CN107268185B - 一种混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法 - Google Patents

一种混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法 Download PDF

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CN107268185B
CN107268185B CN201710435988.8A CN201710435988A CN107268185B CN 107268185 B CN107268185 B CN 107268185B CN 201710435988 A CN201710435988 A CN 201710435988A CN 107268185 B CN107268185 B CN 107268185B
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杜赵群
许巧丽
何玲娥
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Donghua University
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法，其特征在于，采用近场电纺直写技术、模板电纺技术或聚合物熔融直接沉积纺制并形成拉胀结构体；将溶液或熔体采用纺丝方式纺出纤维并收集在拉胀结构体上，形成无序结构体；将具有拉胀结构体和无序结构体的柔性复合拉胀材料从收集装置上剥离；将柔性拉胀材料进行后处理，以提高柔性拉胀材料的力学性能或赋予其功能。本发明采用混合纺丝方法制备的具有拉胀结构体和无序结构体的柔性复合拉胀材料不仅具有拉胀效应，还具有稳定的结构，且材料的尺寸范围广，适用高聚物种类多，材料可用于服装、过滤材料、生物医用、组织工程、光电材料、冲击防护、柔性传感器、复合材料等领域，前景广阔。

Description

一种混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法，具体涉及一种利用混合纺丝方式制备具有拉胀结构体与无序结构体的稳定结构的柔性拉胀材料的方法，属于拉胀结构材料的技术领域。
背景技术
拉胀材料是指具有负泊松比效应的材料，即材料在拉伸时垂直于拉伸方向变宽，压缩时材料变厚的现象。拉胀材料被称为21世纪智能材料之一，并不断有具有拉胀效应的泡沫材料、聚合材料和复合材料被制作出来。拉胀结构采用柔性材料制作并呈现可以为其广泛应用提供基础，目前利用拉胀结构制备了多种柔性拉胀材料，包括拉胀纤维、拉胀纱线、拉胀织物等。
分析近年来国内外有关柔性拉胀材料的研究，关于拉胀纤维的制备集中于从改变高聚物内部微结构入手，如改进传统熔融纺丝工艺，使高聚物长丝成形后内部具有微孔，从而具备拉胀效应，如授予Alderson等人的Auxetic filamentary materials(美国专利，发明专利号U.S.2007/7247265B2)；关于拉胀纱线的制备则主要采用传统正泊松比长丝通过螺旋结构成形，使其在受轴向拉伸作用时，长丝组分由于模量不同而导致结构变化，位置互换，表现为纱线的表观直径增大，如授予Hook的Uses of auxetic fibres(美国专利，发明专利号U.S.2011/8002879B2)，授予胡红等人的一种负泊松比纱线结构及其制造方法(发明专利号CN201210212844.3)；关于拉胀织物的制备主要采用针织结构，在其中加入嵌入纱，使针织结构在拉伸变形过程中由于嵌入纱的作用而打开空隙，形成拉胀效应，如授予Starbuck等人的Fabrics having knit structures exhibiting auxetic propertiesand garments formed thereby(美国专利，发明专利号U.S.2008/0011021A1)，授予Anand等人的Auxetic knitted fabrics(美国专利，发明专利号WO2010/125397A1)，授予Ugbolue等人的Auxetic fabric structure and related fabrication methods(美国专利，发明专利号U.S.2014/8772187B2)；此外还有直接采用高聚物制作拉胀网片的发明，如授予Alberg等人的Methods of making an auxetic mesh(美国专利，发明专利号U.S.2014/8728369B2)；2016年胡红教授公开的一种负泊松比机织物及制造方法(发明专利公开号CN106149150A)，由最小重复织物结构单元重复组成，单元由经纱和纬纱共同交织构成，最小重复织物结构单元的形状结构是内凹多边形、旋转多边形、星形蜂窝结构、交联多边形或者内凹折叠结构，使机织物在其平面一个或多个方向上呈现负泊松比或零泊松比效应；关于拉胀纺织品的应用，可用于穿戴，如授予Blakely等人的Articles of apparel withauxetic fabrics(美国专利，发明专利号U.S.2014/0109286A1)，可用于过滤，如授予Martin等人的Filtering face-piece respirator having an auxetic mesh in themask body(美国专利，发明专利号U.S.2015/8967147B2)，可用于冲击防护，如授予Rossow等人的Blast control blanket(美国专利，发明专利号U.S.2016/0040962A1)，授予Eberlein等人的Seating unit with auxetic support(美国专利，发明专利号U.S.2015/0320220A1)。
上述拉胀材料在制备过程中采用纤维或纱线，材料具有柔性，但主要工艺仍然是基于传统的针织和机织工艺，织物产品变形过大；要扩大拉胀材料的应用，必须使成形的拉胀材料具备一定柔性和稳定性，即有序部分需要刚性材料支撑以形成拉胀效应，无序部分提供材料的柔性和结构稳定性。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的问题是现有拉胀材料产品变形过大的问题。
为了解决上述问题，本发明提供了一种混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
步骤1)：采用近场电纺直写技术、模板电纺技术或聚合物熔融直接沉积纺制并形成拉胀结构体；
步骤2)：将溶液或熔体采用纺丝方式纺出纤维并收集在拉胀结构体上，形成无序结构体；
步骤3)：将具有拉胀结构体和无序结构体的柔性复合拉胀材料从收集装置上剥离；
步骤4)：将柔性拉胀材料进行后处理，以提高柔性拉胀材料的力学性能或赋予其功能。
优选地，所述步骤1)中拉胀结构体纺制时采用沉积装置的图案或结构模板的成形，或者采用沉积装置的运动控制系统成形。
优选地，所述步骤3)中无序结构体的纺丝方式为溶液静电纺、熔体静电纺、溶液吹纺、熔体喷纺或无纺布制备工艺。
优选地，所述步骤1)与步骤2)还可以交替重复进行，或者同步连续进行。
优选地，所述步骤4)中的后处理方式为加热、加压、针刺、水刺、拉伸、定型、化学粘合、抗菌处理、阻燃处理、防缩处理和碳化处理工序中的任意一种或几种的组合。
优选地，所述拉胀结构体是指能够通过拉伸、弯曲、旋转、平移、铰接等变形机理作用形成拉胀效应的图案或结构，为二维或三维拉胀结构。
更优选地，所述拉胀结构体为折叠结构、旋转结构或两者的结合。
更优选地，所述拉胀结构体为内凹蜂窝、星形网络、内凹菱形、正十二面体、三角格栅、中心旋转矩形、中心旋转三角形、中心旋转四面体、手性蜂窝、中心旋转多面体、铰接六角形、铰接四边形和铰接三角形中的任意一种或几种的组合。
优选地，所述拉胀结构体的尺寸、刚度均大于无序结构体。
本发明的原理在于通过近场电纺直写或聚合物熔融直接沉积或模板电纺技术纺制具有较大尺寸与刚度的拉胀结构体部分，同时或交替通过溶液或熔体静电纺或者熔喷或溶吹等方式，或无纺布制备工艺沉积无序结构体，之后通过定型、后处理等方式增强纤维集合体间作用力，提高纤维集合体的力学性能或赋予其功能。整体成形过程中，拉胀结构体存在于整个无序结构体中，纤维间相互作用，在外力作用下，具有较大尺寸和刚度的拉胀结构体部分变形膨胀而产生整体材料的拉胀效应，并提供材料基础的力学性能；在拉胀结构间沉积的大量较小尺寸和刚度的无序结构体起稳定结构的作用，并提供变形后的恢复作用。特别是通过两种混合纺丝方式制备的具有拉胀结构体和无序结构体的相互作用，使复合材料兼具拉胀性、柔性、结构稳定性。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下有益效果：
①采用两种纺丝方式混合，可以制备具有拉胀结构体与无序结构体的柔性复合拉胀材料，材料不仅具有拉胀性，同时具有柔性，稳定结构；
②采用的纺丝方式多，材料的尺寸范围大，适用的高聚物种类多，可采用单一种类聚合物，也可采用多种聚合物的混合；
③材料中拉胀结构体部分提供拉胀效应，无序排列的杂乱纤维提供结构的稳定性和变形后的恢复力；
④可对柔性拉胀材料进行后处理，以提高其力学性能或赋予其功能性；
⑤具有拉胀效果的柔性材料剪切性能、抗压痕性好，并具有同向曲率，可以应用于服装、过滤材料、生物医用、组织工程、光电材料、冲击防护、柔性传感器、复合材料等领域，市场前景广阔。
附图说明
图1a为实施例1中拉胀结构体的制备示意图；
图1b为实施例1中无序结构体的制备示意图；
图2为实施例3中星型网络结构的拉胀结构体的示意图；
图3为实施例4中双箭头结构的拉胀结构体的示意图；
图中：1-拉胀结构体纺丝装置，11-拉胀结构体；2-无序结构体纺丝装置，21-无序结构体。
具体实施方式
为使本发明更明显易懂，兹以优选实施例，并配合附图作详细说明如下。
实施例1-5均采用本发明提供的一种混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法，所述方法包括：(a)采用近场电纺直写或聚合物熔融直接沉积或模板电纺技术纺制具有较大尺寸与刚度的拉胀结构体11；(b)采用溶液或熔体的静电场牵引或风力牵引纺丝方式纺出纤维并收集在(a)制备的拉胀结构体11上，形成无序结构体12；(c)将经过(a)(b)收集到的具有拉胀结构体11和无序结构体12的柔性复合拉胀材料从收集装置上剥离；(d)将柔性拉胀材料进行后处理，以提高柔性拉胀材料的力学性能或赋予其功能。
实施例1
采用聚合物熔融直接沉积制备具有内凹六角蜂窝结构的拉胀结构体11，并交替采用熔喷方式纺制无序结构体12，制备时如图1a-b所示。
实施例2
采用模板电纺制备具有手性旋转结构的拉胀结构体11，并同时采用熔体静电纺丝方式纺制无序结构体12，制得柔性复合拉胀材料。
实施例3
采用聚合物熔融直接沉积制备具有星型网络结构的拉胀结构体11，并交替采用熔喷方式纺制无序结构体12，制得的柔性复合拉胀材料如图2所示。
实施例4
采用近场电纺直写技术制备具有双箭头结构的拉胀结构体11，并交替采用熔体静电纺丝方式纺制无序结构体12，制得的柔性复合拉胀材料如图3所示。
实施例5
采用近场电纺直写方式制备具有内旋的二维柔性拉胀结构的拉胀结构体11，并同时采用熔体静电纺丝方式纺制无序结构体12。

Claims (9)

1.一种混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
步骤1)：采用近场电纺直写技术、模板电纺技术或聚合物熔融直接沉积纺制并形成拉胀结构体；
步骤2)：将溶液或熔体采用纺丝方式纺出纤维并收集在拉胀结构体上，形成无序结构体；
步骤3)：将具有拉胀结构体和无序结构体的柔性复合拉胀材料从收集装置上剥离；
步骤4)：将柔性拉胀材料进行后处理，以提高柔性拉胀材料的力学性能或赋予其功能。
2.如权利要求1所述的混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤1)中拉胀结构体纺制时采用沉积装置的图案或结构模板的成形，或者采用沉积装置的运动控制系统成形。
3.如权利要求1所述的混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤3)中无序结构体的纺丝方式为溶液静电纺、熔体静电纺、溶液吹纺或熔体喷纺工艺。
4.如权利要求1所述的混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤1)与步骤2)还可以交替重复进行，或者同步连续进行。
5.如权利要求1所述的混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤4)中的后处理方式为加热、加压、针刺、水刺、拉伸、定型、化学粘合、抗菌处理、阻燃处理、防缩处理和碳化处理工序中的任意一种或几种的组合。
6.如权利要求1-5任意一项所述的混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法，其特征在于，所述拉胀结构体为二维或三维拉胀结构。
7.如权利要求6所述的混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法，其特征在于，所述拉胀结构体为折叠结构、旋转结构或两者的结合。
8.如权利要求6所述的混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法，其特征在于，所述拉胀结构体为内凹蜂窝、星形网络、内凹菱形、正十二面体、三角格栅、中心旋转矩形、中心旋转三角形、手性蜂窝、中心旋转多面体、铰接六角形、铰接四边形和铰接三角形中的任意一种或几种的组合。
9.如权利要求1-5任意一项所述的混合纺丝制备稳定结构柔性拉胀材料的方法，其特征在于，所述拉胀结构体的尺寸、刚度均大于无序结构体。
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