EP3522186B1 - Nanocrystal alloy magnetic core, magnetic core unit, and method for manufacturing nanocrystal alloy magnetic core - Google Patents

Nanocrystal alloy magnetic core, magnetic core unit, and method for manufacturing nanocrystal alloy magnetic core Download PDF

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EP3522186B1
EP3522186B1 EP17856259.1A EP17856259A EP3522186B1 EP 3522186 B1 EP3522186 B1 EP 3522186B1 EP 17856259 A EP17856259 A EP 17856259A EP 3522186 B1 EP3522186 B1 EP 3522186B1
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temperature
magnetic
magnetic core
heat treatment
magnetic field
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3522186A1 (en
EP3522186A4 (en
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Kazuhiro Hagiwara
Tsugitomo Nakada
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Proterial Ltd
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Hitachi Metals Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/14—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H01F1/147—Alloys characterised by their composition
    • H01F1/153—Amorphous metallic alloys, e.g. glassy metals
    • H01F1/15333—Amorphous metallic alloys, e.g. glassy metals containing nanocrystallites, e.g. obtained by annealing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/14—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H01F1/147—Alloys characterised by their composition
    • H01F1/153—Amorphous metallic alloys, e.g. glassy metals
    • H01F1/15308—Amorphous metallic alloys, e.g. glassy metals based on Fe/Ni
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F3/00—Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/04—Cores, Yokes, or armatures made from strips or ribbons
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
    • H01F41/005—Impregnating or encapsulating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
    • H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
    • H01F41/0206—Manufacturing of magnetic cores by mechanical means
    • H01F41/0213—Manufacturing of magnetic circuits made from strip(s) or ribbon(s)
    • H01F41/0226—Manufacturing of magnetic circuits made from strip(s) or ribbon(s) from amorphous ribbons
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys

Definitions

  • the present application relates to nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores including a wound or layered nanocrystalline alloy, magnetic core units, and production methods for nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores.
  • a common-mode choke coil is used in, for example, a filter which separates a signal from noise based on their conduction modes.
  • a current transformer which is a type of transformer for measuring a current, is used in, for example, a current-measuring device and a ground-fault interrupter.
  • These devices have a magnetic core of a soft magnetic material that is used to form a closed magnetic circuit.
  • Such a magnetic core is preferably formed of a thin band (ribbon) of a Fe- or Co-based nanocrystalline alloy, as disclosed in Patent Document No. 1. Nanocrystalline alloys exhibit a higher saturation flux density than those of permalloy and Co-based amorphous alloys, and a higher magnetic permeability than those of Fe-based amorphous alloys.
  • a representative composition of nanocrystalline alloys is disclosed in, for example, Patent Document No. 2.
  • a typical example method for producing a magnetic core using a nanocrystalline alloy includes a step of rapidly cooling a molten raw material alloy having a desired composition to produce an amorphous alloy ribbon, a step of winding the amorphous alloy ribbon into a ring-shaped core material, and a step of crystallizing the amorphous alloy ribbon by a heat treatment to obtain a magnetic core having nanocrystalline tissue.
  • Patent Document No. 3 discloses a magnetic core having a magnetic permeability ⁇ (50 Hz to 1 kHz) of as high as 70,000 or more and a squareness ratio of as low as 30% or less, which is obtained by applying a magnetic field in the height direction or radial direction of the magnetic core.
  • Patent Document No. 3 discloses a production method including performing a primary heat treatment for nanocrystallization of an alloy magnetic core with the surface temperature of the alloy magnetic core maintained at the crystallization temperature + 100°C or less.
  • Patent Document No. 4 discloses a magnetic core for a pulse transformer which is formed of a nanocrystalline alloy, and has an initial relative permeability of 50,000 or more at -20°C and 50°C. Patent Document No. 4 also discloses a specific production method for such a magnetic core in which a primary heat treatment is performed for 2 hours or less at 500-580°C for crystallization, and thereafter, a secondary heat treatment is performed at a temperature that is higher than or equal to 300°C and is lower than the temperature of the heat treatment for crystallization and the Curie temperature of a bcc phase formed by the crystallization. Patent Document No. 4 also indicates that a field heat treatment can be performed in combination with the above treatments. Patent Document No. 4 (examples and figures 1 and 2 ) also discloses the profile of a field heat treatment in which a magnetic field is applied from the start of maintaining the temperature in the secondary heat treatment.
  • Patent Document No. 5 discloses an example in which a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core is subjected to a primary heat treatment and a secondary heat treatment as in Patent Document No. 4.
  • Patent Document No. 5 discloses temperature and applied magnetic field profiles according to which a magnetic field is applied from the start of maintaining the temperature ( figures. 4 , 5(a), 5(b), and 6 ), and a temperature and applied magnetic field profile according to which the temperature is decreased without being maintained, and at the same time, a magnetic field is applied (figure 5(c)).
  • the characteristic feature of Patent Document No. 5 is a specific cooling rate (20°C/min or more until 400°C) after the primary heat treatment.
  • Patent Document No. 6 relates to a method of producing a nanocrystalline alloy having an extremely high permeability, which is used in various magnetic parts of transformers, choke coils, etc.
  • Patent Document No. 7 relates to a soft magnetic alloy ribbon having excellent surface properties, which is manufactured by a single roll method suitable for a magnetic core material, a high-performance magnetic core using the alloy ribbon, and the same.
  • Nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores are required to have further improved characteristics, i.e. a higher magnetic permeability and impedance relative magnetic permeability at 1 MHz or less, and a smaller temperature-dependent change in magnetic permeability.
  • the present disclosure provides a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core, magnetic core unit, and nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core production method that can have a further improvement in at least one of the two types of characteristics.
  • a first nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core production method for nanocrystallization of a magnetic core formed of a wound or layered amorphous alloy ribbon by a heat treatment, includes: a primary heat treatment step of performing a primary heat treatment in the absence of an applied magnetic field to increase a temperature of the magnetic core from a temperature that is lower than a crystallization onset temperature of the magnetic core to a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature; and a secondary heat treatment step performed after the primary heat treatment step.
  • the secondary heat treatment step includes a secondary temperature maintaining step of maintaining the temperature constant at a temperature that is higher than or equal to 200°C and lower than the crystallization onset temperature, in the absence of an applied magnetic field, and a secondary temperature decreasing step of, after the secondary temperature maintaining step, decreasing the temperature in the presence of a magnetic field applied in a direction perpendicular to a magnetic path.
  • the temperature of the magnetic core is in the range of ⁇ 5°C with respect to the temperature at the time when the application of the magnetic field is started, the temperature is maintained in the range of ⁇ 5°C for 1 min or more.
  • the applied magnetic field may have a strength of 60 kA/m or more.
  • the maintenance temperature in the secondary heat treatment may be 200-500°C.
  • the maintenance temperature in the primary heat treatment may be 550-600°C.
  • the amorphous alloy ribbon may have a thickness of 7-15 ⁇ m.
  • the amorphous alloy ribbon may have a composition represented by a general formula: (Fe 1-a M a ) 100-x-y-z- ⁇ - ⁇ - ⁇ Cu x Si y B z M' ⁇ M" ⁇ X ⁇ (atom%) (where M represents Co and/or Ni, M' represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Mo, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Cr, Mn, and W, M" represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, platinum-group elements, Sc, rare-earth elements, Zn, Sn, and Re, X represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of C, Ge, P, Ga, Sb, In, Be, and As, and a, x, y, z, ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ satisfy 0 ⁇ a 0.5, 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 30, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 25, 5 ⁇ y + z
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core production method may further include a step of, after the secondary heat treatment, performing impregnation with a resin.
  • the secondary heat treatment after the temperature of the magnetic core is maintained constant at the temperature that is higher than or equal to 200°C and lower than the crystallization onset temperature in the absence of an applied magnetic field, the temperature is decreased in the presence of a magnetic field applied in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic path.
  • the temperature of the magnetic core is in the range of ⁇ 5°C with respect to the temperature at which the temperature decrease is started, the temperature may be maintained in the temperature range of ⁇ 5°C for 1 min or more, and thereafter, a magnetic field may be applied in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic path while the temperature is maintained in the temperature range of ⁇ 5°C.
  • the temperature of the magnetic core is maintained constant at the temperature that is higher than or equal to 200°C and lower than the crystallization onset temperature, in the absence of an applied magnetic field, the temperature is decreased in the presence of a magnetic field applied in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic path from the start of the temperature decrease.
  • the magnetic core may have a volume of 3000 mm 3 or more.
  • the rate of the temperature increase may be lower than 1.0°C/min.
  • a highest value of the temperature may be higher than 550°C and lower than or equal to 585°C.
  • a highest value of the temperature during the application of the magnetic field may be higher than or equal to 200°C and lower than 400°C.
  • the magnetic field is applied while the temperature is decreased at an average rate of 4°C/min or less.
  • a second nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core production method has a primary heat treatment step of increasing a temperature of an amorphous magnetic core material formed of an amorphous alloy ribbon capable of undergoing nanocrystallization, from a temperature that is lower than a crystallization onset temperature of the magnetic core material to a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature, in the absence of an applied magnetic field, and a secondary heat treatment step of applying a magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to a magnetic path, at a temperature that is lower than the crystallization onset temperature.
  • the rate of the temperature increase is lower than 1.0°C/min.
  • a third nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core production method has a primary heat treatment step of increasing a temperature of an amorphous magnetic core material formed of an amorphous alloy ribbon capable of undergoing nanocrystallization, from a temperature that is lower than a crystallization onset temperature of the magnetic core material to a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature, in the absence of an applied magnetic field, and a secondary heat treatment step of applying a magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to a magnetic path, at a temperature that is lower than the crystallization onset temperature.
  • a highest value of the temperature is higher than 550°C and lower than or equal to 585°C.
  • a fourth nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core production method has a primary heat treatment step of increasing a temperature of an amorphous magnetic core material formed of an amorphous alloy ribbon capable of undergoing nanocrystallization, from a temperature that is lower than a crystallization onset temperature of the magnetic core material to a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature, in the absence of an applied magnetic field, and a secondary heat treatment step of applying a magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to a magnetic path, at a temperature that is lower than the crystallization onset temperature.
  • a highest value of the temperature during the application of the magnetic field is higher than or equal to 200°C and lower than 400°C.
  • a fifth nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core production method has a primary heat treatment step of increasing a temperature of an amorphous magnetic core material formed of an amorphous alloy ribbon capable of undergoing nanocrystallization, from a temperature that is lower than a crystallization onset temperature of the magnetic core material to a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature, in the absence of an applied magnetic field, and a secondary heat treatment step of applying a magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to a magnetic path, at a temperature that is lower than the crystallization onset temperature.
  • the magnetic field may be applied while the temperature is decreased at an average rate of 4°C/min or less.
  • the rate of the temperature increase may be lower than 1.0°C/min.
  • a highest value of the temperature in the primary heat treatment step, may be higher than 550°C and lower than or equal to 585°C.
  • a highest value of the temperature during the application of the magnetic field may be higher than or equal to 200°C and lower than 400°C.
  • the magnetic field in the secondary heat treatment step, may be applied while the temperature is decreased at an average rate of 4°C/min or less.
  • the secondary heat treatment step may include a step of decreasing the temperature to 100°C or lower in the presence of the applied magnetic field.
  • the applied magnetic field may have a strength of 50 kA/m or more.
  • the amorphous alloy ribbon may have a thickness of 7-15 ⁇ m.
  • a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core according to the present disclosure includes a wound or layered nanocrystalline alloy ribbon. As measured at room temperature in the presence of an applied alternating-current magnetic field having a frequency f of 1 kHz and an amplitude H of 0.05 amperes/meter (A/m), the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core has a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 70,000 or more, a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 50% or less, and a coercive force of 1.0 A/m or less.
  • nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core includes a wound or layered nanocrystalline alloy ribbon.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy ribbon contains a Fe-based material.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core has an impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of 48,000 or more at a frequency of 100 kHz.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz may be 90,000 or more at a frequency of 10 kHz, 48,000 or more at a frequency of 100 kHz, and 8,500 or more at a frequency of 1 MHz.
  • the amorphous alloy ribbon may have a thickness of 7-15 ⁇ m.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core may be impregnated with a resin.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core may be for a common-mode choke coil.
  • a magnetic unit according to the present disclosure includes: any of the above nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores; and a conducting wire wound around the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core.
  • a temperature-dependent change in the magnetic permeability can be reduced, and/or the magnetic permeability and impedance relative magnetic permeability at 1 MHz or less can be increased.
  • the present inventors have extensively studied the heat treatment profile during the production of a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core. As a result, it was found that the temperature-dependent change of the magnetic permeability is effectively reduced by decreasing the coercive force. It was also found that a decrease in the coercive force has a relationship with the uniformity of temperature distribution in the magnetic core during a heat treatment in the presence of an applied magnetic field. It was also found that the temperature of the amorphous alloy during a nanocrystallization process should be appropriately controlled in order to obtain a high magnetic permeability and a high impedance relative magnetic permeability.
  • the present inventors have conceived of a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core production method capable of reducing a temperature-dependent change in the magnetic permeability, and/or obtaining a high magnetic permeability and a high impedance relative magnetic permeability.
  • This embodiment relates to a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core having a reduced temperature-dependent change in magnetic permeability, a magnetic core unit, and a production method for the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core.
  • a method for producing a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core having a high magnetic permeability and a low squareness ratio, and having a stably reduced coercive force Hc can be used to obtain a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core having a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 70,000 or more, a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 50% or less, and having a coercive force Hc of 1 A/m or less.
  • a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core used in a current transformer or a common-mode choke coil has conventionally been required to have a high magnetic permeability ⁇ and a low squareness ratio. Note that, in addition to these characteristics, such a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core may be required to not significantly change its magnetic permeability with respect to a change in temperature so that the magnetic core is not significantly affected by a change in an environment around a device, such as the temperature at which the device is used.
  • the present inventors have extensively studied in order to find a production method for a magnetic core having a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of as high as 70,000 or more and a squareness ratio of as low as 50% or less, and having a temperature-dependent-change ratio of the magnetic permeabilities ⁇ (1 kHz) at 25°C and 100°C of 15% or less.
  • a temperature-dependent-change ratio of the magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) and the coercive force Hc correlate with each other, and the temperature-dependent-change ratio of the magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) is reduced by decreasing the coercive force.
  • Patent Document No. 3 discloses an alloy magnetic core having similar characteristics, i.e. a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 70,000 or more and a squareness ratio of 30% or less.
  • Patent Document No. 3 (paragraph [0018]) suggests that an increase in the coercive force can be reduced by performing a primary heat treatment for nanocrystallization with the surface temperature of an alloy magnetic core maintained at a crystallization temperature + 100°C or less.
  • the field heat treatment disclosed in Patent Document No. 3 is basically performed by applying a magnetic field during the primary heat treatment for nanocrystallization.
  • the present inventors when the present inventors produced a magnetic core using a similar method, the present inventors could not verify the effect of reducing an increase in the coercive force. This may be because nanocrystalline alloys self-generate heat during nanocrystallization, and therefore, it is difficult to control their temperature in a furnace.
  • a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core production method for nanocrystallization of a magnetic core formed of a wound or layered amorphous alloy ribbon by a heat treatment, including a primary heat treatment step of performing a primary heat treatment in the absence of an applied magnetic field to increase a temperature of the magnetic core from a temperature that is lower than a crystallization onset temperature of the magnetic core to a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature, and a secondary heat treatment step performed after the primary heat treatment step.
  • the secondary heat treatment step includes a secondary temperature maintaining step of maintaining the temperature constant at a temperature that is higher than or equal to 200°C and lower than the crystallization onset temperature, in the absence of an applied magnetic field, and a secondary temperature decreasing step of, after the secondary temperature maintaining step, decreasing the temperature in the presence of a magnetic field applied in a direction perpendicular to a magnetic path.
  • the term "maintaining the temperature constant" in the secondary temperature maintaining step of the present application refers to a situation in which the temperature is maintained constant by a temperature control means capable of controlling the temperature of a heat treatment furnace, and the temperature of the heat treatment furnace is controlled to a set temperature.
  • the temperature control means may control either the temperature of the internal wall of the heat treatment furnace or the temperature of the magnetic core, which is a target to be heated.
  • the temperature control means may be one that is known.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core thus obtained may, for example, be a wound or layered nanocrystalline alloy ribbon and have a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 70,000 or more and a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 50% or less, and have a coercive force of 1.0 A/m or less.
  • a B-H curve hysteresis loop
  • the coercive force can be further reduced.
  • the resultant magnetic core has a coercive force of 0.9 A/m or less.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz can be increased.
  • a magnetic core having a high impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz has characteristics suitable for a common-mode choke coil. Note that maintaining the temperature constant is equivalent to maintaining the temperature with a temperature gradient of, for example, about ⁇ 0.2°C/min. The details are described below.
  • the reason why the coercive force is reduced by the above production method may be that magnetic anisotropy is temporarily imparted in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic path, so that magnetic domains are formed.
  • a magnetization process of a magnetic material includes the rotation component and magnetic domain wall displacement component of a magnetic moment.
  • the rotation component of a magnetic moment is oriented in a certain direction depending on the magnetic anisotropy when an external magnetic field is removed, and therefore, in an ideal case, a magnetic material does not have residual magnetization or coercive force.
  • the magnetic domain wall displacement component In contrast to this, as to the magnetic domain wall displacement component, the displacement of magnetic domain walls is blocked by defects, an impurity layer, surface roughness, etc., of a magnetic material, and therefore, a magnetic material has finite residual magnetization and coercive force even when an external magnetic field is removed.
  • the rotation component of a magnetic moment in each magnetic domain is dominant, and the magnetic domain wall displacement component is relatively small, in a magnetization process in which an operating magnetic field is applied to the magnetic path. Therefore, it is considered that when magnetic anisotropy is imparted in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic path, the coercive force is decreased.
  • the crystallization onset temperature is defined as a temperature at which an exothermic reaction due to the onset of nanocrystallization is detected as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at a temperature increase rate of 10°C/min.
  • the primary heat treatment includes a step of increasing the heat treatment temperature from a temperature that is lower than the crystallization onset temperature to a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature.
  • the heat treatment temperature may be increased in the range of 510-600°C. If the heat treatment temperature is lower than 510°C or higher than 600°C, magnetostriction increases. If the heat treatment temperature is higher than or equal to 550°C, the magnetostriction can be further reduced. Specifically, the magnetostriction can be reduced to 3 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, and 1 ppm or less.
  • the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 550-600°C, the coercive force is likely to increase,
  • a field heat treatment which can reduce the coercive force, is applied in the secondary heat treatment, and therefore, the magnetostriction and the coercive force can both be reduced.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core can have a smaller change in characteristics.
  • the temperature may not be maintained at the highest reachable temperature. Nanocrystallization can be achieved even in the case where the temperature is maintained at the highest temperature for 0 min (no maintenance time).
  • the maintenance time is preferably set in the range of 5 min to 24 h. If the maintenance time is 5 min or more, the entire alloy forming the core can be easily caused to have a uniform temperature, likely leading to uniform magnetic characteristics. Meanwhile, if the maintenance time is longer than 24 h, not only the productivity is likely to decrease, but also the magnetic characteristics are likely to decrease due to the excessive growth of crystal grains or the generation of crystal grains having non-uniform morphologies.
  • the heat treatment temperature is increased from a temperature that is lower than the crystallization onset temperature to a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature.
  • the temperature increase rate is as gradual as 0.2-1.2°C/min at the crystallization onset temperature, the generation of a coarse crystal grain size due to self-heat generation occurring during nanocrystallization can be reduced, resulting in stable nanocrystallization.
  • the magnetostriction can be reduced, and therefore, even in the case where the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core is impregnated with a resin, the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core can have a smaller change in characteristics.
  • the temperature may be increased to a temperature that is 20°C lower than the crystallization onset temperature relatively quickly, e.g. at a temperature increase rate of 3-5°C/min.
  • the temperature is preferably decreased from the highest reachable temperature to the maintenance temperature of the secondary heat treatment at a cooling rate of 1-5°C/min. Note that, after the secondary heat treatment, the magnetic core can typically be removed into the atmosphere when the temperature becomes 100°C or less.
  • the temperature increase rate at the crystallization onset temperature refers to an average temperature increase rate at which the temperature is increased from a temperature that is 5°C lower than the crystallization onset temperature to a temperature that is 5°C higher than the crystallization onset temperature, i.e. an average temperature increase rate at which the temperature is increased in the primary heat treatment step.
  • the temperature maintained in the absence of an applied magnetic field is higher than or equal to 200°C and lower than the crystallization onset temperature, and is preferably 200-500°C.
  • the magnetic permeability decreases. Therefore, by changing the maintenance temperature of the secondary heat treatment, the magnetic permeability can be controlled. Note that if the temperature is lower than 200°C, the effect of changing the magnetic permeability is not likely to be sufficient. Meanwhile, if the temperature is higher than 500°C, the crystal grain growth of the nanocrystal phase is accelerated, so that the coercive force is likely to increase. Thus, if a magnetic field is applied in the range of 200-500°C, magnetic characteristics that the coercive force is 1.0 A/m are highly likely to be obtained.
  • a period of time for which the temperature is maintained constant at a temperature that is higher than or equal to 200°C and lower than the crystallization onset temperature in the absence of an applied magnetic field is preferably 1 min or more.
  • the period of time for which the temperature is maintained constant is also referred to as an "actual maintenance time.”
  • the term “actual maintenance time” refers to a period of time between when the temperature of the magnetic core reaches the set maintenance temperature and when the application of a magnetic field is started. More specifically, the term “actual maintenance time” refers to a period of time between when the temperature of the magnetic core reaches a temperature range of ⁇ 5°C with respect to the set temperature of the magnetic core at which the application of a magnetic field is started, and when the application of a magnetic field is started.
  • FIG. 2 shows a temperature profile of a heat treatment in which plotted temperatures form a set temperature profile controlled by the temperature control means.
  • a controlled temperature profile may be different from the actual temperature of the magnetic core.
  • the cooling rate of the magnetic core is likely to be slower than a cooling rate set in the heat treatment furnace.
  • the present inventors have paid attention to the actual temperature of the magnetic core.
  • the present inventors found that, in addition to the temperature maintenance under the control of the temperature control means, the "period of time between when the magnetic core reaches a predetermined temperature (the range of ⁇ 5°C with respect to the temperature of the magnetic core set by the temperature control means at which the application of a magnetic field is started) and when the application of a magnetic field is started" should be managed as a target value.
  • a predetermined temperature the range of ⁇ 5°C with respect to the temperature of the magnetic core set by the temperature control means at which the application of a magnetic field is started
  • the application of a magnetic field is started should be managed as a target value.
  • the coercive force Hc can be sufficiently reduced.
  • the actual maintenance time is preferably 5 min or more, more preferably 10 min or more.
  • the upper limit of the actual maintenance time is not particularly limited, if the actual maintenance time is 10 h or less, the time it takes to perform the heat treatment can be reduced, and therefore, an increase in mass-production cost can be reduced.
  • a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core having a further reduced coercive force may be desired.
  • the temperature is preferably maintained constant at a temperature that is higher than or equal to 200°C and lower than the crystallization onset temperature in the absence of an applied magnetic field.
  • the temperature of the magnetic core is preferably maintained constant at the maintenance temperature in the presence of a magnetic field applied in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic path.
  • the secondary temperature decreasing step is preferably performed. It is considered that as the period of time for which a magnetic field is applied increases, the slope of the B-H curve decreases, and therefore, the coercive force decreases.
  • the coercive force is preferably reduced as follows.
  • the temperature of the magnetic core reaches the range of ⁇ 5°C with respect to the temperature at which the decrease of the temperature is started, the temperature is maintained in that temperature range for 1 min or more, and thereafter, a magnetic field is applied in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic path while the temperature is maintained within that temperature range.
  • the temperature is preferably maintained for 5 min or more, more preferably 10 min or more.
  • the temperature is preferably maintained constant at a temperature that is higher than or equal to 200°C and lower than the crystallization onset temperature in the absence of an applied magnetic field. Thereafter, the temperature is preferably decreased in the presence of a magnetic field applied in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic path from the start of the temperature decrease.
  • the cooling rate of the magnetic core is more likely to be slower than the cooling rate set in the heat treatment furnace.
  • a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core having a volume of 3000 mm 3 or more the effect of reducing the coercive force can be easily achieved in the production method of the present disclosure, compared to when a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core having a volume of less than 3000 mm 3 is used. If the volume is 5000 mm 3 or more, the effect of reducing the coercive force is more likely to be achieved.
  • the volume refers to an effective volume obtained by multiplying a volume calculated from the outer shape of a magnetic core by the space factor, or by multiplying the effective magnetic path length by the effective cross-sectional area.
  • the applied magnetic field in the cooling step of the secondary heat treatment preferably has a magnetic field strength of 60 kA/m or more. Because the squareness ratio Br/Bm can be reduced, the coercive force Hc can be further reduced. Specifically, the coercive force Hc can be reduced to 1.0 A/m or less. In addition, induced magnetic anisotropy is easily imparted under actual operating conditions.
  • the magnetic field strength is more preferably in the range of 100 kA/m or more.
  • the upper limit of the magnetic field strength is not particularly limited. Even in the case where the magnetic field strength exceeds 400 kA/m, the induced magnetic anisotropy is not further imparted. Therefore, the magnetic field strength is preferably 400 kA/m or less.
  • the period of time for which a magnetic field is applied which is not particularly limited in the case of the above temperature range, may be practically about 1-180 min.
  • the magnetic field preferably continues to be applied when the temperature is between the maintenance temperature and 200°C.
  • the B-H curve has a smaller slope and higher linearity, i.e. soft magnetic characteristics can be obtained.
  • the lower limit of the temperature at which a magnetic field continues to be applied is up to 150°C.
  • the direction of the applied magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic path.
  • a magnetic field is applied in the height direction of the magnetic core.
  • the applied magnetic field may be any of a direct-current magnetic field, an alternating-current magnetic field, and a pulse magnetic field.
  • the magnetic core is suitable for a common-mode choke coil and a current transformer.
  • the saturation flux density Bm is defined as a magnetic flux density B(80) in a magnetic field H of 80 A/m.
  • the primary and secondary heat treatments are preferably performed in a non-reactive atmosphere.
  • a sufficient magnetic permeability is obtained.
  • Nitrogen gas can be handled as a substantially non-reactive gas.
  • the non-reactive gas may be an inert gas.
  • the heat treatments may be performed in a vacuum.
  • the primary heat treatment is preferably performed in an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 10 ppm or less. The coercive force can be further reduced.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core according to the first embodiment of the present disclosure includes a wound or layered nanocrystalline alloy ribbon, has a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 70,000 or more, a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 50% or less, and a coercive force of 1.0 A/m or less, as measured at room temperature in the presence of an applied alternating-current magnetic field having a frequency f of 1 kHz and an amplitude H of 0.05 amperes/meter (A/m).
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core preferably has a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 30% or less.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core can have a temperature-dependent-change ratio of the magnetic permeabilities ⁇ (1 kHz) at 25°C and 100°C of 15% or less.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core according to the first embodiment of the present disclosure also has superior impedance characteristics, i.e. an impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of 48,000 or more at 100 kHz.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core according to the first embodiment of the present disclosure can also have a higher impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz over a wide frequency range, i.e. an impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of 90,000 or more at 10 kHz and 8,500 at 1 MHz.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core according to the first embodiment of the present disclosure can also have an even higher impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz over a wide frequency region, i.e. 100,000 or more at 10 kHz and 10,000 at 1 MHz.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core according to the first embodiment of the present disclosure can also have a still even higher impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz over a wide frequency region, i.e. 105,000 or more at 10 kHz, 50,000 or more at 100 kHz, and 10,500 at 1 MHz.
  • the reason why the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of the present disclosure has a high impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz may be that if the coercive force is small, the magnetic domain wall displacement component in a magnetization process is small, and therefore, a local extraordinary eddy current loss due to the magnetic domain wall displacement can be reduced, and as a result, an increase in core loss can be reduced, so that high-frequency characteristics can be improved.
  • the magnetic core having a high impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz is useful as a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core for a common-mode choke coil. It is desirable that a common-mode choke should be used in a frequency band ranging from a low frequency to a high frequency, particularly from a 10-kHz band to a 1-MHz band.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz is frequently used as an index for characteristics of a common-mode choke.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz is described in, for example, JIS Standard C2531 (as revised in 1999).
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz can be assumed to be equal to the absolute value of a complex relative magnetic permeability ( ⁇ ' - i ⁇ ") as represented by expression (1) (see, for example, " A Guide to Selection of Magnetic Materials", issued on November 10, 1989, edited by Keizo OTA ).
  • ⁇ rz ⁇ ′ 2 + ⁇ " 2 1 / 2
  • the real part ⁇ ' of the complex relative magnetic permeability represents a magnetic flux density component that does not have a phase delay with respect to a magnetic field.
  • the real part ⁇ ' corresponds to the magnitude of the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz in a low frequency region.
  • the imaginary part ⁇ " represents a magnetic flux density component that includes a phase delay with respect to a magnetic field, and corresponding to a loss in magnetic energy. If the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz has a high value over a wide frequency band, the capability of absorbing and removing common-mode noise is excellent.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of the present disclosure may be impregnated with a resin.
  • Nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores become fragile or brittle in a heat treatment for nanocrystallization, and therefore, may be impregnated with a resin in order to increase the mechanical characteristics.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy thin band is distorted by impregnation with a resin, so that the impedance of the wound magnetic core is altered and does not meet the customer's requirements, which poses a problem in designing characteristics.
  • impedance characteristics tend to be important to common-mode choke coils.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of the present disclosure is impregnated with a resin, a change in impedance characteristics thereof can be significantly reduced. Likewise, a change in B-H curve thereof can be significantly reduced.
  • a resin suitable for the impregnation include epoxy resins and acrylic resins.
  • the amount of a resin solvent used in the impregnation with a resin is typically about 5-40 wt% with respect to the weight of the resin.
  • a conducting wire may be wound around or passed through the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core according to the first embodiment of the present disclosure to provide a magnetic core unit for a common-mode choke coil, a current transformer, etc.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core according to the first embodiment of the present disclosure is particularly useful for common-mode choke coils.
  • An nanocrystallizable amorphous alloy is, for example, an alloy having a composition represented by a general formula: (Fe 1-a M a ) 100-x-y-z- ⁇ - ⁇ - ⁇ Cu x Si y B z M' ⁇ M" ⁇ X ⁇ (atom%) (where M represents Co and/or Ni, M' represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Mo, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Cr, Mn, and W, M" represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, platinum-group elements, Sc, rare-earth elements, Zn, Sn, and Re, X represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of C, Ge, P, Ga, Sb, In, Be, and As, and a, x, y, z, ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ satisfy 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.5, 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 30, 0 ⁇ z
  • a, x, y, z, ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ satisfy the following ranges: 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.1, 0.7 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.3, 12 ⁇ y ⁇ 17, 5 ⁇ z ⁇ 10, 1.5 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 5, 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1, and 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1, respectively.
  • the alloy having such a composition may be melted at the melting point thereof or higher, and the molten alloy may be rapidly cooled and solidified by a single-roller method, to obtain an elongated amorphous alloy ribbon (thin band) .
  • the amorphous alloy ribbon may be subjected to the above primary heat treatment to obtain a nanocrystalline ribbon. At least 50%, preferably 80% or more, of the volume of the nanocrystallized alloy is occupied by microcrystal grains having an average grain size of 100 nm or less, where the grain size of each grain is defined as a greatest dimension thereof that is measured. The portion of the alloy other than the microcrystal grains is mostly amorphous. The proportion of the microcrystal grains may be substantially 100 vol%.
  • the amorphous alloy ribbon used for the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core production method of the present disclosure preferably has a thickness of 7-30 ⁇ m. If the thickness is less than 7 ⁇ m, the ribbon has insufficient mechanical strength and is highly likely to be broken during handling. If the thickness is more than 30 ⁇ m, the ribbon is less likely to have a stable amorphous state. In the case where the amorphous alloy ribbon is used as a core in a high-frequency application after nanocrystallization, an eddy current occurs in the ribbon. A loss due to the eddy current increases with an increase in the thickness of the ribbon.
  • the amorphous alloy ribbon more preferably has a thickness of 7-15 ⁇ m. If the thickness is 15 ⁇ m or less, the occurrence of an eddy current in a high-frequency application can be reduced, resulting in an improvement in the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of the present disclosure can have a coercive force of 0.65 A/m or less.
  • the amorphous alloy ribbon obtained by roller cooling preferably has a width of 10 mm or more for a practical core shape.
  • the alloy ribbon preferably has a width of 250 mm or less for stable production.
  • the alloy ribbon more preferably has a width of 70 mm or less for more stable production.
  • a ribbon-shaped amorphous alloy that is a soft magnetic material layer is formed of a molten alloy having the above composition using a known liquid quenching method (ultra-rapid quenching method), such as a single-roller method or a double-roller method.
  • the peripheral speed of the cooling roller may be set to, for example, about 15-50 m/sec.
  • the cooling roller may be formed of pure copper, or a copper alloy, such as Cu-Be, Cu-Cr, Cu-Zr, or Cu-Zr-Cr, which have good thermal conductivity. In the case of mass production, the cooling roller may be watercooled.
  • the amorphous alloy ribbon thus obtained is slit into ribbons having a desired width, which are used.
  • the amorphous alloy ribbon is wound or layered to produce a ring-shaped structure.
  • a ring-shaped structure core material
  • a plurality of amorphous alloy layers are stacked on top of each other.
  • a small interstice or another substance may be present between each amorphous alloy layer.
  • the space factor of the amorphous alloy layers with respect to the core material is, for example, about 70-90%.
  • magnetic permeability means the same as the term “relative magnetic permeability.”
  • the magnetic permeability as measured at room temperature in the presence of an applied alternating-current magnetic field having a frequency f of 1 kHz and an amplitude H of 0.05 amperes/meter (A/m) is denoted by ⁇ (1 kHz).
  • the impedance magnetic permeability is denoted by ⁇ rz. Note that the impedance magnetic permeability was measured using an impedance/gain-phase analyzer (model no. 4194A), manufactured by Keysight Technologies. An insulating-sheath conducting wire was passed through a center portion of the wound magnetic core, and was connected to input and output terminals, to measure the impedance magnetic permeability.
  • a core material formed by winding the amorphous alloy ribbon is used.
  • the present disclosure is not limited to such examples.
  • the Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon was slit (cut) into a width of 6 mm. Thereafter, the ribbon was wound into an outer diameter of 21.0 mm and an inner diameter of 11.8 mm to produce a wound magnetic core (height: 6 mm).
  • the magnetic core had a volume of 1421 mm 3 .
  • This alloy had a crystallization onset temperature of 500°C as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
  • the core thus produced was subjected to the primary and secondary heat treatments according to the temperature and applied magnetic field profile of FIG. 2 .
  • the temperature shown in FIG. 2 is the temperature of an atmosphere in a heat treatment furnace that was controlled using a temperature controller (KP1000C, manufactured by Chino Corporation).
  • the temperature that was controlled was the temperature of a peripheral portion in the furnace.
  • the temperature was increased from room temperature to 450°C in 90 min (temperature increase rate: 4.8°C/min), and was maintained at 30 min, and thereafter, was increased to 580°C in 240 min (temperature increase rate: 0.5°C/min). Thereafter, the temperature was maintained at 580°C for 60 min, and thereafter, was decreased to 400°C in 130 min (temperature decrease rate: 1.4°C/min).
  • the secondary heat treatment was performed.
  • the heat treatment furnace was set such that the temperature was maintained at 400°C for 90 min.
  • the "actual maintenance time" as defined herein (in this example, a period of time between when the temperature reaches 405°C and when the application of a magnetic field is started (the decrease of the temperature is started)) was 60 min.
  • the primary heat treatment and the second treatment so far were performed in the absence of an applied magnetic field.
  • the temperature was decreased to 150°C in 150 min in the presence of an applied magnetic field of 159.5 kA/m.
  • the direction in which the magnetic field was applied was the width direction of the alloy ribbon, i.e. the height direction of the core.
  • the core was cooled in the absence of an applied magnetic field. Note that this field heat treatment was performed in an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 10 ppm or less (2 ppm).
  • This nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core had a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 100,000 and a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 12.7%.
  • the magnetostriction was 1 ppm or less.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the B-H curve of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained in this embodiment.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core had a coercive force of 1 A/m or less (0.64 A/m).
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the B-H curve of a comparative nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core.
  • This nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core was produced according to a temperature and applied magnetic field profile similar to that of FIG. 2 , except that the heat treatment furnace was set such that the temperature maintenance period was not provided in the secondary heat treatment.
  • the comparative nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core was produced in a manner similar to that for the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of Example 1, except that the magnetic core was not maintained constant at a temperature that is higher than or equal to 200°C and lower than equal to the crystallization onset temperature.
  • the B-H curve of the comparative nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core is broader in the horizontal direction, and the coercive force thereof is 2.19 A/m, which is greater than that of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of Example 1.
  • the Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon was slit (cut) into a width of 20 mm. Thereafter, the ribbon was wound into an outer diameter of 22 mm and an inner diameter of 14 mm to produce a wound magnetic core (height: 20 mm).
  • the magnetic core had a volume of 4522 mm 3 .
  • This alloy had a crystallization onset temperature of 500°C as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
  • a plurality of the wound magnetic cores were placed side by side in the axial direction in a heat treatment furnace.
  • a field heat treatment furnace 10 was configured so that wound magnetic cores 6 are placed side by side in a container 3 having a heater 4 .
  • a solenoid coil 5 was provided outside the container 3 .
  • the wound magnetic cores were coaxially arranged with a non-magnetic holder 2 (SUS304) passed through the radially inner holes thereof.
  • the solenoid coil 5 was used to apply a magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic path of the wound magnetic cores (the height direction of the wound magnetic cores).
  • An identical non-magnetic spacer 1 was provided every 10 contiguous wound magnetic cores.
  • a thermocouple was interposed between the fifth and sixth magnetic cores as counted from an end, to measure the temperatures of the magnetic cores on both sides of the thermocouple.
  • a temperature indicated by a thin dashed line is the set temperature of the heat treatment furnace.
  • the temperature was increased to 470°C in 100 min (temperature increase rate: 4.5°C/min), and was maintained at 30 min, and thereafter, was increased to 560°C in 100 min (temperature increase rate: 0.9°C/min). Thereafter, the temperature was maintained at 560°C for 30 min, and thereafter, was decreased to 350°C in 40 min (temperature decrease rate: 4.7°C/min).
  • the secondary heat treatment was performed. Initially, the temperature was maintained at 350°C for 140 min. The primary heat treatment and the second treatment so far were performed in the absence of an applied magnetic field. Thereafter, the temperature was decreased to 100°C in 90 min in the presence of an applied magnetic field of 531 kA/m. The direction in which the magnetic field was applied was the width direction of the alloy ribbon, i.e. the height direction of the core.
  • a temperature indicated by a solid line is the temperature of the magnetic core of Example 2-1.
  • FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of a heat treatment time range of 400-500°C of FIG. 6 . While the temperature at which the decrease of the temperature was started in the presence of an applied magnetic field was 350°C, the temperature had reached 355°C, which is 5°C higher than 350°C, 25 min before the start of the temperature decrease. In other words, the actual maintenance time as defined herein was 25 min.
  • the resultant wound magnetic core had a coercive force of 1.29 A/m, which is relatively small, as indicated by a solid line in FIG. 8 .
  • Example 2-2 Another nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core was produced in a manner similar to that of Example 2-1, except that the magnetic core was placed at a different position in the furnace.
  • the temperature indicated by a dash-dot line is the temperature of the magnetic core of this embodiment (Example 2-2). While the decrease of the temperature was started from 355°C in the presence of an applied magnetic field, the temperature had reached 360°C, which is 5°C higher than 355°C, 7.7 min before the start of the temperature decrease. In other words, the actual maintenance time as defined herein was 7.7 min.
  • this wound magnetic core had a coercive force of 2.19 A/m.
  • Example 2-3 Another nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core was produced in a manner similar to that of Example 2-1, except that the actual maintenance time was elongated.
  • the temperature indicated by a dash-dot-dot line is the temperature of the magnetic core of this embodiment (Example 2-3).
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the temperature of the magnetic core in a heat treatment temperature range of 400-500°C. While the temperature at which the application of an applied magnetic field was started was 350°C, the temperature had reached 355°C, which is 5°C higher than 350°C, 45 min before the start of the magnetic field application. In other words, the actual maintenance time as defined herein was 45 min.
  • the resultant magnetic core had a B-H curve that substantially matches the B-H curve of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of FIG. 8 for which the actual maintenance time was 25 min.
  • the magnetic core of FIG. 10 had a coercive force of 1.17 A/m, which is relatively small. The comparison of the coercive forces of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores whose actual maintenance times were 7.7 min, 25 min, and 45 min, shows that the coercive force decreases with an increase in the actual maintenance time.
  • the coercive force was not smaller than or equal to 1 A/m. Nevertheless, as described above, the coercive force tends to decrease with an increase in the actual maintenance time. Note that the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores whose actual maintenance times were 25 min and 45 min had coercive forces which are not very different, and in addition, almost the same B-H curves, as shown in FIG. 8 . Thus, it will be understood that even when a magnetic field having a strength of less than 60 kA/m is applied, then if the actual maintenance time is 10 min or more, the effect of sufficiently reducing the coercive force is obtained.
  • the Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon was slit (cut) into a width of 8 mm.
  • the ribbon was wound into an outer diameter of 96.5 mm and an inner diameter of 88.5 mm to produce a wound magnetic core (height: 8 mm).
  • the magnetic core had a volume of 9294 mm 3 .
  • This alloy had a crystallization onset temperature of 500°C as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
  • DSC differential scanning calorimetry
  • the temperature was increased from room temperature (25°C) to 450°C in 100 min (temperature increase rate: 4.3°C/min), and was maintained at 30 min, and thereafter, was increased to 580°C in 240 min (temperature increase rate: 0.5°C/min). Thereafter, the temperature was maintained at 580°C for 60 min, and thereafter, was decreased to 420°C in 140 min (temperature decrease rate: 1.1°C/min).
  • the secondary heat treatment was performed.
  • the heat treatment furnace was set such that the temperature was maintained at 420°C for 50 min.
  • the "actual maintenance time" as defined herein (in this example, a period of time for which the temperature decreased from 425°C to 420°C) was 11 min as shown in FIG. 11 .
  • the primary heat treatment and the second treatment so far were performed in the absence of an applied magnetic field.
  • the temperature was decreased to room temperature in 320 min in the presence of an applied magnetic field of 159.5 kA/m.
  • the direction in which the magnetic field was applied was the width direction of the alloy ribbon, i.e. the height direction of the core.
  • the core was cooled in the absence of an applied magnetic field. Note that this field heat treatment was performed in an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 10 ppm or less (2 ppm).
  • nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of this embodiment (Example 3-1) was obtained.
  • the B-H curve had considerably excellent linearity, and the coercive force was small.
  • This nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core had a coercive force of as small as 0.71 A/m.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core also had a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 92,000 and a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 10.7%. The magnetostriction was 3 ppm or less.
  • nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core was produced with an elongated actual maintenance time.
  • the wound magnetic core was subjected to the primary heat treatment in a manner similar to that of Example 3-1.
  • the primary heat treatment was performed using the same settings as those of Example 3-1 until the step of maintaining the temperature at 580°C for 60 min, and thereafter, the temperature was decreased to 420°C in 90 min (temperature decrease rate: 1.8°C/min).
  • the heat treatment furnace was set such that the temperature was maintained at 420°C for 100 min.
  • the "actual maintenance time" as defined herein (in this example, a period of time between when the temperature reached 425°C and when the application of a magnetic field was started (the decrease of the temperature was started)) was 52 min as shown in FIG. 13 .
  • the primary heat treatment and the second treatment so far were performed in the absence of an applied magnetic field.
  • the temperature was decreased to room temperature in 240 min in the presence of an applied magnetic field of 159.5 kA/m.
  • the direction in which the magnetic field was applied was the width direction of the alloy ribbon, i.e. the height direction of the core.
  • the core was cooled in the absence of an applied magnetic field. Note that this field heat treatment was performed in an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 10 ppm or less (2 ppm).
  • nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of this embodiment (Example 3-2) was obtained.
  • the B-H curve had considerably excellent linearity, and the coercive force was small.
  • This nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core had a coercive force of 0.57 A/m, which is considerably small.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core also had a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 104,000 and a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 8.9%. The magnetostriction was 3 ppm or less.
  • the applied magnetic field had a strength of 60 kA/m or more, and therefore, the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core having a coercive force of 1 A/m or less (0.71 A/m), although the actual maintenance time was 11 min.
  • Another nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core was produced by a production method in which, in the secondary heat treatment, the core was maintained at a constant temperature that is higher than or equal to 200°C and lower than the crystallization onset temperature in the absence of an applied magnetic field, and thereafter, the core was maintained at that temperature in the presence of a magnetic field applied in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic path, and thereafter, the temperature was decreased in the presence of a magnetic field applied in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic path.
  • the Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon was slit (cut) into a width of 6.5 mm. Thereafter, the ribbon was wound into an outer diameter of 20 mm and an inner diameter of 10 mm to produce a magnetic core material (height: 6.5 mm).
  • This alloy had a crystallization onset temperature of 500°C as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
  • the core thus produced was subjected to the primary heat treatment according to a temperature and applied magnetic field profile shown in FIG. 14 .
  • the temperature was increased to 450°C in 90 min (temperature increase rate: 5.0°C/min), and was maintained at 30 min, and thereafter, was increased to 580°C in 240 min (temperature increase rate: 0.5°C/min). Thereafter, the temperature was maintained at 580°C for 60 min, and thereafter, was decreased to 350°C in 130 min (temperature decrease rate: 2.5°C/min).
  • the magnetic core was subjected to the secondary heat treatment. Initially, the temperature was maintained at 350°C for 60 min. The primary heat treatment and the second treatment so far were performed in the absence of an applied magnetic field.
  • the temperature was maintained at 350°C in the presence of an applied magnetic field of 159.5 kA/m.
  • the period of time for which the temperature was maintained (hereinafter referred to as an "in-field maintenance time") was 0 min, 20 min, and 40 min.
  • the direction in which the magnetic field was applied was the width direction of the alloy ribbon, i.e. the height direction of the magnetic core. Note that this field heat treatment was performed in an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 10 ppm or less (2 ppm). Note that the temperature and applied magnetic field profile of FIG. 14 corresponds to one whose in-field maintenance time is 0 min.
  • the temperature was decreased from 350°C to room temperature at a temperature decrease rate of 1.7°C/min in the presence of an applied magnetic field of 159.5 kA/m.
  • the direction in which the magnetic field was applied was the width direction of the alloy ribbon, i.e. the height direction of the magnetic core. Note that this field heat treatment was performed in an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 10 ppm or less (2 ppm). As a result, the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of this embodiment was obtained.
  • the B-H curve had considerably excellent linearity, and the coercive force was small.
  • the coercive force of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core was 0.92 A/m, 0.87 A/m, and 0.80A/m, respectively, which are considerably small.
  • Table 2 shows the measured values of the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at frequencies of 1 kHz to 10 MHz.
  • FIG. 16 shows results of actual measurements corresponding to Table 2.
  • the coercive force Hc tends to decrease with an increase in the in-field maintenance time. Although the in-field maintenance time was 0 min, the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core had a coercive force Hc of 1 A/m or less (0.92 A/m), which is sufficiently small.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability prz tends to decrease with an increase in the in-field maintenance time.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz is equal to the absolute value of the complex relative magnetic permeability ( ⁇ ' - 1 ⁇ ").
  • FIG. 17 shows the result of a measurement of the real part ⁇ ' of the complex relative magnetic permeability of each of the obtained nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores.
  • FIG. 18 shows the result of a measurement of the imaginary part ⁇ " of the complex relative magnetic permeability.
  • FIGS. 19-21 show the results of investigation of an influence on magnetic characteristics of a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of this embodiment in the case where the core is impregnated with a resin.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained in Example 1 was impregnated with a resin.
  • the resin was an epoxy resin.
  • the resin was diluted with an organic solvent.
  • the magnetic core was immersed in the diluted resin and thereby impregnated with the resin.
  • FIG. 19 shows the overlaid B-H curves of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of this embodiment before and after impregnation with a resin.
  • the B-H curves match substantially throughout their entire loops, i.e. the B-H curve did not change, irrespective of impregnation with a resin.
  • Table 3 shows the measured values of the residual magnetic flux density Br, the coercive force Hc, and the squareness ratio. The change ratios of the residual magnetic flux densities Br, the coercive forces Hc, and the squareness ratios before and after impregnation with a resin was about 3%, i.e. there were substantially no changes.
  • FIGS. 20 and 21 show the overlaid measurement results of the magnetic permeability-vs-frequency characteristics (the real part ⁇ ' of the complex relative magnetic permeability and the imaginary part ⁇ " of the complex relative magnetic permeability) before and after impregnation with a resin.
  • Table 4 shows the measurement results of the real part ⁇ ' and imaginary part ⁇ " of the complex relative magnetic permeability at 10 kHz, 100 kHz, 1 MHz, and 10 MHz of FIGS. 20 and 21 .
  • the impedance magnetic permeability change ratio of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of this embodiment is small irrespective of impregnation with a resin.
  • a second embodiment of the present disclosure will be described, which is not part of the claimed invention.
  • This embodiment relates to a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core having a high magnetic permeability and impedance relative magnetic permeability at 1 MHz or less, a magnetic core unit, and a production method for the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core.
  • a production method for providing a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core having a high impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz can be established.
  • a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core having a high impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz can be provided.
  • This nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core can be used as a magnetic core for a common-mode coil that has an excellent capability of absorbing and removing common-mode noise.
  • the present inventors preliminarily studied various field heat treatment methods. As a result, the present inventors saw the prospect of obtaining a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core having a high impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz using field heat treatment patterns of (1)-(3) described below.
  • a subsequent field heat treatment refers to a heat treatment having the following field heat treatment pattern.
  • An amorphous magnetic core material including an amorphous alloy ribbon capable of undergoing nanccrystallization is subjected to a primary heat treatment in which the magnetic core material is heated, in the absence of an applied magnetic field, from a temperature that is lower than the crystallization onset temperature to a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature, for nanocrystallization. Thereafter, the magnetic core material is subjected to a secondary heat treatment in which the magnetic core material is heated at a temperature that is lower than the crystallization onset temperature in the presence of a magnetic field applied in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic path.
  • a temperature-increase field heat treatment 1 refers to a heat treatment having the following field heat treatment pattern.
  • An amorphous magnetic core material including an amorphous alloy ribbon capable of undergoing nanocrystallization is subjected to a primary heat treatment in which the magnetic core material is heated from a temperature that is lower than the crystallization onset temperature to a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature for nanocrystallization.
  • the magnetic core material is subjected to a field heat treatment in which a magnetic field is applied to the magnetic core material in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic path during a temperature increase period corresponding to at least a portion of the temperature range from a temperature that is 50°C lower than the crystallization onset temperature to a temperature that is 20°C higher than the crystallization onset temperature, and the temperature range that does not exceed a temperature that is 50°C higher than the crystallization onset temperature, where the temperature is measured by differential scanning calorimetry.
  • a temperature-increase field heat treatment 2 refers to a heat treatment having a field heat treatment pattern.
  • An amorphous magnetic core material including an amorphous alloy ribbon capable of undergoing nanocrystallization is subjected to a primary heat treatment in which the magnetic core material is heated from a temperature that is lower than the crystallization onset temperature to a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature for nanocrystallization.
  • the magnetic core material is subjected to a field heat treatment in which a magnetic field is applied to the magnetic core material in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic path during a limited temperature increase period corresponding to the temperature range from a temperature that is 25°C higher than the crystallization onset temperature to a temperature that is 60°C higher than the crystallization onset temperature, for 10-60 min.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz varies depending on the thickness of an amorphous alloy ribbon that is used, and therefore, a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core was produced according to each of the field heat treatment patterns of (1)-(3), using a ribbon having the same thickness (thickness: 18 ⁇ m), and the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores were evaluated at frequencies of 1 kHz to 10 MHz.
  • the evaluation result of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained according to the field heat treatment pattern of (3) will be described.
  • This nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core is similar to that described in Patent Document No. 3, except that the ribbon had a thickness of 18 ⁇ m instead of 13 ⁇ m. Because of the greater thickness of the ribbon, the value of the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz was smaller than that described in Patent Document No. 3. Specifically, the impedance relative magnetic permeability prz was less than 48,000 at a frequency of 100 kHz.
  • the evaluation results of nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores obtained according to the field heat treatment patterns of (1) and (2) will be described.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained by the temperature-increase field heat treatment 1 of (2) had a smaller impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz than that of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained by the subsequent field heat treatment of (1).
  • nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores obtained according to the field heat treatment patterns of (1)-(3) one that was obtained by the subsequent field heat treatment of (1) had the greatest impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at frequencies of 1 kHz to 10 MHz.
  • the present inventors have further extensively studied the temperature profile in order to find a technical means for improving the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz in the case where the subsequent field heat treatment is used. As a result, the present inventors found the following four technical means.
  • the features of (a) to (d) can be combined. If two or more of the features of (a) to (d) are combined, or two or more of the features of (a) to (d) and the feature of the first embodiment are combined, the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz can be further improved.
  • a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core production method and nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core according to the second embodiment of the present disclosure will now be described in detail.
  • a Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon can be used as one that is capable of undergoing nanocrystallization.
  • the Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon may, for example, be an alloy having a composition represented by a general formula: (Fe 1-a M a ) 100-x-y-z- ⁇ - ⁇ - ⁇ Cu x Si y B z M' ⁇ M" ⁇ X ⁇ (atom%) (where M represents Co and/or Ni, M' represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Mo, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Cr, Mn, and W, M" represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, platinum-group elements, Sc, rare-earth elements, Zn, Sn, and Re, X represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of C, Ge, P, Ga, Sb, In, Be, and As, and a, x, y, z, ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ satisfy 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.5, 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 30, 0 ⁇ z
  • a, x, y, z, ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ satisfy the following ranges: 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.1, 0.7 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.3, 12 ⁇ y ⁇ 17, 5 ⁇ z ⁇ 10, 1.5 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 5, 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1, and 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1, respectively.
  • the alloy having such a composition may be melted at the melting point thereof or higher, and the molten alloy may be rapidly cooled and solidified by a single-roller method, to obtain an elongated amorphous alloy ribbon.
  • the amorphous alloy ribbon is subjected to a heat treatment in which the ribbon is heated from a temperature that is lower than the crystallization onset temperature to a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature, in the absence of an applied magnetic field, so that the amorphous alloy is nanocrystallized.
  • At least 50%, preferably 80% or more, of the volume of the nanocrystallized alloy is occupied by microcrystal grains having an average grain size of 100 nm or less, where the grain size of each grain is defined as a greatest dimension thereof that is measured.
  • the portion of the alloy other than the microcrystal grains is mostly amorphous.
  • the proportion of the microcrystal grains may be substantially 100 vol%.
  • the thickness of the amorphous alloy ribbon is preferably 15 pm or less. If the thickness is 15 ⁇ m or less, the occurrence of an eddy current in a high-frequency application can be reduced, resulting in an improvement in the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz.
  • the thickness is more preferably 13 ⁇ m or less.
  • the lower limit of the thickness is not particularly limited. In the case where the amorphous alloy ribbon is produced using a single-roller method, then if the thickness is 7 ⁇ m or more, it is easy to perform continuous casting, which is preferable for production.
  • a ribbon-shaped amorphous alloy is formed of a molten alloy having the above composition using a known liquid quenching method (ultra-rapid quenching method), such as a single-roller method or a double-roller method.
  • the peripheral speed of the cooling roller may be set to, for example, about 15-50 m/sec.
  • the cooling roller may be formed of pure copper, or a copper alloy, such as Cu-Be, Cu-Cr, Cu-Zr, or Cu-Zr-Cr, which have good thermal conductivity. In the case of mass production, the cooling roller may be water-cooled.
  • the formation of amorphous tissue of an alloy may vary depending on the rate of cooling.
  • the thickness t of the amorphous alloy ribbon is calculated by a weight conversion method.
  • the weight M of a sample elongated amorphous alloy ribbon of 2 m (longitudinal direction) ⁇ 50 mm (width direction) is measured, and the density d [kg/m 3 ] is measured by dry density measurement using a gas displacement method (e.g., measurement using AccuPyc II 1340 series, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).
  • a gas displacement method e.g., measurement using AccuPyc II 1340 series, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation.
  • the amorphous alloy ribbon may be wound or layered to provide an amorphous magnetic core material.
  • a small interstice or another substance may be present between each amorphous alloy layer in the amorphous magnetic core material.
  • the space factor of the amorphous alloy layers with respect to the amorphous core material is, for example, about 70-90%.
  • the alloy ribbon undergoes nanocrystallization, so that a nanocrystalline alloy having a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 70,000 or more and a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 30% or less is obtained.
  • the crystallization onset temperature is defined as the temperature at which an exothermic reaction due to the start of nanocrystallization is detected by differential scanning calorimetry under conditions that the temperature increase rate is 10°C/min.
  • the subsequent field heat treatment has a primary heat treatment for nanocrystallization and a secondary heat treatment for heating in the presence of a magnetic field in order to adjust magnetic characteristics.
  • a temperature described in the second embodiment refers to the set temperature of a furnace.
  • the primary heat treatment includes a step of increasing the temperature from a temperature that is lower than the crystallization onset temperature to a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature.
  • the highest temperature of the primary heat treatment may be set in the range of 510-600°C. If the highest temperature is lower than 510°C or higher than 600°C, large magnetostriction occurs. If large magnetostriction occurs, then when the magnetic core is impregnated with a resin, the magnetic characteristics are likely to be significantly altered, i.e. the desired characteristics are unlikely to be obtained.
  • the temperature does not necessarily need to be maintained at the highest temperature. Even if the temperature is maintained at the highest temperature for 0 min (no maintenance time), nanocrystallization can be achieved.
  • the maintenance time is set in the range of 5 min to 24 h. If the heat treatment time is 5 min or more, the entire alloy included in the magnetic core can be easily caused to have a uniform temperature, and thereby acquire uniform magnetic characteristics. Meanwhile, if the heat treatment time is longer than 24 h, not only productivity decreases, but also the excessive growth or non-uniform morphology of crystal grains is likely to occur, resulting in a decrease in magnetic characteristics.
  • the present inventors found the first technical means capable of improving the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz in the primary heat treatment.
  • the first technical means is such that, in the step of increasing the temperature from a temperature that is lower than the crystallization onset temperature to a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature, the temperature increase rate is as slow as less than 1.0°C/min at the crystallization onset temperature.
  • the "temperature increase rate at the crystallization onset temperature” refers to an average temperature increase rate at which the temperature is increased between a temperature that is 5°C lower than the crystallization onset temperature and a temperature that is 5°C higher than the crystallization onset temperature. The reason for this will now be described.
  • the crystallization reaction is an exothermic reaction. Therefore, the temperature of the magnetic core material may instantaneously increase at or near the crystallization onset temperature. At this time, nanocrystals become coarse non-uniformly in the ribbon, so that uniform magnetic anisotropy is not formed, and therefore, the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of the magnetic core is likely to decrease. If the temperature increase rate at the crystallization onset temperature is as slow as less than 1.0°C/min, the instantaneous temperature increase can be reduced, resulting in an improvement in impedance magnetic permeability. Note that the temperature increase rate may be relatively high, e.g. 1.0°C/min or more, until a temperature that is 20°C lower than the crystallization onset temperature. As an additional effect, nanocrystallization can stably proceed, which can reduce magnetostriction, resulting in a nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core whose characteristics are not significantly altered even when the magnetic core is impregnated with a resin.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability prz can be further improved.
  • the temperature increase rate at the crystallization onset temperature is preferably 0.1°C/min or more, more preferably 0.2°C/min or more, in order to reduce the production process time.
  • the present inventors also found the second technical means capable of improving the impedance relative magnetic permeability prz by setting the highest temperature in the primary heat treatment to higher than 550°C and not higher 585°C. The reason for this will now be described.
  • the crystal grain size of the nanocrystal becomes considerably large, resulting in a sharp increase in the coercive force of the magnetic core material. It is considered that a magnetic core material having a great coercive force contains a large magnetic domain wall displacement component in the magnetization process, and an eddy current (extraordinary eddy current) occurs due to a magnetic domain wall displacement, resulting in a decrease in the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz.
  • the temperature is in this temperature range, the effect of reducing the magnetostriction is achieved.
  • the magnetostriction can be reduced to 3 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less.
  • the lower limit value of the highest temperature is preferably higher than or equal to 555°C.
  • the upper limit value of the highest temperature is preferably lower than or equal to 583°C.
  • the secondary heat treatment is performed in which a magnetic field is applied in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic path at a temperature that is lower than the crystallization onset temperature.
  • the application of a magnetic field may be performed either while the temperature is maintained constant or while the temperature is increased or decreased. It is particularly preferable that a magnetic field be applied while the temperature is decreased. This is because the slope of the hysteresis BH curve decreases, and the sloped portion becomes linear.
  • the direction of the applied magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic path.
  • a magnetic field is applied in the height direction of the magnetic core (the axial direction of the wound magnetic core).
  • the applied magnetic field may be any of a direct-current magnetic field, an alternating-current magnetic field, and a pulse magnetic field.
  • the field heat treatment reduces the residual magnetic flux density Br, although it also reduces the magnetic permeability, so that Br/Bm decreases, and therefore, non-uniform magnetization does not easily occur in the magnetic core. Therefore, the magnetic core is suitable for a common-mode choke coil.
  • the highest temperature at which a magnetic field is applied be in the range of not lower than 200°C and lower than the crystallization onset temperature. This is because the magnetic permeability can be easily changed, and magnetic characteristics required for a common-mode choke coil can be easily obtained. If a magnetic field is applied at a temperature that is higher than or equal to the crystallization onset temperature, the crystal grain growth of the nanocrystal phase is accelerated, and therefore, the coercive force is likely to increase. It is more preferable that the highest temperature at which a magnetic field is applied be lower than or equal to 500°C (and lower than the crystallization onset temperature).
  • the temperature is preferably decreased to 100°C or lower in the presence of an applied magnetic field.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz can be increased.
  • the B-H curve has a smaller slope and higher linearity, i.e. soft magnetic characteristics can be obtained.
  • the applied magnetic field preferably has a magnetic field strength of 50 kA/m or more.
  • the magnetic field strength is more preferably in the range of 60 kA/m or more, even more preferably 150 kA/m or more.
  • the upper limit of the magnetic field strength is not particularly limited, the magnetic field strength is practically 500 kA/m or less according to the relationship between the magnetic field strength and the amount of a current that can be passed through the magnetic field generating coil.
  • the period of time for which a magnetic field is applied is not particularly limited, the period of time is practically about 1-180 min.
  • the primary heat treatment and the secondary heat treatment can be continuously performed. Specifically, after the temperature reaches the highest temperature in the primary heat treatment, the temperature may be decreased to the temperature of the secondary heat treatment, and the secondary heat treatment may be performed at that temperature in the presence of an applied magnetic field.
  • the primary heat treatment and the secondary heat treatment may be separately performed. Specifically, after the primary heat treatment is performed, the temperature may be decreased to a temperature that is lower than or equal to the temperature of the secondary heat treatment, and thereafter, the temperature may be increased to the temperature of the secondary heat treatment and a magnetic field may be applied.
  • the present inventors found the third technical means capable of improving the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz in the secondary heat treatment.
  • the third technical means is such that the highest temperature at which a magnetic field is applied is higher than or equal to 200°C and lower than 400°C. The reason for this will now be described.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability prz is greatest at a frequency that is as low as about 1 kHz, and starts to decrease as the frequency increases, and finally decreases along a Snoek's limit line.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz is along the Snoek's limit line, and does not depend on the highest temperature at which a magnetic field is applied.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at about 1-100 kHz varies depending on the highest temperature at which a magnetic field is applied as described below.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability prz at 100 kHz is sufficiently high.
  • the highest temperature at which a magnetic field is applied is preferably lower than or equal to 370°C.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz can be further improved.
  • the present inventors also found the fourth technical means capable of improving the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz in the secondary heat treatment.
  • the fourth technical means is to apply a magnetic field in the secondary heat treatment while decreasing the temperature at an average rate of 4°C/min or less.
  • the "average rate of 4°C/min or less in the presence of an applied magnetic field in the secondary heat treatment” refers to an average rate between when the application of a magnetic field is started and when the decreased temperature reaches 100°C.
  • the temperature decrease rate at 100°C is preferable 4°C/min or less.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz can be further improved.
  • the "temperature decrease rate at 100°C” refers to an average temperature decrease rate between 105°C and 95°C.
  • the primary and secondary heat treatments are preferably performed in a non-reactive atmosphere.
  • a sufficient magnetic permeability is obtained.
  • Nitrogen gas can be handled as a substantially non-reactive gas.
  • the non-reactive gas may be an inert gas.
  • the heat treatments may be performed in a vacuum.
  • the primary heat treatment is preferably performed in an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 10 ppm or less.
  • the resultant coercive force can be further reduced.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of the present disclosure can have a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 70,000 or more as measured in the presence of an applied alternating-current magnetic field having a frequency f of 1 kHz and an amplitude H of 0.05 amperes/meter (A/m).
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core can have an impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of 48,000 or more at 100 kHz.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core can also have an impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of 90,000 or more at 10 kHz, and 8,500 or more at 1 MHz, i.e. a high impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz over a wide frequency region.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core can also have an impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of 49,000 or more, or 50,000 or more, at 100 kHz.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core can also have an impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of 95,000 or more, or 100,000 or more, at 10 kHz.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core can also have an impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of 8,800 or more, or 9,000 or more, at 1 MHz.
  • a conducting wire may be wound around or passed through the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of the present disclosure to provide a magnetic core unit for a common-mode choke coil.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz, and the real part ⁇ ' and imaginary part ⁇ " of the complex relative magnetic permeability, were measured using HP4194A, manufactured by Agilent Technologies, Inc., under conditions that the oscillation level was 0.5V and the average was 16.
  • An insulating-sheath conducting wire was passed through a center portion of the toroidal magnetic core, and was connected to input and output terminals, to perform measurement.
  • the Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon was slit (cut) into a width of 6.5 mm. Thereafter, the ribbon was wound into an outer diameter of 20 mm and an inner diameter of 10 mm to produce a magnetic core material (height: 6.5 mm).
  • This alloy had a crystallization onset temperature of 500°C as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
  • the core thus produced was subjected to the primary and second heat treatments according to a temperature and applied magnetic field profile shown in FIG. 23 .
  • the temperature was increased to 450°C in 90 min (temperature increase rate: 5.0°C/min), and was maintained at 30 min, and thereafter, was increased to 580°C in 240 min (temperature increase rate: 0.5°C/min). Thereafter, the temperature was maintained at 580°C for 60 min, and thereafter, was decreased to 350°C in 130 min (temperature decrease rate: 2.5°C/min).
  • the magnetic core was subjected to the secondary heat treatment. Initially, the temperature was maintained at 350°C for 60 min. The primary heat treatment and the second treatment so far were performed in the absence of an applied magnetic field. Thereafter, the temperature was decreased from 350°C to room temperature at a temperature decrease rate of 1.7°C/min in the presence of an applied magnetic field of 159.5 kA/m. The direction in which the magnetic field was applied was the width direction of the alloy ribbon, i.e. the height direction of the magnetic core. Note that this field heat treatment was performed in an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 10 ppm or less (2 ppm). As a result, the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of this embodiment was obtained.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core had an impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of 126,524 at 10 kHz, 50,644 at 100 kHz, and 9,938 at 1 MHz.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core also had a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 100,000 and a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 12.7%.
  • the time it takes to increase the temperature from 450°C to 580°C was set to 180 min (temperature increase rate: 0.8°C/min), 120 min (temperature increase rate: 1.1°C/min), 60 min (temperature increase rate: 2.2°C/min), and 30 min (temperature increase rate: 4.4°C/min), in addition to 240 min (temperature increase rate:: 0.5°C/min). Except for that, the magnetic core material was subjected to the subsequent field heat treatment in a manner similar to that of Example 6.
  • FIG. 24 shows a relationship between the temperature increase rate and the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at several frequencies.
  • Table 5 shows the numerical values thereof. As shown in FIG. 24 and Table 5, if the temperature increase rate is low (lower than 1.0°C/min), the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz is high. In the case where the temperature increase rate was 0.8°C/min and 0.5°C/min, the measured values of the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at 100 kHz were 50,000 or more in both cases, and were substantially the same. As the temperature increase rate increases, the production time increases. Therefore, when a high impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at 100 kHz is desired, it is preferable to set the temperature increase rate to around 0.8°C/min (0.4-0.9°C/min) in the production.
  • the temperature increase rate is set to around 0.5°C/min (0.3-0.7°C/min) in the production, because the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz is higher in the case of 0.5°C/min than 0.8°C/min.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core had a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 134,766 and a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 29.6%.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core had a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 137,116 and a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 32.8%.
  • FIG. 25 shows a relationship between frequency and the real part ⁇ ' of the complex relative magnetic permeability of each of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores of Example 7.
  • the real parts ⁇ ' for the temperature increase rates of 0.5°C/min and 0.8°C/min have substantially the same value over the entire frequency region.
  • FIG. 26 shows a relationship between frequency and the imaginary part ⁇ " of the complex relative magnetic permeability of each of the same nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores as those of FIG. 25 .
  • the imaginary parts ⁇ " of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores obtained in the case where the temperature increase rate was less than 1°C/min are smaller at a frequency that is higher than or equal to 2 kHz and lower than 50 kHz, and are greater at a frequency of 50 kHz or more, than those of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores obtained in the case where the temperature increase rate was lower than that rate.
  • the real parts ⁇ ' for the temperature increase rates of 0.5°C/min and 0.8°C/min have substantially the same value over the entire frequency region.
  • This phenomenon is a major factor for the significant increase in the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at 100 kHz in this embodiment, in the case where the temperature increase rate at which the temperature is increased from 450°C to 580°C is less than 1.0°C/min.
  • the nanocrystalline alloys obtained in the case where the temperature increase rate was 0.5°C/min and 0.8°C/min have substantially same frequency characteristics in terms of both the real part ⁇ ' and the imaginary part ⁇ ". This suggests that if the temperature increase rate is less than 1°C/min, a nanocrystalline alloy having a stable impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz can be easily produced.
  • An influence on the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz was investigated by varying the highest temperature in the range of 500-600°C in the temperature and applied magnetic field profile of FIG. 23 .
  • the highest temperature was 500°C, 520°C, 540°C, 560°C, 580°C, 590°C, and 600°C.
  • the magnetic core material was subjected to the subsequent field heat treatment in a manner similar to that of Example 6. Note that the time it took to reach from 450°C to the highest temperature was 4 h.
  • FIG. 27 is a diagram showing a relationship between the highest temperature of the primary heat treatment and the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz as measured at several frequencies. Table 6 shows the numerical values thereof. As shown in FIG. 27 and Table 6, the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained in the case where the highest temperature was 580°C in the primary heat treatment, had an impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of as great as 50,000 or more (50,690) at 100 kHz. The nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained in the case where the highest temperature was 560°C had an impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of 49,000 or more (49,540), which is the next highest.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz is likely to be 49,000. If the highest temperature of the primary heat treatment is in the range of 555-590°C, the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz is likely to be 49,000.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained in the case where the highest temperature was 560°C had a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 143,248 and a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 28.3%.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained in the case where the highest temperature was 580°C had a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 134,766 and a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 29.6%.
  • FIG. 28 shows a relationship between frequency and the real part ⁇ ' of the complex relative magnetic permeability of each of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores of Example 8.
  • FIG. 29 shows a relationship between frequency and the imaginary part ⁇ " of the complex relative magnetic permeability of each of the same nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores as those of FIG. 28 .
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained in the case where the highest temperature in the primary heat treatment was 540°C had a great real part ⁇ ' like those obtained in the case of 560°C and 580°C as shown in FIG. 28 , and had an imaginary part ⁇ " slightly smaller than those obtained in the case of 560°C and 580°C, at 100 kHz, as shown in FIG. 29 .
  • This phenomenon is a major factor for the great impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of this embodiment at 100 kHz in the case where the highest temperature in the primary heat treatment step was higher than 550°C and lower than or equal to 585°C (560°C and 580°C).
  • An influence on the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz was investigated by varying the temperature range in which a magnetic field is applied in the second heat treatment, in the temperature and applied magnetic field profile of FIG. 23 .
  • the highest temperature at which a magnetic field is applied in the secondary heat treatment was 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, and 500°C, and the temperature was decreased to room temperature in the presence of an applied magnetic field.
  • the Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon had a thickness of 10.6 ⁇ m. Except for that, the magnetic core material was subjected to the subsequent field heat treatment in a manner similar to that of Example 6.
  • FIG. 30 shows a relationship between frequency and the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz for several temperature ranges in which a magnetic field is applied.
  • Table 7 shows the numerical values thereof. As shown in FIG. 30 and Table 7, if the temperature range in which a magnetic field is applied in the secondary heat treatment was limited to a low range, a higher impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at 100 kHz was achieved. In the case where the highest temperature was 350°C, the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz was 66,003.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz tends to increase with a decrease in the temperature range in which a magnetic field is applied, and at a frequency of more than 2 MHz, the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz tends to decrease with a decrease in the temperature range in which a magnetic field is applied.
  • FIG. 31 shows a relationship between frequency and the real part ⁇ ' of the complex relative magnetic permeability of each of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores of Example 9.
  • FIG. 32 shows a relationship between frequency and the imaginary part ⁇ " of the complex relative magnetic permeability of each of the same nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores as those of FIG. 31 .
  • the difference in imaginary part ⁇ " becomes more significant at a frequency of 100 kHz or less. This phenomenon is a major factor for the high impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of this embodiment at 100 kHz in the case where the highest temperature at which a magnetic field is applied in the second heat treatment was 350°C.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of Example 6 (the thickness of the thin band was 14 ⁇ m, and the temperature range in which the magnetic field is applied was only 350°C or less) had an impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of 126,524 at 10 kHz, 50,644 at 100 kHz, and 9,938 at 1 MHz.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of this embodiment (the thickness of the thin band was 10.6 ⁇ m, and the temperature range in which a magnetic field is applied was also only 350°C or less) had an impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of 129,625 at 10 kHz, 66,003 at 100 kHz, and 13,488 at 1 MHz.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core of this embodiment which had a ribbon thickness of 10.6 ⁇ m, also had a higher impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at frequencies of 1 kHz and 10 MHz.
  • FIG. 33 shows a relationship between frequency and the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz for several temperature decrease rates.
  • Table 8 shows the numerical values thereof.
  • the temperature decrease rate during the application of a magnetic field was 3.0°C/min, 1.7°C/min, and 1.0°C/min.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at 100 kHz was 50,000 or more (50,770, 50,690, and 52,194).
  • the highest impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at 10 kHz was 134,326, which was obtained in the case where the temperature decrease rate was 3.0°C/min.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz was 11,500 or more (134,326, 124,167, and 125,205). Also, in all the cases, the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at 1 MHz was 10,000 or more (10,041, 10,151, and 10,793).
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained in the case where the temperature decrease rate was 3.0°C/min had a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 147,915 and a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 36.6%.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained in the case where the temperature decrease rate was 1.7°C/min had a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 134,776 and a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 29.6%.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained in the case where the temperature decrease rate was 1.0°C/min had a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 125,205 and a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 20.8%.
  • FIG. 34 shows a relationship between frequency and the real part ⁇ ' of the complex relative magnetic permeability of each of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores of Example 10.
  • FIG. 35 shows a relationship between frequency and the imaginary part ⁇ " of the complex relative magnetic permeability of each of the same nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores as those of FIG. 34 .
  • the peak of the imaginary part ⁇ "-vs-frequency characteristics is shifted toward higher frequencies. Note that the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores obtained in the case where the temperature decrease rate was 3.0-1.0°C/min had substantially the same frequency characteristics in the frequency range of about 80 kHz or more.
  • the imaginary part ⁇ " had a great value at a frequency of 80 kHz or more. This is a major factor for the high impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of this embodiment.
  • An influence on the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz was investigated by varying a lowest temperature in the range of 100-300°C when a magnetic field is applied while the temperature was decreased in the secondary heat treatment, in the temperature and applied magnetic field profile of FIG. 23 .
  • the lowest temperature during the application of a magnetic field was 100°C, 200°C, 250°C, and 300°C.
  • FIG. 36 shows a relationship between frequency and the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz for several lowest temperatures in the secondary heat treatment.
  • Table 9 shows the numerical values thereof.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained in the case where the lowest temperature during the application of a magnetic field was 100°C had an impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz of 50,000 or more (50,690) at 100 kHz.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at 10 kHz was 12,000 or more (124,167).
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at 1 MHz was 10,000 or more (10,151) .
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained in the case where the lowest temperature during the application of a magnetic field was 100°C also had a magnetic permeability ⁇ (1 kHz) of 134,766 and a squareness ratio Br/Bm of 29.6%.
  • Frequency Impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz 100°C 200°C 250°C 300°C 1 kHz 134, 766 140, 198 140, 220 127,649 10 kHz 124, 167 125,544 120, 309 100,140 100 kHz 50,690 44,947 39, 217 30, 016 1 MHz 10,151 8,520 7,400 5,516 10 MHz 1,648 1,323 1, 162 846
  • FIG. 37 shows a relationship between frequency and the real part ⁇ ' of the complex relative magnetic permeability of each of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores of Example 11.
  • the real part ⁇ ' at frequencies of 10 kHz or more tends to increase with a decrease in the lowest temperature during the application of a magnetic field in the secondary heat treatment.
  • FIG. 38 shows a relationship between frequency and the imaginary part ⁇ " of the complex relative magnetic permeability of each of the same nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores as those of FIG. 37 .
  • the imaginary part ⁇ " at a frequency of 10 kHz or more tends to increase with a decrease in the lowest temperature during the application of a magnetic field. This phenomenon is a major factor for the feature that the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at 100 kHz in this embodiment increases with a decrease in the lowest temperature during the application of a magnetic field.
  • FIG. 39 is a diagram showing a relationship between the strength of the applied magnetic field and the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz for several measurement frequencies.
  • Table 10 shows the numerical values thereof.
  • the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz tends to increase with an increase in the strength of the applied magnetic field.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core obtained in the case where a magnetic field of 79.8 kA/m was applied had a 30% or more increase in the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at frequencies of 1 kHz, 10 kHz, 100 kHz, 1 MHz, and 10 MHz compared to the case where the strength of the applied magnetic field was 39.9 kA/m.
  • the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores obtained in the cases where the magnetic fields having a strength of 79.8 kA/m and 319.2 kA/m were applied had a 6% or less increase in the impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at all the frequencies.
  • FIG. 40 shows a relationship between frequency and the real part ⁇ ' of the complex relative magnetic permeability of each of the nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores of Example 12.
  • FIG. 41 shows a relationship between frequency and the imaginary part ⁇ " of the complex relative magnetic permeability of each of the same nanocrystalline alloy magnetic cores as those of FIG. 40 .
  • This phenomenon is a major factor for the great impedance relative magnetic permeability ⁇ rz at 100 kHz of this embodiment obtained in the case where the strength of the applied magnetic field was 50 kA/m or more.
  • nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core, magnetic core unit, and nanocrystalline alloy magnetic core production method of the present disclosure are suitably useful for common-mode choke coils, current transformers, etc.

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