
contener, además de fibras de vidrio, adicionalmente polimerizados
de caucho elástico (a menudo también designado como modificador de
la resistencia al impacto, elastómero o caucho).
Los poliésteres parcialmente aromáticos se
seleccionan del grupo de derivados de poli(tereftalato de
alquilideno), preferiblemente se seleccionan del grupo de
poli(tereftalato de etileno), poli(tereftalato de
trimetileno) y poli(tereftalato de butileno), con especial
preferencia de poli(tereftalato de butileno), con muy
especial preferencia de poli(tereftalato de butileno).
Se entiende por poliéster parcialmente aromático
materiales que contienen, además de porciones moleculares
aromáticas, también porciones moleculares alifáticas.
Los poli(tereftalatos de alquileno) en el
sentido de la invención son productos de reacción de ácidos
dicarboxílicos aromáticos o sus derivados reactivos (por ejemplo,
dimetilésteres o anhídridos) y dioles alifáticos, cicloalifáticos o
aralifáticos y mezclas de estos productos de reacción.
Los poli(tereftalatos de alquileno)
preferidos pueden fabricarse a partir de ácido tereftálico (o sus
derivados reactivos) y dioles alifáticos o cicloalifáticos de 2 a
10 átomos de C según procedimientos conocidos
("Kunststoff-Handbuch", vol. VIII, pág. 695 y
siguientes, Karl-Hanser Verlag, Múnich, 1973).
Los poli(tereftalatos de alquileno)
preferidos contienen al menos un 80%, preferiblemente un 90% en
moles, referido al ácido dicarboxílico, de restos de ácido
tereftálico y al menos un 80%, preferiblemente al menos un 90% en
moles, referido al componente diol, de restos etilenglicol y/o
1,3-propanodiol y/o
1,4-butanodiol.
Los poli(tereftalatos de alquileno)
preferidos pueden contener, además de restos de ácido tereftálico,
hasta un 20% en moles de restos de otros ácidos dicarboxílicos
aromáticos de 8 a 14 átomos de C o ácidos dicarboxílicos alifáticos
de 4 a 12 átomos de C, como restos de ácido ftálico, ácido
isoftálico, ácido
naftaleno-2,6-dicarboxílico, ácido
4,4'-difenildicarboxílico, ácido succínico, adípico,
sebácico, azelaico o ciclohexanodiacético.
Los poli(tereftalatos de alquileno)
preferidos pueden contener, además de restos etileno o
1,3-propanodiol o 1,4-butanodiol,
hasta un 20% en moles de otros dioles alifáticos de 3 a 12 átomos de
C o dioles cicloalifáticos de 6 a 21 átomos de C, por ejemplo,
restos de 1,3-propanodiol,
2-etil-1,3-propanodiol,
neopentilglicol, 1,5-pentanodiol,
1,6-hexanodiol,
1,4-ciclohexanodimetanol,
3-metil-2,4-pentanodiol,
2-metil-2,4-pentanodiol,
2,2,4-trimetil-1,3- y
-1,6-pentanodiol,
2-etil-1,3-hexanodiol,
2,2-dietil-1,3-propanodiol,
2,5-hexanodiol,
1,4-di(\beta-hidroxietoxi)benceno,
2,2-bis-(4-hidroxiciclohexil)propano,
2,4-dihidroxi-1,1,3,3-tetrametilciclobutano,
2,2-bis(3-\beta-hidroxietoxifenil)propano
y
2,2-bis-(4-hidroxipropoxifenil)propano
(documentos DE-OS 2.407.647, 2.407.776,
2.715.932).
Los poli(tereftalatos de alquileno)
pueden ramificarse mediante la incorporación de cantidades
relativamente pequeñas de alcoholes tri- o tetrafuncionales o
ácidos carboxílicos tri- o tetrabásicos como se describen, por
ejemplo, en los documentos DE-A 1.900.270 y
US-A 3.692.744. Son ejemplos de agentes de
ramificación preferidos ácido trimesínico, ácido trimelítico,
trimetiloletano y trimetilolpropano y pentaeritrita.
Se prefiere el uso de no más de un 1% en moles
del agente de ramificación, referido al componente ácido.
\newpage
Se prefieren especialmente
poli(tereftalatos de alquileno) que se fabrican sólo a partir
de ácido tereftálico y sus derivados reactivos (por ejemplo, sus
ésteres dialquílicos) y etilenglicol y/o
1,3-propanodiol y/o 1,4-butanodiol
(poli(tereftalato de etileno y butileno)), y mezclas de estos
poli(tereftalatos de alquileno).
Los poli(tereftalatos de alquileno)
preferidos son también copoliésteres que se fabrican a partir de al
menos dos de los componentes ácidos anteriormente citados y/o a
partir de al menos dos de los componentes alcohol anteriormente
citados, son copoliésteres especialmente preferidos
poli(tereftalatos de
etilenglicol/1,4-butanodiol).
Los poli(tereftalatos de alquileno)
poseen en general una viscosidad intrínseca de aprox. 0,4 a 1,5,
preferiblemente 0,5 a 1,4, medida respectivamente en
fenol/o-diclorobenceno (1:1 partes en peso) a
25ºC.
Además, los poliésteres parcialmente aromáticos
pueden contener aditivos como, por ejemplo, cargas y reforzantes
como, por ejemplo, fibras de vidrio o cargas minerales, agentes
ignífugos, coadyuvantes de procesamiento, estabilizantes,
coadyuvantes de fluencia, antiestáticos y otros aditivos
habituales.
Como cargas y reforzantes en forma de fibra o
partícula para las masas de moldeo según la invención pueden
añadirse fibras de vidrio, bolas de vidrio, tejidos de vidrio,
fieltros de vidrio, fibras de aramida, fibras de titanato de
potasio, fibras naturales, sílice amorfa, carbonato de magnesio,
sulfato de bario, feldespato, mica, silicatos, cuarzo, talco,
caolín, wolastonita entre otros, que pueden ser también de
superficie tratada. Los reforzantes preferidos son fibras de vidrio
comerciales. Las fibras de vidrio, que tienen en general un
diámetro de fibra entre 8 y 18 \mum, pueden añadirse como fibras
continuas o como fibras de vidrio cortadas o molidas, pudiendo
suministrarse las fibras con un sistema de encolado y un adhesivo o
sistema adhesivo adecuados, por ejemplo, basado en silano.
Son también adecuadas cargas minerales en forma
acicular. Por cargas minerales en forma acicular se entiende en el
sentido de la invención una carga mineral con estructura muy
marcadamente en forma acicular. Como ejemplo, se cita la
wolastonita en forma acicular. Preferiblemente, el mineral muestra
una relación de L/D (longitud-diámetro) de 8:1 a
35:1, preferiblemente de 8:1 a 11:1. La carga mineral puede estar
eventualmente tratada en superficie.
Preferiblemente, la masa de moldeo de poliéster
contiene de 0 a 50 partes en peso, preferiblemente de 0 a 40,
particularmente de 10 a 30 partes en peso de cargas y/o reforzantes
añadidos. Pueden usarse igualmente masas de moldeo de poliéster sin
cargas ni/o reforzantes.
Como agentes ignífugos son adecuados compuestos
orgánicos o compuestos halogenados comerciales con sinergistas o
compuestos de nitrógeno orgánicos o compuestos de fósforo
orgánicos/inorgánicos comerciales. Pueden utilizarse también
aditivos ignífugos minerales como hidróxido de magnesio o hidratos
de carbonato de Ca-Mg (por ejemplo, documento
DE-A 4.236.122). Como compuestos que contienen
halógeno, particularmente bromados y clorados, se citan, por
ejemplo: bistetrabromoftalimida de 1,2-etileno,
resina de tetrabromobisfenol A epoxidada, oligocarbonato de
tetrabromobisfenol A, oligocarbonato de tetraclorobisfenol A,
pentabromopoliacrilato y poliestireno bromado. Como compuestos de
fósforo orgánicos son adecuados los compuestos de fósforo según el
documento WO 98/17.720, por ejemplo, fosfato de trifenilo (TPP),
bis(difenilfosfato) de resorcinol incluyendo oligómeros
(RDP), así como bisdifenilfosfato de bisfenol A incluyendo
oligómeros (BDP), fosfato de melamina, pirofosfato de melamina,
polifosfato de melamina y sus mezclas. Como compuestos de nitrógeno
se tienen en cuenta particularmente melamina y cianurato de
melamina. Como sinergistas son adecuados, por ejemplo, compuestos de
antimonio, particularmente trióxido de antimonio y pentóxido de
antimonio, compuestos de cinc, compuestos de estaño como, por
ejemplo, estannato de estaño y boratos. Pueden añadirse formadores
de carbono y/o polimerizados de tetrafluoroetileno.
Los poliésteres parcialmente aromáticos pueden
contener aditivos habituales como agentes contra la degradación
térmica, agentes contra la reticulación térmica, agentes contra el
daño por luz ultravioleta, plastificantes, agentes de deslizamiento
y desmoldeo, agentes de nucleación, antiestáticos y eventualmente
otros estabilizantes.
Las masas de moldeo de poliéster parcialmente
aromático se fabrican mezclando los respectivos componentes de modo
conocido y combinando en estado fundido o extruyendo en estado
fundido a temperaturas de 200ºC a 330ºC en instalaciones habituales
como, por ejemplo, amasadores internos, extrusores o extrusores de
doble husillo. En la etapa de combinación en estado fundido o
extrusión en estado fundido, pueden añadirse aditivos adicionales
como, por ejemplo, reforzantes, estabilizantes, agentes de
deslizamiento y desmoldeo, agentes de nucleación y otros
aditivos.
Como ejemplos de retardantes de la oxidación y
estabilizantes térmicos se citan fenoles y/o fosfitos con
impedimento estérico, hidroquinonas, aminas secundarias aromáticas
como difenilamina, representantes sustituidos distintamente de
estos grupos y sus mezclas en concentraciones de hasta un 1% en peso
referidas al peso de las masas de moldeo termoplásticas.
Como estabilizantes de UV, que se usan en
general en cantidades de hasta un 2% en peso referidas a la masa de
moldeo, se citan resorcinas, salicilatos, benzotriazoles y
benzofenonas distintamente sustituidos.
Pueden añadirse pigmentos inorgánicos como
dióxido de titanio, azul ultramarino, óxido de hierro y hollín,
además pigmentos orgánicos como ftalocianinas, quinacridonas,
perilenos así como tintes como nigrosina y antraquinona como
colorantes, así como otros colorantes en caso de que estos no
absorban en el intervalo del láser usado. En otro caso, deben
utilizarse en cantidades tan pequeñas que sea posible al menos una
transmisión parcial de la luz láser.
Como agentes de nucleación pueden utilizarse,
por ejemplo, fenilfosfinato de sodio, óxido de aluminio, dióxido de
silicio así como preferiblemente talco.
Los agentes de deslizamiento y desmoldeo, que se
utilizan habitualmente en cantidades de hasta un 1% en peso, son
preferiblemente ceras de éster, estearato de pentaeritrita (PETS),
ácidos grasos de cadena larga (por ejemplo, ácido esteárico o ácido
behénico), sus sales (por ejemplo, estearato de Ca o Zn) así como
derivados amida (por ejemplo, bistestearilamida de etileno) o cera
Montana, así como ceras de polietileno o polipropileno de bajo peso
molecular.
Como ejemplos de plastificantes se citan éster
dioctílico del ácido ftálico, éster dibencílico del ácido ftálico,
éster butilbencílico del ácido ftálico, aceites hidrocarbonados y
N-(n-butil)bencenosulfonamida.
Se prefiere especialmente el uso adicional de
polimerizados con elasticidad de tipo caucho (a menudo designado
también como modificador de la resistencia al impacto, elastómero o
caucho).
Se trata muy generalmente a este respecto de
copolimerizados que están constituidos preferiblemente por al menos
dos de los siguientes monómeros: etileno, propileno, butadieno,
isobuteno, isopreno, cloropreno, acetato de vinilo, estireno,
acrilonitrilo y ésteres de ácido acrílico o metacrílico de 1 a 18
átomos de C en el componente alcohol.
Dichos polímeros se describen, por ejemplo, en
Houben-Weyl, "Methoden der organischen Chemie",
vol. 14/1 (Georg-Thieme-Verlag),
Stuttgart, 1961), páginas 392 a 406 y en la monografía de C.B.
Bucknall, "Toughened Plastics", (Applied Science Publishers,
Londres, 1977).
Además, pueden utilizarse también mezclas de
tipos de caucho.
La combinación de colorantes se selecciona de
los tintes de tipo pirazolona, perinona y antraquinona, además del
tipo metina, azoico y de cumarina y/o de pigmentos que contienen
metal como pigmentos inorgánicos y complejos metálicos de tintes
azoicos, de azometina o metina, colorantes de azometina,
quinacridona, dioxazina, isoindolina, isoindolinona, perileno,
ftalocianina, pirrolopirrol y tioíndigo y vanadato de bismuto.
Son ejemplos de pigmentos inorgánicos trióxido
de antimonio, pentóxido de antimonio, carbonato de plomo básico,
sulfato de plomo básico o silicato de plomo, blanco de cinc, dióxido
de titanio (anatasa, rutilo), óxido de cinc, sulfuro de cinc,
óxidos metálicos como azul de Prusia, cromato de plomo, sulfocromato
de plomo, titanato de cromo-antimonio, óxidos de
cromo, óxidos de hierro, azul cobalto, azul cobalto cromo, gris
cobalto níquel, azul manganeso, violeta manganeso, naranja
molibdato, rojo molibdato, titanato de
níquel-antimonio, azul ultramarino, así como
sulfuros metálicos como trisulfuro de antimonio, sulfuro de cadmio,
sulfoseleniuro de cadmio, silicatos de circonio, azul de circonio y
vanadio, amarillo de circonio y praseodimio.
Como tintes solubles en polímeros son adecuados,
por ejemplo, tintes de dispersión como aquellos del grupo de la
antraquinona, por ejemplo, alquilamino-, amino-, arilamino-,
ciclohexilamino-, hidroxi-, hidroxiamino- o
fenilmercaptoantraquinonas, así como complejos metálicos de tintes
azoicos, particularmente complejos de 1:2-cromo o
cobalto de tintes monoazoicos, así como tintes fluorescentes, por
ejemplo, aquellos del grupo de benzotiazol, cumarina, oxarina o
tiazina.
Los tintes solubles en polímeros pueden
utilizarse también en combinaciones con cargas y/o pigmentos,
particularmente con pigmentos inorgánicos como dióxido de
titanio.
Los tintes o pigmentos usados deben presentar en
el intervalo espectral NIR ninguna o sólo una baja absorción y
deberían ser compatibles con la poliamidas o poliésteres
termoplásticos.
Los aditivos de pigmento adecuados son, por
ejemplo, ácidos grasos con al menos 12 átomos de C, como ácido
behénico o ácido esteárico, sus amidas, sales o ésteres como
estearato de aluminio, estearato de magnesio, estearato de cinc o
behenato de magnesio, así como compuestos de amonio cuaternario como
sales de trialquil
C_{1}-C_{4}-bencilamonio, ceras
como cera de polietileno, ácidos de resina como ácido abiético,
jabones de colofonia, colofonia hidrogenada o dimerizada, ácidos
disulfónicos de parafina C_{12}-C_{18} o
alquilfenoles.
Se mezclaron físicamente PA6 no reforzado
(Durethan B30S, producto comercial de Bayer AG, Leverkusen,
Alemania, viscosidad relativa= 3,0) o PA6 reforzado con fibra de
vidrio (Durethan BKV30, producto comercial de Bayer AG, Leverkusen,
Alemania, viscosidad relativa= 3,0) con hollín (ensayo comparativo,
uso de mezclas madre) o mezclas de colorantes orgánicos y se
colorearon homogéneamente mediante combinación en un extrusor de
doble husillo (ZSK 32 de la compañía Werner und Pfleiderer) a
temperaturas de masa de 260 a 300ºC. Se hiló la mezcla fundida a
continuación por un baño de agua y se granuló. Se llevaron a cabo
todas las medidas de viscosidad en m-cresol
(solución al 1%, T= 25ºC).
Se procesó el gránulo obtenido en una máquina de
fundición inyectada de tipo Arburg
320-210-500 en condiciones de masa
de moldeo convencionales (temperaturas de masa de 250 a 290ºC,
temperaturas de instrumento de 70 a 90ºC) para las medidas de
transmisión láser y ensayos de soldadura hasta placas de muestra de
color de 2 mm a 4 mm de grosor (60 mm x 40 mm).
Se dan ejemplos de la composición y propiedades
de las masas de moldeo según la invención o material comparativo en
las tablas 1 a 4.
Las placas de muestra de material absorbente de
láser IR y transparente al láser IR se midieron ambas con una
disposición de medida de la transmisión compuesta por un
fotoespectrómetro y una esfera de integración fotométrica, que
recoge tanto la luz transmitida directamente como la luz dispersada.
Para las muestras absorbentes de láser IR, se obtienen valores de
medida <0,1% en el intervalo espectral NIR entre 800 y 1.200 nm,
mientras que el material transparente al láser IR presenta un nivel
de transmisión típicamente de 20 a 70%.
Puesto que en todas las muestras se trata de
material muy fuertemente difusor, se evaluó la transmisión total
como la suma de la transmisión directa y difusa.
Las muestras correspondientes a los ejemplos
comparativos no presentan a 1000 nm y en el intervalo de longitud
de onda adyacente prácticamente ninguna transmisión, sino una
absorción casi completa, mientras que las muestras de los ej. 1 a 4
coloreadas según la invención muestran una transmisión todavía alta,
en la que ésta es la transmisión total (compuesta predominantemente
por las proporciones de radiación difusa). Los valores de medida
para la transmisión de las muestras coloreadas según la invención se
encuentran sólo despreciablemente por debajo de los valores que se
han medido para el material no coloreado comp. 5 y 6.
Adicionalmente para la mejora de las muestras de
PA, se determinó la transmisión de placas de muestra de color de 1
y 4 mm de grosor de policarbonato coloreado con combinaciones de
colorantes según la invención correspondientes a los ejemplos 1 y
2. Como material de referencia, sirvió policarbonato no coloreado.
Puesto que el policarbonato no presenta difusión, puede
determinarse aquí un coeficiente de extinción independiente del
grosor de capa que se encuentra en ambas coloraciones según la
invención analizadas para el intervalo espectral VIS (400 nm a 700
nm) a E>4 y para el intervalo espectral NIR (700 nm a 1.200 nm) a
E<0,002.
Para comprobar la idoneidad de las masas de
moldeo para soldadura por radiación láser se llevaron a cabo ensayos
de soldadura con un láser de Nd-Yag. Se serraron
las placas de muestra transparentes a la radiación láser a una
anchura de 20 mm.
Se fijaron las muestras en un dispositivo y se
ensamblaron entre sí en forma de T como se observa en la figura 1.
Las muestras de 2 mm se soldaron con aprox. 20 W a 6 mm/s y 2
barridos y las muestras de 4 mm con aprox. 35 W y 4 barridos.
Un barrido significa el recorrido de la anchura
completa de la muestra con la radiación láser activada.
Las muestras soldadas en forma de T se cargaron
como se representa en la figura 2 en un ensayo de tracción hasta
rotura.
La fuerza medida para ello se convirtió mediante
la superficie de soldadura en una resistencia a la tracción. Los
valores de resistencia conseguidos se encuentran a un buen
nivel.
Se realizó la estimación de la calidad
superficial mediante la medida del brillo en placas rectangulares
inyectadas axialmente mediante barra colada (155x75x2 mm^{3}).
Para una mejor diferenciación, se produjeron las placas a distintas
velocidades de inyección, con lo que, según la experiencia, aumenta
la calidad superficial, es decir, ante todo el brillo superficial
de PA6 no reforzado y de PA6 reforzado con fibra de vidrio en
condiciones de procesamiento mantenidas por lo demás constantes con
una velocidad de inyección creciente. De la Tabla 4 resulta
claramente evidente que las masas de moldeo de poliamida coloreadas
según la invención a bajas velocidades de inyección dan como
resultado placas con mayor brillo superficial que con masas de
moldeo que se han coloreado con colorantes convencionales
(hollín).
La estimación de la percepción del color oscuro
se realizó mediante la caracterización colorimétrica de placas
rectangulares fabricadas a una velocidad de inyección de 50 mm/s con
un espectrofotómetro Ultra Scan XL de la compañía Hunter. Las
medidas de reflexión se llevaron a cabo a una iluminación de muestra
policromática con geometría de medida de 0º/8º con brillo para el
tipo de luz normalizada D65/10º según la norma DIN 5033. Se
perciben como oscuros colores con valores de color normalizados
Y<30, preferiblemente Y<20, con especial preferencia
<10.
\vskip1.000000\baselineskip
Claims (3)
1. Procedimiento para la mejora de la calidad
superficial de piezas de moldeo a partir de masas de moldeo
termoplásticas con una percepción de color negra cuya transparencia
láser se encuentra en el intervalo del material no coloreado,
caracterizado porque en las masas de moldeo termoplásticas
utilizadas para ello resulta una percepción de color oscura (es
decir, un valor de color normalizado de Y<30) mediante la
combinación de al menos dos colorantes y porque en el intervalo de
la luz visible (400 nm a 700 nm), a un grosor de capa que se
encuentra en el intervalo de 0,5 a 5 mm, aparece una transmisión
baja o nula (es decir, una transmisión \leq10%) y en el intervalo
de longitud de onda de 700 nm a 1.200 nm, al menos en intervalos
espectrales parciales, aparece una transmisión >10% a
irradiaciones con luz láser, en el que las combinaciones de
colorantes se seleccionan de los tintes de tipo pirazolona,
perinona y antraquinona, metina, azoicos y cumarina y/o pigmentos
que contienen metal como pigmentos inorgánicos y complejos metálicos
de tintes azoicos, de azometina o metina, colorantes de azometina,
quinacridona, dioxazina, isoindolina, isoindolinona, perileno,
ftalocianina, pirrolopirrol y tioíndigo y vanadato de bismuto, y en
el que las masas de moldeo contienen poliamidas o poliésteres
termoplásticos y los colorantes se combinan de modo que, en el uso
en una matriz no difusora, la extinción a 1 mm de grosor de capa
asciende en el intervalo VIS a E\geq2 y en el intervalo NIR a
E\leq2.
2. Procedimiento según la reivindicación 1,
caracterizado porque las masas de moldeo termoplásticas
contienen sólo poliamidas.
3. Procedimiento según la reivindicación 1 ó 2,
caracterizado porque las masas de moldeo termoplásticas
contienen 10-60% de fibras de vidrio.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19960104 | 1999-12-14 | ||
DE19960104A DE19960104A1 (de) | 1999-12-14 | 1999-12-14 | Laserdurchstrahlschweißbare thermoplastische Formmassen |
EP00983211A EP1240243B1 (de) | 1999-12-14 | 2000-12-04 | Laserdurchstrahlschweissbare thermoplastische formmassen |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ES2305156T3 true ES2305156T3 (es) | 2008-11-01 |
Family
ID=7932507
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ES00983211T Expired - Lifetime ES2210021T3 (es) | 1999-12-14 | 2000-12-04 | Masas de moldeo termoplasticas soldables mediante laser. |
ES02016828T Expired - Lifetime ES2305156T3 (es) | 1999-12-14 | 2000-12-04 | Procedimiento para la mejora de la calidad superficial de piezas de moldeo. |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ES00983211T Expired - Lifetime ES2210021T3 (es) | 1999-12-14 | 2000-12-04 | Masas de moldeo termoplasticas soldables mediante laser. |
Country Status (18)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7166669B2 (es) |
EP (2) | EP1258506B1 (es) |
JP (1) | JP4157300B2 (es) |
KR (1) | KR100656325B1 (es) |
AT (2) | ATE252128T1 (es) |
AU (1) | AU773611C (es) |
BR (1) | BR0016387B1 (es) |
CA (1) | CA2394094C (es) |
CZ (1) | CZ20022080A3 (es) |
DE (3) | DE19960104A1 (es) |
ES (2) | ES2210021T3 (es) |
HU (1) | HUP0203827A3 (es) |
MX (1) | MXPA02005872A (es) |
PL (1) | PL355482A1 (es) |
RU (1) | RU2002119022A (es) |
SK (1) | SK8112002A3 (es) |
WO (1) | WO2001044357A1 (es) |
ZA (1) | ZA200204239B (es) |
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-
2000
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- 2000-12-04 DE DE50015187T patent/DE50015187D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2000-12-04 PL PL00355482A patent/PL355482A1/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
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- 2000-12-04 BR BRPI0016387-2A patent/BR0016387B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-12-04 AU AU20040/01A patent/AU773611C/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-12-04 JP JP2001544839A patent/JP4157300B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-12-04 SK SK811-2002A patent/SK8112002A3/sk unknown
- 2000-12-04 AT AT02016828T patent/ATE397033T1/de active
- 2000-12-04 WO PCT/EP2000/012159 patent/WO2001044357A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 2000-12-04 RU RU2002119022/04A patent/RU2002119022A/ru unknown
- 2000-12-04 ES ES00983211T patent/ES2210021T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2000-12-04 US US10/149,861 patent/US7166669B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-12-04 EP EP00983211A patent/EP1240243B1/de not_active Revoked
- 2000-12-04 CZ CZ20022080A patent/CZ20022080A3/cs unknown
- 2000-12-04 DE DE50004110T patent/DE50004110D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-12-04 CA CA002394094A patent/CA2394094C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-05-28 ZA ZA200204239A patent/ZA200204239B/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20020063908A (ko) | 2002-08-05 |
SK8112002A3 (en) | 2003-02-04 |
AU773611B2 (en) | 2004-05-27 |
EP1258506A1 (de) | 2002-11-20 |
CZ20022080A3 (cs) | 2002-11-13 |
AU2004001A (en) | 2001-06-25 |
EP1240243A1 (de) | 2002-09-18 |
AU773611C (en) | 2005-03-10 |
US20030125429A1 (en) | 2003-07-03 |
ES2210021T3 (es) | 2004-07-01 |
ATE252128T1 (de) | 2003-11-15 |
EP1258506B1 (de) | 2008-05-28 |
CA2394094C (en) | 2009-04-28 |
RU2002119022A (ru) | 2004-01-10 |
HUP0203827A2 (hu) | 2003-03-28 |
CA2394094A1 (en) | 2001-06-21 |
HUP0203827A3 (en) | 2004-07-28 |
ZA200204239B (en) | 2003-05-28 |
JP2003517075A (ja) | 2003-05-20 |
EP1240243B1 (de) | 2003-10-15 |
BR0016387A (pt) | 2002-08-20 |
KR100656325B1 (ko) | 2006-12-12 |
ATE397033T1 (de) | 2008-06-15 |
US7166669B2 (en) | 2007-01-23 |
JP4157300B2 (ja) | 2008-10-01 |
WO2001044357A1 (de) | 2001-06-21 |
DE50004110D1 (de) | 2003-11-20 |
BR0016387B1 (pt) | 2010-08-24 |
DE50015187D1 (de) | 2008-07-10 |
MXPA02005872A (es) | 2003-01-28 |
DE19960104A1 (de) | 2001-06-21 |
PL355482A1 (en) | 2004-05-04 |
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