CN112495408B - 一种电催化析氢纳米材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种电催化析氢纳米材料的制备方法。它是以质量比约为2.48:40:2的四水合钼酸铵、苯胺溶液、次磷酸钠为原料,依次通过以下步骤来制备:(1)溶液法制备Mo‑MOF前驱体:先将四水合钼酸铵溶解于苯胺溶液中,溶解后通入氮气进行保护;(2)热处理法制备MoP/碳复合纳米材料:将Mo‑MOF前驱体转移到氧化铝方舟中,在另一个氧化铝方舟中加入次磷酸钠置于管式炉上游,然后通入氢气与氮气的混合气体,升温至750~850℃保温3~6h。该制备方法原料简单,整个过程简易,操作方便,可制得具有贯通孔结构的复合纳米材料。
Description
本申请是针对申请号为201810451177.1、发明名称为“一种用于碱性电催化析氢的磷化钼/碳复合纳米材料”的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及碱性非贵金属催化剂的制备技术领域,具体涉及一种电催化析氢纳米材料的制备方法。
背景技术
贵金属铂及其合金由于低电位和在酸性溶液中的高电化学稳定性,成为目前最常用的电催化产氢催化剂。但其成本高、资源稀缺,实际应用受阻碍,尤其是在碱性环境中耗能更大,限制了在氢电池领域的应用。目前,理论和实验研究都已证明,纳米结构的过渡金属磷化物,比表面积大、结构复杂和边缘不饱和键多,可用作HER电催化剂,但其导电性和稳定性差,催化效率受限。有研究者通过将磷化钼与碳纳米管(CNTs)和石墨烯等碳材料进行复合,从而改善磷化钼的导电性和稳定性,使其改性成为有效率HER的催化剂。此外,人们已经通过多种方法对磷化钼进行性能改良,制备得到了碳纤维-磷化钼复合材料、石墨烯-磷化钼复合材料等复合材料。这些制备方法虽然很多,但其制备原材料成本高,制备过程对环境污染较大,而且都没有制得具有贯通孔结构的产物,其产物反应活性位点少,电催化析氢性能较差,稳定性差,使用周期短,导电性差,不易回收。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种电催化析氢纳米材料的制备方法,该制备方法原料简单,整个过程简易,操作方便,可制得具有贯通孔结构的复合纳米材料。
本发明的目的通过如下技术方案来实现:
一种电催化析氢纳米材料的制备方法,其特征在于,以质量比约为2.48:40:2的四水合钼酸铵、苯胺溶液、次磷酸钠为原料,依次通过以下步骤来制备:
(1)溶液法制备Mo-MOF前驱体
先将四水合钼酸铵溶解于苯胺溶液中,溶解后需通入99.99%的氮气进行保护,氮气气体流量为20~30ml/min,所述苯胺溶液是将苯胺溶解于去离子水中,苯胺与去离子水的体积比为3~4:40;
(2)热处理法制备MoP/碳复合纳米材料
将Mo-MOF前驱体转移到氧化铝方舟中,在另一个氧化铝方舟中加入次磷酸钠置于管式炉上游,相距MOF前驱体15~20cm,然后通入氢气与氮气的混合气体进行保护,以2~3℃/min升温速率升温至750~850℃保温3~6h,取出;其中,氢气与氮气混合气体中氢气与氮气的体积比为1:9,混合气体流速为90~110ml/min,管内压力控制为2~3Mpa。
进一步优化,上述步骤(1)中在氮气保护条件下,还需进行微波加热,微波加热温度45~55℃,在微波保温条件下,滴加浓度为0.8~1.2mol/L的稀盐酸调节溶液pH为3.5~4.5,滴加完毕后,继续保温3~6小时。
进一步优化,上述步骤(1)中在保温结束后得Mo-MOF前驱体中间体,再用蒸馏水和乙醇溶液各分别洗涤3次,然后再经转速1500~3000转/min的离心机离心10~15分钟,离心结束后进行冷冻干燥,即得;所述Mo-MOF前驱体中间体、蒸馏水和乙醇的质量:体积:体积=1:40~50:40~50;所述冷冻干燥温度为-55~-45℃,真空度为10~50Pa,干燥时间24~48h。
作为进一步明确,上述步骤(2)所制得的MoP/碳复合纳米材料为纳米线结构,纳米线中具有排列规则的贯通孔洞,孔洞沿着一个方向平行排列,孔直径为0.8~1nm,纳米线表面有包裹一层均匀的碳层,碳层厚度为3~4nm。
本发明具有如下的有益效果:
本发明提供了一种电催化析氢纳米材料的制备方法,该制备方法原料简单,通过水热和磷化过程即获得了复合材料,整个实验过程简单,操作方便,很容易实现产物的大规模生产。通过该方法即可制得具有规则的0.8-1nm贯通孔,表面有2-4nm厚碳层的MoP/碳复合纳米材料;该产物利于H2的扩散,表面的碳层有利于电荷的传输,对电催化析氢具有很好的催化效果,其在碱性溶液中表现出良好的析氢性能,电催化析氢起始电压为26mVvsRHE,过电位为78mV时电流密度就能达到10 mA / cm2,且稳定性好,在120mV的恒电压下,电流密度14小时内降低不超过1%,且该产物贯通孔结构稳定,没有坍塌,导电性好,易回收,在能源开发和储存方面具有广阔的应用前景。
附图说明
图1 是实施例1中所制得的产物样品的低倍SEM图。
图2 是实施例1中所制得的产物样品的高倍SEM图。
图3 是实施例1中所制得的产物样品的低倍TEM图。
图4是实施例1中所制得的产物样品的中倍TEM图。
图5是实施例1中所制得的产物样品的高倍TEM图。
图6 是实施例1中所制得的产物样品的XRD图。
图7 是实施例1中所制得的产物样品的XPS图。
图8 是实施例1中所述制得的产物样品的电催化产氢性能图(伏安线性扫描)。
图9 是实施例1中所制得的产物样品的电催化产氢稳定性能图(恒电压)。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明进行具体的描述,有必要在此指出的是以下实施例只用于对本发明进行进一步说明,不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制,该领域的技术人员可以根据上述本发明内容对本发明作出一些非本质的改进和调整。
实施例1
一种电催化析氢纳米材料的制备方法,其依次通过以下步骤来制备:
在三角烧瓶里边,称取2.48g四水合钼酸铵 (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2加入含有3.28ml苯胺溶液的40ml均匀的去离子水使之溶解,通入99.99%的氮气进行保护,气体流量为25ml/min,与此同时用微波加热至50℃,然后缓慢滴加1mol/L稀盐酸溶液调节pH值至4.0,在50摄氏度保持4h得Mo-MOF前驱体中间体,再用蒸馏水和乙醇溶液各分别洗涤3次(所述Mo-MOF前驱体中间体、蒸馏水和乙醇的质量:体积:体积=1:45:45),然后再经2500转/min的离心15分钟,然后在冷冻干燥,所述冷冻干燥温度为-50℃,真空度为10Pa,干燥时间24h,得到含有Mo-MOF前驱体。将Mo-MOF前驱体转移到氧化铝方舟中,并在另一的氧化铝方舟中称取2g次磷酸钠置于管式炉上游,相距MOF前驱体17cm,在100ml/min体积分数10%的氢气的氮气气氛保护下,以2℃每分钟的升温速率在800℃的温度下保温4h,管内压力控制在2MPa,取出,即得成品。
实验一:材料的电催化性能测试
电化学测试采用三电极体系,通过AUTOLAB PGSTAT302N工作站测试,将4mg的MoP分散在500μl的含0.5%的Nafion溶液中,超声一小时后,分3次将4μl的分散液滴在3mm直径的玻碳电极上,自然风干,碳棒电极作为对电极,银/氯化银电极(Ag / AgCl)作为参比电极。电化学测试电解液为1 mol/L的KOH溶液,测试前在溶液中通氮气30min以除去电解液中的空气,测试时采用旋转工作电极去除表面产生的气体,稳定性测试保持恒电压为120mV。实验结果表明:电催化析氢起始电压为26mVvsRHE,过电位为78mV时电流密度就能达到10mA/cm2。
实验二:稳定性实验
电化学测试采用三电极体系,通过AUTOLAB PGSTAT302N工作站测试,将4mg的MoP碳复合纳米材料分散在500μl的含0.5%的Nafion溶液中,超声一小时后,分3次将4ul的分散液滴在3mm直径的玻碳电极上,自然风干,碳棒电极作为对电极,银/氯化银电极(Ag /AgCl)作为参比电极。电化学测试电解液为1mol/L的 KOH溶液,测试前在溶液中通氮气30min以除去电解液中的空气,测试时采用旋转工作电极去除表面产生的气体,稳定性测试保持恒电压为120mV。产品稳定性好,在120mV的恒电压下,电流密度14小时内降低不超过1%,且贯通孔结构稳定,没有坍塌。
实施例2
一种电催化析氢纳米材料的制备方法,其依次通过以下步骤来制备:
在三角烧瓶里边,称取2.48g四水合钼酸铵 (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2加入含有3.28ml苯胺溶液的40ml均匀的去离子水使之溶解,通入99.99%的氮气进行保护,气体流量为20ml/min,与此同时用微波加热至45℃,然后缓慢滴加0.8mol/L稀盐酸溶液调节pH值至4.5,在45℃摄氏度保持6h得Mo-MOF前驱体中间体,再分别用蒸馏水和乙醇溶液分别洗涤3次(所述Mo-MOF前驱体中间体、蒸馏水和乙醇的质量:体积:体积=1:40:40),然后再经1500转/min的离心15分钟,然后在冷冻干燥,所述冷冻干燥温度为-45℃,真空度为50Pa,干燥时间48h,得到含有Mo-MOF前驱体。将Mo-MOF前驱体转移到氧化铝方舟中,并在另一的氧化铝方舟中称取2g次磷酸钠置于管式炉上游,相距MOF前驱体20cm,在110ml/min体积分数10%的氢气的氮气气氛保护下,以2℃每分钟的升温速率在750℃的温度下保温3h,管内压力控制在2MPa取出,即得成品。
将实施例2制得的成品,按实施例1的实验方法,分别进行材料的电催化性能测试和稳定性实验,电催化性能测试结果表明,电催化析氢起始电压为29mVvsRHE,过电位为82mV时电流密度就能达到10mA /cm2,表明本品电催化性能优异;稳定性实验结果表明,本品在120mV的恒电压下,电流密度14小时内降低不超过1%且贯通孔结构稳定,没有坍塌。
实施例3
一种电催化析氢纳米材料的制备方法,其依次通过以下步骤来制备:
在三角烧瓶里边,称取2.48g四水合钼酸铵 (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2加入含有3.28ml苯胺溶液的40ml均匀的去离子水使之溶解,通入99.99%的氮气进行保护,气体流量为30ml/min,与此同时用微波加热至55℃,然后缓慢滴加1.2mol/L稀盐酸溶液调节pH值至3.5,在55℃摄氏度保持3h得Mo-MOF前驱体中间体,再分别用蒸馏水和乙醇溶液分别洗涤3次(所述Mo-MOF前驱体中间体、蒸馏水和乙醇的质量:体积:体积=1:40:40),然后再经3000转/min的离心10分钟,然后在冷冻干燥,所述冷冻干燥温度为-55℃,真空度为10Pa,干燥时间48h,得到含有Mo-MOF前驱体。将Mo-MOF前驱体转移到氧化铝方舟中,并在另一的氧化铝方舟中称取2g次磷酸钠置于管式炉上游,相距MOF前驱体20cm,在110ml/min体积分数10%的氢气的氮气气氛保护下,以3℃每分钟的升温速率在850℃的温度下保温6h,管内压力控制在3MPa取出,即得成品。
将实施例3制得的成品,按实施例1的实验方法,分别进行材料的电催化性能测试和稳定性实验,电催化性能测试结果表明,电催化析氢起始电压为28mVvsRHE,过电位为76mV时电流密度就能达到10mA /cm2,表明本品电催化性能优异;稳定性实验结果表明,本品在120mV的恒电压下,电流密度14小时内降低不超过1%且贯通孔结构稳定,没有坍塌。
Claims (3)
1.一种电催化析氢纳米材料的制备方法,其特征在于,以质量比约为2.48:40:2的四水合钼酸铵、苯胺溶液、次磷酸钠为原料,依次通过以下步骤来制备:
(1)溶液法制备Mo-MOF前驱体
先将四水合钼酸铵溶解于苯胺溶液中,溶解后需通入99.99%的氮气进行保护,氮气气体流量为20~30ml/min,所述苯胺溶液是将苯胺溶解于去离子水中,苯胺与去离子水的体积比为3~4:40;
(2)热处理法制备MoP/碳复合纳米材料
将Mo-MOF前驱体转移到氧化铝方舟中,在另一个氧化铝方舟中加入次磷酸钠置于管式炉上游,相距MOF前驱体15~20cm,然后通入氢气与氮气的混合气体进行保护,以2~3℃/min升温速率升温至750~850℃保温3~6h,取出;其中,氢气与氮气混合气体中氢气与氮气的体积比为1:9,混合气体流速为90~110ml/min,管内压力控制为2~3MPa。
2.如权利要求1所述电催化析氢纳米材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中在氮气保护条件下,还需进行微波加热,微波加热温度45~55℃,在微波保温条件下,滴加浓度为0.8~1.2mol/L的稀盐酸调节溶液pH为3.5~4.5,滴加完毕后,继续保温3~6小时。
3.如权利要求2所述电催化析氢纳米材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中在保温结束后得Mo-MOF前驱体中间体,再用蒸馏水和乙醇溶液各分别洗涤3次,然后再经转速1500~3000转/min的离心机离心10~15分钟,离心结束后进行冷冻干燥,即得;所述Mo-MOF前驱体中间体、蒸馏水和乙醇的质量:体积:体积=1:40~50:40~50;所述冷冻干燥温度为-55~-45℃,真空度为10~50Pa,干燥时间24~48h。
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