EP1344013B1 - Kondensationswärmeüberträger - Google Patents

Kondensationswärmeüberträger Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1344013B1
EP1344013B1 EP01980811A EP01980811A EP1344013B1 EP 1344013 B1 EP1344013 B1 EP 1344013B1 EP 01980811 A EP01980811 A EP 01980811A EP 01980811 A EP01980811 A EP 01980811A EP 1344013 B1 EP1344013 B1 EP 1344013B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
coating
heat exchanger
condensation heat
soft
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP01980811A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1344013A1 (de
Inventor
Francisco Blangetti
Harald Reiss
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Electric Technology GmbH
Original Assignee
Alstom Technology AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alstom Technology AG filed Critical Alstom Technology AG
Publication of EP1344013A1 publication Critical patent/EP1344013A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1344013B1 publication Critical patent/EP1344013B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/04—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material
    • C23C28/046—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material with at least one amorphous inorganic material layer, e.g. DLC, a-C:H, a-C:Me, the layer being doped or not
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/40—Coatings including alternating layers following a pattern, a periodic or defined repetition
    • C23C28/44—Coatings including alternating layers following a pattern, a periodic or defined repetition characterized by a measurable physical property of the alternating layer or system, e.g. thickness, density, hardness
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D17/00—Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus in which a stationary intermediate heat-transfer medium or body is contacted successively by each heat-exchange medium, e.g. using granular particles
    • F28D17/005—Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus in which a stationary intermediate heat-transfer medium or body is contacted successively by each heat-exchange medium, e.g. using granular particles using granular particles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/50—Intrinsic material properties or characteristics
    • F05D2300/512—Hydrophobic, i.e. being or having non-wettable properties
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2245/00—Coatings; Surface treatments
    • F28F2245/04—Coatings; Surface treatments hydrophobic

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a condensation heat exchanger for the condensation of non-metallic vapors and in particular to a coating of the heat transfer surfaces of the condensation heat exchanger.
  • the coating serves to extend the life of the cooling tubes and to improve the heat transfer at the heat transfer surfaces.
  • the life of the heat transfer surfaces plays an important role, as damage to the heat transfer surfaces causes failure of the entire system in which the condensation heat exchanger is installed.
  • the state of the heat transfer surfaces of Kondensations Scrischreibtragern is affected inter alia by drop impact erosion and corrosion. Damage due to drop impact erosion occurs particularly on those heat transfer surfaces that are exposed to a high velocity vapor stream. There, drops contained in the vapor to be condensed impinge on the heat transfer surfaces, energy being transferred to the surface by the impact or by shear forces. Erosion occurs when, in the case of very frequent drop impact, the transferred energy is sufficient for the plastic deformation of the surface material, creep in the case of ductile material or intercrystalline fatigue intrusion in the case of hard materials.
  • drop impact erosion is highly dependent on the material properties, such as hardness, ductility, elasticity, microstructure and roughness, with materials of titanium and titanium alloys characterized by a certain, but insufficient erosion resistance, which is mainly due to their high hardness.
  • material properties such as hardness, ductility, elasticity, microstructure and roughness
  • materials of titanium and titanium alloys characterized by a certain, but insufficient erosion resistance, which is mainly due to their high hardness.
  • drop impact erosions are contained by a suitable choice of material for the cooling tubes, such as stainless steels, titanium or chromium steels.
  • Drop impact erosion is also a problem, especially with low condenser pressures and thus higher steam velocities, such as in steam condensers in steam power plants, which operate at part load.
  • a condensate film is formed in the prior art, which spreads over the entire surface. This condensate film increases the overall thermal resistance between the steam and the cooling liquid flowing in the tubes, thereby reducing the heat transfer performance. For this reason, efforts have long been underway to provide heat transfer surfaces with a coating which prevents the formation of a condensate film due to hydrophobic properties, so that droplet condensation is formed on the surface. The formation of droplets can drain the condensate faster than film formation.
  • the surface of the heat exchanger is thereby released, so that steam can condense again on the surface without being obstructed by a condensate film.
  • the overall thermal resistance thus remains relatively low.
  • Teflon or enamel layers have been attempted without much success, with these layers exhibiting low strength against erosion and corrosion.
  • a coating is disclosed in WO 96/41901 and EP 0 625 588.
  • a metal heat transfer surface with a so-called hard material layer of plasma-modified amorphous hydrocarbon layers, also known as diamond-like carbon, described.
  • Amorphous carbon is known for its elastic, exceptionally hard and chemically stable properties.
  • the hard material layer of amorphous carbon is modified by the incorporation of elements such as fluorine and silicon in their wetting behavior such that it receives a hydrophobic property.
  • an intermediate layer is applied between the substrate and the hard material layer, wherein the transition from the intermediate layer to the hard material layer is realized by a gradient layer.
  • the hard material layer ultimately has a resistance to erosion only due to its inherent hardness.
  • DE 34 37 898 describes a coating for the surfaces of a heat exchanger, in particular for the surfaces of condenser cooling tubes, consisting of a triazine-dithiol derivative.
  • This layer material causes drop condensation and thus an improvement of the heat transfer.
  • the coating is characterized by good adhesion to the cooling tubes.
  • a coating of amorphous carbon which causes drop condensation on the cooling tubes of steam condensers.
  • the surface of a cooling tube is roughened before applying the amorphous carbon, whereby the effective Interface between the cooling tube surface and the coating is increased. This reduces the thermal resistance between the coating and the base material. After coating, the surface is smoothed to produce co-coated and uncoated areas.
  • JP-A-08 337 874 discloses a heat exchanger which has a hydrophobic coating with two different types of layer areas which contain diamond-like carbon, the upper layer area consisting of fluorine-containing carbon.
  • the present invention has for its object to provide a coating for the heat transfer surfaces of a Kondensations Koübertragers for the condensation of non-metallic vapors, the resistance to drop impact erosion and corrosion is increased compared to the prior art and at which at the same time an improved heat transfer by bringing about of drop condensation takes place.
  • the heat transfer surfaces of a condensation heat exchanger have a coating containing amorphous carbon, also known as diamond like carbon.
  • the coating has a layer sequence with at least one hard layer of amorphous carbon and at least one soft layer of amorphous carbon, wherein the hard and soft layers are applied alternately and the lowest or first layer on the heat transfer surface is a hard layer and the top or last layer of the layer sequence is a soft layer.
  • the last and soft layer of the layer sequence has in particular a hydrophobic or water-repellent property.
  • the coating according to the invention thus effects a hydrophobic behavior of the entire layer system through its last or outermost layer. This behavior is due to the low surface energy of the amorphous carbon when it is relatively soft.
  • Amorphous carbon is to be understood below to mean hydrogen-containing carbon layers with 10 to 50 at% hydrogen content and with a ratio of sp 3 to sp 2 bonds of between 0.1 and 0.9.
  • all amorphous or dense carbon layers produced by means of carbon or hydro-carbon precursors as well as plasma polymer layers, polymer-like or dense carbon and hydrocarbon layers can be used, provided they have the hydrophobic and the following mechanical or chemical properties of the amorphous carbon for the production of layer sequences exhibit.
  • the wettability of the surface of amorphous carbon is variable by varying its hardness. The wettability is greater the higher its hardness.
  • a very hard layer with, for example, more than 3000 Vickers would be less suitable as the outermost, hydrophobic layer than a layer of lower hardness.
  • the formation of extended condensate films is prevented by the condensate instead forming droplets which, at a certain size achieved, slide off the surface of the tube.
  • a larger surface area of the heat transfer surface is free of condensate, on the other hand, the residence time of the condensate is greatly reduced on a given heat transfer surface. This increases the heat transfer to the surfaces and ultimately the performance of the condensation heat exchanger.
  • the layer sequence according to the invention in each case one hard layer followed by a soft layer, in particular results in increased resistance to drop impact erosion.
  • the impulse of impinging drops is absorbed by the soft and hard layers by the interference of the compression waves originating in the surface material from the impact of the drops through the pairs of hard and soft layers.
  • This cancellation of compression waves is similar to the extinction of optical waves caused by pairs of thin layers of high and low refractive indices, respectively.
  • the extinction of compression waves is increased by a layer sequence of several layer pairs of hard and soft layers.
  • An optimal number of layers depends on the angle of inclination of the direction of incidence of the drops on the surface. At oblique incidence, a smaller number of layers is required to cancel out the compression waves.
  • the overall thermal resistance of the coated heat transfer surface increases with increasing number of layers and layer thickness. It is therefore necessary to optimize the number of layers in view of the absorption of the compression waves emanating from impacting drops as well as the overall thermal resistance of the heat transfer surfaces.
  • the combination of one or more pairs of layers of hard and soft layers provides greatly improved erosion resistance over amorphous carbon coatings with only one layer of relatively high hardness.
  • the coating according to the invention has the ability to form dropwise condensation.
  • the coating according to the invention is outstandingly suitable for the cooling tubes of condensation heat exchangers.
  • the cooling tubes, on which steam of any substance is deposited, are arranged there vertically or horizontally in tube bundles.
  • the cooling tubes at the periphery of a tube bundle are more exposed to the high velocity drops than cooling tubes inside a bundle.
  • the two- or multi-layer coating is thus particularly suitable for those cooling pipes on the periphery.
  • the cooling tubes inside the bundle can be coated with the same coating or just a simple, soft, hydrophobic layer be provided by amorphous carbon. This accomplishes drop condensation and the associated increase in heat transfer. Protection against drop impact erosion is less necessary there.
  • the droplet condensation causes a reduction of the residence time of the condensate on the cooling tubes of the steam condenser.
  • the reduction of the steam-side pressure drop brings about an improvement in the overall heat transfer coefficient.
  • the heat transfer coefficient can be increased by at least 25 percent, whereby the condensation heat exchanger can condense up to 20 percent more steam.
  • the coating is useful as erosion and corrosion protection in heat exchangers, such as against ammonia erosion in steam condensers with copper alloy heat transfer surfaces.
  • Another application is in the protection against SO 3 - or NO 2 corrosion in capacitors in apparatus for heat reclamation from chimney flue gases.
  • the interfacial energy must be very small compared to the surface tension of the condensate. Since the surface tension of sulfuric acid is smaller than that of water, the interfacial energy of the outermost layer must be rather smaller than that in steam condensers.
  • the hardness of the outermost layer should be between 600 and 1500 Vickers.
  • the coating according to the invention can be used in other condensation heat exchangers, such as, for example, in refrigerators and in general all heat exchangers in which condensation takes place and droplet impact erosion must be prevented.
  • the coating according to the invention can be realized by various, generally known production methods, such as, for example, deposition by means of glow discharge in a plasma of hydrocarbon-containing precursor, ion beam coating and sputtering of carbon in hydrogen-containing working gas.
  • the substrate is exposed to a stream of ions of several hundred eV.
  • the glow discharge the substrate is placed in a reactor chamber in contact with a cathode capacitively connected to a 13.56 MHz RF generator.
  • the grounded walls of the plasma chamber form a large counterelectrode.
  • any hydrocarbon vapor or hydrocarbon gas can be used as the first working gas for the coating.
  • various gases are added to the first working gas.
  • nitrogen fluorine- or silicon-containing gases, for example, high or low surface energies are achieved.
  • the addition of nitrogen additionally leads to an increase in the hardness of the resulting layer.
  • the bias voltage across the electrodes between 100 and 1000 V the resulting hardness of the layer is controllable, with a high bias voltage resulting in a hard, amorphous carbon layer and a low stress leading to a soft amorphous carbon layer ,
  • the hardness of a hard layer of a layer pair is between 1500 and 3000 Vickers while the hardness of a soft layer of a layer pair is between 800 and 1500 Vickers.
  • the thicknesses of the individual layers are between 0.1 and 2 .mu.m, preferably between 0.2 and 0.8 .mu.m, when several layers are applied successively in the layer sequence.
  • the total layer thickness is in the range of 2 to 10 microns, preferably between 2 and 6 microns.
  • the thickness of the harder and softer layers are preferably in inverse proportion to their hardnesses.
  • the coating according to the invention has at least one layer pair with a hard layer and a soft layer.
  • a larger number of pairs of layers can be realized, such as two pairs of layers each of a hard and a soft layer, provided that the layer sequence begins with a hard and ends with a soft layer having hydrophobic properties.
  • the adhesion of the coating according to the invention is well ensured in most substrate types, especially in the materials that form carbides such as titanium, iron and silicon as well as aluminum, but not on precious metals, copper or copper-nickel alloys. A roughening of the substrate surface to improve the adhesion is not necessary. If the coating is applied to a smooth substrate surface, a layer composite results which is even more stable against drop impact erosion because this reduces the absorption of the impact energy by the base material.
  • the coating according to the invention can therefore be applied to various substrate materials used for the heat transfer surfaces, such as titanium, stainless steels, chromium steels, aluminum and all carbide formers.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
EP01980811A 2000-11-14 2001-11-07 Kondensationswärmeüberträger Expired - Lifetime EP1344013B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10056242 2000-11-14
DE10056242A DE10056242A1 (de) 2000-11-14 2000-11-14 Kondensationswärmeübertrager
PCT/IB2001/002079 WO2002040934A1 (de) 2000-11-14 2001-11-07 Kondensationswärmeübertrager

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1344013A1 EP1344013A1 (de) 2003-09-17
EP1344013B1 true EP1344013B1 (de) 2006-09-06

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EP01980811A Expired - Lifetime EP1344013B1 (de) 2000-11-14 2001-11-07 Kondensationswärmeüberträger

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US6942022B2 (zh)
EP (1) EP1344013B1 (zh)
JP (1) JP3984542B2 (zh)
KR (1) KR100622886B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN1320160C (zh)
AU (1) AU2002212597A1 (zh)
CA (1) CA2428650C (zh)
DE (2) DE10056242A1 (zh)
WO (1) WO2002040934A1 (zh)

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WO2002040934A1 (de) 2002-05-23
CN1474929A (zh) 2004-02-11
US20040069466A1 (en) 2004-04-15
DE50110964D1 (de) 2006-10-19
KR100622886B1 (ko) 2006-09-18
AU2002212597A1 (en) 2002-05-27
CA2428650A1 (en) 2002-05-23
EP1344013A1 (de) 2003-09-17
JP3984542B2 (ja) 2007-10-03
DE10056242A1 (de) 2002-05-23
CA2428650C (en) 2010-09-14
KR20030059247A (ko) 2003-07-07
CN1320160C (zh) 2007-06-06
US6942022B2 (en) 2005-09-13

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