CN1320160C - 冷凝热传导器 - Google Patents
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Abstract
冷凝热传导器的热传导面设置有按照本发明的覆置层，该覆置层由一个层序列组成，该层序列具有至少一个具有无定形碳或等离子体聚合物的硬层和至少一个具有无定形碳或等离子体聚合物的软层。在此，硬层与软层交替地敷设，其中，热传导面上的第一层是一个硬层，该覆置层的最后层是一个软层。最后的软层的特征尤其是疏水特性。该层序列可保证滴状冷凝并且同时防止液滴冲击侵蚀。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于使非金属蒸汽冷凝的冷凝热传导器，尤其涉及这种冷凝热传导器的热传导面的覆置层。该覆置层起到延长冷却管寿命并且改善热传导面上的热传递的作用。
背景技术
在冷凝热传导器中，热传导面的寿命具有重要意义，因为热传导面上的损坏将导致装有冷凝热传导器的整个设备失灵。冷凝热传导器的热传导面的状态主要受到液滴冲击侵蚀及腐蚀的影响。由于液滴冲击侵蚀引起的损坏尤其产生在承受高速蒸汽流的那些热传导面上。在那里，包含在待冷凝蒸汽中的液滴撞击到热传导面上，其中能量通过撞击或通过剪切力传递到表面上。如果在液滴撞击非常频繁的情况下所传递的能量足以使表面材料塑性变形，在延展性材料的情况下导致蠕变或者在硬性材料的情况下导致晶粒间疲劳塌陷，则产生侵蚀。
在蒸汽动力设备中的蒸汽冷凝器上观察到：直径在100μm范围内、速度为250m/s的增大液滴引起液滴冲击侵蚀。这尤其涉及一个管束的外围的冷却管，而在一个管束内部的管可免于直接的液滴冲击侵蚀。
液滴冲击侵蚀的出现很强地依赖于材料特性，如硬度、延展性、弹性、显微结构及粗糙度，其中，由钛及钛合金组成的材料由于一定的、但仍不足的抗侵蚀能力而显得突出，这主要是由高硬度决定的。在蒸汽动力设备中的蒸汽冷凝器上，这种液滴冲击侵蚀通过适当选择冷却管材料而被限制，例如选择不锈钢、钛或铬钢。
此外，在冷凝压力低及由此蒸汽速度高的情况下液滴冲击侵蚀特别成问题，例如在部分负载地工作的蒸汽动力设备中的蒸汽冷凝器上。根据现有技术，当蒸汽在热传导面上冷凝时形成一个在整个面上伸展的冷凝液膜。通过该冷凝液膜增加了蒸汽与流过管内的冷却液之间的总热阻，由此使热传递功效降低。由于该原因，很长时间以来人们一直致力于在热传导面上设置一个覆置层，该覆置层由于疏水特性阻止冷凝液膜的形成，由此在表面上形成冷凝液滴。通过形成液滴，冷凝液能够比在形成膜的情况更快地滴下。由此，传热器表面露出，使得蒸汽可重新在该表面上冷凝，而不会受到冷凝液膜的阻挡。因此总热阻保持相对较小。为此例如尝试用聚四氟乙烯或珐琅层，但无大的效果，其中这些层在抗液滴冲击侵蚀或腐蚀方面表现出强度低。
在覆置层方面关系到，要解决抗侵蚀或腐蚀的稳定性以及该层在热传导面上的附着的问题。这些问题尤其要在考虑到所希望的冷凝热传导器长寿命的条件下来解决，例如对于蒸汽冷凝器的冷却管，它必须能工作多年时间。
在WO96/41901及EP 0 625 588中已公开覆置层的例子。那里描述了带有所谓硬材料层的金属热传递表面，该硬材料层的组成为等离子改性的无定形碳氢化合物，也就是公知的似金钢石碳。无定形碳以其弹性、特别硬以及化学稳定性等特性著称。由无定形碳制成的硬材料层通过加入如氟及硅等元素被这样改变其浸润性，使它得到疏水特性。为了附着在基底上，在基底与硬材料层之间敷设一个中间层，其中从中间层到硬材料层的过渡通过一个梯度层实现。但最后硬材料层仅由于其固有硬度而具有抗液滴冲击侵蚀的耐磨损强度。
在DE 34 37 898中描述了一种用于传热器表面、尤其是用于冷凝器冷却管表面的覆置层，它由三连氮二硫醇衍生物组成。该覆置层材料使滴状冷凝并由此改善热传导。此外，该覆置层由于它在冷却管上的良好附着而具有优点。
在DE 196 44 692中描述了一种由无定形碳构成的覆置层，它在蒸汽冷凝器的冷却管上导致滴状冷凝。在此，冷却管的表面在覆置无定形碳之前被打毛，由此使冷却管表面与覆置层之间的有效界面增大。由此使覆置层与基底材料之间的热阻减小。在覆置层后表面变光滑，由此形成了相邻的有覆置层及无覆置层的区域。
发明内容
本发明的任务在于，为用于使非金属蒸汽冷凝的冷凝热传导器提供一种用于热传导面的覆置层，其抗液滴冲击侵蚀和腐蚀的稳定性与现有技术相比得到提高，并且，在其上通过形成滴状冷凝同时改善了热传递。
本发明提出了一种用于使非金属蒸汽冷凝的具有热传导面的冷凝热传导器，其中，热传导面具有一个覆置层，该覆置层包含无定形碳，并且，该覆置层的表面具有疏水特性，其中，用于消除由于液滴撞击而由覆置层表面发出的压缩波的该覆置层具有两个或多个层对，其中，每个层对分别具有一个具有无定形碳或等离子体聚合物的硬层和一个具有无定形碳或等离子体聚合物的软层，这些硬层和软层交替地设置，最后的层是一个软层。
本发明还提出了一种用于使非金属蒸汽冷凝的具有热传导面的冷凝热传导器，其中，热传导面具有一个覆置层，该覆置层包含无定形碳，并且，该覆置层的表面具有疏水特性，其中，该冷凝热传导器以管束的构型构成，所述管束由多个垂直或水平安置的冷却管组成，一种任意材料的蒸汽沉积在这些冷却管上，管束周边上的外侧冷却管具有所述覆置层，该覆置层具有两个或多个层对，其中，每个层对分别具有一个具有无定形碳或等离子体聚合物的硬层和一个具有无定形碳或等离子体聚合物的软层，这些硬层和软层交替地设置，最后的层是一个软层，该管束的内部的冷却管具有带至少一个硬层和至少一个软层的覆置层或一个只具有一个软的疏水的、具有无定形碳的层的覆置层。
该任务通过上述的冷凝热传导器来解决。该冷凝热传导器的热传导面具有一个覆置层，该覆置层包含无定形碳，也被公知为似金钢石碳。根据本发明，该覆置层具有一个层序列，该层序列具有至少一个由无定形碳制成的硬层和至少一个由无定形碳制成的软层，其中，硬层与软层交替地设置，热传递表面上的最下层或第一层是一个硬层，层序列的最上层或最后层是一个软层。层序列的最后的软层尤其具有疏水的或不吸水的特性。
因此，按照本发明的层通过其最后的或最外面的层使整个层系具有疏水特性。该特性是基于，当无定形碳相对软时它的表面能低。
以下应将无定形碳理解为具有10至50％氢含量和sp3化合物与sp2化合物比例为0.1至0.9之间的含氢的碳层。一般可以使用所有借助碳或碳氢化合物前体制成的所有无定形的或不渗透的碳层以及等离子体聚合物层、类似聚合物的或不渗透的碳层和碳氢化合物层，只要它们具有用于制造层序列的无定形碳的疏水特性和下述机械或化学性能。
无定形碳表面的可浸润性可通过其硬度的变化而改变。它的硬度越高，其可浸润性就越大。一个具有例如大于维氏硬度3000的非常硬的层作为最外面的疏水层将不如硬度较小的层更合适。
在软的疏水表面上阻碍形成延伸的冷凝液膜，其方式是：冷凝液不是形成膜而是形成液滴，这些液滴在达到一定大小时从管的表面上导出。在此，一方面，热传导面的较大面积部分上保持没有冷凝液，另一方面，冷凝液在给定热传导面上的停留时间也大大减小。由此提高了该面上的热传递并且最终提高了冷凝热传导器的功效。
总是由一个硬层跟随一个软层组成的本发明层序列特别是使得抗液滴冲击侵蚀的稳定性提高。液滴的撞击脉冲被软层和硬层接收，其方式是，表面材料中由于液滴撞击引起的压缩波通过硬层和软层的配对通过干涉被消除。该压缩波的消除类似于光波的消除，它是通过由分别具有高折射率和低折射率的薄层组成层对而引起的。
通过由多个由硬层和软层组成的层对构成的层序列，压缩波的消除被增强。对于所述硬层分别建议一个在维氏1500到3500范围内的硬度，及对于所述软层建议一个在维氏600到1500范围内的硬度。在此，最佳层数取决于液滴向表面入射方向的倾斜角度。在倾斜入射的情况下需要较小的层数来消除压缩波。
设置了层的热传导面其总热阻随层数和层厚的增加而增大。因此，层数应考虑对由液滴撞击引起的压缩波的吸收以及考虑热传导面总热阻来优化。
将一个或多个由硬层和软层组成的层对合并使得与仅设置一层硬度相对较高的无定形碳层相比大大改善了耐液滴冲击侵蚀性。同时，按照本发明的覆置层由于其最外侧软层而具有使形成滴状冷凝的能力。由此保证了抗液滴冲击侵蚀的稳定性提高，同时由于热传导面的无冷凝液面积部分加大而保证了高的热传递，使得不仅达到延长热传导面的寿命，而且提高了冷凝热传导器的效能。
本发明覆置层极佳地适合用于冷凝热传导器的冷却管。在这种冷却管上沉积任意材料的蒸汽，这种冷却管在传热器中被垂直地或水平地安置成管束。如果是蒸汽冷凝器，例如在蒸汽动力设备中，特别是管束外围上的冷却管比管束内部的冷却管更多地承受高速流过来的液滴。因此，该两层或多层的覆置层特别适合于外围上的那些冷却管。管束内部的冷却管可以设有相同的覆置层或仅设有一个简单的、软的、无定形碳疏水层。这实现了滴状冷凝和因滴状冷凝而产生的、热传递提高。在这里不太要求对液滴冲击侵蚀的防护。
如所述的，滴状冷凝起到减少冷凝液在蒸汽冷凝器的冷却管上的停留时间的作用。由此实现蒸汽侧压力降的减小，其中，该压力降取决于管束尺寸及冷凝液体积以及取决于接片宽度。蒸汽侧压力降的减小导致总的热传递系数改善。与具有无覆置层冷却管的冷凝器相比，热传递系数的提高可达至少百分之二十五，其中冷凝热传导器可更多冷凝百分之二十的蒸汽。
该覆置层还适合于在传热器中作为侵蚀防护层及腐蚀防护层，例如在具有用铜合金制成的热传递面的蒸汽冷凝器中抗氨腐蚀。另一种应用在于，在烟囱废气余热再回收装置中的冷凝器上防护SO3或NO2腐蚀。在这种应用中，与冷凝液的表面张力相比界面能必须非常小。因为硫酸的表面张力小于水的表面张力，所以最外层的界面能应当小于蒸汽冷凝器中的界面能。这里，最外层的硬度应在维氏600与1500之间。
此外，本发明覆置层还可用在其它冷凝热传导器中，例如在制冷机和几乎所有传热器中，其中发生冷凝并且必须避免液滴冲击侵蚀。
根据本发明的覆置层可以按照不同的一般公知的制造方法来实现，例如在一个由含有碳氢化合物的前体组成的等离子体中借助辉光放电沉积、离子束涂覆和在含氢工作气体中喷溅碳。在这些方法中，基底承受一个由数百eV的离子组成的离子流。在辉光放电时，基底在一个反应室中与阴极接触，该阴极与一个13.56MHz RF(射频)的发生器电容式连接。在此，等离子室的接地壁构成一个大的对应电极。在该装置中可以将任何碳氢化合物蒸汽或任何碳氢化合物气体作为用于涂覆的第一工作气体使用。为了达到特殊的层性能例如不同的表面能、硬度、光学特性等，将不同的气体加入第一工作气体中。在添加氮气、含氟或含硅气体的情况下，例如达到高的或低的表面能。添加氮还附加导致产生的层的硬度提高。此外，借助在100与1000V之间改变电极上的偏压可控制所生成的层硬度，其中，高偏压导致产生硬的无定形碳层，低电压导致产生软的无定形碳层。
在一个实施例中，一个层对的硬层的硬度在维氏1500到3000之间，而一个层对的软层的硬度在维氏800到1500之间。在此，当在层序列中依次设置多个层时，各个层的厚度在0.1与2μm之间，最好在0.2与0.8μm之间。这时，总的层厚度在2至10μm的范围内，最好在2与6μm之间。在此，硬层和软层的厚度最好与其硬度成反比。
本发明覆置层具有至少一个包含一个硬层和一个软层的层对。在此可实现更大的层对数，例如两个包含各一个硬层和一个软层的层对，前提是层序列以一个硬层开始并且以一个具有疏水特性的软层结束。层数越多，消除冲击能的作用越好，热阻也越大，因为这些硬层和软层具有不同的导热性能并且相应的热阻是累计形成的。
在大多数基底类型上可很好地保证本发明覆置层的附着，尤其是在形成碳化物的材料上，例如钛、铁和硅以及铝，但在贵金属、铜或铜镍合金上不能保证。在这里不必要将基底表面打毛来改善附着。如果将该覆置层设在一个光滑的基底表面上，则得到更稳定地抗液滴冲击侵蚀的层间结合，因为这样减小了基底材料对冲击能的吸收。因此，本发明覆置层可用于各种不同的、用于热传导面的基底材料上，例如钛、不锈钢、铬钢、铝以及所有的碳化物组分上。
Claims (8)
1.用于使非金属蒸汽冷凝的具有热传导面的冷凝热传导器，其中，热传导面具有一个覆置层，该覆置层包含无定形碳，并且，该覆置层的表面具有疏水特性，其特征在于：用于消除由于液滴撞击而由覆置层表面发出的压缩波的该覆置层具有两个或多个层对，其中，每个层对分别具有一个具有无定形碳或等离子体聚合物的硬层和一个具有无定形碳或等离子体聚合物的软层，这些硬层和软层交替地设置，最后的层是一个软层。
2.根据权利要求1的冷凝热传导器，其特征在于：硬层和软层的厚度与其硬度成反比。
3.根据权利要求1或2的冷凝热传导器，其特征在于：硬层分别具有在维氏1500到3500范围内的硬度，软层具有在维氏600到1500范围内的硬度。
4.根据权利要求1或2的冷凝热传导器，其特征在于：该覆置层的硬层和软层的厚度分别在0.1和2微米之间。
5.根据权利要求1或2的冷凝热传导器，其特征在于：该覆置层的总厚度在2和10微米之间。
6.根据权利要求1的冷凝热传导器，其特征在于：热传导面包含钛、不锈钢、铬钢、铝、铜合金或碳化物组分。
7.根据权利要求1的冷凝热传导器，其特征在于：该覆置层用作抗氨腐蚀或侵蚀的防护层。
8.用于使非金属蒸汽冷凝的具有热传导面的冷凝热传导器，其中，热传导面具有一个覆置层，该覆置层包含无定形碳，并且，该覆置层的表面具有疏水特性，其特征在于：该冷凝热传导器以管束的构型构成，所述管束由多个垂直或水平安置的冷却管组成，一种任意材料的蒸汽沉积在这些冷却管上，管束周边上的外侧冷却管具有所述覆置层，该覆置层具有两个或多个层对，其中，每个层对分别具有一个具有无定形碳或等离子体聚合物的硬层和一个具有无定形碳或等离子体聚合物的软层，这些硬层和软层交替地设置，最后的层是一个软层，该管束内部的冷却管具有带至少一个硬层和至少一个软层的覆置层或一个只带有一个具有无定形碳的疏水软层的覆置层。
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| US5645900A (en) * | 1993-04-22 | 1997-07-08 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Diamond composite films for protective coatings on metals and method of formation |
| FR2726579A1 (fr) * | 1994-11-07 | 1996-05-10 | Neuville Stephane | Procede de depot d'un revetement protecteur de type pseudo carbonne diamant amorphe |
| DE4445427C2 (de) * | 1994-12-20 | 1997-04-30 | Schott Glaswerke | Plasma-CVD-Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Gradientenschicht |
| DE19502568C1 (de) * | 1995-01-27 | 1996-07-25 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Harte, amorphe, wasserstofffreie C-Schichten und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
| DE19523208A1 (de) * | 1995-06-27 | 1997-01-02 | Behr Gmbh & Co | Wärmeübertrager, insbesondere Verdampfer für eine Kraftfahrzeug-Klimaanlage |
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-
2000
- 2000-11-14 DE DE10056242A patent/DE10056242A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-11-07 CN CNB018188710A patent/CN1320160C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-11-07 US US10/416,485 patent/US6942022B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-07 DE DE50110964T patent/DE50110964D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-07 WO PCT/IB2001/002079 patent/WO2002040934A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 2001-11-07 JP JP2002542817A patent/JP3984542B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-11-07 CA CA2428650A patent/CA2428650C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-11-07 EP EP01980811A patent/EP1344013B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-07 KR KR1020037006477A patent/KR100622886B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2001-11-07 AU AU2002212597A patent/AU2002212597A1/en not_active Abandoned
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| US3899366A (en) * | 1973-10-31 | 1975-08-12 | Allied Chem | Treated substrate for the formation of drop-wise condensates and the process for preparing same |
| EP0625588A1 (de) * | 1993-05-21 | 1994-11-23 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Förderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. | Plasmapolymer-Schichtenfolge als Hartstoffschicht mit definiert einstellbarem Adhäsionsverhalten |
| WO1996041901A1 (de) * | 1995-06-12 | 1996-12-27 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Verwendung von plasmapolymer-schichten in stofftransport- oder wärmetauschersystemen |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1344013A1 (de) | 2003-09-17 |
| DE10056242A1 (de) | 2002-05-23 |
| KR100622886B1 (ko) | 2006-09-18 |
| US20040069466A1 (en) | 2004-04-15 |
| CA2428650A1 (en) | 2002-05-23 |
| WO2002040934A1 (de) | 2002-05-23 |
| JP2004514110A (ja) | 2004-05-13 |
| DE50110964D1 (de) | 2006-10-19 |
| AU2002212597A1 (en) | 2002-05-27 |
| CA2428650C (en) | 2010-09-14 |
| EP1344013B1 (de) | 2006-09-06 |
| US6942022B2 (en) | 2005-09-13 |
| JP3984542B2 (ja) | 2007-10-03 |
| CN1474929A (zh) | 2004-02-11 |
| KR20030059247A (ko) | 2003-07-07 |
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