Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/88—Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
  • A61K36/906—Zingiberaceae (Ginger family)
  • A61K36/9066—Curcuma, e.g. common turmeric, East Indian arrowroot or mango ginger
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/31—Brassicaceae or Cruciferae (Mustard family), e.g. broccoli, cabbage or kohlrabi
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/82—Theaceae (Tea family), e.g. camellia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/88—Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
  • A61K36/906—Zingiberaceae (Ginger family)
  • A61K36/9068—Zingiber, e.g. garden ginger
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
  • A61K9/0056—Mouth soluble or dispersible forms; Suckable, eatable, chewable coherent forms; Forms rapidly disintegrating in the mouth; Lozenges; Lollipops; Bite capsules; Baked products; Baits or other oral forms for animals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/02—Stomatological preparations, e.g. drugs for caries, aphtae, periodontitis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
  • A61P11/04—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system for throat disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/16—Antivirals for RNA viruses for influenza or rhinoviruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
  • A61P31/22—Antivirals for DNA viruses for herpes viruses
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the present invention relates to anti-microbial compositions and methods of using them. More particularly, the present invention relates to anti-microbial compositions useful for treating one or more adverse effects of microbial infections, and to methods for administering the anti-microbial compositions.
• anti-microbial agents including naturally occurring compounds as well as synthetic or semi- synthetic compounds produced in the laboratory. Consumers today often prefer to use naturally occurring compounds when these are available. Due to concern over side effects, which may be well documented side effects that occur in conjunction with a treatment, or possibly unknown side effects that may result from long-term use of a treatment, many consumers especially prefer anti-microbial treatments that are prepared from natural materials, such as herbs, with a minimal amount of chemical processing.
• Steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines are powerful medications, which are based on hormonal substances, such as cortisone. Steroidal medications have a stronger anti-inflammatory response than non-steroidal medicines. Steroidal medications can be taken as pills, injected into the bloodstream, or injected directly into a joint space. There are many non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications.
• Acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen are the most commonly used non- steroidal anti-inflammatory medications.
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have three major actions, all of which are related to inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase resulting in decreased formation of prostanoids. Firstly, an anti-inflammatory action can be achieved by reducing production of vasodilator prostaglandins (PGE2, PGI2), which means less vasodilation and, indirectly less oedema.
• PGE2, PGI2 vasodilator prostaglandins
• an analgesic effect can be achieved by reduced prostaglandin production (less sensitization of nociceptic nerve endings to the inflammatory mediators bradykinin and 5-hydroxytryptamine).
• an antipyretic effect can produce an anti-inflammatory action, probably due to a decrease in the mediator PGE2 generated in response to inflammatory pyrogens, much as interleukin- 1.
• steroidal anti-inflammatory medications can have more serious side effects including: loss of bone mass, cataracts, reduced ability to fight infection, swelling and weight gain, mood changes, high blood pressure, and problems with the bone marrow where blood cells are produced.
• the invention provides an anti-microbial composition
• an anti-microbial composition comprising a first ingredient obtainable from ginger, a second ingredient obtainable from green tea, and, optionally, an acceptable carrier, wherein the first ingredient is present in the anti-microbial composition in an amount effective to reduce, treat or prevent an adverse effect of microbial infection when administered to a patient prior to expected exposure to a microbe, concurrently with exposure to a microbe, or after exposure to a microbe.
• the invention provides a method for the reduction, treatment or prevention of at least one adverse effect of microbial infection in a patient, comprising the step of administering to the patient prior to expected exposure to a microbe, concurrently with exposure to a microbe, or after exposure to a microbe, an amount of a composition comprising a first ingredient obtainable from ginger, a second ingredient obtainable from green tea, and, optionally, an acceptable carrier.
• the composition is effective, when administered, to reduce, treat or prevent an adverse effect of microbial infection in the patient.
• the present invention relates to an anti-microbial composition.
• the anti-microbial composition of the present invention includes ingredients that can be obtained from ginger and green tea.
• sweeteners includes sugars, for example, glucose, sucrose and fructose. Sugars also include high fructose corn syrup solids, invert sugar, sugar alcohols including sorbitol, and mixtures thereof. Artificial sweeteners are also included within the scope of the term, “sweetener.”
• the term "acceptable” means a component that is suitable for use with humans and/or animals without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, and allergic responses), commensurate with a reasonable rislJbenefit ratio.
• safe and effective amount refers to the quantity of a component, which is sufficient to yield a desired therapeutic response without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, or allergic responses), commensurate with a reasonable risk/benefit ratio when used in the manner described herein.
• inhibiting a microbe, as used herein, is meant reducing or preventing further growth of the microbe, and/or the elimination of some or all of the microbe from the human or animal being treated. Suitable methods for determining microbe inhibition are discussed in the examples.
• All active compounds used in the present invention may be obtained from other sources, if available.
• the phrase "which can be obtained from” or the phrase “which may be obtained from” is meant to encompass compounds or compositions that are obtainable from turmeric, ginger, or green tea, and therefore encompasses synthetic forms of the same compounds and/or compositions as well as the same compounds and/or compositions obtained from other sources.
• the anti-microbial composition of the present invention includes a first ingredient obtainable from ginger and a second ingredient obtainable from green tea, in a safe and effective amount to provide one or more of the beneficial effects described herein.
• the first ingredient of the anti-microbial composition of the present invention may be obtained from ginger (Zingiber officinale, also commonly called ginger root).
• ginger is a 2- to 4-foot perennial that produces grass-like leaves up to a foot long and almost an inch wide.
• Ginger root as it is called in the grocery store, actually consists of the underground stem of the plant, with its bark-like outer covering scraped off.
• Ginger's modern use dates back to the early 1880s, when a scientist named D. Mowrey noticed that ginger-filled capsules reduced his nausea during an episode of flu.
• Ginger has become widely accepted as a treatment for nausea.
• Even some conventional medical texts suggest ginger for the treatment of the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, although others are more cautious.
• Ginger gives relief from muscular discomfort and pain. It inhibits prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis and histamine release. Thus it acts as an anti-inflammatory as well as an antacid agent. It is a dual inhibitor of the lipoxigenase and cycloxigenase system.
• Ginger contains about 1 to about 4% essential oil (oleoresin). Used alone fresh Ginger is required to be used in substantially high doses (about 50 grams daily), which is not only inconvenient but can act as an irritant to the gastric mucosa. In dry form for any significant results, about 7 to about 10 grams of dry ginger powder has to be taken daily. Such large doses of ginger are extremely inconvenient for the patient and affect patient compliance on a daily basis. (See Potwardhan, U.S. Patent No. 5,494,668.)
• Ginger inhibits prostanoid synthesis and also products of 5-lipoxygenase.
• the potency of the ginger extract in the acute inflammation test appears to be comparable to that exhibited by acetyl salicylic acid reported in the same study. (Mascolo N. et al Journal of Ethnopharmocology, 1989, 27, 129- 140).
• the essential oil of ginger contains a mixture of various terpenes as well as some other non-terpenoid compounds.
• the active compounds of ginger which may be employed in the present invention include, but are not limited to, 1,8-cineole, 10-dehydrogingerdione, 10- gingerol, 6-gingerdione, 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 8- ⁇ -17-epoxy- ⁇ -trans-12-ene-15,16- diol, 8-gingerol, 8-shogaol, 9-oxo-nerolidol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, alanine, ⁇ - linolenic-acid, ⁇ -linolenic acid, ⁇ -phellandrene, ⁇ -piene, ⁇ -terpinene, ⁇ -terpineol, ⁇ - zingiberene, ar-curcumene, arginine, ascorbic acid, asparagine, ⁇ -bisabolol, ⁇ - carotene, ⁇ -elemene, ⁇ -eudesmol, ⁇ -i
• the first ingredient of the composition of the present invention which may be obtained from ginger, can be incorporated in the anti-microbial composition of the present invention in many different forms including extracts such as ginger powder extracts, ginger fluid extracts, ginger powder including ginger root powder, and one or more active compounds of ginger, parts of, or whole ginger plants, tinctures thereof, and mixtures thereof.
• extracts such as ginger powder extracts, ginger fluid extracts, ginger powder including ginger root powder, and one or more active compounds of ginger, parts of, or whole ginger plants, tinctures thereof, and mixtures thereof.
• the first ingredient of the anti-microbial composition of the present invention is selected from ginger extract, and ginger root powder.
• Each gram of the anti-microbial composition of the present invention preferably contains about 30 mg to about 150 mg of ginger root powder. Most preferably, each gram of the anti-microbial composition contains about 50 mg to about 110 mg of ginger root powder. These ranges use, as a baseline, the use of Ginger Root Powder, ex. Stryka Botanies in the ingested formulation and Ginger Extract K (Aquaresin Ginger), ex. Kalsec, Inc. of Kalamazoo, Michigan in the spray formulation.
• the amounts of various ingredients are given herein in terms of one form of the ingredient, i.e. ginger root powder. If that ingredient is present in another form, then the amount to be employed is that amount which will provide the same amount of the one or more active compounds as the amount of that ingredient given herein. For example, if a tincture of ginger is employed, the amount of the tincture employed will be the amount that provides the same amounts of one or more active compounds as would be provided by the amounts of ginger root powder specified above. This applies to all ingredients for which the amounts are given herein for one particular form of that ingredient.
• the second ingredient of the anti-microbial composition of the present invention may be obtained from green tea.
• the second ingredient obtained from green tea may have an antioxidant effect.
• Green tea is the dried leaves and leaf buds of the shrub Camellia sinensis. It is mainly produced in China and Japan. Dried tea leaves are composed mainly of phytochemicals known as polyphenols (about 36%), principally flavonols (including catechins), flavonoids, and flavondiols. The leaves also contain plant alkaloids (about 4%), including caffeine, theobromine and theophylline. Much of the research on green tea has been focused on its potential to prevent cancer. Research suggests that the polyphenols in green tea are responsible for a chemopreventive effect (E. Kaegi, Canadian Medical Association Journal 1998, 158: 1033-35).
• the pharmacological activities of green tea are mainly due to its active compounds.
• the active compounds of green tea useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, flavonols, catechins, flavonoids, flavondiols, plant alkaloids, caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, phenolic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals.
• the second ingredient which may be obtained from green tea can be included in the anti-microbial composition in the form of green tea powder, green tea extracts such as green tea powder extracts, green tea fluid extracts, and one or more active compounds of green tea, part of, or whole green tea plants, green tea leaves, tinctures thereof, or mixtures thereof.
• the second ingredient of the anti-microbial composition of the present invention is selected from green tea leaves, green tea powder and green tea extract. More preferably, the second ingredient of the antimicrobial composition of the present invention is green tea extract.
• Each gram of the anti-microbial composition of the present invention preferably contains about 5 mg to about 20 mg of green tea extract. Most preferably, each gram of the anti-microbial composition contains about 7 mg to about 15 mg of green tea extract.
• the anti-microbial composition of the present invention includes, as an optional ingredient, one or more ingredients obtainable from turmeric, in a safe and effective amount to provide one or more of the beneficial effects described herein.
• Turmeric (Curcuma longa), or Haldi in Hindi, is used very widely as medicine as well as a common ingredient in Indian cooking.
• the rhizome of turmeric is used in medicine and food as a fine powder.
• Curcumin an alkaloid (diferuloyl methane) isolated from the alcoholic extract of turmeric, has been shown to be a potent anti- inflammatory agent. Further work on anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity has also been carried out by Thatte et al. (Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 1986, 18 (1), 19-21 ). Turmeric has been found to have significant anti-inflammatory activity both in acute and chronic models.
• the therapeutic dose of turmeric, for optimal activity if used alone, is reported to be in the range of about 5 to about 10 grams of dry powder daily (Patwardhan, U.S. Patent No. 5,494,668). This dosage level, however, can produce a feeling of nausea.
• Curcumin not only has anti-inflammatory properties but also has anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and other valuable properties. When used in low concentrations, curcumin can inhibit nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and, therefore, inhibit nitric oxide production.
• NOS nitric oxide synthase
• Brouet et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1995, Jan. 17; 206 (2); 533-40
• the three curcuminoids are curcumin (diferuloylmethane), desmethoxycurcumin (hydroxycinnamoyl feruloylmethane), and bis-desmethoxycurcumin (dihydroxydicinnamoyl methane) (see Drug Analysis by Chromatography and Microscopy, p. 169, Ann Arbor Science Inc., 1973).
• the essential oils of turmeric (curcuma longa) are primarily composed of the following compounds: d-camphor (about 1%), cyclo-isoprenemyrcene (about 85%), and p- tolylmethylcarbinol (about 5%), (see E. Gunther, The Essential Oil, pp.
• the optional ingredient of the composition of the present invention, obtained from turmeric preferably includes curcuminoids, such as curcumin (diferuloylmethane), desmethoxycurcumin (hydroxycinnamoyl feruloylmethane), and bis-desmethoxycurcumin (dihydroxydicinnamoyl methane), and mixtures of two or more of these curcuminoids.
• curcuminoids such as curcumin (diferuloylmethane), desmethoxycurcumin (hydroxycinnamoyl feruloylmethane), and bis-desmethoxycurcumin (dihydroxydicinnamoyl methane)
• curcuminoids for use in the present invention can be prepared by synthetic methods.
• the optional ingredient which can be obtained from of turmeric, can be incorporated into the composition of the present invention in a variety of different forms.
• Those different forms preferably include extracts of turmeric such as turmeric powder extracts, turmeric fluid extracts, one or more the curcuminoid compounds, and turmeric powder, parts of, or whole plants of turmeric, tinctures thereof, and mixtures thereof.
• the optional ingredient obtainable from turmeric is a turmeric extract.
• each gram of the anti-microbial composition of the present invention preferably contains about 5 mg to about 20 mg of turmeric powder extract. Most preferably, each gram of the anti-microbial compositions contains about 7 mg to about 15 mg of turmeric powder extract. These ranges are based on the use of Turmeric Extract 95%, ex. Pharmline, Inc. in the ingested formulation and Turmeric Root Extract (Oleoresin Turmeric), ex. Kalsec, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan, in the spray formulation.
• the ingredients of the anti-microbial composition of the present invention may be obtained from ginger and green tea, and, optionally, turmeric, may be used in the forms of turmeric powder, ginger powder and green tea powder, each of which may be ground from the rhizome of turmeric, ginger root and green tea leaves, respectively.
• the active compound may be synthesized.
• the plant extracts, if desired, may be prepared as described below.
• turmeric powder, ginger powder, green tea powder and/or one or more of the active compounds contained therein may be purchased from commercial sources such as the Delavau Co. of Philadelphia, PA.
• the plant extracts e.g., turmeric extract, ginger extract and green tea extract, that may be used in the compositions of the invention, may be produced using common extraction procedures.
• the extracts may be purchased from commercial sources such as the Delavau Co. of Philadelphia, PA.
• One suitable extraction procedure comprises, generally, the steps of:
• the process comprises the steps of: 1) cleaning the roots of turmeric to remove any foreign matter thereon;
• particulating the roots to obtain a particulate mass having particle size ranging from 0.001 to about 10 mm 3 ;
• Solvents useful for extracting turmeric include water, ethanol, propanol, paraffin, hexane, petroleum ether, toluene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and other common organic solvents. Water, ethanol and petroleum ether are the preferred solvents for extracting turmeric. Solvents useful for extracting ginger include water, ethanol, propanol, paraffin, petroleum ether, hexane, toluene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and other common organic solvents. Ethanol, water and acetone are the preferred solvents for extracting ginger.
• the anti-microbial composition of the present invention may be used to treat microbial infection, since the composition of the present invention has significant anti-microbial properties as demonstrated by the examples of this application.
• the anti-microbial composition of the present invention may also be used as a therapeutic composition to treat one or more symptoms of a microbial infection, including sore throat, congestion, laryngitis, mucositis, and/or mucous membrane inflammation by administration to a patient suffering from one or more of these symptoms or ailments.
• Viruses that may be inhibited by the anti-microbial composition of the present invention includes, among other viruses, rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Herpes viruses, influenza viruses, HIV- viruses and the West Nile virus.
• RSV respiratory syncytial virus
• Herpes viruses influenza viruses
• HIV- viruses the West Nile virus
• the viruses that may be inhibited by the antimicrobial composition include at least human rhinovirus 16, Herpes I Virus (HSV-1), Influenza A/Moscow/10/99, and B/Guangdong/ 120/00.
• the anti-microbial composition of the present invention may also be used to treat bacterial infections, such as streptococcal infections, and fungal infections, for example by yeasts such as Candida.
• the anti-microbial composition of the present invention may be formulated in any acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, lozenges, troches, hard candies, powders, sprays, gels, elixirs, syrups, and suspensions or solutions.
• the anti-microbial composition of the present invention may also be administered in the form of a nutritional supplement, in which case the composition of the invention may be the nutritional supplement or may form a part of a nutritional supplement containing additional ingredients.
• the anti-microbial composition of the present invention may also be formulated with an acceptable carrier.
• the acceptable carrier may include, but is not limited to: (a) carbohydrates including sweeteners, more preferably, fructose, sucrose, sugar, dextrose, starch, lactose, maltose, maltodextrins, com syrup solids, honey solids, commercial tablet nutritional supplements including EmdexTM, Mor-RexTM, Royal-TTM, Di-PacTM, Sugar-TabTM, Sweet-RexTM, and New-TabTM; (b) sugar alcohols including mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol; and (c) various relatively insoluble excipients including dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose and other tableting ingredients.
• Lozenges, tablets, and troches in this invention may differ in shape, size and manufacturing technique.
• the acceptable carrier may further include lactose and com starch.
• Lubricating agents may also be added to the tablets, including, for example, magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc. Tablets may also contain excipients such as sodium citrate, calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. Disintegrants such as starch, alginic acid and complex silicates, may also be employed. Tablets may also include binding agents such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, PEG-8000 and gum acacia.
• the common acceptable carrier may further include a binder such as PEG-8000.
• a binder such as PEG-8000.
• lozenges weigh about 0.1 to about 15 grams to provide a suitable dissolution rate when taken orally. More preferably, lozenges weigh about 1 to about 6 grams.
• the active ingredients are added to PEG-8000 processed fructose; or the active ingredients of the anti-microbial composition are added to crystalline fructose and commercially available, sweet, direct compression products such as Mendell's SugartabTM, SweetrexTM, or EmdexTM.
• Sweeteners such as saccharin may be added, if desired, flavors as desired, glidants, such as silica gel, as needed, and lubricants, such as magnesium stearate, as needed.
• the mixture should be kept dry and tableted soon after mixing.
• the ingredients are mixed and directly compressed into lozenges using conventional pharmaceutical mixing and tableting equipment.
• the compressive force is preferably sufficient to produce maximum hardness throughout the lozenges, to preserve a suitable dissolution rate, and to maximize the efficacy of the lozenges. Dissolution of the lozenges, when taken orally, should occur over a sustained period of time, that being about 5 to 60 minutes, and preferably about 20 to 30 minutes.
• the anti-microbial composition is preferably stored in an airtight container and in a cool dark place.
• Tablets and troches can be manufactured using procedures similar to that described above with minor changes in the optional ingredients. Such changes are within the skill of the ordinary skilled artisan.
• the anti-microbial composition of the present invention may be formulated in liquid form, such as syrups, mouthwashes or sprays, with a solvent or dispersant such as water, or other liquids and optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, for repeated delivery of the anti-microbial composition to oral and oropharyngeal mucous membranes over a sustained period of time.
• the treatment time is about 5 to 60 minutes, and more preferably about 20 to 30 minutes, so as to permit a prolonged contact of the anti-microbial composition with mouth and throat tissues.
• such formulations can be in a concentrated form suitable for dilution with water or other materials prior to use.
• the anti-microbial composition may also be formulated in chewable forms, such as soft candy, gum drops, liquid filled candies, and chewing gum bases, or in the form of dental products, such as toothpastes and mouthwashes.
• the chewable composition is preferably retained in the mouth over a sustained period of time of preferably about 5 to 60 minutes, and more preferably about 20 to 30 minutes.
• Dental products may be used in the ordinary manner of using such products.
• the anti-microbial composition of the invention may be formulated in capsule form, with or without diluents.
• useful diluents include lactose and dried com starch.
• emulsifying and/or suspending agents may be employed in the suspensions.
• solid compositions including one or more of the ingredients of the lozenges described above may be employed in soft and hard gelatin capsules.
• the anti-microbial composition of the present invention may also be formulated into a nasal aerosol or inhalant composition.
• a nasal aerosol or inhalant composition may be prepared using well-known techniques.
• suitable carriers may include the following ingredients: saline with one or more preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or conventional solubilizing or dispersion agents.
• anti-microbial composition of the present invention examples include resveratrol (trihydroxystilbene), inositol, other B-complex vitamins, and additional anti-inflammatories.
• ingredients such as sweeteners, flavorants, coloring agents, dyes, preservatives, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, melting agents, excipients, demulcents and solvents or diluents such as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin and various combinations thereof, may be included in the anti-microbial composition of the present invention.
• the optional sweeteners which may be used in the anti-microbial composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to, saccharin, aspartame, cyclamates, acesulfame K, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, other super sweeteners, and mixtures thereof, which may be added to the carrier in amounts sufficiently low so as not to chemically interact with the main ingredients of the anti-microbial composition.
• the optional flavorants which may be used in the anti-microbial composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to, peppermint, peppermint- menthol, eucalyptol, wintergreen, licorice, clove, cinnamon, spearmint, cherry, lemon, orange, lime, menthol and various combinations thereof.
• the main ingredients described above that may be derived from ginger and green tea, make up from about 0.5 to about 90%> by weight of the total composition. More preferably, the main ingredients will make up about 10 to about 70%) by weight of the total composition. Most preferably, the main ingredients make up about 20 to about 40%> by weight of the total composition.
• non-carrier ingredients of the anti-microbial composition including the ingredients obtainable from turmeric, ginger, and green tea as discussed above, can be increased or decreased proportionally in the anti-microbial composition of the present invention depending on the amount of carrier used in the anti-microbial composition, without substantially affecting the effectiveness of the anti-microbial composition for its intended use.
• the present invention relates to a method of reducing, treating or preventing of at least one symptom or adverse effect of microbial infection by administering, to a patient infected with a microbe, an anti-microbial composition of the present invention, including ingredients that can be obtained from ginger and green tea.
• the patient may be a human, an in vitro cell, or an animal.
• the patient is a mammal; more preferably, a human.
• the virus that may be inhibited by administration of the anti-microbial composition of the present invention includes, among other viruses, rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Herpes viruses, influenza viruses, HIV-viruses and the West Nile virus.
• the viruses that may be inhibited by administration of the anti-microbial composition include at least human rhinovirus 16, Herpes I Virus (HSV-1), Influenza A/Moscow/ 10/99, and B/Guangdong/ 120/00.
• the anti-microbial composition of the present invention may also be used to treat bacterial infections, such as streptococcal infections, and fungal infections, for example by yeasts such as Candida.
• the symptoms, caused by a microbial infection, that may be treated, reduced, or at least partially prevented by this method of the present invention may include one or more of headache, joint pain, fever, cough, sneezing, muscle ache, running nose, dry mouth, dizziness, and other symptoms related to microbial infection.
• the effective amount of the anti-microbial composition will vary depending on such factors as the patient being treated, the particular mode of administration, the activity of the particular active ingredients employed, the age, bodyweight, general health, sex and diet of the patient, time of administration, rate of excretion, the particular combination of ingredients employed, the total content of the main ingredient of the composition, and the severity of the illness or symptom. It is within the skill of the person of ordinary skill in the art to account for these factors.
• the anti-microbial composition may be administered about 1 to about 15 times per day, as needed, more preferably, about 2 to about 12 times per day, as needed, or most preferably, about 6 to about 10 times per day, as needed.
• the anti-microbial composition of the present invention may be administered in any acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, lozenges, troches, hard candies, powders, oral sprays, nasal sprays, gels, elixirs, syrups, chewable compositions, dental products, suspensions, and solutions.
• Each dosage of the anti-microbial composition contains a safe and effective amount of the anti-microbial composition of the present invention.
• an effective amount for each therapeutic administration contains a total of about 0.1 gram to about lgram of the ingredients, which may be obtained from ginger and green tea. More preferably, an effective amount of the anti-microbial composition for each therapeutic administration contains a total of about 0.2 gram to about 0.5 gram of the ingredients which may be obtained from ginger and green tea.
• the amounts of the various ingredients of the composition administered in accordance with the method of the present invention are the same as given above for the composition of the present invention.
• the composition is held in the mouth for at least about 5 to about 60 minutes to enable the main ingredients of the anti-microbial composition to contact the mouth tissue or throat before it completely dissolves. More preferably, the anti-microbial composition is held in the mouth for at least about 15 to about 30 minutes.
• the following preferred ranges define compositions according to the invention that are suited for administration in a spray formulation according to the methods of the invention.
• Each gram of the antimicrobial composition administered in a spray according to the methods of the present invention preferably contains about 1 mg to about 10 mg of aquaresin ginger. Most preferably, each gram of the antimicrobial composition contains about 3 mg to about 7 mg of aquaresin ginger.
• Each gram of the anti-microbial composition administered in a spray according to the methods of the present invention preferably contains about 1 mg to about 20 mg of green tea leaf extract. Most preferably, each gram of the antimicrobial composition contains about 7 mg to about 15 mg of green tea leaf extract.
• each gram of the antimicrobial composition administered in a spray according to the methods of the present invention preferably contains about 1 mg to about 12 mg of soluble oleoresin turmeric. Most preferably, each gram of the anti-microbial composition contains about 4 mg to about 9 mg of soluble oleoresin turmeric.
• composition of the present invention may be administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to tablets, capsules, lozenges, troches, hard candies, powders, oral sprays, nasal sprays, gels, elixirs, syrups, chewable compositions, dental products, suspensions, and solutions.
• Example 1 An Anti-microbial Composition of the Present Invention
• An anti-microbial composition of the present invention formulated in the form of lozenges was prepared using the procedure described above.
• the ingredients of the lozenge are listed below:
• Turmeric extract (5% curcumin) 18 mg Ginger root 140 mg
• the in vitro testing protocol for virucidal activity employed in this example uses human rhinovims 16 (hereafter "HRV-16") as the target vims, and the MRC-5 cell line related to human tissues described by Jacobs, et al, Characteristics of Human diploid MRC-5, Nature (London), 227, p 168- 170 ( 1970) as the host cell for the HRV- 16 viruses. Residual vims infectivity following incubation of the test substances with the vims was titrated on the MRC-5 cell line for rhinovims growth by visually scoring the cytopathic effect (CPE) induced by vims replication through microscopic observation. More specifically, CPE was scored by observing ballooning/rounded cells in the MRC-5 culture.
• CPE cytopathic effect
• Example 1 the anti-microbial composition of Example 1 (hereafter "Substance 1”), was employed at an initial dilution of 1/20 and then further diluted by serial dilutions in saline. The diluted compositions were incubated with HRV-16 for a set time period and then the reaction was terminated by adjustment to a neutral pH with cell infection media. The resultant solution was then titrated out on MRC-5 cells at a dilution of 1/10 across a testing plate to carry out the infection of the cells. Each plate housed a vims control, which contained only HRV-16 infected MRC-5 cells, and a cell control, which contained only uninfected MRC-cells.
• Substance 1 the anti-microbial composition of Example 1
• Table 1 shows the residual vims titres and log reductions of infectious Rhinovims 16 on MRC-5 cells at one termination time point, of Substance 1 at different dilutions.
• Tables 2-4 show the results of a second trial on the residual vims titres and the log reductions of infectious HRV-16 on MRC-5 cells at three different termination time points, of Substance 1 at different dilutions.
• Tables 5-7 show the residual virus titres and log reductions of infectious HSV- 1 on Vero cells at three different termination time points, of Substance 1 at different dilutions.
• Tables 8-10 show the residual vims titres and log reductions of influenza A/Moscow/10/99 at three different termination time points, of Substance 1 at different dilutions. Table 8
• Titre (-log 0 Residual A/Moscow A/Moscow log Substance 1 TCID50) titre (-log 10 reductions (-log 10 TCID50) TCID50)
• Titre (-log 10 Residual A/Moscow A/Moscow log Substance 1 TCID50) titre (-log 10 reductions (-log 10 TCID50) TCID50)
• TCID50 A/Moscow titre (- reductions (-log 10 log 10 TCID50) TCID50)
• Tables 11-13 show the residual vims titres and log reductions of Influenza B/Guangdong/ 120/00 at three different termination time points, of Substance 1 at different dilutions.
• Substance 1 is effective in inhibiting or exterminating influenza vimses and human rhinovimses. As a result, Substance 1 should be effective in treating influenza and common colds.
• the in vitro testing protocol for virucidal activity employed in this example used human rhinovims 16 (HRV-16) as the target vims, and the rhinovims sensitive Hela cell line related to human tissues described by Conant et al, Basis for a numbering system.
• HRV-16 human rhinovims 16
• Example 1 The anti-microbial composition of Example 1, Substance 1 , was dissolved in infection media to the following dilutions: 1/20, 1/40, 1/80, 1/160 and 1/320. These dilutions were incubated on plates of MRC-5 cells for 30 minutes at 37°C (5% CO 2 ). After the incubation period, each Substance 1 dilution with MRC-5 cells in a well of the plates was subjected to HRV-16 at a known titre of 2.30 (-log 10 TCID50). Each plate housed a vims control (the Hela cells infected with HRV-16 vimses and without Substance 1), a cell control (Hela cells only) and the test compound controls at the different dilutions (Hela cells with the test substance only). All the other samples on the plate contained the Hela cells infected with HRV-16 viruses and Substance 1 at different dilutions. The plates were further incubated for 4 days after infection.
• dilutions 1/20, 1/40, 1/
• CPE cytopathic effect
• the level of vims induced CPE was inversely proportional to the absorbance.
• the EC50 concentration at which the test substance indicates 50% efficacy in the presence of vims was determined to be at a 1/91 dilution of Substance 1. This result correlates well with the percentage of viable cells at various dilutions of Substance 1 measured using the crystal violet assay, as shown in Table 15 below.
• Compound only denotes the measurement results for the wells containing only Hela cells and Substance 1 at a predetermined dilution.
• Cell only denotes the measurement results for the wells containing only uninfected Hela cells.
• Compound + Vims denotes the measurement results for the wells containing both the Hela cells infected with HRV-16 vimses and Substance 1 at a predetermined dilution.
• Virus Only denotes the measurement results for the wells containing the Hela cells infected with HRV-16 only.
• Example 5 An Anti-microbial Lozenge of the Present Invention An anti-microbial lozenge was made according to the formulation set forth below. 1) Dextrose 865.0 mg
• An anti-microbial spray was made according to the formulation set forth below.
• Example 5 The anti-microbial lozenge of Example 5 was tested for virucidal and vimstatic activity against infection of MDCK cells with influenza vimses of the strains A/NewCaledonia/20/99 (H,N,), A/Panama/2007/99 (H 3 N 2 ), and B/Guangdong/ 120/00. In determining vimcidal the lozenge was tested at dilutions of 1/10, 1/20, 1/40,
• Table 17 The residual virus titres and log reductions of infectious A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) virus after the 2-minute termination time point at different dilutions.
• Table 19 The residual virus titres and log reductions of ifectious A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) virus after the 1 -minute terminatic time point at different dilutions.
• Citrate Buffer 4.80 COO 4.80 Table 20 The residual virus titres and log reductions of infectious A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) virus after the 2-minute termination time point at different dilutions.
• Table 21 The residual virus titres and log reductions of ifectious A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) virus after the 5- ⁇ minute terminatic time point at different dilutions.
• Table 23 The residual virus titres and log reductions of infectious B/Guangdong/120/00 virus after the 2-minute termination time point at different dilutions.
• the negative control group received a phosphate buffer solution (PBS) placebo.
• PBS phosphate buffer solution
• TamifluTM oseltamivir phosphate, available from Roche Laboratories of Nutley, NJ.
• One experimental group was treated with the nasal spray of Example 6, and the other was treated with a similar nasal spray that did not include green tea extract. After the initial challenge, the ferrets were dosed with their assigned composition twice a day.
• the ferrets in the PBS treated control group exhibited all the symptoms typical of ferrets infected with influenza A, including weight loss, fever, increased inflammatory cell counts, and vims shedding on the first day after infection.
• the ferrets in the TamifluTM treated control group experienced no weight loss, no vims shedding, a reduction in inflammatory cell count rise, and no febrile illness.
• Example 6 Both the test formulation of Example 6 and the similar nasal spray that did not include green tea extract provided a low-level intermediary reduction inflammatory cell count, prevented development of a febrile illness, and delayed virus shedding that may indicate vims suppression. Ferrets treated with nasal spray according to Example 6, however, also showed some lessening of weight loss. Ferrets treated with nasal spray according to Example 6 were more active than ferrets treated with the TamifluTM.

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