ES2279043T3 - Aparato de ablacion de electrodos multiples. - Google Patents
Aparato de ablacion de electrodos multiples. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ES2279043T3 ES2279043T3 ES03020050T ES03020050T ES2279043T3 ES 2279043 T3 ES2279043 T3 ES 2279043T3 ES 03020050 T ES03020050 T ES 03020050T ES 03020050 T ES03020050 T ES 03020050T ES 2279043 T3 ES2279043 T3 ES 2279043T3
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- electrodes
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- A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
- A61B18/1815—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using microwaves
- A61B2018/1861—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using microwaves with an instrument inserted into a body lumen or cavity, e.g. a catheter
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B2218/00—Details of surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2218/001—Details of surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body having means for irrigation and/or aspiration of substances to and/or from the surgical site
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- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0067—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the distal end, e.g. tips
- A61M25/0068—Static characteristics of the catheter tip, e.g. shape, atraumatic tip, curved tip or tip structure
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- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
Abstract
Aparato de ablación que comprende un dispositivo de entrega alargado (12) que presenta un dispositivo de entrega de energía y lumen, comprendiendo el dispositivo de entrega de energía: una pluralidad de electrodos de RF (20), presentando cada uno de ellos una parte distal de perforación de tejidos; estando adaptados los electrodos de RF para la conexión funcional a una fuente de energía de RF para aplicar energía de RF a dicha pluralidad de electrodos de RF; pudiendo disponerse los electrodos de RF en el dispositivo de entrega alargado en un estado retraído y pudiendo hacerse funcionar para desplegarse del dispositivo de entrega alargado cuando se hace avanzar desde el extremo distal del dispositivo de entrega alargado a un estado desplegado; y en el que por lo menos uno de entre la pluralidad de electrodos de RF es hueco, caracterizado porque dichos electrodos de RF (20) se despliegan del dispositivo de entrega alargado (12) con curvatura y porque dicho por lo menos un electrodo de RF hueco presenta una pluralidad de aberturas de distribución de fluido (26).
Description
Aparato de ablación de electrodos múltiples.
La presente invención se refiere de manera
general a un aparato para el tratamiento y la ablación de masas
corporales, tales como tumores, y más particularmente a un aparato
de múltiples electrodos retraíbles de aguja que rodea el exterior
de un tumor con una pluralidad de electrodos de aguja y que define
un volumen de ablación.
Los actuales procesos abiertos para el
tratamiento de tumores son extraordinariamente disruptivos y
provocan una gran cantidad de daño al tejido sano. Durante el
proceso quirúrgico, el médico debe tener cuidado en no cortar el
tumor de una manera que cree diseminación del tumor, que originaría
metástasis. En los últimos años, el desarrollo de productos se ha
dirigido con énfasis a la minimización de la naturaleza traumática
de los procesos quirúrgicos tradicionales.
Ha existido una cantidad relativamente
importante de actividad en el área de la hipertermia como
herramienta para el tratamiento de tumores. Es sabido que la
elevación de la temperatura de los tumores ayuda al tratamiento y
al cuidado de los tejidos cancerosos. Los mecanismos de erradicación
selectiva de células de cáncer por hipertermia no se comprenden
completamente. Sin embargo, se han propuesto cuatro efectos
celulares de la hipertermia en tejido canceroso, (i) cambios en la
permeabilidad o fluidez de la membrana de la célula o nuclear, (ii)
desintegración liposómica citoplasmática, que provoca el
desprendimiento de enzimas digestivas, (iii) daño térmico de las
proteínas que afecta a la respiración de las células y a la síntesis
de ADN o de ARN y (iv) potencial excitación de sistemas
inmunológicos. Los métodos de tratamiento para aplicar calor a
tumores comprenden el uso de aplicadores de radiofrecuencia (RF) de
contacto directo, radiación de microondas, campos de RF acoplados
inductivamente, ultrasonidos, y una pluralidad de técnicas de
conducción térmica simples.
Entre los problemas asociados con todos estos
procesos se halla el requisito de que un calor altamente localizado
se produzca en profundidades de varios centímetros por debajo de la
superficie del cuerpo. Ciertas técnicas se han desarrollado con
radiación por microondas y ultrasonidos para enfocar la energía en
varias profundidades deseadas. Las aplicaciones de RF pueden
utilizarse en profundidad durante la cirugía. Sin embargo, el grado
de localización es de manera general pobre, resultando de ello que
puede ser dañado el tejido sano.
El calentamiento por inducción da también lugar
a una localización pobre de la energía incidente. Aunque el
calentamiento por inducción puede lograrse colocando una antena
sobre la superficie del cuerpo, se generan corrientes superficiales
de remolino en la inmediata vecindad de la antena. Cuando se acciona
utilizando corriente de RF se produce un calentamiento superficial
no deseado que disminuye el calentamiento en el tejido
subyacente.
Así, los procesos no invasivos para proporcionar
calor a tumores internos han tenido dificultades para lograr un
tratamiento específico substancial y selectivo.
La hipertermia, que puede producirse a partir de
una fuente de RF o microondas, aplica calor al tejido pero no
sobrepasa los 45 grados C de manera que las células normales
sobreviven. En la termoterapia, se aplica energía de calor superior
a 45 grados C, lo que origina un daño histológico, una desecación y
la desnaturalización de proteínas. La hipertermia se ha aplicado
más recientemente para la terapia de tumores malignos. En la
hipertermia, es deseable inducir un estado de hipertermia que está
localizado por una corriente intersticial que calienta una zona
específica mientras garantiza al mismo tiempo un daño térmico mínimo
al tejido circundante sano. A menudo, el tumor es localizado
subcutáneamente y tratar el tumor requiere cirugía, procesos
endoscópicos o radiación externa. Es difícil inducir externamente
hipertermia en tejido corporal profundo ya que la densidad de
corriente se diluye debido a su absorción por el tejido sano.
Además, una parte de la energía de RF se refleja en las interfaces
de músculo/grasa y hueso, lo cual se suma al problema de depositar
una cantidad conocida de energía directamente en un pequeño
tumor.
Los intentos de utilizar hipertermia local
intersticial no han demostrado ser muy exitosos. Los resultados han
producido a menudo temperaturas no uniformes por todo el tumor. Se
cree que la reducción de masa del tumor por hipertermia está
relacionada con la dosis térmica. La dosis térmica es la temperatura
mínima eficaz aplicada por toda la masa del tumor durante un
período de tiempo definido. Debido a que la circulación de la sangre
es el mecanismo principal de pérdida de calor de los tumores que
son calentados, y la circulación de la sangre varía por todo el
tumor, se necesita un calentamiento más uniforme del tejido del
tumor para garantizar un tratamiento más eficaz.
Lo mismo es cierto para la ablación del propio
tumor a través del uso de energía de RF. Se han utilizado diferentes
métodos para la ablación por RF de masas tales como tumores. En vez
de calentar el tumor se ablaciona por medio de la aplicación de
energía. Este procedimiento ha sido difícil de lograr debido a
varios factores, que comprenden
- (i)
- posicionamiento de los electrodos de ablación por RF para ablacionar efectivamente toda la masa,
- (ii)
- introducción de los electrodos de ablación por RF en el lugar del tumor y
- (iii)
- entrega controlada y vigilancia de la energía de RF para lograr una ablación exitosa sin daño al tejido no tumoroso.
Ha existido una pluralidad de diferentes métodos
de tratamiento y dispositivos para tratar tumores de una manera
mínimamente invasiva. Un ejemplo de este tipo es un endoscopio que
produce hipertermia de RF en tumores, como se revela en la patente
US nº 4.920.978. Un dispositivo de endoscopio de microondas se
describe en la patente US nº 4.409.993. En la patente US nº
4.920.978, se revela un endoscopio para hipertermia de RF.
En la patente US nº 4.763.671, un proceso
mínimamente invasivo utiliza dos catéteres que se insertan
intersticialmente en el interior del tumor. Los catéteres son
colocados en el interior del volumen del tumor y cada uno se conecta
a una fuente de energía de alta frecuencia.
En la patente US nº 4.565.200, se describe un
sistema de electrodo en el cual se utiliza una cánula de vía de una
sola entrada para introducir un electrodo en el interior de un lugar
corporal seleccionado.
Sin embargo, como dispositivo de tratamiento
eficaz, los electrodos deben disponerse de manera adecuada con
respecto al tumor. Una vez se han dispuesto los electrodos, es
deseable tener una aplicación y deposición controladas de energía
RF para la ablación del tumor, de manera que se reduce la
destrucción del tejido sano.
Existe la necesidad de proporcionar un aparato
de tratamiento de tumores por RF que resulte útil para procesos
mínimamente invasivos. Sería deseable que dicho dispositivo rodease
el exterior del tumor con electrodos de tratamiento, definiendo un
volumen de ablación controlado, y subsiguientemente los electrodos
entregasen una cantidad controlada de energía de RF. Asimismo,
existe la necesidad de proporcionar un dispositivo con capacidades
de infusión durante una etapa de preablación, y después de la
ablación el tejido circundante puede precondicionarse con energía
electromagnética ("EM") a temperaturas de hipertermia
inferiores a 45 grados. Esto proporcionaría las afectaciones
sinergísticas de la quimioterapia y la instilación de una pluralidad
de fluidos en el lugar del tumor después de la ablación local y la
hipertermia. El documento
WO-A-94/04220 da a conocer un
dispositivo de ablación según el preámbulo de la reivindicación
1.
Un objetivo de la invención es proporcionar un
aparato de ablación de tejidos por RF que ablaciona un lugar de
tejido deseado, tal como un tumor, de una manera mínimamente
invasiva.
Otro objetivo de la invención es proporcionar un
aparato de ablación de tejidos por RF que comprende una pluralidad
seleccionable de electrodos retraíbles que son avanzados desde un
catéter de entrega para definir un volumen de ablación.
Otro objetivo de la invención es proporcionar un
aparato de ablación de tejidos por RF que comprende una pluralidad
de electrodos que son retraíbles hacia y desde un catéter de
entrega. Los electrodos están posicionados por lo menos
parcialmente en el catéter de entrega en un estado no desplegado, y
quedan distendidos en un estado desplegado a medida que son
avanzados al exterior desde un extremo distal del catéter de
entrega, definiendo el volumen de ablación.
Estos y otros objetivos se alcanzan con un
aparato de ablación de tejidos según la reivindicación 1.
Las formas de realización preferidas se dan a
conocer en las reivindicaciones subordinadas.
Unas fuentes de medios de difusión, que
comprenden disoluciones electrolíticas y quimioterapéuticas pero que
no se limitan a las mismas, pueden estar asociadas con los
electrodos huecos. Los electrodos pueden presentar extremos
aguzados y ahusados a fin de ayudar su introducción a través del
tejido, y su avance hasta el lugar de tejido seleccionado.
Después de que los electrodos han sido
posicionados alrededor de una masa, tal como un tumor, varias
disoluciones, comprendiendo los fluidos electrolíticos, pero sin
limitarse a los mismos, pueden introducirse a través de los
electrodos en la masa en una etapa de preablación. Se aplica energía
de RF, y la masa es desecada. En un proceso de postablación, puede
introducirse entonces un agente quimioterapéutico al lugar, y los
electrodos se retraen entonces de nuevo hacia el catéter de
introducción. Puede extraerse todo el aparato ablativo, o pueden
llevarse a cabo tratamientos ablativos adicionales.
La Figura 1 es una vista en perspectiva de un
aparato de ablación de tejidos según la invención, que comprende un
catéter de entrega, un mango y electrodos desplegados.
La Figura 2 es una vista en sección transversal
del aparato de ablación de tejidos de la invención ilustrada en la
Figura 1.
La Figura 3 es una vista en perspectiva de un
electrodo de la invención con dos radios de curvatura.
La Figura 4 es una vista en perspectiva de un
electrodo de la invención con un radio de curvatura en tres
planos.
La Figura 5 es una vista en perspectiva de un
electrodo de la invención con un tramo curvado, posicionado cerca
del extremo distal del catéter de entrega, y un tramo lineal.
La Figura 6 es una vista en perspectiva de un
electrodo de la invención con un tramo curvado, posicionado cerca
del extremo distal del catéter de entrega, un tramo lineal de manera
general primero, y entonces un segundo tramo lineal que continúa
lateralmente con respecto al primer tramo lineal.
La Figura 7 es una vista en sección transversal
de un catéter de entrega asociado con la invención, con tubos de
guía posicionados en el extremo distal del catéter de entrega.
La Figura 8 es una vista en sección transversal
de un electrodo de la invención.
La Figura 9 es una vista en perspectiva del
aparato de ablación de tejidos de la invención según la Figura 1,
introduciéndose el catéter de entrega percutáneamente a través del
cuerpo y estando posicionado en el exterior de un hígado con un
tumor que debe ser ablacionado, o perforándolo ligeramente.
La Figura 10 es una vista en perspectiva del
aparato de ablación de tejidos de la invención con un obturador
posicionado en el catéter de entrega.
La Figura 11 es una vista en perspectiva del
aparato de ablación de tejidos de la invención representado en la
Figura 10, posicionado en el cuerpo contiguo al hígado, con el
obturador extraído.
La Figura 12 es una vista en perspectiva del
aparato de ablación de tejidos de la invención representado en la
Figura 10, posicionado en el cuerpo contiguo al hígado, y estando
posicionado en el catéter de entrega el aparato de desplegado de
electrodos, con una plantilla de electrodos, en lugar del
obturador.
La Figura 13 es una vista en perspectiva de un
aparato de ablación de la invención, con electrodos desplegados
circundantes respecto a un tumor y que definen un volumen de
ablación.
La Figura 14 es una vista en perspectiva del
aparato de ablación de tejidos de la invención representado en la
Figura 10, posicionado en el cuerpo contiguo al hígado, con
electrodos desplegados que circundan un tumor y difunden una
disolución al lugar del tumor durante un proceso de preablación.
La Figura 15 es una vista en perspectiva del
aparato de ablación de tejidos de la invención representado en la
Figura 10, que ilustra la aplicación de energía de RF al tumor.
La Figura 16 es una vista en perspectiva de un
aparato de ablación de tejidos de la invención, que ilustra la
electrodesecación del tumor.
La Figura 17 es una vista en perspectiva de un
aparato de ablación de tejidos de la invención, que ilustra la
difusión de disoluciones al lugar del tumor durante un proceso de
postablación.
La Figura 18 ilustra una ablación bipolar entre
electrodos de la invención.
La Figura 19 ilustra una ablación monopolar
entre electrodos de la invención.
La Figura 20 es una vista en perspectiva de un
sistema de ablación de la invención, que comprende módulos de RF y
de ultrasonidos, y un monitor.
La Figura 21 es un diagrama de bloques de un
ejemplo de un sistema de ablación de la invención.
Un aparato 10 de ablación de tejidos se ilustra
en la Figura 1. El aparato 10 de ablación comprende un catéter 12
de entrega, bien conocido para un experto en la materia, con un
extremo proximal 14 y un extremo distal 16. El catéter 12 de
entrega puede ser del tamaño de unos 5 a unos 16 F. Un mango 18 está
fijado amoviblemente al extremo proximal 14. Un dispositivo de
desplegado de electrodos está posicionado por lo menos parcialmente
en el interior del catéter 12 de entrega, e comprende una pluralidad
de electrodos 20 que son retraíbles hacia el interior y hacia el
exterior del extremo distal 16. Los electrodos 20 pueden ser de
diferentes tamaños, formas y configuraciones. En una realización,
son electrodos de aguja, con tamaños en el intervalo de galga de 27
a 14. Los electrodos 20 están en posiciones no desplegadas mientras
están retenidos en el catéter de entrega. En las posiciones no
desplegadas, los electrodos 20 pueden estar en un estado compactado,
cargados con fuerza elástica, confinados de manera general o
sustancialmente rectos si están fabricados de un metal con memoria
adecuado tal como nitinol. A medida que los electrodos 20 son
avanzados al exterior desde el extremo distal 16, quedan
distendidos en un estado desplegado, que define un volumen ablativo,
a partir del cual el tejido es ablacionado como se ilustra más
completamente en la Figura 2. Los electrodos 20 actúan o bien en el
modo bipolar o bien en el modo monopolar. Cuando los electrodos se
utilizan en el modo bipolar, el volumen ablativo se define
substancialmente por las periferias de la pluralidad de electrodos
20. En una realización, la anchura de sección transversal del
volumen ablativo es de unos 4 cm. Sin embargo, se apreciará que
pueden lograrse diferentes volúmenes ablativos con el aparato 10 de
ablación de tejidos.
El volumen ablativo está determinado en primer
lugar para definir una masa, tal como un tumor, que debe ser
ablacionada. Los electrodos 20 son colocados en una relación
circundante respecto a una masa o tumor de una forma predeterminada
para la ablación volumétrica. Un sistema de formación de imágenes se
utiliza para definir en primer lugar el volumen del tumor o masa
seleccionada. Los sistemas de formación de imágenes adecuados
comprenden, aunque no están limitados a ellos, ultrasonidos, escaneo
por tomografía computerizada (CT), película de rayos X,
fluoroscopia por rayos X, formación de imágenes por resonancia
magnética, formación de imágenes electromagnética, y similares. El
uso de tales dispositivos para definir un volumen de masa de tejido
o un tumor es bien conocido para un experto en la técnica.
Con respecto al uso de ultrasonidos, un
transductor de ultrasonidos transmite energía de ultrasonidos hacia
el interior de una zona de interés del cuerpo de un paciente. La
energía de ultrasonidos se refleja por diferentes órganos y
diferentes tipos de tejido. La energía reflejada es detectada por el
transductor, y la señal eléctrica resultante es procesada para
proporcionar una imagen de la zona de interés. De esta forma, el
volumen de ablación es entonces comprobado, y el dispositivo
apropiado de desplegado de electrodos es insertado en el interior
del catéter 12 de entrega.
El volumen ablativo es definido substancialmente
antes de ser introducido el aparato 10 de ablación en una posición
de tratamiento ablativo. Esto ayuda al posicionado apropiado del
aparato 10 de ablación. De esta forma, el volumen de tejido
ablacionado es reducido y limitado substancialmente a una masa
definida o tumor, que comprende una zona determinada que rodea tal
tumor, que está bien controlada y definida. Una pequeña zona de
alrededor del tumor es ablacionada a fin de asegurar que todo el
tumor es ablacionado.
Con referencia de nuevo a la Figura 2, los
tramos 20(a) de electrodo están en estados desplegados cuando
son introducidos desde el extremo distal 16. Aunque los electrodos
20 presentan de manera general una configuración no distendida en
el estado no desplegado mientras son posicionados en el catéter 12
de entrega, pueden también estar distendidos. De manera general,
los tramos 20(b) de electrodos están en posiciones retenidas
cuando no están desplegados. Esto se consigue mediante una variedad
de procedimientos que incluyen pero no se limitan a, (i) los
electrodos están precomprimidos, confinados en el catéter 12 de
entrega, y solamente pasan a estar descomprimidos (expandidos)
cuando son soltados del catéter 12 de entrega, (ii) los electrodos
están realizados a partir de un metal con memoria, tal como se
explica con mayor detalle a continuación, (iii) los electrodos
están realizados a partir de un material de electrodo que se puede
seleccionar que les confiere una forma expandida fuera del catéter
12 de entrega, o (iv) el catéter 12 de entrega comprende unos tubos
de guía que sirven para confinar a los electrodos 12 dentro del
catéter 12 de entrega y para guiar su dirección de desplazamiento
fuera del catéter para formar el volumen de ablación expandido
deseado. Como se muestra en la Figura 2, los electrodos 20 están
precomprimidos cuando están retenidos en el catéter 12 de entrega.
Ésta es la posición no desplegada. A medida que son avanzados del
catéter 12 de entrega y hacia el interior del tejido, los electrodos
20 pasan a estar desplegados y empiezan a abrirse en abanico desde
el extremo distal 16, moviéndose en una dirección lateral con
respecto a un eje longitudinal del catéter 12 de entrega. A medida
que los electrodos 20 desplegados continúan su avance, la zona del
abanico aumenta y se extiende más allá del diámetro del extremo
distal 16.
De manera significativa, cada electrodo 20 está
distendido en una posición desplegada, y colectivamente, los
electrodos desplegados 20 definen un volumen de tejido que será
ablacionado. Como se ha mencionado anteriormente, cuando se desea
ablacionar un tumor, ya sea benigno o maligno, es preferible
ablacionar una zona que es ligeramente en exceso con respecto a la
definida por la superficie exterior del tumor. Esto mejora las
posibilidades de que todo el tumor sea erradicado.
Los electrodos desplegados 20 pueden presentar
una pluralidad de diferentes geometrías desplegadas que comprende
pero no están limitadas a, (i) un primer tramo con un primer radio
de curvatura, y un segundo tramo, que se extiende más allá de la
primera sección, con un segundo radio de curvatura o una geometría
sustancialmente lineal, (ii) por lo menos dos radios de curvatura,
(iii) por lo menos un radio de curvatura en dos o más planos, (iv)
un tramo curvado, con un codo, que está dispuesto en la proximidad
de un extremo distal 16 del catéter de entrega, y un tramo no
curvado que se extiende más allá del tramo curvado, o (v) un tramo
curvado próximo al extremo distal 16, un primer tramo lineal, y a
continuación otro tramo curvado o un segundo tramo lineal que forma
un ángulo con respecto al primer tramo lineal. Los electrodos
desplegados 20 no necesitan ser paralelos entre sí. La pluralidad
de electrodos desplegados 20, que define una parte del dispositivo
de desplegado de electrodos de aguja, pueden presentar todos las
mismas geometrías desplegadas, es decir, todas con por lo menos dos
radios de curvatura o una variedad de geometrías, es decir, una con
dos radios de curvatura, y una segunda de ellas con un radio de
curvatura en dos planos, y el resto un tramo curvado próximo al
extremo distal 16 del catéter 12 de entrega y un tramo no curvado
más allá del tramo curvado.
Una leva 22, u otro dispositivo de
accionamiento, puede posicionarse en el interior del catéter de
entrega y ser utilizada para hacer avanzar y retraer los electrodos
20 hacia el interior y hacia el exterior del catéter 12 de entrega.
El movimiento real de la leva puede controlarse con un mango 18. Las
levas adecuadas son de un diseño convencional, bien conocido para
un experto en la materia.
Diferentes configuraciones geométricas de los
electrodos 20 están ilustradas en las Figuras 3 a 6. En la Figura
3, el electrodo 20 presenta un primer radio de curvatura
20(c) y un segundo radio de curvatura 20(d). Puede
comprender más de dos radios de curvatura. Como se muestra en la
Figura 4, el electrodo 20 presenta por lo menos un radio de
curvatura que se extiende a tres planos. En la Figura 5, cada
electrodo presenta un primer tramo curvado 20(e) que se
halla cerca del extremo distal 16 del catéter 12 de entrega. Un
primer tramo 20(f) de manera general lineal se extiende más
allá del tramo curvado 20(e), y se encuentran el uno con el
otro en un codo 20(g). Los electrodos 20 pueden servir como
ánodos y cátodos. La pluralidad de electrodos 20 puede presentar
tramos lineales 20(f) que son de manera general paralelos
entre sí, o pueden ser no paralelos. La Figura 6 ilustra un
electrodo 20 que comprende un primer tramo curvado 20(e)
posicionado cerca del extremo distal 16 del catéter 12 de entrega,
un primer tramo lineal 20(f), y un segundo tramo lineal
20(h) que se extiende más allá del primer tramo lineal
20(f). El tramo 20(h) puede ser lineal, curvado, o una
combinación de ambos. La pluralidad de electrodos 20 ilustrados en
la Figura 6 puede presentar primeros tramos lineales 20(f)
paralelos o no paralelos.
En una forma de realización de la invención, los
electrodos 20 están cargados con fuerza elástica, y compactados en
sus posiciones no desplegadas. A medida que los electrodos 20 son
avanzados del extremo distal 16 del catéter 12 de entrega, quedan
desplegados y se abren en abanico. Los electrodos 20 continúan en
esta dirección de apertura en abanico hasta que la resistencia del
tejido sobrepasa la fuerza del material del que está constituido el
electrodo 20. Esto causa que el electrodo 20 se doble y se mueva en
una dirección hacia el interior con respecto a su dirección inicial
de apertura en abanico hacia el exterior. La inflexión crea los
tramos curvados 20(c) y 20(d) de la Figura 3, y puede
también originar la formación de las otras geometrías de los
electrodos 20 de las Figuras 4, 5 y 6. El grado de desplazamiento a
modo de abanico del electrodo 20 depende de la fuerza del material
a partir del cual está fabricado. Los materiales adecuados de
electrodo comprenden el acero inoxidable, el platino, el oro, la
plata, el cobre y otros materiales conductores electromagnéticos
comprendiendo los polímeros conductores. Preferentemente, el
electrodo 20 está fabricado de acero inoxidable o titanio de níquel
y presenta unas dimensiones de galga de aproximadamente 27 a 14.
En una forma de realización, el electrodo 20
está fabricado de un metal con memoria, tal como titanio de níquel,
disponible comercialmente por Raychem Corporation, Menlo Park,
California. Adicionalmente, puede posicionarse un elemento
resistivo de calentamiento en un lumen interior del electrodo 20. El
elemento resistivo de calentamiento puede estar fabricado de un
metal adecuado que transfiere calor al electrodo 20, causando que el
electrodo desplegado 20 se curve cuando la temperatura del
electrodo 20 alcanza un nivel que causa que el material del
electrodo, tal como un metal con memoria, se curve, de manera bien
conocida en la técnica. No todo el electrodo 20 debe estar
fabricado de metal con memoria. Es posible que solamente la parte
del extremo distal del electrodo 20, que es introducida en el
interior del tejido, esté fabricada del metal con memoria a fin de
efectuar la configuración geométrica desplegada deseada.
Adicionalmente, los dispositivos mecánicos, que comprenden alambres
de direccionado pero no están limitados a los mismos, pueden fijarse
al extremo distal del electrodo 20 para causar que el mismo sea
dirigido, curvado y movido en una dirección deseada alrededor del
tejido, hasta que alcance su posición final de descanso para
ablacionar una masa de tejido.
Opcionalmente comprendidos en el catéter de
entrega se hallan uno o más tubos 24 de guía, Figura 7, que sirven
para dirigir la expansión de los electrodos 20 en la forma de
abanico a medida que son avanzados desde el extremo distal 16 del
catéter 12 de entrega. Los tubos 24 de guía pueden estar fabricados
de acero inoxidable, acero de resorte y plásticos térmicos,
comprendiendo, pero sin limitarse a ello, nilón y poliésteres, y son
de un tamaño y una longitud suficientes para acomodar los
electrodos en un lugar específico del cuerpo.
La Figura 8 ilustra una realización del
electrodo 20 con un extremo distal aguzado 24. Por medio de la
inclusión de un extremo ahusado o perforante 24, el avance del
electrodo 20 a través del tejido es más fácil. El electrodo 20
puede ser segmentado, y comprender una pluralidad de aberturas 26 de
distribución de fluidos, que pueden estar formadas de manera
uniforme alrededor de la totalidad o solamente una parte del
electrodo 20. Las aberturas 26 de distribución de fluidos están
formadas en el electrodo 20 cuando está hueco y permiten la
introducción y la circulación de una pluralidad de medios fluídicos
a través del electrodo 20 hasta un lugar del tejido deseado. Tales
medios fluídicos comprenden, pero sin limitarse a las mismas,
disoluciones electrolíticas, pastas o geles, así como agentes
quimioterapéuticos. Son ejemplos de geles conductores adecuados
geles carboximetilcelulosos fabricados a partir de disoluciones
electrolíticas acuosas tales como disoluciones salinas fisiológicas,
y similares.
El tamaño de las aberturas 26 de distribución de
fluidos puede variar, según el tamaño y la forma del electrodo 20.
También asociado con el electrodo 20 se halla un manguito aislante
ajustable 28 que es deslizable a lo largo de una superficie
exterior del electrodo 20. El manguito aislante 28 es avanzado y
retraído a lo largo del electrodo 20 a fin de definir el tamaño de
una superficie conductora del electrodo 20. El manguito aislante 28
es accionado con un mango 18 por el médico, y su posición a lo largo
del electrodo 20 es controlada. Cuando el electrodo 20 se mueve del
catéter 12 de entrega y hacia el interior del tejido, el manguito
aislante 28 puede posicionarse alrededor del electrodo 20 a medida
que se mueve por su camino a través del tejido. Alternativamente,
el manguito aislante 28 puede ser avanzado a lo largo de una
longitud deseada del electrodo 20 después de que el electrodo 20 ha
sido posicionado alrededor de una masa blanco que debe ablacionarse.
El manguito aislante es así capaz de avanzar a través del tejido
junto con el electrodo 20, o puede moverse a través del tejido sin
que el electrodo 20 proporcione la fuente de movimiento. Por
consiguiente, el volumen de ablación deseado es definido por los
electrodos desplegados 20, así como el posicionado del manguito
aislante 28 en cada electrodo. De esta forma, se crea un volumen de
ablación muy preciso. Los materiales adecuados que forman el
manguito aislante comprenden, pero sin limitarse a los mismos,
nilón, poliimidas, otros termoplásticos, y similares.
La Figura 9 ilustra una aplicación percutánea
del aparato 10 de ablación de tejidos. El aparato 10 de ablación de
tejidos puede utilizarse percutáneamente para introducir los
electrodos 20 en la masa de tejido o tumor seleccionado. Los
electrodos 20 pueden permanecer en sus posiciones no desplegadas
mientras son introducidos percutáneamente en el interior del
cuerpo, y ser entregados a un órgano seleccionado que contiene la
masa seleccionada que debe ablacionarse. El catéter 12 de entrega
es extraíble desde el mango 18. Cuando es extraído, el dispositivo
de desplegado de electrodos (la pluralidad de electrodos 20) puede
insertarse y extraerse del catéter 12 de entrega. Un obturador 30
se inserta en el interior del catéter 12 de entrega inicialmente si
debe realizarse un proceso percutáneo. Como se muestra en la Figura
10, el obturador 30 puede presentar un extremo distal aguzado 32
que perfora el tejido y ayuda la introducción del catéter 12 de
entrega en un lugar de tejido seleccionado. El lugar de tejido
seleccionado puede ser un órgano del cuerpo con un tumor u otra
masa, o el propio tumor real.
El obturador 30 es entonces extraído del catéter
12 de entrega (Figura 11). El dispositivo de desplegado de
electrodos se inserta entonces en el interior del catéter 12 de
entrega, y el catéter es entonces refijado al mango 18 (Figura 12).
Como se ilustra en la Figura 12, el dispositivo de desplegado de
electrodos puede comprender opcionalmente una plantilla 34 de
electrodos para guiar el desplegado de los electrodos 20 en una
relación circundante respecto al exterior de una masa seleccionada
en el tejido.
A continuación los electrodos 20 son avanzados
del extremo distal 16 del catéter 12 de entrega, y quedan
desplegados para formar un volumen ablativo deseado que circunda la
masa. En la Figura 13, el catéter 12 de entrega está posicionado
contiguo al hígado. El dispositivo de desplegado de electrodos es
introducido en el interior del catéter 12 de entrega con la
plantilla 34 de electrodos. El dispositivo de desplegado de
electrodos perfora entonces el hígado, y la leva 22 hace avanzar
los electrodos 20 del catéter 12 de entrega hacia las posiciones
desplegadas. Cada electrodo individual 20 perfora el hígado y se
desplaza a través del mismo hasta que está posicionado en una
relación circundante respecto al tumor. El volumen ablativo es
seleccionable, y se determina en primer lugar por una formación de
imágenes de la zona que debe ablacionarse. El volumen ablativo está
definido por la periferia de la totalidad de los electrodos
desplegados 20 que rodean la parte exterior del tumor. Una vez
determinado el volumen de ablación, se selecciona un juego de
electrodos que pasarán a estar desplegados para definir el volumen
de ablación. Una pluralidad de diferentes factores son importantes
al crear un volumen de ablación. En primer lugar, los diferentes
electrodos 20 presentarán varios grados de desplegado, basados en
el tipo de material de electrodo, el nivel de precompresión de los
electrodos y la configuración geométrica de los electrodos en sus
estados desplegados. El aparato 10 de ablación de tejidos permite
que los diferentes juegos de electrodos 20 sean insertados en el
interior del catéter 12 de entrega, a fin de definir una pluralidad
de volúmenes de ablación.
Antes de la ablación del tumor, puede realizarse
una etapa de preablación. Una pluralidad de diferentes disoluciones,
comprendiendo disoluciones electrolíticas tales como disolución
salina, pueden introducirse en el lugar del tumor, como se muestra
en la Figura 14. La Figura 15 ilustra la aplicación de energía de RF
al tumor. El aislante 28 de electrodos es posicionado en partes de
los electrodos 20 en donde no tomará lugar ablación. Esto define
además el volumen de ablación. La electrodesecación real del tumor,
u otras masas o tejidos blanco, se muestra en la Figura 16. De
nuevo, los electrodos desplegados 20, con sus aislantes 28 de
electrodos posicionados a lo largo de tramos de los electrodos,
definen el volumen de ablación, y la cantidad resultante de masa que
es desecada.
Opcionalmente, después de la desecación, los
electrodos 20 pueden introducir una pluralidad de disoluciones en
un procedimiento de postablación. Esta etapa se ilustra en la Figura
17. Las disoluciones adecuadas comprenden, pero sin limitarse a los
mismos, agentes quimioterapéuticos.
La Figura 8 ilustra el aparato 10 de ablación de
tejidos accionado en un modo bipolar. Su funcionamiento monopolar
se muestra en la Figura 19. Cada electrodo de la pluralidad de
electrodos 20 puede realizar diferentes funciones en el
procedimiento de ablación. Puede existir un desplazamiento de
polaridad entre los diferentes electrodos.
Un sistema 36 de ablación de tejidos, que puede
ser modular, se muestra en la Figura 20 y puede comprender unos
medios de visualización 38. El sistema 36 de ablación de tejidos
comprende la fuente de energía de RF, y puede comprender también
una fuente de microondas, una fuente de ultrasonidos, dispositivos
de visualización tales como cámaras y VCR, fuentes de disolución
electrolítica y quimioterapéutica, y un controlador que puede
utilizarse para vigilar la temperatura o la impedancia. Uno de los
electrodos desplegados 20 puede ser una antena de microondas
acoplada a una fuente de microondas. Este electrodo puede acoplarse
inicialmente a la fuente 42 de energía de RF y a continuación es
conmutado a la fuente de microondas.
Con referencia ahora a la Figura 21, un
suministro 40 de energía entrega energía a un generador (una fuente)
42 de energía de RF y entonces a los electrodos 20 del aparato 10
de ablación de tejidos. Un multiplexor 46 mide la corriente, la
tensión y la temperatura (en numerosos sensores de temperatura que
pueden posicionarse en los electrodos 20). El multiplexor 46 es
accionado por un controlador 48, que puede ser un controlador
digital o analógico, o un ordenador con programas o "software".
Cuando el controlador 48 es un ordenador, puede comprender un CPU
acoplado a través de un enlace común del sistema. Este sistema puede
comprender un teclado, un mecanismo impulsador de discos u otros
sistemas de memoria no volátil, unos medios de visualización, y
otros periféricos, como es conocido en la técnica. También acoplados
al enlace común se hallan una memoria de programas y una memoria de
datos.
Una interfaz de operador 50 comprende controles
52 de operador y medios de visualización 38. El controlador 48 está
acoplado a sistemas de formación de imágenes, que comprenden
transductores de ultrasonidos, sensores de temperatura y ópticos de
visualización y fibras ópticas, si están incluidos.
La corriente y la tensión se utilizan para
calcular la impedancia. Los diagnósticos se realizan por medio de
ultrasonidos, escaneo por CT, u otros medios conocidos en la
técnica. La formación de imágenes puede realizarse antes, durante y
después del tratamiento.
Los sensores de temperatura miden la tensión y
la corriente que es entregada. La salida de estos sensores es
utilizada por el controlador 48 para controlar la entrega de energía
de RF. El controlador 48 puede controlar también la temperatura y
la energía. La cantidad de energía de RF entregada controla la
cantidad de energía. Un perfil de energía entregada puede
incorporarse al controlador 38, y puede perfilarse también,
asimismo, una cantidad predeterminada de energía que debe
entregarse.
La retroalimentación puede ser la medición de
impedancia o temperatura, y presenta lugar o bien en el controlador
48 o bien en la fuente 42 de energía electromagnética, por ejemplo,
RF o microondas, si incorpora un controlador. Para la medición de
la impedancia, esto puede lograrse suministrando una pequeña
cantidad de energía de RF de no-ablación. La
tensión y la corriente se miden entonces.
La circuitería, el programario o "software"
y la retroalimentación al controlador 48 originan un control del
procedimiento y se utilizan para cambiar, (i) la energía,
comprendiendo RF, los ultrasonidos, y similares, (ii) el ciclo de
servicio (conectado-desconectado y vatiaje), (iii)
la entrega de energía monopolar o bipolar, (iv) la entrega de
disolución quimioterapéutica y electrolítica, el flujo y la presión
y (v) determinar cuándo la ablación se ha acabado en cuanto a
tiempo, temperatura y/o impedancia. Estas variables del
procedimiento pueden controlarse y variarse en base a la
temperatura vigilada en múltiples lugares, y a la impedancia de la
corriente de flujo que está vigilada, indicando los cambios en la
capacidad de arrastrado actual del tejido durante el procedimiento
ablativo.
La anterior descripción de realizaciones
preferidas de la presente invención se ha proporcionado con
finalidades de ilustración y descripción. No se pretende ser
exhaustivo ni limitar la invención a las formas precisas reveladas.
Desde luego, numerosas modificaciones y variaciones serán evidentes
para los médicos expertos en esta técnica. Las formas de
realización se han elegido y descrito a fin de explicar mejor los
principios de la invención y su aplicación práctica, permitiendo
con ello que otros expertos en la técnica comprendan la invención
para diferentes realizaciones y con diferentes modificaciones según
sean adecuadas para el uso particular contemplado. Se pretende que
el alcance de la invención esté definido por las siguientes
reivindicaciones.
Claims (21)
1. Aparato de ablación que comprende un
dispositivo de entrega alargado (12) que presenta un dispositivo de
entrega de energía y lumen, comprendiendo el dispositivo de entrega
de energía:
una pluralidad de electrodos de RF (20),
presentando cada uno de ellos una parte distal de perforación de
tejidos;
estando adaptados los electrodos de RF para la
conexión funcional a una fuente de energía de RF para aplicar
energía de RF a dicha pluralidad de electrodos de RF;
pudiendo disponerse los electrodos de RF en el
dispositivo de entrega alargado en un estado retraído y pudiendo
hacerse funcionar para desplegarse del dispositivo de entrega
alargado cuando se hace avanzar desde el extremo distal del
dispositivo de entrega alargado a un estado desplegado; y
en el que por lo menos uno de entre la
pluralidad de electrodos de RF es hueco,
caracterizado porque dichos electrodos de
RF (20) se despliegan del dispositivo de entrega alargado (12) con
curvatura y porque dicho por lo menos un electrodo de RF hueco
presenta una pluralidad de aberturas de distribución de fluido
(26).
2. Aparato según la reivindicación 1, que
comprende asimismo una fuente de infusión conectada funcionalmente
por lo menos (i) al dispositivo de entrega alargado, o (ii) por lo
menos a uno de entre la pluralidad de electrodos de RF, para
suministrar un medio de infusión.
3. Aparato según la reivindicación 1 ó 2, en
el que los electrodos desplegados y el fluido perfundido pueden
funcionar para crear un volumen de ablación definido que rodea la
masa de tejido.
4. Aparato según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que dicho medio de infusión es
una solución electrolítica, una pasta electrolítica, un gel
electrolítico o un agente quimioterapéutico.
5. Aparato según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, que comprende asimismo un elemento de
avance de electrodo de RF que se puede disponer dentro del lumen y
se acopla a los electrodos de RF, estando configurado el elemento
de avance del electrodo de RF para hacer avanzar los electrodos de
RF a través del tejido.
6. Aparato según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, que comprende asimismo un aislante
dispuesto de manera que rodea por lo menos uno de entre la
pluralidad de electrodos de RF.
7. Aparato según la reivindicación 6, en el
que dicho aislante se puede disponer de manera deslizante en el
electrodo para producir una superficie de entrega de energía
seleccionable.
8. Aparato según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, que comprende asimismo un sensor termal
acoplado por lo menos a uno de entre dicha pluralidad de electrodos
de RF.
9. Aparato según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, que comprende asimismo un sensor
térmico acoplado al dispositivo de entrega alargado.
10. Aparato según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que el aparato está configurado
para funcionar en un modo bipolar o en un modo monopolar.
11. Aparato según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, que comprende asimismo un obturador
amovible que presenta un extremo distal suficientemente puntiagudo
para penetrar en un tejido.
12. Aparato según la reivindicación 11, en el
que el obturador se puede disponer en el lumen del dispositivo de
entrega alargado.
13. Aparato según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que por lo menos uno de entre la
pluralidad de electrodos de RF está formado por una aleación de
memoria de forma.
14. Aparato según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que por lo menos uno de entre la
pluralidad de electrodos de RF está formado por acero
inoxidable.
15. Aparato según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, que comprende asimismo unos medios de
control acoplados al dispositivo de entrega de energía para
controlar variables de proceso.
16. Aparato según la reivindicación 15, en el
que los medios de control comprenden por lo menos uno de entre un
controlador digital, un controlador análogo o un controlador
programado.
17. Aparato según la reivindicación 15 ó 16, en
el que las variables de proceso son por lo menos uno de entre un
nivel de potencia, un ciclo de trabajo, una entrega de energía, un
caudal de entrega de fluido o una presión de fluido.
18. Aparato según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones 15 a 17, en el que los medios de control son un
control de retroalimentación que ajusta la energía de RF
distribuida a la pluralidad de electrodos de RF de la fuente de RF
en respuesta a la impedancia determinada en uno o más de la
pluralidad de electrodos de RF.
19. Aparato según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones 15 a 17, en el que los medios de control están
conectados de manera funcional a los electrodos de RF y la fuente
de energía de RF para controlar la aplicación de la energía de RF a
los electrodos.
20. Aparato según la reivindicación 19, en
el que los medios de control son un control de retroalimentación
acoplado de manera funcional a un sensor térmico según cualquiera de
los electrodos de RF.
21. Aparato según la reivindicación 20, en el
que el control de retroalimentación ajusta la energía de RF
distribuida a la pluralidad de electrodos de RF de la fuente de
RF.
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-
1994
- 1994-08-12 US US08/290,031 patent/US5536267A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1995
- 1995-08-11 AT AT98204115T patent/ATE253871T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-08-11 DK DK03020050T patent/DK1366725T3/da active
- 1995-08-11 EP EP95928379A patent/EP0777445B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-08-11 DE DE69535379T patent/DE69535379T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-08-11 CN CN95194583A patent/CN1125620C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-08-11 JP JP8507529A patent/JP3009735B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-08-11 PT PT03020050T patent/PT1366725E/pt unknown
- 1995-08-11 DE DE69532140T patent/DE69532140T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-08-11 EP EP98204115A patent/EP0908156B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-08-11 AT AT95928379T patent/ATE180649T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-08-11 ES ES95928379T patent/ES2132698T5/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-08-11 WO PCT/US1995/010242 patent/WO1996004860A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-08-11 ES ES03020050T patent/ES2279043T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-08-11 EP EP03020050A patent/EP1366725B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-08-11 AT AT03020050T patent/ATE352263T1/de active
- 1995-08-11 DE DE69510064T patent/DE69510064T3/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-02-04 HK HK98100801A patent/HK1002098A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1999
- 1999-08-25 US US09/383,166 patent/US6471698B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-02-24 US US09/512,985 patent/US6632222B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69532140D1 (de) | 2003-12-18 |
WO1996004860A1 (en) | 1996-02-22 |
DE69510064T2 (de) | 1999-12-23 |
EP0777445B2 (en) | 2004-01-02 |
PT1366725E (pt) | 2007-03-30 |
EP0777445B1 (en) | 1999-06-02 |
ATE352263T1 (de) | 2007-02-15 |
ES2132698T3 (es) | 1999-08-16 |
EP1366725B1 (en) | 2007-01-24 |
US6632222B1 (en) | 2003-10-14 |
DE69510064T3 (de) | 2005-04-07 |
DE69510064D1 (de) | 1999-07-08 |
CN1125620C (zh) | 2003-10-29 |
US5536267A (en) | 1996-07-16 |
ATE180649T1 (de) | 1999-06-15 |
EP0777445A1 (en) | 1997-06-11 |
JP3009735B2 (ja) | 2000-02-14 |
EP1366725A1 (en) | 2003-12-03 |
DE69535379D1 (de) | 2007-03-15 |
ES2132698T5 (es) | 2004-07-01 |
DK1366725T3 (da) | 2007-05-29 |
HK1002098A1 (en) | 1998-07-31 |
ATE253871T1 (de) | 2003-11-15 |
JPH10503959A (ja) | 1998-04-14 |
DE69535379T2 (de) | 2008-01-03 |
EP0908156A1 (en) | 1999-04-14 |
US6471698B1 (en) | 2002-10-29 |
CN1159154A (zh) | 1997-09-10 |
DE69532140T2 (de) | 2004-08-26 |
EP0908156B1 (en) | 2003-11-12 |
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