Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/325—Carbamic acids; Thiocarbamic acids; Anhydrides or salts thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
  • A61K31/27—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carbamic or thiocarbamic acids, meprobamate, carbachol, neostigmine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C275/00—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C275/46—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups containing any of the groups, X being a hetero atom, Y being any atom, e.g. acylureas
  • C07C275/58—Y being a hetero atom
  • C07C275/60—Y being an oxygen atom, e.g. allophanic acids

Definitions

• the present disclosure generally relates to a compound having inhibitory activity, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compound, methods of using the compound for treating diseases and processes for preparing the same. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to aminocarbonylcarbamate compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof useful as dopamine reuptake inhibitor and/or a psycho-stimulant.
• Dopamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and in the integration of information in sensory, limbic, and motor systems.
• the primary mechanism for termination of dopamine neurotransmission is through reuptake of released dopamine by Na + /Cl - -dependent plasma membrane transporter ( Hoffman et al., 1998, Front. Neuroendocrinol. 19(3):187-231 ).
• the dopamine transporter can function as a mediator of both inward directed dopamine transport (i.e., "reuptake") and outward directed dopamine transport (i.e., "release”).
• the functional significance of the dopamine transporter is its regulation of dopamine neurotransmission by terminating the action of dopamine in a synapse via reuptake ( Hitri et al., 1994, Clin. Pharmacol. 17:1-22 )
• the outcome of inhibiting dopamine reuptake is an increase in the concentration of dopamine and of 3-methoxytyramine (3MT) in the synaptic space without modifying the concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and of homovanillic acid (HVA).
• DOPAC 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
• HVA homovanillic acid
• the compounds may be used in various indications including a hyperkinetic disorder such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
• ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• dopamine reuptake inhibition can lead to economical use of the synthesized/released dopamine which may result in an improvement in dopaminergic transmissions.
• Hyperkinetic disorders are defined therein as a group of disorders characterized by an early onset, lack of persistence in activities that require cognitive involvement, and a tendency to move from one activity to another without completing any one, together with disorganized, ill-regulated, and excessive activity.
• Hyperkinetic disorders (F90) include the following sub-classes of disorders:
• Phenylethylamine derivatives are a class of therapeutical medicines useful for managing central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
• the purpose of the present disclosure is the provision of a compound useful as dopamine reuptake inhibitor and/or a psycho-stimulant, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compound, and processes for preparing the same.
• the compounds of Formula (I) are useful in inhibiting dopamine reuptake.
• a compound of Formula (I) is selected from a compound of Formula (II) and a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof: wherein X, m, n, R 1 , R 2 , and R 4 are as defined above.
• a compound of Formula (I) is selected from a compound of Formula (III) and a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof: wherein X, m, n, R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are as defined above.
• composition comprising one or more compounds described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a compound represented by Formula (I), (II) or (III) for use in a method of treating dopamine reuptake-related diseases in a mammal in need thereof by administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compound.
• the dopamine reuptake-related disease is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
• Embraced herein, where applicable, are permissible isomers such as tautomers, racemates, enantiomers, diastereomers, atropisomers, and isotopic variants.
• the compounds of Formula (I) are enantiomers.
• X is halo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy or nitro;
• R 1 and R 2 are independently H- or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
• R 3 is H-, C 1 -C 4 alkyl or C 6 -C 10 aryl-C 1 -C 4 alkyl; and
• R 4 is H- or C 6 -C 10 aryl.
• X is one or more substituents attached to the phenyl group of Formula (I) where m is a number of X substitutions.
• the phenyl group has up to 4 substituents selected from X.
• X is independently selected from halo, methyl, tert -butyl, ethoxy and nitro.
• R 1 and R 2 are independently H-, methyl or isopropyl.
• R 3 is methyl, ethyl or benzyl. In a particular embodiment, R 3 is methyl.
• R 4 is H- or phenyl. In a particular embodiment, R 4 is H-.
• compounds of Formula (I) include, but not limited to, the following compounds. 2-(isopropylamino)-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate; 2-(dimethylamino)-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate; 2-amino-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)methylcarbamate; 2-(methylamino)-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate; 2-(dimethylamino)-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)methylcarbamate; 2-amino-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)benzylcarbamate; 2-amino-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)ethylcarbamate; 2-amino-3-(2-chlorophenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl)methylcarbamate; 2-amino-3-(2-chlor
• a compound of Formula (I) is a stereoisomer.
• the stereoisomer is substantially enantiopure, for example consisting essentially of the R enantiomer of the compound.
• enantiomeric compounds include, but are not limited to, the following compounds:
• a compound of Formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein X, m, n, R 1 , R 2 , and R 4 are as defined above and at least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 4 is not H-.
• X is halo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy or nitro; R 1 and R 2 are independently H- or C 1 -C 4 alkyl; and R 4 is H- or C 6 -C 10 aryl.
• X is independently halo, methyl, tert-butyl, ethoxy or nitro. In a particular embodiment, X is chloro, fluoro, methyl, tert -butyl, ethoxy or nitro.
• R 1 and R 2 are independently H-, methyl or isopropyl.
• R 1 is methyl and R 2 is H-;
• R 1 is methyl and R 2 is methyl; or
• R 1 is isopropyl and R 2 is H-.
• R 4 is H- or phenyl.
• Examples of Formula (II) includes, but are not limited to, the following compounds:
• a compound of Formula (II) is an enantiomer.
• the stereoisomer is substantially enantiopure, for example consisting essentially of the R enantiomer of the compound. Examples of enantiomers include, but are not limited to, the following compounds:
• a compound of Formula (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein X, m, n, R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are as defined above at least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is not H-.
• X is halo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy or nitro;
• R 1 and R 2 are independently H- or C 1 -C 4 alkyl; and
• R 3 is H-, C 1 -C 4 alkyl or C 6 -C 10 aryl-C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
• X is independently halo, methyl, tert -butyl, ethoxy or nitro. In a particular embodiment, X is chloro, fluoro, methyl, tert -butyl, ethoxy or nitro.
• R 1 and R 2 are independently H-, methyl or isopropyl.
• R 3 is H-, C 1 -C 4 alkyl or C 6 -C 10 aryl-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, particularly methyl, ethyl or benzyl. In a particular embodiment, R 3 is methyl.
• Examples of Formula (III) includes, but are not limited to, the following compounds:
• a compound of Formula (III) is an enantiomer.
• the stereoisomer is substantially enantiopure, for example consisting essentially of the R enantiomer of the compound. Examples of enantiomers include, but are not limited to, the following compounds:
• 2-amino-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is provided.
• the compound is an enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate, such as, (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate.
• the compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared by the synthetic method of Scheme I or II, as described below.
• stereochemistry of the final products (I) depend solely on that of the starting material (II); a starting material (II) with an S-enantiomer yields only a product with S-enantiomer (I) and a starting material (II) with an R-enantiomer yields only a product with R-enantiomer (I).
• the concentration of the starting material (II) is between about 0.05 to 0.1 mole with sodium cyanate from about 6 equivalents and methanesulfonic acid from about 7 equivalents. This reaction is preferably carried out in dichloromethane at a temperature of 0°C to room temperature.
• HX represents an acid capable of forming a pharmacologically useful salt with the basic nitrogen atom.
• anhydrous acid used for the preparation of the compound (IV) from the compound (III) include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, salicylic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, aspartic acid, benzene sulfonic acid, methane sulfonic acid, ethane sulfonic acid, hydroxymethane sulfonic acid and hydroxyethane sulfonic acid and the like.
• Additional acids can refer to " Pharmaceutical Salts", J. Pharm. Sci., 1977; 66(1): 1-19 .
• This preparation is executed in a reaction media which can be exemplified by an ethereal solvent such as THF, an alcoholic solvent such as methanol, an ester solvent such as ethyl acetate, and aromatic solvent, and any compositional mixture thereof.
• An ethereal solvent is recommended as an addition solution, including ethyl ether, propyl ether, isopropyl ether, butyl ether, isobutyl ether.
• the concentration of the starting material (II) is between about 0.05 to 0.1 mole with sodium cyanate from about 4 equivalents and methanesulfonic acid from about 5 equivalents. This reaction is preferably carried out in dichloromethane at a temperature of 0°C to room temperature.
• HX represents an acid capable of forming a pharmacologically useful salt with the basic nitrogen atom.
• the concentration of the starting material (II) is between about 0.05 to 0.1 moles with isocyanate, R 4 NCO from about 6 equivalents and methanesulfonic acid from about 3 equivalents.
• This reaction is preferably carried out in dichloromethane at a temperature of 0°C to room temperature.
• HX represents an acid capable of forming a pharmacologically useful salt with the basic nitrogen atom.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising, in addition to one or more compounds described herein, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the carrier comprises a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, other additive, or a combination of additive that separately or together provide a carrier in which the compositions can be formulated or administered.
• the composition can take any suitable form for the desired route of administration. Where the composition is to be administered orally, any suitable orally deliverable dosage form can be used, including, without limitation, tablets, capsules (solid- or liquid-filled), powders, granules, syrups and other liquids, elixirs, inhalants, troches, lozenges, and solutions. Injectable compositions or iv infusions are also provided in the form of solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
• the pharmaceutical composition is an oral formulation. Since the compounds of Formula I absorb well orally, it is generally unnecessary to resort to parenteral administration.
• the compound is preferably formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the ratio of the carrier to the compound would not be critical to the pharmacological effects of the formulation, and the ratio can vary considerably depending on formulating conditions.
• various edible pharmaceutical carriers or the mixture thereof can be included therein.
• a suitable carrier for example, is a mixture of lactose, dibasic calcium phosphate and/or corn starch.
• Other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients can be further added, including lubricants such as magnesium stearate.
• a pharmaceutical composition according to the present disclosure may contain one or more additional therapeutic agents, for example, to increase the efficacy or decrease the side effects.
• the pharmaceutical composition includes one or more active ingredients effective to treat ADHD such as Adderall, Concerta, Dexedrine, Focalin, Metadate, Methylin, Ritalin, Vyvanse, Daytrana, and Quillivant.
• one or more compounds of Formula (I) and salts thereof for use in a method of inhibiting or treating dopamine reuptake-related diseases in animal, comprising administering to said animal a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) and salts thereof.
• the dopamine reuptake-related diseases include, for example, hyperkinetic disorders such as ADHD.
• the method of inhibiting or treating disease comprises administering to an animal a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
• a method of the present disclosure is particularly suitable for use with humans, but may be used with other animals, particularly mammals.
• psychostimulants reduce excess motor activity and enhance concentration.
• the reduction in physical activity in ADHD patients after psychostimulant treatment is supported by studies using subjective rating scales and objective measures such as actometers, respiration calorimetry and microwave motor activity detectors.
• the compounds of the present disclosure are administered to patients at a dosage of from 0.7 to 7,000 mg per day.
• the administration amount is translated into a daily dose of 0.01 to 100 mg per kg of body weight.
• the specific dosage employed may vary depending upon the requirements of the patient, the severity of patient's condition and the activity of the compound. The determination of optimum dosages for a particular situation must clinically be done and is within the skill of the art.
• the compounds of the present disclosure have psychostimulant efficacy which is useful to treat a dopamine reuptake-related disease such as ADHD.
• Example 2 The procedure given in Example 1 was followed using (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropan-1-ol as a reactant, instead of 2-amino-3-phenylpropan-1-ol, to give (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 2 The procedure given in Example 1 was followed using (2R)-2-(isopropylamino)-3-phenylpropan-1-ol as a reactant, instead of 2-amino-3-phenylpropan-1-ol, to give (2R)-2-(isopropylamino)-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 2 The procedure given in Example 1 was followed using (2R)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-phenylpropan-1-ol as a reactant, instead of 2-amino-3-phenylpropan-1-ol, to give (2R)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 2 The procedure given in Example 1 was followed using (2R)-2-amino-3-(2-chlorophenyl)propan-1-ol ⁇ HCl as a reactant, instead of 2-amino-3-phenylpropan-1-ol, to give (2R)-2-amino-3-(2-chlorophenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 2 The procedure given in Example 1 was followed using (2R)-2-amino-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)propan-1-ol ⁇ HCl as a reactant, instead of 2-amino-3-phenylpropan-1-ol, to give (2R)-2-amino-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate; hydrochloride
• Example 2 The procedure given in Example 1 was followed using (2R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propan-1-ol ⁇ HCl as a reactant, instead of 2-amino-3-phenylpropan-1-ol, to give (2R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate; hydrochloride
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using 2-amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)propyl carbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give 2-amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using 2-amino-3-(3-chlorophenyl)propyl carbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give 2-amino-3-(3-chlorophenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using 2-amino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)propyl carbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give 2-Amino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using 2-amino-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)propyl carbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give 2-amino-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl) carbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using 2-amino-3-(2-fluorophenyl)propyl carbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give 2-amino-3-(2-fluorophenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using (2R)-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylpropyl carbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give (2R)-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl) carbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using (2R)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give (2R)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl) methylcarbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl benzylcarbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl) benzylcarbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl ethylcarbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)ethylcarbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using (2R)-2-amino-3-(2-chlorophenyl)propyl methylcarbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give (2R)-2-amino-3-(2-chlorophenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl) methylcarbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using 2-amino-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl methylcarbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give 2-amino-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl(aminocarbonyl)methylcarbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)propyl methylcarbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl) methylcarbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using (2R)-2-amino-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl methylcarbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give (2R)-2-amino-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl) methylcarbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using (2R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl methylcarbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give (2R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl) methylcarbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl(aminocarbonyl)methylcarbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using 2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give 2-amino-3-phenylpropyl (aminocarbonyl)methylcarbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)propyl methylcarbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl) methylcarbamate; hydrochloride
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-methylphenyl)propyl methylcarbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-mehtylphenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl) methylcarbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)propyl methylcarbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)propyl (aminocarbonyl) methylcarbamate; hydrochloride.
• Example 8 The procedure given in Example 8 was followed using (2R)-2-amino-4-phenylbutyl methylcarbamate as a reactant, instead of (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl methylcarbamate, to give (2R)-2-amino-4-phenylbutyl (aminocarbonyl)methylcarbamate; hydrochloride.
• Rats (SD-rat, Orient Korea, male, 200-250g) were sacrificed by decapitation. The striata were removed immediately and then stored at -80°C until used. On the day of the manipulation, the striata were thawed and suspended in 20 volumes of buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl and 120 mM NaCl (pH 7.7). The suspension then was centrifuged at 17,700 rpm for 20 minutes. The pellet was resuspended in 20 volumes of the buffer and centrifuged at 17,700 rpm for 20 minutes. This procedure was repeated once more. The pellet obtained was resuspended in a few ml of the buffer and then homogenized. The concentration of the receptor source was determined by Lowry et al., 1951, J. Biol. Chem. 193:265-275 .
• the dopamine reuptake transporter binding assay was performed according to the methods described in Madras et al., 1989, Mol. Pharmacol. 36(4):518-524 , and Javitch et al., 1984, Mol. Pharmacol. 26(1):35-44 .
• the receptor source was rat striatal membranes; the radioligand was GBR12935 [prolyene-2,3- 3 H] (DuPont-Nen, Boston, Mass.) (250 ⁇ Ci), at 1.0 nM of a final concentration; for non-specific binding 1-[2-[bis(4-Fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-[3-phenylpropyl]piperazine dihydrochloride (GBR12909) (Research Biochemicals International, USA), a high-affinity dopamine uptake inhibitor, was used at 10 ⁇ M; reference compound was nomifensine maleate (Research Biochemicals International, USA.
• the compounds of the present disclosure were observed to have binding affinity for dopamine transporter. The results indicate that the compounds can be useful to treat or inhibit diseases caused by abnormal dopamine reuptake.
• LMA locomotor activity test
• the LMA is a behavioral test developed to predict the efficacy of psychostimulants.
• the LMA is an attractive test for psychostimulants because it is sensitive and specific. All of the major classes of psychostimulants enhance ambulatory activities in the LMA, including methylphenidate, amphetamine, and many other psychostimulants.
• mice Sixteen (16) mice (3 weeks CrjBgi:CD-1 (ICR) and 8 weeks C57BL/6) were purchased from Orient Bio Inc. (Gyeonggi-do, Korea). The mice were divided into a control group and a drug-treated group (eight (8) mice per group) by a block randomization method. Each of the group was placed in an empty cage and bred under environmental conditions of 19-25°C with a relative humidity of 40-60% and a lighting cycle of 12hr light/12hr dark. Diet and water were supplied ad libitum. After one week of acclimation, the LMA test was carried out. The mice were habituated for over 1 hour in an LMA room before starting the LMA test.
• test compounds (10 or 30 mg/kg) were administered to the drug-treated group by intraperitoneal injection.
• LMA was measured using automated photobeams, Opto-Varimax® (Columbus Instruments, Ohio, US) and recorded on a computer. The total locomoter counts for each mouse were recorded for 10 minutes.
• the compounds of the present disclosure were observed to have psychostimulant efficacy which is useful to treat a dopamine reuptake-related disease such as ADHD.

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