EP2414575A1 - Procédé de formation d'un modèle de nanofibres à l'aide d'un gabarit (template) selon le procédé d'électro-filage et applications - Google Patents

Procédé de formation d'un modèle de nanofibres à l'aide d'un gabarit (template) selon le procédé d'électro-filage et applications

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Publication number
EP2414575A1
EP2414575A1 EP10712425A EP10712425A EP2414575A1 EP 2414575 A1 EP2414575 A1 EP 2414575A1 EP 10712425 A EP10712425 A EP 10712425A EP 10712425 A EP10712425 A EP 10712425A EP 2414575 A1 EP2414575 A1 EP 2414575A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nanofibers
template
polymer
nonwovens
polymers
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP10712425A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Gyeong-Man Kim
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Centro de Estudios Investigaciones Tecnicas CEIT
Original Assignee
Centro de Estudios Investigaciones Tecnicas CEIT
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Publication of EP2414575A1 publication Critical patent/EP2414575A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/0007—Electro-spinning
    • D01D5/0061—Electro-spinning characterised by the electro-spinning apparatus
    • D01D5/0076—Electro-spinning characterised by the electro-spinning apparatus characterised by the collecting device, e.g. drum, wheel, endless belt, plate or grid
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/62218—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products obtaining ceramic films, e.g. by using temporary supports
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/62227—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products obtaining fibres
    • C04B35/62231—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products obtaining fibres based on oxide ceramics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/62227—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products obtaining fibres
    • C04B35/62231—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products obtaining fibres based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/62236—Fibres based on aluminium oxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/62227—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products obtaining fibres
    • C04B35/62231—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products obtaining fibres based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/6224—Fibres based on silica
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/62227—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products obtaining fibres
    • C04B35/62231—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products obtaining fibres based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/62254—Fibres based on copper oxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/62227—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products obtaining fibres
    • C04B35/62231—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products obtaining fibres based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/62259—Fibres based on titanium oxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
    • C04B35/628—Coating the powders or the macroscopic reinforcing agents
    • C04B35/62844—Coating fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F1/00—General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
    • D01F1/02—Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt
    • D01F1/10—Other agents for modifying properties
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
    • D01F9/08—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments of inorganic material
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/70—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres
    • D04H1/72—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being randomly arranged
    • D04H1/728—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being randomly arranged by electro-spinning
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H3/02—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments
    • D04H3/05—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments in another pattern, e.g. zig-zag, sinusoidal
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M10/00—Physical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. ultrasonic, corona discharge, irradiation, electric currents, or magnetic fields; Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements
    • D06M10/02—Physical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. ultrasonic, corona discharge, irradiation, electric currents, or magnetic fields; Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements ultrasonic or sonic; Corona discharge
    • D06M10/025—Corona discharge or low temperature plasma
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
    • B01D2323/39—Electrospinning
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
    • C04B2235/94—Products characterised by their shape
    • C04B2235/945—Products containing grooves, cuts, recesses or protusions
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/603—Including strand or fiber material precoated with other than free metal or alloy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/647—Including a foamed layer or component

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the production of two- and three-dimensionally structured, consisting of nanofibers, micro- and nanoporous nonwovens in an arbitrary form with a very large degree of coverage or deposition of fibers through a predefined conductive template as a collector and the use of the webs according to the invention.
  • the deposition density of the nanofibers produced by means of an electrospinning process over the accumulation time of the fibers allows the three-dimensional structure formation to be influenced in a targeted manner.
  • Modern synthetically produced polymeric fibers have many and varied innovative applications, such as multifunctional textiles with high breathability and weather resistance, as separation or storage media for gases, liquids or particle suspensions in process and safety technology, as optical fibers for telecommunications, as reinforcement components in super lightweight composite materials, in health care as well as in sports and leisure.
  • Polymer fibers with a diameter of up to a few nanometers, wherein in comparison to conventional mechanical methods, the stretching of the fibers takes place without contact by applying an external electric field.
  • a collection electrode such as a conductive plate
  • This electrically charged jet which now continuously draws out new polymer solution or melt from the capillary nozzle, is then accelerated in the electric field in the direction of the counter electrode. He is subjected to a very complex manner of bending instability (the so-called Whipping Mode), vigorously rotated and stretched.
  • the jet solidifies during its flight to the counter electrode by evaporation of the solvent or by cooling, so that within a few seconds continuous fibers are produced in looped form with typical diameters of a few nanometers to a few micrometers. These fibers are collected and processed on the nonwoven mat counter electrode (US 197550; Kenawy et al., Biomaterials 24: 907 (2003); Deitzel et al., Polymer, 42: 8163 (2001); Reneker et al., Nanotechnology 7: 216 (2000)).
  • the jet drawn out of the capillary nozzle exerts a strong interaction between the electrical charges within the jets and the external electric field, which makes it difficult to clearly define the course of the jet.
  • a continuous plate made of a conductive material is used as the collecting electrode, a nonwoven fabric is obtained from nanofibers which lie dislocated on one another or next to each other on the collecting electrode (FIG. 2).
  • the polymer nanofibers produced in the electrospinning process have intriguing possibilities for the generation of completely new "tailor-made” combinations of properties, which can not be achieved with conventional processes, such as eg for special textiles, as nanostructured reinforcement elements, for membrane-based separators, for sensors, for the immobilization of biological messengers, eg DNA, RNA, enzymes and pharmaceuticals, and in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
  • conventional processes such as eg for special textiles, as nanostructured reinforcement elements, for membrane-based separators, for sensors, for the immobilization of biological messengers, eg DNA, RNA, enzymes and pharmaceuticals, and in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
  • the fiber orientation is only one-dimensionally possible with the above-known methods, however, two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures can not be produced thereby. However, there is still a greater difficulty with these methods, namely, although the fibers thus produced are aligned more or less parallel side by side, the distances between the individual fibers can hardly control.
  • the proportion of identically oriented fibers is referred to as degree of orientation and expressed in percent.
  • these known methods for aligning nanofibers have numerous other disadvantages, including a complicated structure of the spinning plant and the need for multiple steps and thus a lot of time and cost.
  • Nanofibers are spun to linear structures in the form of yarns, so-called yarns, to increase their strength with textile fibers. These yarns can then be processed into two- or three-dimensional fabrics by means of textile treatment processes, such as weaving, braiding or knitting.
  • WO 2008/049250 A1 discloses a process for the production of microbicidal electrospun polymer fibers with polyethyleneimine nanoparticles for textile applications. This polymer fibers are spun with derivatized Polyethylenimin- nanoparticles and thus achieved an antibacterial or antifungal effect. The same effect is achieved by spinning polymer fibers with honey in encapsulated form as disclosed in WO 2008/049251 A1.
  • WO 2008/049397 A2 discloses a process for electrospinning water-soluble polymers into a water-insoluble polymer fiber.
  • oppositely charged polyelectrolytes are spun in aqueous solution by electrospinning to a water-insoluble polymer fiber.
  • DE 10 2007 040 762 A1 discloses an apparatus and a method for producing electrically conductive nanostructures by means of electrospinning. It will be electric conductive particles are spun together with the dope to form conductive line-like structures.
  • the electrically conductive nanostructures can be produced by post-treatment with conductive particles.
  • the deposition of the nanofiber produced on the collector takes place in a targeted orientation and high local precision.
  • the spinning capillary and / or the substrate holder is designed to be movable and their relative movement to one another is controlled by a computer unit.
  • the structures produced by this method do not have the local precision required, for example, for use in microsystems technology. The precision is dependent on the relative movement, the precision of the
  • WO 2009/010443 A2 discloses a method for producing nano- and mesostructures by electrospinning colloidal dispersions containing at least one water-insoluble polymer.
  • the water-insoluble polymer is spun in an aqueous solution to a fiber, wherein the glass transition temperature of the water-insoluble polymer is not more than 15 9 C above to 15 9 C below the process temperature.
  • the use of solvents can be dispensed with as far as possible.
  • the fibers and nonwovens produced by this method also have low precision in terms of deposition.
  • the process window of the electrospinning process is narrowly limited.
  • the fibers in the nonwoven mat have all possible orientations, so that the use of these fleeces has hitherto been limited to special applications in which random fibers are also acceptable. Typical examples are applications in the filter industry.
  • the degree of orientation depends on the distance of the surveys. If the distance is too great, a chaotic deposit continues to occur (compare, in particular, FIG. This effect is explained by the fact that Coloubm 's interaction is inversely proportional to the distance between capillary and collector. Since the Coulomb 'rule interactions as a major driving force of the controlled deposition are therefore preferably takes place a separation in the range between the peaks (Fig.4). The proposed method works with the corresponding elevations in the collector to achieve a preferred orientation of the fibers.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to specify a method and a device which makes it possible to produce two and three-dimensionally structured, nanofiber-based, microporous and nanoporous nonwovens in any desired shape with a very high degree of coverage or deposition of the fibers and thus opens up new applications for the micro- and nanoporous nonwovens produced.
  • the deposition density of the nanofibers produced by means of an electrospinning process over the accumulation time of the fibers allows the three-dimensional structure formation to be influenced in a targeted manner.
  • Template placed as a collector (template) on a conventional conductive collecting electrode under the capillary and then grounded together with the collecting electrode. Since there is a strong interaction between the electrical charges inside the jet and the grounded stencil, the jet drawn out of the capillary nozzle can be deposited preferentially directly to the grounded stencil. In addition, the helical airline of the jet as it approaches the template is severely restricted by Coulombic interaction between it and the oppositely charged or grounded template only on the lattice towers within the template. In the intermediate areas of the lattice towers within the template, in which there is no conductive material (as in the holes of a screen), little or no fibers are deposited.
  • two- or three-dimensionally structured nonwoven webs of polymeric fibers in any desired shape and with a very long distance order of controllable thickness as well as a very high degree of coverage of the nanofibers by means of a template as a collector be produced in a single step.
  • the inventive method is simpler, faster, more effective and cheaper.
  • the process according to the invention is based on a difference in the literature (D. Zhang et al., Adv. Mater., 2007, 19, 3664-3667 and D. Li, et al., Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 913-916).
  • described method for the production of oriented nanofibers by electrospinning method (Figure 3) consists in the use of a predefined conductive template, whereby the production of well-defined structured nonwovens, which have a high degree of internal Abscheidungs- or Abscheidungsgrad is possible.
  • the deposition of spun fibers according to the invention directly on the template used with high local precision, when the predefined conductive template is used as a collecting electrode.
  • the generated structures represent exactly the predefined conductive template.
  • This invention refers to a measure which indicates how much of the spun nanofibers are deposited directly on the template and not between the cavities.
  • the degree of deposition or coverage of the nanofibers is greater than 95% in a single operation.
  • the conductive template which is on a common conductive collecting electrode, serves as a collector and is grounded together with the collecting electrode.
  • the polymeric fibers are spun directly onto the template.
  • they should be flat and well conductive.
  • the term flat is understood to mean a two-dimensional template, for example in the form of a net, grid, etc., which in turn can itself be used for the desired pattern formation in a three-dimensional arrangement.
  • the template according to the invention has no protruding elevations or sharp points in the region of the conductive regions of the template, which are embodied, for example, as lattice masts.
  • the space between the conductive areas of the template, which are formed, for example, as lattice masts, etc., whereupon the fibers are to be deposited, should be empty, i. Cavities without fillings be.
  • the invention is of the order of magnitude of 50 nm to 200 nm and 200 nm to 500 nm for the production of the microstructures imaged with nanofibers, with their
  • Fiber bristles of 500 .mu.m to 1000 .mu.m, the thickness of the template in the range of 500 .mu.m to 2000 .mu.m and especially for structures with the distances between fiber bundles of 500 nm to 1000 nm thickness of the template according to the invention should be in the range of 2 .mu.m to 200 .mu.m ,
  • the chaotic course of the jet would first have to be controlled as precisely as possible. Since the electric charges are distributed along the jets occurring from the capillary, the progress of the jets can be controlled by the external manipulation of the electric field. Even with a slight variation in the profile of the electric field, an influence on the deposition of the jets is clearly noticeable.
  • a pre-structured template which generates an inhomogeneity within the electric field, is additionally applied on a continuous conductive plate as a conventional collecting electrode. Since the driving force for arranging the fibers is the electrostatic interaction between the electrically charged jet and the conductive template, this interaction can be specifically influenced by the shape of the templates.
  • the fibers are preferably deposited in the region of the structured template within the collecting electrode, since the electric field strength has maximum values there.
  • the helical flightline of the jet as it approaches the template is severely restricted by Coulombic interaction between it and the oppositely charged or grounded template only on the lattice towers within the template. In the intermediate areas of the lattice towers within the template, in which there is no conductive material (as in the holes of a screen), little or no fibers are deposited.
  • the template is used directly as a collector so that the deposition of the jet strictly limits itself to the conductive areas of the lattice towers within the template.
  • deposition is advantageously realized only in the area of the lattice masts and not in the intermediate area.
  • the spinning process can be interrupted. Subsequently, the deposition layer of electrospun fiber for obtaining the freestanding nonwoven whose structure corresponds to that of the template is carefully separated from the template.
  • the resultant fleece is available for use or possible after-treatment. After removal of the fleece, the template can be used immediately for further electrospinning operations.
  • the nanofibers are arranged as highly oriented fiber bundles in one or two directions in a single operation with a very high order of the fibers without further modification or redesign for the construction of the electrospinning process, depending on the pre-structured template.
  • the fibers overlap on the template, the remaining charges are accumulated on the deposited fibers, with the other spun fibers being deposited, as in a continuous plate in the conventional electrospinning process, without restriction over the entire area of the collection electrode.
  • the fibers can be deposited randomly, i.e., without preferential orientation, between the lattice strands of lower density compared to the area outside the template.
  • the nanofibers pass through repeated formation and stacking in the form of a three-dimensional fleece (nonwoven mat) engulfed.
  • the size and shape of the voids between the fibers in such webs can be easily controlled, so that applications as a filter material, as protective clothing, as packaging material or in erosion protection and as a carrier matrix in biomedical applications as well as the transport and the targeted release of pharmaceutical preparations are conceivable ,
  • the subject matter of this invention is also the production of the microporous and nanoporous structured, robust nonwovens from electrospun nanofibers arranged in oriented fiber bundles by means of a template.
  • Variation width of the structure of the template, the polymer materials used and the modification possibilities of freestanding nonwovens is based, opens up the process of the invention a great application potential.
  • the method according to the invention has the following advantages:
  • the structure of the electrospinning process has remained unchanged compared to conventional systems, with the exception of the additional template, which is arranged on a conventional collecting electrode (counter electrode).
  • the template can be easily and quickly pre-structured and customized for the specific applications.
  • the formed pattern of electrospun nanofibers corresponds to that of the template used.
  • the dimension of the fleeces is freely scalable.
  • the "up-scaling" is not limited by the dimensioning of the fleece.
  • the structured deposition layers can be easily separated from the template.
  • the nonwovens thus obtained can be used to construct highly complicated structures.
  • the method according to the invention is also distinguished by the fact that the freestanding nonwovens produced are good can be transported and thus used for many applications.
  • the structured nonwovens according to the invention are characterized i.a. by the following special morphological and mechanical properties:
  • the nonwovens are highly micro- and nanoporous at the same time.
  • the fleeces can be produced individually with greater complexities, depending on the application.
  • the fibers are bonded together by adhesive forces, whereby the webs, along with the orientation of the fibers in the webs and the orientation of the microcrystallites, macromolecules, nanoparticles, etc. within the fibers themselves have reinforcing properties that facilitate the handling of the webs in the web Further processing significantly improved.
  • the template may consist of all conductive materials, e.g. in the form of wires and wire screens or perforated metal meshes, etc. of metallic materials or semiconductors or in the form of natural or man-made fibers impregnated with a conductive agent to increase their conductivity.
  • conductive materials e.g. in the form of wires and wire screens or perforated metal meshes, etc. of metallic materials or semiconductors or in the form of natural or man-made fibers impregnated with a conductive agent to increase their conductivity.
  • the lattice masts of the template which are designed, for example, as wires, wire screens or perforated metal meshes, have a ratio of the width (b) of the lattice masts to their thickness (d) of> 1. This means that the lattice masts are wider than thick.
  • the width (b) of the lattice masts in this case characterizes the expansion in the x and / or y direction
  • the thickness (d) of the lattice towers in this case refers to the material thickness of the lattice masts in the z direction.
  • the method according to the invention enables highly ordered nanofiber webs to be produced in an application-specific manner according to the wishes of customers in order to better enclose their use.
  • a polymer solution or melt is used for producing the structured nonwoven fabrics from nanofibers, suitable polymers being all known natural and synthetic polymers, mixtures of polymers with one another (polymer blends) and copolymers consisting of at least two different monomers, provided they are fusible and / or or at least be soluble in a solvent.
  • the polymer which can be used according to the invention can be prepared by processes known to the person skilled in the art or is commercially available.
  • polymers selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polyamides, polyimides, polyethers, polyolefins, polycarbonates, polyurethanes, natural polymers, polysaccharides, polylactides, polyglycosides, poly (alkyl) - methylstyrene, polymethacrylates, polyacrylonitriles, latices, polyalkylene oxides of ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide and mixtures thereof.
  • the polymers or copolymers are particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of poly (p-xylylene); Polyvinylidene halides, polyesters such as
  • Polyethylene terephthalate polybutylene terephthalate; polyether; Polyolefins such as polyethylene,
  • Polypropylene poly (ethylene / propylene) (EPDM); polycarbonates; polyurethanes; natural
  • Polymers e.g. Rubber; polycarboxylic acids; polysulfonic; sulfated
  • polysaccharides polylactides; polyglycosides; polyamides; Homopolymers and copolymers of aromatic vinyl compounds such as poly (alkyl) styrenes), e.g. Polystyrenes, poly-alpha-methylstyrenes; Polyacrylonitriles, polymethacrylonitriles; polyacrylamides; polyimides;
  • Polyphenylene polysilanes; polysiloxanes; polybenzimidazoles; polybenzothiazoles;
  • polyoxazoles polysulfides; polyester; Polyarylene-vinylenes; polyether ketones;
  • silicones wholly aromatic copolyesters; Poly (alkyl) acrylates; Poly (alkyl) methacrylates;
  • polyhydroxyethylmethacrylates Polyvinyl acetates, polyvinyl butyrates; polyisoprene; synthetic rubbers such as chlorobutadiene rubbers, e.g. Neoprene® from DuPont;
  • Nitrile-butadiene rubbers e.g. Buna N®; polybutadiene; polytetrafluoroethylene; modified and unmodified celluloses, homopolymers and copolymers of alpha-olefins and
  • Copolymers composed of two or more monomer units forming the above-mentioned polymers; Polyvinyl alcohols, polyalkylene oxides, e.g. Polyethylene oxides;
  • a solution of the abovementioned polymers is used for the production of nanofibers, it being possible for this solution to comprise all solvents or mixtures of solvents.
  • a solvent is used, selected from the group consisting of chlorinated solvents, for example dichloromethane or chloroform, acetone, ethers, for example diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, hydrocarbons having less than 10 carbon atoms, for example n-pentane, n Hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, octane, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF), formic acid, water, liquid sulfur dioxide, liquid ammonia and mixtures thereof.
  • DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
  • NMP N-methylpyrrolidinone
  • DMF dimethylformamide
  • solvent Preference is given to using as solvent one of the group consisting of dichloromethane, acetone, formic acid and mixtures thereof.
  • the mixing for the spinnable polymer solutions is carried out with stirring, under the action of ultrasound or under the action of heat.
  • the concentration of the at least one polymer in the solution is generally at least 0.1 wt .-%, preferably 1 to 30 wt .-%, particularly preferably 2 to 20 wt .-%.
  • polymer solution in addition to the polymer solutions, it is also possible to use corresponding polymer melts, provided that they are present in liquid form.
  • polymer solution is used equally synonymous with polymers which have been dissolved in solvents or converted by melting into liquid form.
  • a major obstacle in the production of devices or components with the help of nanotechnology is an "up-scaling" of the highly ordered structural unit.
  • the movement or displacement of the template in the xy direction makes both the homogenization of the layer thickness of fleece and the expansion
  • the thickness of the nonwovens can be determined by the deposition time and the
  • Shape of the nonwovens can be adjusted very precisely by the structure of the template.
  • the minimum structure sizes of the nonwovens correspond to the diameter of the nanofibers, which range from a few nanometers to a few micrometers, depending on the polymer and the process conditions of the electrospinning process.
  • the coverage or degree of deposition of the nanofibers in the method according to the invention is dependent on the material and template in the range between 60 and 100%, which causes an increased mechanical strength of the nonwovens.
  • nanoparticles having different dimensionalities can be mixed in easily and then applied to the template together with the polymer as nanocomposite nanofibers.
  • advantages of nonwoven structuring and fiber orientation within the nonwovens can be combined with the tailored functionalities of the nanoparticles, resulting in numerous application fields.
  • metals and / or semiconductors may be mixed in as nanoparticles before spinning into the polymer solutions or melts with different dimensionalities and then applied to the template together with the polymer.
  • conductive nanofibers or nanofiber structures can be produced.
  • pharmaceutical active substances can be mixed in as nanoparticles before spinning into the polymer solutions or melts with different dimensionalities and then applied to the template together with the polymer.
  • the freestanding nonwoven webs produced by the method according to the invention can be selectively modified by means of different chemical and / or physical processes according to the particular application (irradiation with UV or gamma rays, plasma treatment, impregnation, eg with pharmaceutical agents or catalytic precursors, etc.).
  • the structures of the invention may further surface modification with cryogenic plasma or chemical reagents, such as aqueous hydroxide solution, inorganic acids, acyl anhydrides, or halides or others depending on the surface functionality with silanes, isocyanates, organic acyl halides or anhydrides, alcohols, aldehydes or alkylating Be subjected to chemicals with their corresponding Katalyten.
  • a surface modification for example by coating or irradiation with high-energy radiation, the nonwovens can obtain a more hydrophilic or more hydrophobic surface, which is advantageous for use in the biological or biomedical field.
  • ceramic nanofibers are made by the electrospinning process of the invention from a mixture of the polymer solution with a wide variety of suitable ceramic precursors.
  • the ceramic precursors are preferably selected from the group consisting of Al 2 O 3 , CuO, NiO, TiO 2 , SiO 2 , V 2 O 5 , ZnO, Co 3 O 4 Nb 2 O 5 , MoO 3 and MgTiO 3 .
  • the sheathing of the fibers takes place, for example, by vapor deposition, sputtering, spin coating, dip coating, spraying, plasma deposition, sol-gel methods or atomic layer deposition.
  • the cladding is carried out by vapor deposition or atomic layer deposition.
  • the polymer is removed after covering the nanofibers.
  • Suitable methods for removing the polymer are, for example, thermal, chemical, radiation-induced, biological, photochemical methods, as well as methods by means of plasma, ultrasound, hydrolysis or by extraction with a
  • the removal is preferably carried out at 10-900 ° C and 0.001 mbar to 1 bar.
  • the removal can take place completely or in a proportion of at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, particularly preferably at least 99%.
  • the high specific surface area is associated with a considerable capacity for the adhesion or detachment of functional groups, adsorption or absorption of molecules, ions, catalytically active substances and various nanoscale particles.
  • individual fibers and the resulting fiber mats (nonwovens) are particularly well suited as reinforcing components within a polymer matrix for producing ultralight polymer composites due to their high specific surface areas in combination with the high aspect ratio, high flexibility and strength.
  • the nanofibers are formed by repeated application and stacking in the form of a three-dimensional nonwoven
  • Nonwoven Mat (Nonwoven Mat) devoured.
  • the size and shape of the voids between the fibers in such webs can be easily controlled so that they can be used as filter material, protective clothing, packaging material, erosion protection and carrier matrix in biomedical applications, as well as for the transport and targeted release of pharmaceutically active substances are conceivable.
  • the inventive method presented here is a pioneering technology for the production of controllable "patterning" of the electrospun fibers only in a working cut, which allows the time-saving applicability of this method.
  • the structured nonwovens according to the invention are used as scaffolds in the field of "tissue engineering” or “regenerative medicine.”
  • These carrier frameworks are used in in vitro methods for the production of replacement tissues and organs for the purpose of improving or improving the tissue Maintaining the function of diseased or destroyed tissue The aim is to support a tissue defect only as far as necessary in healing, so that ultimately healthy and functional endogenous tissue is reborn.
  • the support materials must meet high standards: they should be biocompatible, sterile, either long-term stable or biodegradable and flexible depending on the application. In addition, they must be porous, so that cells can migrate into it while still strong enough not to tear at the first mechanical stress.
  • the highly ordered carrier frameworks produced in different geometries and sizes by the process according to the invention not only fulfill the task of providing the cells and the extracellular matrix with a three-dimensional template for their growth but also provide sufficient mechanical stability to allow convenient spatial organization of the tissue to be cultured and unobstructed matrix deposition.
  • the cells to be cultivated colonize the nonwovens in a short time and at high density (controlling cell growth). Nutrients can be easily transported to the cells and metabolic wastes removed.
  • the bioresorbable polymers are due to the different degradation mechanisms and the associated adjustable degradation times increased use in medicine. If the framework materials consist of such bioresorbable polymers, the generated cell or tissue association can be grafted together with the framework. The polymer materials dissolve slowly due to their biodegradability in the body, whereby the remaining endogenous tissue gradually takes over the function of the tissue or organ, without a renewed surgical intervention is necessary.
  • the fibers may be treated with various types of messengers, e.g. Growth factors (attracting cells, stimulating the growth of added cells), or drugs, e.g. Antibiotics and antiseptics are equipped with the aim of targeted release of pharmaceutical preparations in the organism after implantation.
  • messengers e.g. Growth factors (attracting cells, stimulating the growth of added cells)
  • drugs e.g. Antibiotics and antiseptics are equipped with the aim of targeted release of pharmaceutical preparations in the organism after implantation.
  • tissue means an accumulation of cells of an individual organism, which are optimally specialized in the execution of a specific task.
  • mechanically robust, contractible muscles or cardiovascular tissues are of higher density aligned cell morphology.
  • the scaffolds should not only support cell-to-cell interaction but also provide cell-mimicking structures of original tissues.
  • the nonwovens produced with the invention meet the requirements for one- and two-dimensional structures for the production of specifically such types of fabric. They not only provide mimicking scaffolds for nanoscale, natural extracellular matrices, but also provide a necessary defining architecture for guiding cell growth and development. The achievable alignment of the cells in controlled one-, two- and three-dimensional architecture has a crucial importance for differentiation, proliferation and functional longevity (lifetime) of the cell.
  • the ability of the method of the present invention to produce high-level, high-level fibers provides the potential for clinical studies of cellular behavior, such as cell proliferation. Gene expression and interaction of cells, industrial toxicology, etc., depending on fiber orientation.
  • the structured nonwovens according to the invention are used for the production of special patches for haemostasis.
  • a special feature of electrospun fibers is their nanoporous surface structure, whose nanopores effectively act as a sponge for wound exudate, effectively closing up germs and tissue debris. But they also cause the maintenance of a healing promoting moist wound environment.
  • the nanofibers with various pharmaceutical substances such as growth factors (attraction of skin cells, stimulation or acceleration of the growth of the added skin cells) or drugs (antibiotics, antiseptics, especially pain and Blutemmungsmedik noir, which are suitable for topical application, loaded to create optimal conditions for rapid wound healing.
  • growth factors attraction of skin cells, stimulation or acceleration of the growth of the added skin cells
  • drugs antibiotics, antiseptics, especially pain and Blutemmungsmedikêt, which are suitable for topical application, loaded to create optimal conditions for rapid wound healing.
  • the wound patch loaded with messenger substances gradually biodegrades during the healing process, as a result of which the painful dressing change, which often partially removes newly formed tissue again, can be dispensed with.
  • the patch may deliver one or more drugs to the wound site within a given period of time.
  • the wound plasters can be produced both in a patient-specific manner in various sizes and shapes and can also be equipped with specific active ingredients (diabetes, arterial occlusive disease, chronic venous insufficiency, etc.).
  • the wound plasters thus make a time-saving, easy to perform and cost-effective wound healing therapy.
  • the nanofibers produced according to the invention are used as support tubes for the regeneration of blood vessels, esophagus and nerves.
  • vascular lesions or aneurysms which have hitherto been treated by coiling (endovascular aneurysm occlusion)
  • endovascular aneurysm occlusion can be successfully treated.
  • the use of the support tubes according to the invention as stents is also provided.
  • by loading the support tubes according to the invention with pharmaceutically active substances improved healing by their release in situ is possible. This could also reduce the required doses of the applied substances by avoiding systemic application.
  • the support tubes produced according to the invention are made of biodegradable substances. As a result, only a temporary foreign body incorporation takes place in the corresponding tissue section, whereby possible resulting rejection reactions are avoided.
  • biodegradable support tubes according to the invention are loaded with pharmaceutically active substances.
  • the nonwovens of nanofibers produced according to the invention are used for surface modification of implants.
  • the immune response and the resulting risk of implant rejection can be reduced or minimized.
  • proteins such as extracellular matrix proteins, signaling proteins, cytokines, etc.
  • an antimicrobial coating of the implants takes place by the application of biocompatible and biofunctional electrospun nanofibers to the implant.
  • biocompatible and biofunctional electrospun nanofibers to the implant.
  • possible inflammations are prevented by germs.
  • Typical examples of this are the nonwovens embedded with TiO 2 as a photocatalytic coating for the applications of self-sterilization and biofiltration.
  • various metal-containing inorganic materials are used as antibacterial agents in the fibers; such as. Silver, copper, zinc and other antibacterial metals as inorganic disinfectants.
  • the release of the antibacterial agents from the nonwovens produced by the process according to the invention to the environment takes place continuously over a relatively long period of time. Relative to other conventional administration methods, the release of disinfectant by means of the nonwoven produced by the process according to the invention is superior in terms of safety, durability and heat resistance.
  • the nonwovens made from nanofibers according to the invention are produced as porous membranes and used as temporary skin substitutes. It is advantageous if the webs according to the invention are made of biodegradable substances.
  • the nonwovens produced according to the invention are used as support tubes in the regeneration of nerves.
  • the nonwovens according to the invention are coated with suitable signal substances, whereby the proliferation of the nerve cells along the nonwoven is promoted. These coated nonwovens are then used in the area of the interrupted nerve connection.
  • the fleece signal substances are the adjacent Nerve cells are stimulated to proliferate in the direction of the fleece. As a result, new neuronal connections are formed, which reconnects the interrupted nerve conduction.
  • the nonwovens structured according to the invention are used for producing ultralight polymer composites.
  • the structured nonwovens according to the invention because of their high specific surface areas in combination with the high aspect ratio, the high flexibility and strength of the fibers, are particularly suitable as reinforcing components within a polymer matrix for the production of ultralight polymer composites.
  • Polymer nanocomposites compacts the nonwovens structured according to the invention by means of a "hot compaction” process under defined process conditions (pressure, temperature) without destroying the nonwoven structuring and the orientation.
  • the nonwovens reinforced polymer composites produced by the method according to the invention make it possible to combine the material properties to measure; on the one hand a sufficient voltage transfer over the matrix-fiber interface is ensured, on the other hand, however, the damage tolerance is increased (crack stop, crack diversion).
  • Variations of the properties result from a change in the nonwoven morphology, ie the thickness, distribution and orientation of the fibers.
  • the compacted webs Due to the size of the fibers, the compacted webs show a stronger polymer-fiber interaction in the interfacial layer of the fibers to the matrix. With such surface consolidations, the corrosion resistance, the fatigue strength and the impact resistance, ie essential properties for the use of the layers, can be improved. An increased micro- and nano-porosity of the nonwoven also provides improved adhesion.
  • these novel polymer-nanofiber composites meet the requirements of a balanced property profile (e.g., strength, stiffness, and toughness) with low specific gravity, opening up a wide range of applications.
  • a balanced property profile e.g., strength, stiffness, and toughness
  • the optical properties of the resulting nanocomposites are also the optical properties of the resulting nanocomposites, such as the unmodified Matrix materials comparable high transparency of the composite.
  • the transparency is due to the fact that the diameter of the nanofibers is considerably smaller than the wavelength of the visible light.
  • the ultra-thin fibers with diameters up to a few nanometers can still be easily mixed with different nanofillers, such. modify one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, two-dimensional phyllosilicates, and three-dimensional nanoparticles.
  • the challenge with conventional methods is to homogeneously disperse the nanoparticles in the fibers while avoiding agglomerates and thus localizing stress concentrations under load in the matrix material.
  • the proportion of nanoparticles in compact nanocomposites is 0.1-5 wt .-% (weight percent) and is thus very low compared to conventional mineral fillers.
  • the weight fraction of nanoparticles in nanofibers is often well below 0.001 wt .-%.
  • the nonwovens according to the invention are modified with nano-layer silicates.
  • nano-layer silicates e.g. Montmorillonite, hectorite and saponite
  • modified polymers have improved properties in terms of UV and heat resistance, reduced flammability and gas permeability and increased biodegradability in the case of biodegradable polymers.
  • carbon nanotubes are dispersed in the polymers.
  • Composites formed by the dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in polymers are characterized by higher mechanical strength and thermal and electrical conductivity.
  • the nonwovens according to the invention are used as filter media.
  • the electrospun webs have the consistency of typical porous membranes with their porosity of the order of 60 to 80%. Due to the high pore density with adjustable pore size (micro- and nanoporosity) Applications arise as a filter material (liquid and gas filtration, molecular and bacterial filtration, clean room technology, air conditioning).
  • the membranes have special surface characteristics as a result of which physically and / or chemically active substances are immobilized within the fibrous structures.
  • the pores should be as small as possible, with a small distribution width of the pore diameter. Since the
  • Throughflow resistance should be as small as possible, a large porosity or a large flow area is preferable.
  • the nonwovens according to the invention Due to the large surface area of the nanofibers, the nonwovens according to the invention have a high absorption capacity for adhering dirt particles with high permeability of the substance to be fixed. So have the advantage of a significantly lower total pressure loss at the same or higher absorption capacity and thus extend the service life of the filter compared to conventional fine-pored filter media. The extension of the service life is a factor that reduces the filter-related operating costs.
  • the fine, fabric-like network structure with very small fiber gaps allows the nonwovens according to the invention to retain particles with a very high degree of separation, but to allow liquids and / or gases to pass through unhindered.
  • nonwovens according to the invention are distinguished as filter media by an excellent balance between separation efficiency, air permeability and service life.
  • the mechanical use of nanofibers in filters also involves different mechanical and physical aspects, such as modulus of elasticity,
  • the webs according to the invention are used in demanding industrial filtration under the most difficult conditions as well as in special filters for heavy-duty vehicles, ie in applications in which an extremely low filter weight with a high permeability and / or large specific filter surface is required.
  • the structuring of the nonwoven fabric can be controlled, so that webs adapted exactly to the requirements of the concrete separation processes are constructed.
  • the nonwovens can also be provided with finishes, these coatings have only a limited fatigue strength.
  • Destroy structure For example, it makes sense to combine a mechanically less stable superfine fleece of small thickness to optimize the deposition with a mechanically robust carrier fleece to optimize the load capacity with each other.
  • the main advantage of this technology in addition to the price advantage, is to be able to develop and manufacture customized products where the gradient between coarse and fine porosity is freely adjustable over a wide range.
  • the advantages of this technology are a significantly improved filter efficiency, a significantly improved service life, a low production cost and thus low costs adjustable gradient of coarse fibers and nanofibres, protection of the integrated nanofibers against mechanical damage and a low use of raw materials.
  • the nanofibers and / or nonwovens produced according to the invention are used for coating and / or as a component of textiles.
  • the peculiarity of the nonwovens according to the invention is based on their very large surface area.
  • nanofibers due to the well-defined orientation of nanofibers, they have increased tensile strength and reduced gas permeability, making them suitable for very diverse applications.
  • functions antibacterial, self-cleaning, conductive, anti-static, protection against ultraviolet radiation (UV), flame retardance, thermal insulation and much more
  • the nonwovens according to the invention find applications within the textile industry as special textiles with excellent heat insulation properties, as protective clothing to minimize air impedance, textile materials with a high adhesive efficiency for nanoparticles and antibiochemical gases and for photo or thermochromatic clothing by incorporation of color pigments in the nanofibers.
  • Blood pressure can be measured. With a nanometer-thin metal coating this is guaranteed - while at the same time high wearing comfort.
  • a fundamentally simple possibility for increasing the electrical conductivity of nanofibers is the incorporation of conductive materials in the form of finely divided particles into the polymer matrix.
  • conductive materials in the form of finely divided particles are incorporated into the polymer matrix for protection against electrostatic discharges in protective work clothing. Protection against electrostatic discharges is indispensable in many areas of occupational safety.
  • the result is metallic, nanometer-thin layers deposited in the process that increase the conductivity of the polymers by several orders of magnitude.
  • the conductive materials used are metals (such as gold, silver, aluminum, iron, copper, nickel), carbon (in the form of carbon black, graphite or currently carbon nanotubes) or conductive polymers (polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyethylenedioxythiophene).
  • fibers are used as electrical conductors in the field of antistatic agents.
  • the silver coatings or incorporated silver nanoparticles deposited on the nanofibers have an antibacterial effect.
  • the silver-coated nonwovens can continue to be used in health care to combat the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Surgical drapes and other textile utensils prevent the spread of infections thanks to silver equipment, as they kill the bacteria within an hour.
  • the textiles according to the invention for medical applications and in the leisure / wellness with active or perfumes are spun.
  • Nanoscale depot structures are able to bind odor molecules and release them again on the next wash.
  • the removal of bacteria can also be used to combat odor in sportswear, since the sweat odor produced by the bacteria.
  • the pores in a nonwoven fabric according to the invention are substantially smaller than a water droplet, the nonwoven fabric is very dense against water and wind. Body moisture, however, is transmitted as water vapor.
  • the nonwovens according to the invention are thus breathable and thus allow the removal (diffusion) of the evaporated sweat, which is enormously important for the temperature regulation of the body. Sweat athletes overly at high loads, Afterwards they feel a cooling of the body, which is perceived as unpleasant. This so-called "post exercise chill effect" can be prevented by nanostructuring of the fibers, because their capillary action ensures rapid removal of perspiration.
  • the fabrics of the present invention allow for regulation of temperature and microclimate that form between the skin surface and the layers of clothing closest to the skin. This microclimate has the greatest importance in terms of wearing comfort.
  • the textile according to the invention advantageously also the principle of self-cleaning, analogous to the leaf of the lotus plant and many insect species, on. Due to the high pore density in the nonwoven structure can penetrate no water and / or pollution in the textiles. As a result of nanostructuring, both water and soil remain on the surface of the web.
  • the nonwovens according to the invention therefore protect the textiles from contamination.
  • the textiles of the invention are characterized by highly effective, long-term water density, with simultaneous breathability.
  • product properties are, for. B. "easy to clean” properties, protective layers (barrier layers, overlays, etc.), the targeted construction of switchable nanolayers or structures, electrical conductivity, catalytic activity, catalytic self-cleaning, electromagnetic shielding, substance-specific filtration and binding properties, controlled drug delivery and improved flame resistance, elasticity and processability.
  • the textiles according to the invention are used in car seat coverings, in air filters of air conditioning systems, in the form of awnings and fabric coverings on buildings or as covers of operating tables in hospitals.
  • advantageous polymer blends can be prepared which can be spun into a complex material by combining two or more different and structurally compatible nonwoven webs to produce structural or functional properties which the individual components alone do not possess.
  • the nonwovens of the invention are used for catalysts, whereby they can be used for catalytic processes.
  • the nonwovens according to the invention consisting of nanofibers have excellent properties, in particular a large specific surface and a high permeability to liquids and gases.
  • structuring of the fibers in micro and nano-regions forms a stable nonwoven and allows easy handling.
  • Electrospinning a mixture of polymer matrix with catalyst or precursor of a catalyst takes place.
  • the catalysts are encapsulated within the nanofibers, with the web acting as a semipermeable membrane.
  • This immobilization allows short diffusion paths and thus a reduced Stofftransportlimittechnik.
  • the catalyst immobilized nanofibers show shorter reaction times than conventional films, but also lower sensitivities because of the lower contact resistance, and concomitantly with increased activity of the immobilized catalyst (a fast response time).
  • the catalyst should be easily separable from the product on a larger scale.
  • the immobilization within the nanofibers allows such recovery of the catalyst from the reaction medium to a very high percentage.
  • the spectrum of useful catalysts for the nonwoven web of the present invention is very broad, starting with metals including gold, silver, osmium, ruthenium, palladium and platinum, via inorganic compounds, e.g. Semiconductors (lead sulfide, cadmium sulfide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and more) and zeolites, to biomolecules or enzymes.
  • metals including gold, silver, osmium, ruthenium, palladium and platinum
  • inorganic compounds e.g.
  • Semiconductors lead sulfide, cadmium sulfide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and more
  • zeolites to biomolecules or enzymes.
  • nonwovens functionalized with various catalysts can be used in chemical synthesis.
  • the nonwovens according to the invention can detect as sensor materials vapors and metal ions sensitive to thin film sensors by two to three orders of magnitude.
  • the nanofibers according to the invention can be used for the development of gas detectors.
  • novel highly active biocatalysts for reactions in organic solvents are obtained by the addition of enzymes in electrospinning. Due to their high porosity, the nonwovens according to the invention are intended for use in biosensors and biofuel cells.
  • Nanofibers used as part of optoelectronic components The electrospun nanofibers consisting of conjugated polymers have been shown to possess outstanding photo and electroluminescence as well as photovoltaic and nonlinear optics properties. For example, nanofibres can be considered as promising materials for optoelectrical components.
  • Conjugated polymers are an important class of materials because of their semiconductor properties. Formally similar to inorganic semiconductors, very high electrical conductivities can be achieved by doping, which is why they are also referred to as "synthetic metals".
  • the range of applications of the materials according to the invention ranges from materials for organic light emitting diodes, nonlinear optics and organic polymer lasers over polymers for photovoltaic applications (solar cells) to semiconductor polymers for polymer electronics (field effect transistors), computer chips and the screen technology.
  • the polymeric electroluminescent materials are a real alternative to the conventional cathode ray tube screens and liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Furthermore, these can lead to the development of very luminous monochrome and color displays, for example for mobile phones or computer screens, which, in contrast to the previously used LCD technology have some significant advantages, such as lower power consumption with higher luminosity and better contrast or independence from the perspective.
  • Conjugated polymers are particularly versatile, since fine tuning of their properties (color, quantum yield) by changing the structure is easily possible.
  • Nanostructured polymer materials claim an ever growing interest as active or passive components in electronic components.
  • One-dimensional nanofibers made of conjugated polymers are novel, inexpensive, and flexible building blocks that combine electronic, optical, and mechanical properties that are potentially suitable for use in functional optical and electronic nanoscale devices.
  • a light emitting diode consists of semiconductive polymeric nanofibers. This results in a promising, cheap and tiny little powerful light source.
  • the nonwovens based on electroluminescent nanofibers according to the invention are used in lasers, flat screens and illuminations.
  • the color tuning of the webs according to the invention can be adjusted by using the appropriate polymeric semiconductors.
  • active molecules chromophores
  • the emission of electrospun fibers from visible to near-infrared wavelengths (NIR) can be easily tuned.
  • the near-infrared light-emitting nanofibers are used for applications in communication networks, biosensing and diagnostics based on photonic technologies.
  • the nanofibers according to the invention are used with higher sensitivity and selectivity because of their extremely high intrinsic specific surface area for sensor systems (chemical resistance).
  • Acids, bases, oxidizing substances, anions, cations, inorganic and organic gases can influence the electrical conductivity of the nonwovens according to the invention.
  • the nanofibers of the invention consisting of conjugated polymers are used in field-effect transistors.
  • field effect transistors are the important other conjugate polymer based devices as they form the basic building block in the logic circuits and the switches for screens.
  • the nonwovens of the invention therefore open up the possibility of high throughput and cost-effective production of fully organic photonic systems based on coherent emitters.
  • the nonwovens according to the invention are used in solar cells.
  • the nonwovens of the invention which are used as a solution of the semiconducting polymers with the acceptor molecules, e.g. Fullerenes (C60), electrospun, are used.
  • C60 Fullerenes
  • an inventive, light-absorbing fleece in which the interface between the polymer and the electron-accepting acceptor phase is distributed over the volume of the layer, wherein the light-generated electrons pass quickly from the polymer to the acceptor molecule and the distance required for the removal of the charges be overcome as quickly as possible to the electrode.
  • the basic advantages of a solar cell based on the nonwovens according to the invention over conventional ones are low production costs due to low-cost production technologies, high current yields by increasing the specific surface area as well as flexibility and simple handling.
  • the organic photovoltaic systems produced on the basis of the nonwovens according to the invention are designed to be rollable.
  • the organic photovoltaic systems produced on the basis of the nonwovens according to the invention are integrated into chip cards and textiles.
  • nonwovens according to the invention consisting of polymeric semiconductors, are used as electrostatic discharge protection,
  • magnetic nanoparticles are added prior to spinning the polymer solution / melt.
  • Magnetic nanoparticles are of great interest for a wide variety of applications ranging from ultra-high data storage and catalysis to biotechnology / biomedicine due to their many exceptional properties; z. B. for the electrochemical biosensors, Bioseparatoren, the detection of DNA, RNA, cell and proteins, controlled Transportg. Medication and gene delivery systems, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging as a contrast agent, hyperthermic treatment for tumor or cancer cells.
  • Magnetic nanoparticles having a multiplicity of different compositions and phases are used in the process according to the invention; for example with Fe 3 O 4 and Y-Fe 2 O 3 , pure metals such as Fe, Ni and Co, spinel-like ferromagnets such as MFe 2 O 4 (where M is a metal such as Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg, Cd etc and alloys such as CoPt 3 and FePt, and magnetic nanocrystals such as Cr 2 O 3 , MnO, Co 3 O 4 and NiO.
  • pure metals such as Fe, Ni and Co
  • spinel-like ferromagnets such as MFe 2 O 4
  • M is a metal such as Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg, Cd etc and alloys such as CoPt 3 and FePt
  • magnetic nanocrystals such as Cr 2 O 3 , MnO, Co 3 O 4 and NiO.
  • the polymer matrix serves as a protective shell not only to protect the magnetic nanoparticles against oxidation and erosion or decomposition, but also for further functionalization, for.
  • catalytically active species drugs, specific binding sites or other functional groups.
  • the magnetic nanoparticles are used in catalysis and in the separation of biological species. Ferromagnetic nanoparticles whose size is below a critical value, typically about 10 nm in diameter, exhibit superparamagnetic behavior, meaning that they can be magnetized with an external magnetic field and immediately redispersed after removal of the magnet.
  • Such a magnetic behavior in the form of a simple on / off circuit is a particular advantage of the magnetic separation.
  • nonwovens according to the invention combine the advantages of a large dispersion, high reactivity and easy separability.
  • the nonwovens of this invention containing such magnetic nanoparticles may be useful as magnetically switchable bioelectrocatalytic systems for the efficient, rapid, easy separation and reliable capture of catalysts, radioactive waste, biochemical products, genes, proteins and cells.
  • the nonwovens according to the invention consist of biocompatible polymers with magnetic nanoparticles to which pharmaceutically active ingredients are bound. These are used as magnetic-drug-targeting drugs.
  • nanoparticles are used simultaneously as contrast agents in addition to the pharmaceutically active substances. This results in addition to the directed magnetic field-controlled drug application also a real-time control option by means of magnetic resonance imaging.
  • the nonwovens according to the invention can transport a high dose of the active ingredient and thus bring about a high local active ingredient concentration in situ. Toxicity and other side effects from high systemic drug dosing in other parts of the body Organisms are avoided.
  • the magnetic nanoparticles are used in the hyperthermic treatment. It is considered to be complementary to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical intervention in cancer therapy.
  • the idea of using magnetic induction hyperthermia is based on the fact that heat is produced due to magnetic hysteresis loss (Neel and Brown relaxation) when magnetic nanoparticles are exposed to an alternating magnetic field.
  • purely magnetic fibers are produced by spinning polymers with suitable precursors and subsequent thermal treatment of the spun fibers.
  • the magnetic fiber nonwoven webs of the present invention are used for high data density storage media, magnetic logic junctions, spintronic devices, magnetic sensors, and magnetic composites.
  • metallic, ceramic and their hybrid nanofibers are prepared by electrospinning either directly from the respective precursor materials or if they can not be electrospun - a sufficiently viscous polymer solution containing the precursor materials, the polymer acting as a carrier.
  • the resulting organic-inorganic precursor nanofibers can be structured or aligned according to the invention with the aid of a suitable template.
  • the nonwoven webs of these fibers are then thermally treated (e.g., in an oven at a temperature which results in degradation of the matrix polymer to directly or readily pyrolytically sublime the polymeric constituent).
  • the associated pyrolysis of the matrix polymer effectively removes the polymeric constituents, so that they are purely inorganic, composed of metals,
  • Ceramics or metal / ceramic hybrid materials existing nanofibers are obtained.
  • the nonwovens according to the invention are made of numerous Nanofibres, such as metals; Cu, Fe, Ni, Co Pd and Fe 3 O 4 , etc., ceramics; ZnO, TiO 2 , NiO, CuO, MgO, Al 2 O 3 and prepared.
  • the fibers can also Kobaltnitrtat and Kobaltdinitrat, iron nitrate and Ferric nitrate (Fe (NO 3) 3 * 9H 2 O), nickel (II) - acetate tetrahydrate or palladium acetate, etc. exist. Based on this principle, it is also possible to produce carbon nanofiber nonwovens from electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers.
  • the nanostructured ceramic nonwovens according to the invention open in hot gas filtration and in the production of electricity from machine exhaust gases.
  • the nanostructured ceramic nonwovens according to the invention are used in all applications in which conventional ceramic materials have hitherto been used.
  • the nanostructured ceramic webs of the present invention are used in catalysis, fuel cells, solar cells, membranes, hydrogen storage batteries, structural applications requiring high mechanical stiffness for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, biosensors used, etc.
  • nanostructured ceramic oxides also find applications in the field of nanoelectronics, sensors, resonators and in opto-and magneto-electronic devices due to their special electronic properties.
  • the collecting capacity of the submicrometer particles can be increased, so that a new generation for gas sensors in the climatic and medical applications can be generated.
  • the polymeric nonwovens according to the invention are used as templates for the production of freestanding large-area nanostructured nonwovens consisting of nanotubes, these nonwovens having at least one inorganic component.
  • the nonwoven fabric according to the invention is first coated with a so-called jacket material.
  • jacket material Depending on the material used, different ones are available
  • CVD chemical vapor deposition
  • sputtering spin coating
  • sol gel method dip coating
  • spraying plasma deposition
  • Atomic layer deposition English, atomic layer deposition, ALD
  • the deposits are preferably carried out from the gas phase. This not only achieves a very uniform thick layer around the fibers and very accurate reproducibility of the surface topology of the template fibers, but also impurities, e.g. avoided by solvents.
  • ALD in which takes place in contrast to CVD, the layer growth in a cyclic manner.
  • the self-controlling growth mechanism of ALD facilitates the control of film thickness and composition at the atomic level, allowing deposition on large and complex surfaces. After deposition of the inorganic phase on the nanofibers, the polymer matrix is removed by pyrolysis.
  • the nonwovens according to the invention with precisely defined nanoscale walls form nanostructured systems which can be handled easily and have an extremely large surface area, which can be used advantageously in comparison with systems made of conventional nonwovens, for example in catalysis or in sensors.
  • the properties of the webs consisting of nanotubes of at least one inorganic constituent can be tailored to the respective application by functionalizing the walls of the nanotubes.
  • the surface morphology of the nanofibers which is characterized by phase transitions or
  • Targeted adjustment of phase separation processes manifests itself in a nanosurface or nanoporosity of the tube walls.
  • the surface of the tube wall is increased again, which is the case for many applications, eg. As in catalysis, separation or sensor technology, is advantageous.
  • the additional nanopores can be described as
  • the successive coating with different wall materials expands the spectrum on multi-layer nanotubes and also multi-component systems and composites with a defined composition, which can be formed into nanotubes.
  • the nanofibers according to the invention can be formed into hybrid nanotubes with a core-shell morphology by additional coating with one or more precursor materials.
  • nanotubes according to the invention or the nonwovens consisting of the nanotubes can be used in many ways.
  • the nanotubes or the nonwovens consisting of the nanotubes are used in the medical and pharmaceutical fields (tissue engineering, galenics, antifouling), transport and separation, in sensor technology (gas, moisture and biosensors), substance storage ( Fuel cells), microelectronics (interlayer dielectrics), electronics (nanocircuits, nanocables, nanocapacitors) and in optics (light pipe, nanoglass tubes for optical near-field microscopy).
  • the polymer solution is released from an application device, for example a spinning capillary, under pressure.
  • an application device for example a spinning capillary
  • the polymer solution can be released by hand from a syringe by means of a spray pump.
  • the release of the polymer solution by means of a spray pump by hydraulic, mechanical or pneumatic means.
  • the release of the polymer solution can be automated.
  • the hydraulic pump driven by hydraulic, mechanical or pneumatic means pump controlled computationally.
  • the syringe is movably arranged and can be moved in the x-y-z direction.
  • the relative movement of the syringe is controlled computationally.
  • the template is arranged to be movable and can be moved in the xyz direction.
  • both the syringe and the template are movably arranged and can be moved in the x-y-z direction.
  • the relative movement of the syringe and the template are computer-controlled.
  • the deposition of the nanofibers can be reproducible, which is necessary in particular in the field of mass production with high quality requirements.
  • FIG. 4 shows an illustration of a further template used according to the conventional manner and of the nanofibers produced therewith, in FIG.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic representation of the electrospinning process according to the invention with template, in
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic representation of a template according to the invention, in
  • FIG. 7 shows a representation of exemplary template structures according to the invention and the resulting nanofiber structures according to the invention
  • FIG. 8 shows a representation of the nanofibers produced according to the invention.
  • the device for electrospinning suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention shown in FIG. 5, comprises a syringe 1 in which a polymer solution or melt 2 is located.
  • a spinning capillary 3 At the tip of the syringe 1 is a spinning capillary 3, which is coupled to one pole of the voltage generating arrangement (power supply) 6.
  • the polymer solution or melt is by means of a spray pump 9 the Polymer solution or melt 2 transported from the syringe 1 in the direction of spinning capillary 3, where it comes as a result to a droplet formation at the top of the spinning capillary 3.
  • the jet solidifies during its flight to the counter electrode 5 by evaporation of the solvent or by cooling, so that nanofibers 7 with typical diameters of a few nanometers to a few micrometers are produced within a few seconds.
  • These nanofibers 7 are deposited on the template 8 (FIGS. 7B, D) connected to the counterelectrode 5 in the form of a nonwoven mat, the nonwoven mat (FIGS. 7A, C).
  • the conductive template 8, which is located on a conventional conductive counter-electrode 5, serves as a collector 4 and is grounded together with the counter-electrode 5.
  • the polymeric nanofibers 7 are spun directly onto the template 8.
  • the nanofibers 7 are preferably deposited in the region of the structured template 8 within the counter electrode 5, since the electric field strength has maximum values there.
  • the helical airline of the jet as it approaches the template 8 is severely restricted by Coulomb's interaction between it and the oppositely charged or grounded template 8 only on the lattice towers within the template 8.
  • the intermediate areas of the lattice towers within the template 8 in which there is no conductive material (as in the holes of a screen), hardly or no nanofibers 7 are deposited.
  • the control of the deposition position with the simultaneous patterning of jets is possible. Is the template 8 on the entire width at least simple of the
  • Nanofiber 7 covered the spinning process can be interrupted. Subsequently, the deposition layer of electrospun fiber 7 for obtaining the freestanding nonwoven whose structure corresponds to that of the template 8 (Figs. 7A, C) is carefully separated from the template 8 (Fig. 7B, D). The resultant fleece is available for use or possible after-treatment. After removal of the web, the template 8 can be used immediately for further electrospinning operations. The nanofibers 7 are devoured by repeated attachment and stacking in the form of a three-dimensional nonwoven mat (FIG. 8). The size and shape of the voids between the fibers 7 in such webs can be easily controlled by the choice of the template 8.
  • the template 8 is used directly as a collector 4.
  • deposition of the nanofibers 7 can only take place in the region of the lattice masts on the template 8.
  • the lattice masts of the template 8 which are designed, for example, as wires, wire screens or perforated metal lattices, have a ratio of the width (b) of the lattice masts to their thickness (d) of> 1. This means that the lattice masts are wider than thick.
  • the width (b) of the lattice masts in this case characterizes the expansion in the x and / or y direction
  • the thickness (d) of the lattice masts in this case refers to the material thickness of the lattice towers of the template 8 in the z direction.
  • pharmaceutical active substances are mixed in as nanoparticles before spinning into the polymer solutions or melts 2 with different dimensionalities and then applied to the template 8 together with the polymer.
  • the surface of the above-described nanofibers 7 is modified by means of atomic layer deposition.
  • nanofibers 7 can be tailored according to their application by modifying the surface of the nanofibers 7.
  • the above-described modified nanofibers 7 are subjected to a thermal treatment at 500 ° C. in an oven. As a result, the polymeric portion of the nanofiber 7 is removed, leaving only the inorganic portion of the nanofiber 7 remains.
  • ceramic nanofibers 7 are produced by the above-described electrospinning process according to the invention.
  • the polymer solution or melt 2 ceramic precursors from the group consisting of Al 2 O 3 , CuO, NiO, TiO 2 , SiO 2 , V 2 O 5 , ZnO, Co 3 O 4 Nb 2 O 5 , MoO 3 and MgTiO 3 mixed and then electro-spun.
  • ceramic nanofibers 7 can be produced which can be used, for example, in composite materials.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de fabrication d'une forme quelconque de non-tissés microporeux et nanoporeux, constitués de nanofibres et de structure bi- ou tridimensionnelle, présentant un taux très élevé de couverture ou de séparation des fibres, au moyen d'un gabarit (template) conducteur prédéfini servant de collecteur, ainsi que l'utilisation des non-tissés selon l'invention. L'épaisseur de dépôt réglable pendant le temps d'accumulation des fibres de nanofibres produites au moyen d'un processus d'électro-filage permet d'influer de manière ciblée sur la formation de la structure tridimentionnelle.
EP10712425A 2009-04-01 2010-03-31 Procédé de formation d'un modèle de nanofibres à l'aide d'un gabarit (template) selon le procédé d'électro-filage et applications Withdrawn EP2414575A1 (fr)

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DE200910015226 DE102009015226A1 (de) 2009-04-01 2009-04-01 Template-gestütztes Musterbildungsverfahren von Nanofasern im Electrospinn-Verfahren und deren Anwendungen
PCT/EP2010/054350 WO2010112564A1 (fr) 2009-04-01 2010-03-31 Procédé de formation d'un modèle de nanofibres à l'aide d'un gabarit (template) selon le procédé d'électro-filage et applications

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