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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
  • C07C1/32—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from compounds containing hetero-atoms other than or in addition to oxygen or halogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C201/00—Preparation of esters of nitric or nitrous acid or of compounds containing nitro or nitroso groups bound to a carbon skeleton
  • C07C201/06—Preparation of nitro compounds
  • C07C201/12—Preparation of nitro compounds by reactions not involving the formation of nitro groups
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
  • C07C1/32—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from compounds containing hetero-atoms other than or in addition to oxygen or halogen
  • C07C1/321—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from compounds containing hetero-atoms other than or in addition to oxygen or halogen the hetero-atom being a non-metal atom
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C15/00—Cyclic hydrocarbons containing only six-membered aromatic rings as cyclic parts
  • C07C15/12—Polycyclic non-condensed hydrocarbons
  • C07C15/14—Polycyclic non-condensed hydrocarbons all phenyl groups being directly linked
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
  • C07C17/26—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton
  • C07C17/263—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton by condensation reactions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
  • C07C17/26—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton
  • C07C17/263—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton by condensation reactions
  • C07C17/269—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton by condensation reactions of only halogenated hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C209/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
  • C07C209/68—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton from amines, by reactions not involving amino groups, e.g. reduction of unsaturated amines, aromatisation, or substitution of the carbon skeleton
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C253/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles
  • C07C253/30—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by reactions not involving the formation of cyano groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
  • C07C2523/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • C07C2523/72—Copper
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • C07C2531/26—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups C07C2531/02 - C07C2531/24
  • C07C2531/28—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups C07C2531/02 - C07C2531/24 of the platinum group metals, iron group metals or copper

Definitions

• the disclosure provides methods for the use of open metal frameworks to catalyze coupling reactions.
• the disclosure provides methods and composition comprising open frameworks with accessible metal sites (open- metal-sites) for catalyzing coupling reactions.
• open framework materials that are constructed from organic links bridged by multidentate organic or inorganic cores.
• open framework materials covalent organic frameworks (COFs), zeolitic imidozolate frameworks (ZIFs) , metal organic polyhedral (MOP) and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and all possible resulting net topologies as described within the reticular chemistry structure resource.
• COFs covalent organic frameworks
• ZIFs zeolitic imidozolate frameworks
• MOP metal organic polyhedral
• MOFs metal organic frameworks
• the disclosure provides a method of using noble metal-based metal organic framework (MOF) or metal organic polyhedral (MOP) such as Cu-based and Pd-based frameworks as the catalyst for homo-coupling synthesis of biaryls.
• MOF metal organic framework
• MOP metal organic polyhedral
• a noble metal-based homocoupling of arylboronic acids to synthesize substituted biaryls is provided.
• Such methods replace traditional methods such as dimerization of aryl-diazonium salts in Gomberg-Bachman reactions and homocoupling of aryl-halides in Ullmann
• compositions of the disclosure can be used in catalysis and developing new approach for drug precursor synthesis.
• the disclosure provides a method for synthesizing biaryls comprising contacting a metal organic framework (MOF) or metal organic polyhedral (MOP) with an aryl boronic acid compound under conditions wherein the MOF or MOP catalyze the synthesis of the biaryl through a homo-coupling reaction.
• MOF metal organic framework
• MOP metal organic polyhedral
• the method further comprises cupric acetate and the MOF or MOP comprises the metal copper.
• the aryl bornic acid has the general structure:
• R is selected from the group consisting of H, NO 2 , CN, Cl, t-Bu, N (CH 3 ) 2 and substituted or unsubstituted napthyl .
• the napthyl has the structure _ j n y e -(- another embodiment, the MOF or MOP comprises a linking ligands selected from the group consisting of:
• the MOF comprises copper.
• the MOF comprises a Cu 3 (BTC) 2 (where BTC is benzene-1, 3, 5-tricarboxylate) .
• the MOF comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Cr(II), Pb(II), Mn(IV), Ti(II) and Ni(II).
• the disclosure also provide a reaction mixture comprising a metal organic framework (MOF) or metal organic polyhedral (MOP) and an aryl boronic acid.
• MOF metal organic framework
• MOP metal organic polyhedral
• the mixture further comprises cupric acetate.
• the aryl bornic acid has the general structure :
• R is selected from the group consisting of H, NO 2 , CN, Cl, t-Bu, N(CH 3 ) 2 and substituted or unsubstituted napthyl .
• the napthyl has the structure
• the MOF or MOP comprises a linking ligands selected from the group consisting of:
• R 1 -R 15 may or may not be present and if present are independently selected from the group consisting of: -NH 2 , -CN,
• the MOF comprises copper. In a specific embodiment, the MOF comprises a
• the MOF comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Cr(II), Pb(II), Mn(IV), Ti(II) and Ni(II).
• Figure IA-D shows atomic connectivity and structure of crystalline Cu 3 (BTC) 2 .
• B BTC link;
• C structure of as-synthesized Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ;
• D structure of activated Cu 3 (BTC) 2 .
• Cu, 0 and C are shown. All H atoms are omitted for clarity.
• Figure 2 shows a comparison of the yields for three cycles of the homo-coupling of 4-cyanophenylboronic acid using recycled Cu 3 (BTC) 2 .
• Figure 4 shows a comparison of the experimental PXRD patterns of fresh Cu 3 (BTC) 2 (bottom) and Cu 3 (BTC) 2 after homo- coupling of phenylboronic acid (top) .
• Figure 5 shows a comparison of the experimental PXRD patterns of fresh Cu 3 (BTC) 2 (bottom), and Cu 3 (BTC) 2 after homo- coupling of 4-nitrophenylboronic acid (top) .
• Figure 6 shows a omparison of the experimental PXRD patterns of fresh Cu 3 (BTC) 2 (bottom), and Cu 3 (BTC) 2 after homo- coupling of 4-cyanophenylboronic acid (top) .
• Figure 7 shows a comparison of the experimental PXRD patterns of fresh Cu 3 (BTC) 2 (bottom), and Cu 3 (BTC) 2 after homo- coupling of 4-chlorophenylboronic acid (top) .
• Figure 8 shows a comparison of the experimental PXRD patterns of fresh Cu 3 (BTC) 2 (bottom), and Cu3(BTC)2 after homo- coupling of 4-tert-butylphenylboronic acid (top) .
• Figure 9 shows a comparison of the experimental PXRD patterns of fresh Cu 3 (BTC) 2 (bottom), and Cu 3 (BTC) 2 after homo- coupling of 4- (dimethylamino) -phenylboronic acid (top) .
• Figure 10 shows a comparison of the experimental PXRD patterns of fresh Cu 3 (BTC) 2 (bottom), and Cu3 (BTC) 2 after homo-coupling of 1-naphthylboronic acid (top) .
• Figure 11 shows a comparison of the experimental PXRD patterns of Cu 3 (BTC) 2 after first cycle homo-coupling of 4-cyanophenylboronic acid (bottom), Cu 3 (BTC) 2 after second cycle (middle), and Cu 3 (BTC) 2 after third cycle (top).
• Figure 12 shows FT-IR spectrum of fresh Cu 3 (BTC) 2 .
• Figure 13 shows FT-IR spectrum of benzene-1, 3, 5- tricarboxylic acid (BTC) .
• Figure 14 shows FT-IR spectrum of recovered solid after the homo-coupling of phenylboronic acid.
• Figure 15 shows FT-IR spectrum of recovered liquid after the homo-coupling of phenylboronic acid.
• MOF and MOP structures serve as an outstanding alternative to precious metal dominated Suzuki homo-coupling reactions with comparable yield and selectivity.
• the methods and compositions of the disclosure also show great potential of MOF chemistry as it introduces desired complexity and functionality along with exceptional porosity. Specifically, such complexity offered by uniquely connected active centers behave in a favored pattern, which is unprecedented comparing to its molecular counter parts.
• the catalyst may also be modified in a way to allow the Chan-Lam Coupling, which is a side product of the desired homocoupling reaction and is equally valuable for synthesis .
• the disclosure demonstrates the methods and compositions of the disclosure on a group of selected
• MOFs/MOPs - MOF-5, MOF-177, MIL-53, MOF-199 and MOP-OH (Cu- based) .
• MOFs/MOPs - MOF-5, MOF-177, MIL-53, MOF-199 and MOP-OH (Cu- based) .
• MOFs/MOPs - MOF-5, MOF-177, MIL-53, MOF-199 and MOP-OH Cu- based
• the disclosure provides a method for homo-coupling synthesis of biaryls using a metal-containing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), e.g., Cu 3 (BTC) 2 (where BTC is benzene-1, 3, 5- tricarboxylate) , as the catalyst.
• MOFs metal-containing metal-organic frameworks
• MOF catalyst offers remarkably superior attributes as a heterogeneous catalyst that are endowed by its highly ordered and open structure; aspects that put its performance on par with the homogeneous catalysts.
• MOF catalyst has all the advantages associated with the variations that can be made on the MOF constituents. A description of some of these advantages and attributes are shown in Table 1.
• transition metals such as Cr(II), Pb(II), Mn(IV), Ti(II) and Ni(II) have been used to accelerate this homo-coupling reaction, however other co-catalysts and environmentally harmful additives need to be added to facilitate efficient turnover.
• Cu-based compounds are known to catalyze some coupling reactions (e.g., Glaser Coupling and Chan-Lam Coupling) under homogeneous conditions and
• MOFs are a new class of porous crystals with exceptional porosity and record-breaking surface areas (up to 5, 900 m 2 g -1 ) .
• Cu 3 (BTC) 2 a copper-based MOF, was used as the catalyst for various oxidative homo-coupling reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the structure of this MOF is constructed from copper paddlewheel secondary building units (SBUs) . The 12
• carboxylate oxygen atoms from the two benzenetricarboxylic acid (BTC) groups bind to four coordination sites for each of the three Cu ions of the formula unit.
• Each metal completes its pseudooctahedral coordination sphere with an axial H 2 O ligand along the Cu-Cu axis.
• Water molecules can be easily removed by heating under vacuum (Figure IA) , which leads to open copper centers that are mono-dispersed throughout the pores ( Figure ID) .
• the copper centers have been shown to be Lewis acidic and they can be coordinated by various molecules.
• Such open metal centers in highly porous open framework may accelerate the initial coordination of amine and the following transmetallation .
• Figure 3 depicts a proposed mechanism of action of the MOF in the synthesis of biaryls.
• the copper paddlewheel in the framework is coordinated by the base, followed by being oxidized by O 2 to form the catalytic copper (III) species I.
• Transmetallation of I with aryl boronic acid gives rise to complex II.
• the subsequent reductive elimination at the copper center leads to the Chan-Lam coupling product R-NHR' and the copper (I) species IV.
• the Cu(II) core is linked using a linking ligand or moiety.
• the linking ligand or moiety can be any number of different compounds as described below.
• the linking ligand/moiety is a BTC compound.
• the linking ligand/moiety may be further functionalized as described below.
• a “core” refers to a repeating unit or units found in a framework.
• a framework can comprise a homogenous repeating core or a heterogeneous repeating core structure.
• a core comprises a metal or cluster of metals and a linking moiety.
• a plurality of cores linked together defines a framework.
• cluster refers to identifiable
• associations of 2 or more atoms are typically established by some type of bond--ionic, covalent, Van der Waal, and the like.
• a “linking cluster” refers to a one or more reactive species capable of condensation comprising an atom capable of forming a bond between a linking moiety
• the linking cluster may comprise one or more different reactive species capable of forming a link with a bridging oxygen atom.
• a linking cluster can comprise CO 2 H, CS 2 H, NO 2 , SO 3 H, Si(OH) 3 , Ge(OH) 3 , Sn(OH) 3 , Si(SH) 4 , Ge(SH) 4 , Sn(SH) 4 , PO 3 H, AsO 3 H, AsO 4 H, P(SH) 3 , As(SH) 3 , CH(RSH) 2 , C(RSH) 3 , CH(RNH 2 ) 2 , C(RNH 2 ) 3 , CH(ROH) 2 , C(ROH) 3 , CH(RCN) 2 , C(RCN) 3 , CH(SH) 2 , C(SH) 3 , CH (NH 2 ) 2 , C(NH 2 ) 3 , CH(OH) 2 , C(OH) 3 , CH(CN)
• a “linking moiety” refers to a mono-dentate or polydentate compound that, through a linking cluster, bind a metal or a plurality of metals, respectively.
• a linking moiety comprises a substructure having an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group comprising 1 to 5 phenyl rings, or an alkyl or aryl amine comprising alkyl or cycloalkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms or aryl groups comprising 1 to 5 phenyl rings, and in which a linking cluster is covalently bound to the substructure.
• a cycloalkyl or aryl substructure may comprise 1 to 5 rings that comprise either of all carbon or a mixture of carbon with nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, boron, phosphorus, silicon and/or aluminum atoms making up the ring.
• the linking moiety will comprise a substructure having one or more carboxylic acid linking clusters covalently attached.
• a line in a chemical formula with an atom on one end and nothing on the other end means that the formula refers to a chemical fragment that is bonded to another entity on the end without an atom attached. Sometimes for emphasis, a wavy line will intersect the line.
• linking moiety substructure is selected from any of the following:
• the framework used in the catalysis has a zeolitic structure.
• the organic link typically comprises at least one 5-membered ring with a nitrogen in the one position and three position of the 5-membered ring, which forms the linking moiety or bridge between two metal ions.
• the imidazole ring can be further functionalized to form benzimidazoles, triazole,
• linking moieties can be used in the formation of catalytic frameworks of the disclosure :
• R-R 4 is -H, -NH 2 , -COOH, -CN, -NO 2 , -F, -Cl, -Br, -S, 0, -SH, -SO 3 H, -PO 3 H 2 , -OH, -CHO, -CS 2 H, -SO 3 H, -Si(OH) 3 , - Ge(OH) 3 , -Sn(OH) 3 , -Si(SH) 4 , -Ge(SH) 4 , -Sn(SH) 4 , -PO 3 H, -AsO 3 H, AsO 4 H, -P(SH) 3 , -As(SH) 3 , -CH(RSH) 2 , C(RSH) 3 , -CH(RNH 2 J 2 , - -
• the substructure can comprise substituted or unsubstituted aromatic rings, substituted of unsubstituted heteroacromatic rings,
• a linking moiety can comprise the following structures:
• Ai, A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 5 , and A 6 are each independently absent or any atom or group capable of forming a sable ring structure and
• Ri 6 are each independently H, alkyl, aryl, OH, alkoxy, alkenes, alkynes, phenyl and substitutions of the foregoing, sulfur-containing groups (e.g., thioalkoxy) , silicon- containing groups, nitrogen-containing groups (e.g., amides), oxygen-containing groups (e.g., ketones, and aldehydes), halogen, nitro, amino, cyano, boron-containing groups, phosphorus-containing groups, carboxylic acids, or esters.
• linking moieties that possess appropriate reactive groups can be chemically transformed by a suitable reactant post framework synthesis to further functionalize the framework.
• Post framework reactants include all known organic transformations and their respective reactants; rings of 1-20 carbons with functional groups including atoms such as N, S, 0. All metals that may chelate to and add functional groups or a combination of previously exisiting and newly added functional groups. All reactions that result in tethering an organometallic complex to the framework for use, for example, as a
• a post framework reactant refers to any organic reactant. Rings of 1-20 carbons with functional groups comprising atoms such as N, S, O, and P are useful. In addition, metal and metal containing compounds that may chelate to and add functional groups or a combination of previously existing and newly added functional groups are also useful. Reactions that result in the tethering of
• organometallic complexes to the framework for use as, for example, a heterogeneous catalyst can be used. For example, converting a reactive side group in a linking agent to an alcohol followed by reacting the group with an alkali earth metal to generate a metal alkoxide is provided.
• post framework reactants include, but are not limited to, heterocyclic compounds.
• heterocyclic compounds include, but are not limited to, heterocyclic compounds.
• the post framework reactant can be a saturated or unsaturated heterocycle .
• heterocycle used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to a ring-containing structure or molecule having one or more multivalent heteroatoms, independently selected from N, O and S, as a part of the ring structure and including at least 3 and up to about 20 atoms in the ring(s).
• Heterocycle may be saturated or unsaturated, containing one or more double bonds, and heterocycle may contain more than one ring. When a heterocycle contains more than one ring, the rings may be fused or unfused. Fused rings generally refer to at least two rings share two atoms there between.
• Heterocycle may have aromatic character or may not have aromatic character.
• heterocyclic group refers to a radical derived from a heterocycle by removing one or more hydrogens there from.
• heterocyclyl used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers a monovalent radical derived from a heterocycle by removing one hydrogen there from.
• heteroaryl used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to a heterocyclyl having aromatic character.
• Heterocycle includes, for example, monocyclic heterocycles such as: aziridine, oxirane, thiirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane, pyrrolidine, pyrroline,
• heterocycles useful in the methods of the disclosure include:
• aromatic heterocycles heteroaryl groups
• a framework can undergo post synthetic modification by reacting the framework with a reactive species.
• a side group on a linking moiety comprises, for example, NH 2 reaction with an aziridine containing compound results in opening of the reactive species ring depicted generally by:
• the preparation of the frameworks of the disclosure can be carried out in either an aqueous or non-aqueous system.
• the solvent may be polar or non-polar as the case may be .
• the solvent can comprise the templating agent or the optional ligand containing a monodentate functional group.
• non-aqueous solvents examples include n-alkanes, such as pentane, hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, cyanobenzene, aniline, naphthalene, naphthas, n-alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, acetone, 1,3, - dichloroethane, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide,
• n-alkanes such as pentane, hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, cyanobenzene, aniline, naphthalene, naphthas, n-alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propan
• Templating agents can be used in the methods of the disclosure. Templating agents employed in the disclosure are added to the reaction mixture for the purpose of occupying the pores in the resulting crystalline base frameworks. In some variations of the disclosure, space-filling agents, adsorbed chemical species and guest species increase the surface area of the metal-organic framework.
• Suitable space-filling agents include, for example, a component selected from the group consisting of: (i) alkyl amines and their corresponding alkyl ammonium salts, containing linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic groups, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; (ii) aryl amines and their corresponding aryl ammonium salts having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings; (iii) alkyl phosphonium salts, containing linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic groups, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; (iv) aryl phosphonium salts, having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings; (v) alkyl organic acids and their
• Crystallization can be carried out by leaving the solution at room temperature or in isothermal oven for up to 300 °C; adding a diluted base to the solution to initiate the crystallization; diffusing a diluted base into the solution to initiate the crystallization; and/or transferring the solution to a closed vessel and heating to a predetermined temperature.
• the frameworks of the disclosure can be used in various devices and systems to perform the catalysis described and depicted in Figure 3.
• the MOF and/or MOP compositions can be added to a reaction vessel comprising a reagents to be coupled (e.g., homocoupled) .
• a MOF-199 can be added to a reaction mixiture comprising an arylbornonic acid to be coupled and the reaction allowed to proceed.
• the reaction mixture can be passed through a column comprising a MOF and/or MOP that catalyzes the homo- coupling of the reagents.
• the reaction vessel can be agitated or mixed.
• the MOF and/or MOP can be reused.
• the reaction is carried out at room temperature.
• the reaction is carried out with stirring at room temperature. After filtration and washing with fresh
• the MOF can be fully recovered and re-used without any significant loss of activity.
• MOF-199 (Basolite C300, Aldrich) , cyclohexylamine, triethylamine, phenylbornic acid, 4-nitrophenylboronic acid, 4-cyanophenylbornic acid, 4-chlorophenylboronic acid, 4-ter- burlyphenylboronic acid, 4- (dimehtylamino) -phenylboronic acid, naphthalene-1-bonronic acid and 1, 3, 5-trimethyoxybenzene were purchased form Aldrich Chemical Co.
• N, N, N' ,N' -tetramethyldiphenyl- 4,4'-diamine 43% and 5% yields of N, N, N', N'- tetramethyldiphenyl-4, 4' -diamine (based on 4- (dimethylamino) - phenylboronic acid) for MOF and cupric acetate monohydrate, respectively.
• Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data were collected using a Bruker D8-Discover ⁇ -2 ⁇ diffractometer in reflectance Bragg-Brentano geometry.
• Cu Ka radiation ( ⁇ 1.5406 A; 1,600 W, 40 kV, 40 mA) was focused using a planer Gobel Mirror riding the Ka line.
• a 0.6 mm divergence slit was used for all measurements.
• Diffracted radiation was detected using a Vantec line detector (Bruker AXS) (6° 2 ⁇ sampling width) equipped with a Ni monochrometer .
• phenylboronic acid and tert-butyl phenylboronic acid on the MOF resulted in up to 47% yield of biaryl .
• cupric acetate failed to show any observable activity.
• use of MOF catalyst gave up to 92 % yield.
• Cupric acetate in contrast, did catalyze these reactions with poor yields (5%-19%) .
• the presence of MOF in catalytic quantities clearly resulted in up to 15 times higher yield.
• Naphthyl-1-boronic acid was used for the last reaction.

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