Classifications

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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M141/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic sulfur-, selenium- or tellurium-containing compound
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M141/10—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic phosphorus-containing compound
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M161/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a macromolecular compound and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
  • C10M169/041—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being macromolecular compounds only
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
  • C10M2203/102—Aliphatic fractions
  • C10M2203/1025—Aliphatic fractions used as base material
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/0206—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers used as base material
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/17—Fisher Tropsch reaction products
  • C10M2205/173—Fisher Tropsch reaction products used as base material
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
  • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
  • C10M2207/026—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings with tertiary alkyl groups
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/34—Esters having a hydrocarbon substituent of thirty or more carbon atoms, e.g. substituted succinic acid derivatives
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
  • C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
  • C10M2215/06—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
  • C10M2215/064—Di- and triaryl amines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/08—Amides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10M2217/044—Polyamides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10M2217/046—Polyamines, i.e. macromoleculars obtained by condensation of more than eleven amine monomers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
  • C10M2219/044—Sulfonic acids, Derivatives thereof, e.g. neutral salts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/06—Thio-acids; Thiocyanates; Derivatives thereof
  • C10M2219/062—Thio-acids; Thiocyanates; Derivatives thereof having carbon-to-sulfur double bonds
  • C10M2219/066—Thiocarbamic type compounds
  • C10M2219/068—Thiocarbamate metal salts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
  • C10M2223/043—Ammonium or amine salts thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
  • C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
  • C10M2223/047—Thioderivatives not containing metallic elements
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/12—Inhibition of corrosion, e.g. anti-rust agents or anti-corrosives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/02—Bearings

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a lubricating oil composition and in particular to a lubricating oil composition for lubrication of ceramics.
• oil-air lubricating oils which are used for such applications are strongly required to have low exothermicity and abrasion resistance or extreme pressure resistance.
• lubricating oils have hitherto been known in which an antioxidant, a rustproofing agent and a mild abrasion resistant agent are blended with a prescribed base oil.
• an antioxidant e.g., a rustproofing agent
• a mild abrasion resistant agent e.g., a rustproofing agent
• a mild abrasion resistant agent e.g., a mild abrasion resistant agent
• the rustproofing agent has high adsorptivity to metal surfaces in view of its nature, there is a strong possibility that it may hinder the action of various extreme pressure agents of improving lubricating performance, and it is very difficult to make rustproofing properties and extreme pressure resistance coexist with each other.
• the present invention was made in view of these circumstances and aims to provide an excellent lubricating oil composition which even when used for a high-speed main shaft of a machine tool having a ceramics ball antifriction bearing which is operated under severe conditions of high speed and high load, exhibits sufficient cooling properties and has high rustproofing properties, high-level thermal oxidation stability and high extreme pressure resistance.
• a lubricating oil composition comprising a base oil; and at least one additive selected from the group consisting of: (i) an acid amide obtainable by reacting an amine with a saturated mono carboxylic acid having from 12 to 30 carbons or an unsaturated mono carboxylic acid having from 18 to 24 carbons; (ii) sarcosinic acid; and (iii) an aspartic acid derivative.
• a lubricating oil composition of excellent lubrication properties between ceramics/iron or steel and excellent rustproofing properties can be obtained by employing in combination therewith at least one type selected from: a phosphorus-containing carboxylic acid, a phosphorus-containing carboxylic acid ester, an acidic phosphoric acid ester, an amine salt of an acidic phosphoric acid ester, a phosphorous acid ester, a phosphorothionate, a thiophosphoric acid ester, a thiophosphoric acid metal salt, a thiocarbamic acid ester, or a thiocarbamic acid metal salt.
• a lubricating oil composition having a sufficiently long oxidation life can be obtained by further addition of an aromatic amine compound or phenol- based compound.
• the lubricating oil composition according to the present invention With the lubricating oil composition according to the present invention, excellent low abrasion characteristics and cooling performance (ability to suppress rise in oil temperature) can be obtained even when used with for example a high-speed main shaft of a machine tool having a ceramics antifriction bearing used for machining under severe conditions in terms of high temperature and load. Also, the lubricating oil shows sufficiently long oxidation life, while maintaining a high level of abrasion resistance and extreme pressure performance. Conseguently, the lubricating oil composition of the present invention is extremely useful in achieving suppression of generation of heat by a high-speed main shaft of a machine tool having ceramics ball antifriction bearings, and hence in achieving high precision machining by stabilisation of thermal displacement of the machine tool.
• the lubricating oil composition according to the present invention contains at least one type of base oil selected from mineral oil or synthetic oil.
• mineral oils there may be mentioned by way of example paraffin type oils obtained by purification using a suitable combination of purification treatments such as solvent deasphalting, solvent extraction, hydrocracking, solvent dewaxing, contact dewaxing, hydrofining, sulphuric acid washing, or platinum treatment of the lubricating oil fraction obtained by normal pressure distillation or reduced pressure distillation of crude oil.
• mineral oil called highly refined base oil, or synthetic oil may be employed: in particular, base oil in the base oil category of the API (American Petroleum Institute) belonging to group I, group II, group III, group IV or group V, etc. may be employed, either alone or as a mixture.
• the base oil that is herein employed may be of total sulphur no more than 1 weight%, preferably no more than 500 weight ppm, more preferably no more than 300 weight ppm, and even more preferably no more than 50 weight ppm. Also, its density at 15°C may be 0.8 to 0.9, preferably 0.8 to 0.865 g/cm 3 , and even more preferably 0.81 to 0.84 g/cm 3 .
• the aromatic content may be less than 3%, preferably less than 2%, and even more preferably less than 0.1%.
• Group I base oil includes for example paraffin-type mineral oil obtained by suitable combination of refining means such as solvent dewaxing of the lubricating oil fraction obtained by reduced pressure distillation of crude oil.
• Group II base oil includes for example paraffin-type mineral oil obtained by suitable combination of refining means such as hydrocracking and dewaxing of the lubricating oil fraction obtained by normal pressure distillation of crude oil.
• Group II base oil refined by for example Gulf Oil's hydrofining method has total sulphur of less than 10 ppm and aromatics less than 5% and is ideal in the present invention.
• the viscosity of such base oil and the viscosity index may be 80 to 120, preferably 100 to 120.
• the kinetic viscosity at 40 0 C is preferably 2 to 680 mrnVs and even more preferably 8 to 220 mm 2 /s.
• the total sulphur may be less than 300 ppm, preferably less than 200 ppm, and even more preferably less than 10 ppm.
• the total nitrogen may be less than 10 ppm, preferably less than 1 ppm.
• the aniline point may be 80 to 150 0 C, preferably 100 to 135 0 C.
• group III base oil and group 11+ base oil there may suitably be employed for example paraffin-type mineral oil manufactured by a high degree of hydrofining of the lubricating oil fraction obtained by normal pressure distillation of crude oil or base oil generated by a dewaxing process, involving refining by the ISODEWAX process, in which dewaxing is performed by converting wax to isoparaffins, or base oil refined by Mobil's wax isomerization process .
• the viscosity of such base oils but the viscosity index may be 95 to 145, preferably 100 to 140.
• the kinetic viscosity at 40 0 C is preferably 2 to 680 mmVs and even more preferably 8 to 220 mm 2 /s.
• the total sulphur may be 0 to 100 ppm, preferably less than 10 ppm.
• the total nitrogen may be less than 10 ppm, preferably less than 1 ppm.
• the aniline point may be 80 to 150 0 C, preferably 100 to 135°C.
• GTL Gas To Liquid derived base oils
• the kinetic viscosity at 4O 0 C is preferably 2 to 680 mm 2 /s and even more preferably 5 to 120 mm 2 /s.
• the total sulphur is usually less than 10 ppm, and the total nitrogen less than 1 ppm.
• An example of such a GTL base oil product is SHELL XHVI (Registered Trademark) .
• group IV oils there may be mentioned by way of example polyolefins
• group V oils there may be mentioned by way of example synthetic oils such as alkyl benzenes, alkyl naphthalenes, esters, polyoxyalkylene glycols, polyphenyl ethers, dialkyl diphenyl ethers, fluorine-containing compounds (for example perfluoro polyethers, or fluorinated polyolefins), or silicone oils .
• the polyolefins referred to above include polymers of various types of olefins and hydrides of these. Although the olefins may be chosen at will, specific examples that may be given include ethylene, propylene, butene, or ⁇ - olefins of carbon number 5 or more. In the manufacture of the polyolefins, one of the above olefins may be employed alone, or two or more may be employed in combination. In particular, polyolefins called poly- ⁇ -olefins (PAO) are ideal .
• PAO poly- ⁇ -olefins
• the viscosity of these synthetic base oils their kinetic viscosity at 40 0 C is preferably 2 to 680 mm 2 /s, and even more preferably 8 to 220 mm 2 /s.
• the content of the above base oil in the lubricating oil composition according to the present invention may be 60 weight% or more, preferably at least 80 weight%, more preferably at least 90 weight% and yet more preferably at least 95 weight% with reference to the total amount of the lubricating oil composition.
• a lubricating oil composition may be obtained by including at least one additive selected from acid amides, sarcosinic acid or aspartic acid derivatives in the above base oils. These additives chiefly have a rustproofing effect.
• the above acid amides are suitably acid amide compounds obtainable by reacting an amine with a saturated monocarboxylic acid having from 18 to 24 carbons or an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid having from 12 to 30 carbon atoms .
• Examples that may be mentioned include laurylamide, myristylamide, palmitylamide, stearylamide, isostearylamide, or oleylamide .
• polyalkylene polyamides obtained by reacting with polyalkylamines, or carboxylic acid amides such as for example isostearyl triethylene tetramide, isostearyl tetraethylene pentamide, isostearyl pentaethylene hexamide, oleyl diethylene triamide, or oleyl diethanolamide may suitably be employed.
• the above sarcosinic acid is preferably a glycine derivative showing the following general formula 1:- Formula 1
• R indicates a straight chain or branched alkyl group or alkenyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms
• Xl and X2 are respectively hydrogen or alkyl groups, or hydroxyalkyl groups having from 3 to 6 carbons, that may be the same or different, and may preferably respectively be 2- methylpropyl groups or tertiary butyl groups .
• X3 may be an alkyl group or alkenyl group, alkyl group having an ether bond, or a hydroxyalkyl group, having 1 to 30 carbons.
• it may be an octadecyl group, alkoxypropyl group, hydrocarbon oxyalkyl group in which the carbon number of the hydrocarbon is 6 to 18 and the carbon number of the alkyl group is 3 to 6 or, more preferably, a cyclohexyl oxypropyl group, 3- octyl oxypropyl group, 3-iso-octyl oxypropyl group, 3- decyl oxypropyl group, 3-isodecyl oxypropyl group, three- dodecyl oxypropyl group, 3-tetradecyl oxypropyl group, or 3-hexadecyl oxypropyl group.
• X4 may be a saturated or unsaturated carboxylic acid group having 1 to 30 carbons, or an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 1 to 30 carbons or a hydroxyalkyl group. Examples are a propionic acid group or propionylic acid group.
• the aspartic acid derivative may be of acid value 10 to 200 mgKOH/g, preferably 50 to 150 mgKOH/g, as determined by JIS K2501.
• the aspartic acid derivative may be employed in the amount of about 0.01 to 5 weight%, preferably about 0.05 to 2 weight%, in the lubricating oil composition.
• the content of the above acid amide, sarcosinic acid, or aspartic acid derivatives may be 0.01 to 5 weight%, preferably 0.05 to 4.5 weight%, more preferably 0.05 to 4 weight%, even more preferably 0.05 to 3.5 weight% and yet more preferably 0.05 to 3 weight% with respect to the total amount of lubricating oil composition. If the content of these is less than 0.01 weight%, there is a risk that sufficient rustproofing performance will not be achieved, and if the content of these exceeds 5 weight%, there is a risk of a decrease in anti-emulsification performance and foaming performance.
• a phosphorus compound may be added to the lubricating oil composition according to the present invention and further improvement in wear-resistance and extreme pressure performance may thereby be conferred.
• suitable phosphorus compounds according to the present invention include: phosphorus- containing carboxylic acids, phosphorus-containing carboxylic acid esters, acid phosphoric acid esters, amine salts of acid phosphoric acid esters, phosphorous acid esters, phosphorothionates, metallic salts of thiophosphoric acid, metallic salts of thiocarbamic acid, and thiocarbamic acid esters.
• One, or a combination of more than one, of these phosphorus compounds may be employed in a range of 0.01 to 2 weight% with respect to 100 weight% of base oil.
• the phosphorus-containing carboxylic acids or phosphorus-containing carboxylic acid compounds such as esters thereof, so long as these contain both a carboxylic group and a phosphorus atom in the same molecule, there is no particular restriction as to their structure; however, from the point of view of extreme pressure performance and heat/oxidation stability, phosphorylated carboxylic acids or phosphorylated carboxylic acid esters are preferable.
• phosphorylated carboxylic acids and phosphorylated carboxylic acid esters compounds represented by for example the following formula (4) may be mentioned by way of example.
• R4 and R5 may be the same or different and respectively indicate a hydrogen atom or hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbons
• R6 indicates an alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbons
• R7 indicates a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbons
• Xl, X2, X3 and X4 may be the same or different, and respectively indicate an oxygen atom or a sulphur atom.
• hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 30 carbons in R4 and R5 in the above general formula (4) examples that may be given include alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, alkylaryl groups or arylalkyl groups.
• useful ⁇ -dithio phosphorylated propanoic acids have the structure of the following general formula (5) .
• a specific example of such ⁇ -dithiophosphorylated propanoic acid that may be mentioned is 3- (di-isobutoxy- thiophosphorylsulfanyl) -2-methyl-propanoic acid.
• phosphorus-containing carboxylic acid compounds in the present lubricating oil composition, but this content is preferably 0.001 to 1 weight%, more preferably 0.002 to 0.5 weight% with respect to the total quantity of the lubricating oil composition.
• the content of compounds in which R7 is a hydrogen atom is preferably 0.001 to 0.1 weight%, more preferably 0.002 to 0.08 weight%, even more preferably 0.003 to 0.07 weight%, yet more preferably 0.004 to 0.06 weight%, and still more preferably 0.005 to 0.05 weight%.
• acid phosphoric acid esters that may be given include: monobutyl acid phosphate, monopentyl acid phosphate, monohexyl acid phosphate, monoheptyl acid phosphate, mono-octyl acid phosphate, monononyl acid phosphate, monodecyl acid phosphate, monoundecyl acid phosphate, monododecyl acid phosphate, monotridecyl acid phosphate, monotetradecyl acid phosphate, monopentadecyl acid phosphate, monohexadecyl acid phosphate, monoheptadecyl acid phosphate, mono-octadecyl acid phosphate, mono-oleyl acid phosphate, dibutyl acid phosphate, dipentyl acid phosphate, dihexyl acid phosphate, diheptyl acid phosphate, dioctyl acid phosphate, dinonyl acid phosphat
• amine salts of acid phosphoric acid esters there may be mentioned for example salts of the acidic phosphoric acid esters with amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, dipentylamine, dihexylamine, diheptylamine, dioctylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, tripentylamine, trihexylamine, triheptylamine and trioctylamine .
• amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, di
• phosphorous acid esters there may be mentioned for example dibutyl phosphite, dipentyl phosphite, dihexyl phosphite, diheptyl phosphite, dioctyl phosphite, dinonyl phosphite, didecyl phosphite, diundecyl phosphite, didodecyl phosphite, dioleyl phosphite, diphenyl phosphite, dicresyl phosphite, tributyl phosphite, tripentyl phosphite, trihexyl phosphite, triheptyl phosphite, trioctyl phosphite, trinonyl phosphite, tridecyl phosphite, triundecyl phosphite, trid
• phosphorothionates include tributyl phosphorothionate, tripentyl phosphorothionate, trihexyl phosphorothionate, triheptyl phosphorothionate, trioctyl phosphorothionate, trinonyl phosphorothionate, tridecyl phosphorothionate, triundecyl phosphorothionate, tridodecyl phosphorothionate, tritridecyl phosphorothionate, tritetradecyl phosphorothionate, tripentadecyl phosphorothionate, trihexadecyl phosphorothionate, triheptadecyl phosphorothionate, trioctadecyl phosphorothionate, trioleyl phosphorothionate, triphenyl phosphorothionate, tricresyl phosphorothionate, trixylenyl phospho
• thiophosphoric acid ester derivatives include esters and metal salts.
• thiophosphoric acid ester compounds there may be mentioned by way of example aliphatic thiophosphoric acid esters such as for example tri-isopropyl thiophosphate, tributyl thiophosphate, ethyl dibutyl thiophosphate, trihexyl thiophosphate, tri-2-ethyl hexyl thiophosphate, trilauryl thiophosphate, tristearyl thiophosphate, and trioleyl thiophosphate; and aromatic thiophosphoric acid esters such as for example benzylphenyl thiophosphate, allyl diphenyl thiophosphate, triphenyl thiophosphate, tricresyl thiophosphate, ethyl diphenyl thiophosphate, cresyl diphenyl thiophosphate,
• Specific thiophosphoric acid metal salts include zinc dithiophosphate or molybdenum dithiophosphate : specific examples of zinc dithiophosphates that may be mentioned typically include zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates, zinc diaryl dithiophosphates, or zinc arylalkyl dithiophosphates.
• zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates may be employed wherein the alkyl group of the zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate is a primary or secondary alkyl group of carbon number 3 to 22, or having an alkylaryl group substituted by an alkyl group having 3 to 18 carbons .
• zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates that may be mentioned include zinc dipropyl dithiophosphate, zinc dibutyl dithiophosphate, zinc dipentyl dithiophosphate, zinc dihexyl dithiophosphate, zinc diisopentyl dithiophosphate, zinc diethylhexyl dithiophosphate, zinc dioctyl dithiophosphate, zinc dinonyl dithiophosphate, zinc didecyl dithiophosphate, zinc didodecyl dithiophosphate, zinc dipropylphenyl dithiophosphate, zinc dipentylphenyl dithiophosphate, zinc dipropylmethylphenyl dithiophosphate, zinc dinonyl phenyl dithiophosphate, or zinc didodecylphenyl dithiophosphate.
• molybdenum dithiophosphates typically include molybdenum dialkyl dithiophosphates, molybdenum diaryl dithiophosphates, or molybdenum arylalkyl dithiophosphates .
• molybdenum dialkyl dithiophosphates may be employed wherein the alkyl group of the molybdenum dialkyl dithiophosphate is a primary or secondary alkyl group having 3 to 22 carbons, or having an alkylaryl group substituted by an alkyl group having 3 to 18 carbons.
• molybdenum dialkyl dithiophosphates that may be mentioned include molybdenum dipropyl dithiophosphate, molybdenum dibutyl dithiophosphate, molybdenum dipentyl dithiophosphate, molybdenum dihexyl dithiophosphate, molybdenum diisopentyl dithiophosphate, molybdenum diethylhexyl dithiophosphate, molybdenum dioctyl dithiophosphate, molybdenum dinonyl dithiophosphate, molybdenum didecyl dithiophosphate, molybdenum didodecyl dithiophosphate, molybdenum dipropylphenyl dithiophosphate, molybdenum dipentylphenyl dithiophosphate, molybdenum dipropylmethylphenyl dithiophosphate, molybdenum dinonyl phenyl dithiophosphate
• the above thiocarbamic acid ester derivatives include esters and metal salts. Specifically, there may be mentioned by way of example dithiocarbamic acid esters and dithiocarbamic acid metal salts.
• dithiocarbamic acid esters there may be specifically mentioned by way of example methyldibutyl dithiocarbamate, ethyldipropyl dithiocarbamate, decyldibutyl dithiocarbamate, hexyldidecyl dithiocarbamate, octadecyldiisopropyl dithiocarbamate, octylmethylpropyl dithiocarbamate, and isobutylpropyl- decyl dithiocarbamate .
• molybdenum dialkyl dithiocarbamates there may be mentioned by way of example: molybdenum dibutyl dithiocarbamate sulphide, molybdenum dipentyl dithiocarbamate sulphide, molybdenum dihexyl dithiocarbamate sulphide, molybdenum diheptyl dithiocarbamate sulphide, molybdenum dioctyl dithiocarbamate sulphide, molybdenum dinonyl dithiocarbamate sulphide, molybdenum didecyl dithiocarbamate sulphide, molybdenum diundecyl dithiocarbamate sulphide, molybdenum didodecyl dithiocarbamate sulphide, molybdenum ditridecyl di
• additives may be suitably employed as required.
• these additives include antioxidants, metal deactivators, extreme pressure agents, oiliness improvers, anti-foaming agents, viscosity index improvers, pour-point depressants, detergent-dispersants, rust inhibitors, demulsifiers etc. or other known lubricating oil additives .
• antioxidants that are employed in lubricating oils are practically preferable; examples that may be mentioned include: amine-based antioxidants, phenol-based antioxidants, sulphur-based antioxidants and phosphorus-based antioxidants.
• amine-based antioxidants include: amine-based antioxidants, phenol-based antioxidants, sulphur-based antioxidants and phosphorus-based antioxidants.
• One or a combination of more than one of these antioxidants may be employed in the range of 0.01 to 5 weight% with respect to 100 weight% of base oil.
• amine-based antioxidants examples include: dialkyl diphenylamines such as p, p 1 - dioctyl diphenylamine (manufactured by Seiko Chemicals Inc: Non-flex OD-3), p, p ' -di- ⁇ -methylbenzyl diphenylamine, or N-p-butylphenyl-N-p ' -octyl phenylamine; monoalkyl diphenylamines such as mono-t-butyl diphenylamine or mono-octyl diphenylamine; bis (dialkyl phenyl) amines such as di (2, 4-diethyl phenyl) amine, or di (2-ethyl-4-nonylphenyl) amine; alkyl phenyl-1- naphthylamines such as octyl phenyl-1-naphthylamine or N- t-do
• sulphur-based antioxidants there may be mentioned by way of example dialkyl sulphides such as didodecyl sulphide or dioctadecyl sulphide, thiodipropionic acid esters such as didodecyl thiodipropionate, dioctadecyl thiodipropionate, dimyristyl thiodipropionate, or dodecyl octadecyl thiodipropionate, or 2-mercaptobenzoimidazole .
• dialkyl sulphides such as didodecyl sulphide or dioctadecyl sulphide
• thiodipropionic acid esters such as didodecyl thiodipropionate, dioctadecyl thiodipropionate, dimyristyl thiodipropionate, or dodecyl o
• phenol-based antioxidants examples include 2-t- butyl phenol, 2-t-butyl-4-methyl phenol, 2-t-butyl-5- methyl phenol, 2, 4-di-t-butyl phenol, 2, 4-dimethyl-6-t- butyl phenol, 2-t-butyl-4-methoxy phenol, 3-t-butyl-4- methoxy phenol, 2, 5-di-t-butyl hydroquinone (manufactured by Kawaguchi Chemicals Inc: Antage DBH), 2, 6-di-t-butyl phenol, 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4-alkyl phenols, such as 2,6-di-t- butyl-4-methyl phenol, or 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4-ethyl phenol; or 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4-alkoxy phenols such as 2,6-di-t- butyl-4-methoxy phenol or 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4
• alkyl-3- ( 3, 5-di-t-butyl-4- hydroxy phenyl) propionates such as 3, 5-di-t-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyl mercapto-octyl acetate, n-octadecyl-3- (3, 5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy phenyl) propionate (manufactured by Yoshitomi Seiyaku Inc: Yoshinox SS), n-dodecyl-3- (3, 5- di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, 2 ' -ethylhexyl-3- (3, 5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, or benzene propanoate 3, 5-bis ( 1, 1-dimethyl-ethyl) -4-hydroxy-C 7 to C 9 side-chain alkyl ester (manufactured by Ciba Speciality Chemicals Inc: Irga
• Yet further examples include bisphenols such as 4, 4 ' -butylidene bis (3-methyl-6-t-butylphenol ) (manufactured by Kawaguchi Chemicals Inc: Antage W-300), 4, 4'- methylene bis (2, 6-di-t-butylphenol) (manufactured by Shell Japan Inc: Ionox 220 AH), 4, 4 ' -bis ( 2, 6-di-t- butylphenol ), 2, 2- (di-p-hydroxyphenyl) propane (manufactured by Shell Japan Inc: bisphenol A), 2,2- bis (3, 5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 4,4'- cyclohexylidene bis (2, 6-t-butylphenol) , hexamethylene glycol bis [3- (3, 5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl ) propionate] (manufactured by Ciba Speciality Chemicals Inc: Irganox L109),
• polyphenols such as tetrakis [methylene-3- (3, 5-di-t- butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl ) propionate] methane (manufactured by Ciba Speciality Chemicals Inc: Irganox L 101), 1, 1, 3-tris (2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenyl) butane (manufactured by Yoshitomi Chemicals Inc: Yoshinox 930), 1, 3, 5-trimethyl-2, 4, 6-tris (3, 5-di-t-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyl) benzene (manufactured by Shell Japan Inc: Ionox 330), bis-[3, 3 ' -bis- (4 ' -hydroxy-3 ' -t- butylphenyl ) butyric acid] glycol ester, 2- (3', 5'-di-t- butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl ) methyl-4- ( 2 " , 4 " -di-t)
• triaryl phosphites such as triphenyl phosphite, or tricresyl phosphite
• trialkyl phosphites such as trioctadecyl phosphite, or tridecyl phosphite, or tridodecyl trithiophosphite .
• indazole or indazole derivatives such as toluindazoles such as 4-alkyl- indazoles or 5-alkyl-indazoles, benzothiazole, or benzothiazole derivatives such as 2-mercapto benzothiazole derivatives (Chiyoda Chemicals Inc: Thiolite B-3100), 2-(alkyl dithio) benzothiazoles such as 2-(hexyl dithio) benzothiazole or 2-(octyl dithio) benzothiazole, 2-(alkyl dithio) toluthiazoles such as 2- (hexyl dithio) toluthiazole or 2-(octyl dithio) toluthiazole, 2- (N, N-dialkyl dithiocarbamyl) benzothiazoles such as 2- (N,N-diethyl dithiocarbamyl) benzothiazole, 2- (N, N-dibutyl dithiocarbamyl
• benzo-oxazole derivatives such as 2-(alkyl dithio) -benzo-oxazoles such as 2-(octyl dithio) benzo-oxazole, 2-(decyl dithio) benzo-oxazole, or 2-(dodecyl dithio) benzo-oxazole, or 2- (alkyl dithio) -toluoxazoles such as 2-(octyl dithio) toluoxazole, 2-(decyl dithio) toluoxazole, or 2-(dodecyl dithio) toluoxazole, thiadiazole derivatives such as 2,5- bis(alkyl dithio) -1, 3 , 4-thiadiazoles such as 2,5- bis (heptyl dithio) -1, 3, 4-thiadiazole, 2, 5-bis (nonyl dithio) -1, 3, 4-thiadiazole, 2, 5-bis
• Polyhydric alcohol fatty acid esters may be blended with the lubricating oil composition according to the present invention with the object of improving oiliness.
• partial or complete esters of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids having 1 to 24 carbons of polyhydric alcohols such as glycerol, sorbitol, alkylene glycols, neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol or xylitol may be employed.
• glycerol esters there may be mentioned by way of example glycerol monolaurate, glycerol monostearate, glycerol monopalmitate, glycerol mono-oleate, glycerol dilaurate, glycerol distearate, glycerol dipalmitate or glycerol dioleate .
• sorbitol esters there may be mentioned by way of example sorbitol monolaurate, sorbitol monopalmitate, sorbitol monostearate, sorbitol mono-oleate, sorbitol dilaurate, sorbitol dipalmitate, sorbitol distearate, sorbitol dioleate, sorbitol tristearate, sorbitol trilaurate, sorbitol trioleate, or sorbitol tetraoleate.
• alkylene glycol esters there may be mentioned by way of example ethylene glycol monolaurate, ethylene glycol monostearate, ethylene glycol mono-oleate, ethylene glycol dilaurate, ethylene glycol distearate, ethylene glycol dioleate, propylene glycol monolaurate, propylene glycol monostearate, propylene glycol mono- oleate, propylene glycol dilaurate, propylene glycol distearate or propylene glycol dioleate.
• neopentyl glycol esters there may be mentioned by way of example neopentyl glycol monolaurate, neopentyl glycol monostearate, neopentyl glycol mono-oleate, neopentyl glycol dilaurate, neopentyl glycol distearate, or neopentyl glycol dioleate .
• trimethylol propane esters there may be mentioned by way of example trimethylol propane monolaurate, trimethylol propane monostearate, trimethylol propane mono-oleate, trimethylol propane dilaurate, trimethylol propane distearate, trimethylol propane dioleate, or pentaerythritol monolaurate.
• pentaerythritol esters there may be mentioned by way of example pentaerythritol monostearate, pentaerythritol mono-oleate, pentaerythritol dilaurate, pentaerythritol distearate, pentaerythritol dioleate, or pentaerythritol mono-oleate.
• fatty acid esters of such polyhydric alcohols preferably partial esters of polyhydric alcohols and unsaturated fatty acids are employed.
• pour- point depressants or viscosity index improving agents may be added.
• viscosity index improving agents there may be mentioned by way of example non-dispersive viscosity index improving agents such as polymethacrylate or ethylene-propylene copolymer, styrene-diene copolymer, or olefin polymers such as poly-isobutylene, or polystyrene, or dispersive viscosity index improving agents obtained by copolymerization of a nitrogen-containing monomer with these. These may be employed in a range of 0.05 to 20 weight% with respect to 100 weight% of base oil.
• polymethacrylate-based polymers As pour-point depressants, there may be mentioned by way of example polymethacrylate-based polymers . These may be employed in a range of 0.01 to 5 weight% with respect to 100 weight% of base oil.
• an anti-foaming agent may be added.
• anti- foaming agents suitable in the present invention known anti-foaming agents that are generally employed as ordinary lubricating oil additives may be used. There may be mentioned by way of example organosilicates such as dimethyl polysiloxane, diethyl silicate, or fluorosilicones, or non-silicone anti-foaming agents such as polyalkylacrylates . These may be employed either alone or in a combination of two or more thereof, in a range of 0.0001 to 0.1 weight% with respect to 100 weight% of base oil.
• anti-emulsifiers suitable in the present invention there may be mentioned by way of example known anti-emulsifiers that are employed as ordinary lubricating oil additives. These may be employed in a range of 0.005 to 0.5 weight% with respect to 100 weight% of base oil . Examples
• Base oils and additives of the following compositions were prepared.
• Base oil A PAO (poly- ⁇ -olefins ) (properties :- kinetic viscosity at 100 0 C: 6.36 mm 2 /s; viscosity index: 136; total sulphur (value calculated as elementary sulphur) : less than 5 weight ppm)
• Base oil B group 1 paraffin-based mineral oil: mineral oil obtained by blending HVI60 (registered trademark) and HVI160S (registered trademark), which are paraffin-based mineral oils obtained by employing in suitable combination purifying means such as solvent dewaxing on the lubricating oil fraction obtained by reduced pressure distillation of crude oil, to adjust the viscosity to ISO VG #32 (properties:- kinetic viscosity at 100 0 C: 5.45 mm 2 /s; viscosity index: 104; total sulphur (value calculated as elementary sulphur
• Base oil C base oil obtained by blending GTL (gas to liquid) base oil synthesised using the Fischer-Tropsch method technology for converting natural gas to liquid fuel to adjust the viscosity to ISO VG No. 32
• Additive A2 oleyl sarcosinic acid (manufactured by Ciba Speciality Chemicals Inc: Sarcosyl O)
• Additive A3 aspartic acid derivative (manufactured by King Inc: K-corrlOO)
• Additive A4 synthetic Ca sulfonate (manufactured by in Infineum Inc: Infineum 9330)
• Additive A5 alkenyl succinic acid ester (manufactured by Lubrizol Inc: Lubrizol 859)
• the above additives Al to A5 act chiefly as rustproofing agents.
• Additive B2 octyl acid phosphate
• Additive B3 zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZnDTP manufactured by Lubrizol: Lubrizol 1095)
• Additive B4 zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZnDTP manufactured by Lubrizol: Lubrizol 1375)
• Additive B5 molybdenum dialkyl dithiophosphate (MoDTP manufactured by Vanderbilt Inc: MolyvanL)
• Additive B6 molybdenum dialkyl dithiocarbamate (MoDTC manufactured by Adeka Inc: Sakuralube 165)
• Additive B7 molybdenum dialkyl dithiocarbamate (MoDTC manufactured by Kechen OX77M)
• the above additives Bl to B7 act chiefly as wear adjustment agents.
• Additive Cl alkylated diphenylamine (manufactured by Ciba Speciality Chemicals: IrganoxL57)
• Additive C2 phenol antioxidants (manufactured by Ciba Speciality Chemicals: IrganoxLl35)
• the above additives Cl to C2 act chiefly as antioxidants .
• Lubricating oils according to Examples 1 to 17 having the compositions shown in Table 1 to Table 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 shown in Table 5 were prepared using the above base oils and additives. Also, commercially available machine tool lubricating oil was prepared as Comparative Example 5. The amounts of the various components of the compositions of Tables 1 to 5 are expressed in terms of weight%. Measurement of properties
• the evaluation criteria were as follows :- No rust: no generation of rust was seen (0%) Slight: no more than six rust spots, of no more than 1 mm; Moderate: more than Slight as described above, but less than 5% of the surface area; and
• Ceramics lubrication performance test The lubricating properties of the various lubricating oil compositions were evaluated by performing a Shell 4- ball abrasion test, using the test method standardised in ASTMD 4172.
• the conventional Shell 4-ball abrasion test is conducted under the test conditions of comparatively low rotational speed (slippage rate) of 1200 I ⁇ T 1 to 1800 m "1 , but, in view of the actual conditions of use, the following more severe test was conducted, and the measured rate of rise of oil temperature, maximum torgue, frictional coefficient and value of the diameter of wear- marks of the fixed ball were converted to an index of lubrication performance evaluation.
• Test balls for the rotating balls, ceramics (Si 3 N 4 ), and for the fixed ball, bearing steel (SUJ-24) were employed.
• Example 10 the octyl acid phosphate of additive B2 was employed instead of the additive Bl of Example 5: this Example can also be used as a lubricating oil composition.
• Examples 5 to 12 indicate compositions that are ideal in particular as lubricating oil compositions for ceramics ball antifriction bearings .

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