EP1069894B1 - Spisulosine compounds having antitumour activity - Google Patents

Spisulosine compounds having antitumour activity Download PDF

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EP1069894B1
EP1069894B1 EP99915898A EP99915898A EP1069894B1 EP 1069894 B1 EP1069894 B1 EP 1069894B1 EP 99915898 A EP99915898 A EP 99915898A EP 99915898 A EP99915898 A EP 99915898A EP 1069894 B1 EP1069894 B1 EP 1069894B1
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spisulosine
compounds
amino
composition according
cells
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EP1069894A1 (en
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Kenneth Lloyd-University of Illinois RINEHART
Nancy Louise-University of Illinois FREGEAU
Robert Arthur-University of Illinois WARWICK
Dolores-Pharma Mar S.A. GARCIA GRAVALOS
Jesus-Universidad Autonoma De Madrid Avila
Glynn Thomas Faircloth
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University of Illinois
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/133—Amines having hydroxy groups, e.g. sphingosine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C215/00—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C215/02—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C215/04—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being saturated
    • C07C215/06—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being saturated and acyclic
    • C07C215/08—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being saturated and acyclic with only one hydroxy group and one amino group bound to the carbon skeleton
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/56—Materials from animals other than mammals
    • A61K35/618—Molluscs, e.g. fresh-water molluscs, oysters, clams, squids, octopus, cuttlefish, snails or slugs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
    • C07B2200/07—Optical isomers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions of spisulosine compounds. It further relates to the treatment of tumours, and provides new cytotoxic compounds and pharmaceutical compositions for use against tumours. In one aspect, the invention relates to antitumour compounds from marine organisms.
  • bioactive compounds from marine organisms There has been considerable interest in isolating bioactive compounds from marine organisms. Typical procedures involve in vitro screening programs to test crude extracts for antimicrobial, antiviral, and cytotoxic activities.
  • Illustrative examples of known bioactive compounds from marine sources include bryostatins, ecteinascidins and furthermore didemnins where didemnin B, also now known as aplidine, is the first marine natural product in clinical testing.
  • the present invention provides new pharmaceutical compositions containing a long-chain, straight-chain alkane or alkene compound which has a 2-amino group and a 3-hydroxy group, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the compound is a 2-amino-3-hydroxyalkane.
  • the compound is a substituted C 16 - C 24 alkane or alkene.
  • the compound is preferably a substituted alkane, more preferably a substituted C 18 - C 20 alkane.
  • the substituted alkene is preferably a substituted mono- or di-alkene, more preferably a substituted C 18 - C 20 alkene.
  • the compounds have the partial stereochemistry:
  • compositions which contain bioactive sphingoid-type bases, spisulosines 285, 299 and 313 ( 1-3 ), sphingosine (also referred to as 4-sphingenine or octadeca-4-sphingenine, 4 ) and two related compounds, nonadeca-4-sphingenine (a one carbon longer homologue, 5 ) and sphinga-4,10-diene (a dehydrosphingosine derivative, 6 ).
  • bioactive sphingoid-type bases spisulosines 285, 299 and 313 ( 1-3 )
  • sphingosine also referred to as 4-sphingenine or octadeca-4-sphingenine, 4
  • two related compounds nonadeca-4-sphingenine (a one carbon longer homologue, 5 ) and sphinga-4,10-diene (a dehydrosphingosine derivative, 6 ).
  • Spisulosine 285 is known in the literature. Compound 1 and the syn diastereoisomer, were first synthesized by Chinan researchers in the determination of absolute configurations of lipid bases with two or more asymmetric carbon atoms, see Pro tenik, M., Alaupovic, P. Croat. Chem. Acta. 1957, 29, 393.
  • a synthetic sample of 1 was assayed against L1210 leukemia cells and showed both cytotoxicity and morphological alteration, pointed cell activity.
  • L1210 Inhibition and pointed cell activity Concentration % cytotoxicity % pointed cells a 0.5 ⁇ g/ml 100 97 0.25 ⁇ g/ml 99 100 0.1 ⁇ g/ml 99 62 0.05 ⁇ g/ml 96 71 0.025 ⁇ g/ml 90 21 0.01 ⁇ g/ml 45 1 * Percent pointed cells are a percent of the living cells.
  • Spisulosine 285 ( 1 ) is also active against other tumour cell lines in vitro, including P-388 (0.01 ⁇ g/ml); A-549 (0.05 ⁇ g/ml); HT-29 (0.05 ⁇ g/ml) and MEL-28 (0.05 ⁇ g/ml).
  • the present invention relates to use of spisulosine 285, and related compounds, in the treatment of all types of cancer, such as breast cancers, prostate, bladder, pancreas, lung, oesophagus, larynx, liver, colon, thyroid, melanoma, kidney, testicular, leukaemia, ovarian, gastro-intestinal, hepatocellular carcinoma and vascular endothelial cancer.
  • cancer such as breast cancers, prostate, bladder, pancreas, lung, oesophagus, larynx, liver, colon, thyroid, melanoma, kidney, testicular, leukaemia, ovarian, gastro-intestinal, hepatocellular carcinoma and vascular endothelial cancer.
  • Other forms of cancer are well known to the person skilled in the art.
  • the use of spisulosine 285, and related compounds is against solid tumours, with use against slow proliferating tumours such as prostate, lung, liver, kidney, endocrine gland
  • the present invention is directed to bioactive compounds that have been found to possess specific antitumour activities and as such they will be useful as medicinal agents in mammals, particularly in humans.
  • another aspect of the present invention concerns pharmaceutical compositions containing the active compounds identified herein and methods of treatment employing such pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the active compounds of the present invention exhibit antitumour activity.
  • the present invention also provides a method of treating any mammal affected by a malignant tumour sensitive to these compounds, which comprises administering to the affected individual a therapeutically effective amount of an active compound or mixture of compounds, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof.
  • the present invention also relates to pharmaceutical preparations, which contain as active ingredient one or more of the compounds of this invention, as well as the processes for its preparation.
  • compositions include any solid (tablets, pills, capsules, granules, etc.) or liquid (solutions, suspensions or emulsions) with suitable composition or oral, topical or parenteral administration, and they may contain the pure compound or in combination with any carrier or other pharmacologically active compounds. These compositions may need to be sterile when administered parenterally.
  • composition of the present invention may be by any suitable method, such as intravenous infusion, oral preparations, intraperitoneal and intravenous administration.
  • Intravenous delivery may be carried out over any suitable time period, such as 1 to 4 hours or even longer if required, at suitable intervals of say 2 to 4 weeks.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions containing spisulosine may be delivered by liposome or nanosphere encapsulation, in sustained release formulations or by other standard delivery means.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compounds of this invention will vary according to the particular formulation, the mode of application, and the particular situs, host and bacteria or tumour being treated. Other factors like age, body weight, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, condition of the host, drug combinations, reaction sensitivities and severity of the disease shall be taken into account. Administration can be carried out continuously or periodically within the maximum tolerated dose.
  • the compounds may be provided in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention in the form of a prodrug or precursor, which upon administration converts or is metabolised to the active compound.
  • compositions of this invention may be used with other drugs to provide a combination therapy.
  • the other drugs may form part of the same composition, or be provided as a separate composition for administration at the same time or a different time.
  • the identity of the other drug is not particularly limited, and suitable candidates include:
  • the present invention also extends to the compounds for use in a method of treatment, and to the use of the compounds in the preparation of a composition for treatment of cancer.
  • Spisulosine 285 has an effect upon cell morphology. Vero cells treated with spisulosine had a reduced microfilament structure, as assessed by staining of the spisulosine-treated cells with phalloidin, which stains actin in the microfilaments. Spisulosine also affects the distribution of the small GTP binding protein Rho, although this effect may be reduced or eliminated by pre-treatment with the Rho-activator LPA (Mackay and Hall, J. Biol. Chem ., 273, 20685 - 20688, 1998).
  • Rho is known to be involved in the formation of stress fibres (Hall, A., Science 279, 509 - 514, 1998), and has a role in controlling cell adhesion and motility through reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton (Itoh, et al, Nature Medicine, Vol 5, No. 2, 1999). Adhesion of tumour cells to host cell layers and subsequent transcellular migration are key steps in cancer invasion and metastasis.
  • spisulosine may serve to limit the development of cancer via an effect on the cell cytoskeleton. It is also known that Rho triggers progression of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. As such, modulation of Rho may also prevent cellular transformation by stopping cell cycle progression. Therefore, the present invention also relates to the use of spisulosine in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer, wherein the spisulosine acts to alter Rho protein activity.
  • LPA an activator of Rho
  • Rho an activator of Rho
  • Spisula polynyma is an edible clam, which is also known as the Stimpson surf clam or the Atlantic surf clam. It belongs to the subfamily Mactrinae, family Mactridae, superfamily Mactroidea, order Veneroida, subclass Heterodonta, class Bivalvia, phylum Mollusca. Spisula polynyma was originally found off the coast of Japan, where it is called hokkigai and processed for sushi. It has now migrated through the Bering Strait, down past Greenland and Newfoundland, into the Atlantic ocean. The clam has a grey-white shell, 7-10 cm long. It is mainly off-white, except for the tongue which is purple in the living clam, but turns bright red after cooking.
  • the present invention provides active extracts of the clam Spisula polynyma.
  • One embodiment of the present invention is directed to novel compounds isolated from the clam Spisula polynyma , and the use of all of the cytotoxic compounds isolated therefrom as antitumour compounds.
  • Synthetic methods are also available for the preparation of spisulosine compounds, particularly spisulosines 285 ( 1 ), 299 ( 2 ) and 313 ( 3 ).
  • the preferred synthetic route is based upon the previous addition of organometallics to N,N-dibenzylamino aldehydes to yield ⁇ -amino alcohols with high stereoselectivity. See, Andres et al., Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 4210 and Reetz et al., Angew Chem. Int. Ed Engl ., 1987, 26, 1141.
  • the non-chelation controlled addition of Grignard reagents or organolithium compounds produces the anti -diastereomer and the chelation controlled addition of organozinc preferentially gives the syn -diastereomer.
  • the ⁇ -amino aldehyde 50 can be prepared from L-alanine methyl ester by first dibenzylation of the amino group with benzyl bromide and potassium carbonate followed by lithium aluminum hydride reduction to the N,N-dibenzylamino alcohol 40.
  • the Swern oxidation of 40 gives 50 in high yield and can be used without further purification to avoid decomposition.
  • Addition of the Grignard reagent to 50 gives the anti -diastereomer 60 with high selectivity.
  • the compound, 60 can be easily purified, for example by flash chromatography and HPLC.
  • the deprotection of 60 by hydrogenolysis on Pearlman's catalyst gives 1 in high yield and a good overall yield.
  • Compounds 2 and 3 may be prepared simply by increasing the chain length of the Grignard reagent, and the remaining compounds of the present invention may also be prepared by appropriate choice of the Grignard reagent.
  • Spisula polynyma were collected, at a depth of -110 feet, from a clam bed on the eastern edge of Stellwagon bank which is located off the coast of New England, stretching from near Gloucester, Massachusetts, north to Maine. They were shipped live by the New England Clam Corporation (formerly New Dawn Seafoods, Inc.) and then immediately frozen.
  • the toluene extract was partitioned between methanol and hexane.
  • the cytotoxicity and cellular alteration were observed almost exclusively in the methanol fraction.
  • the methanol extract thus obtained was applied to a silica flash column, eluting with a chloroform/methanol step gradient (100:0, 99:1, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, 70:30, 50:50, 0:100).
  • the main cytotoxic and pointed-cell-forming activity eluted off the column very late, although earlier fractions did show some cytotoxicity, but no pointed cells.
  • This late eluting was further purified by flash silica chromatography, using 8:12:1:1 chloroform/1-butanol/acetic acid/water. Fractions were neutralized with sodium bicarbonate before removing the solvent to prevent possible decomposition when they were concentrated in acid. This resulted in a series of three bioactive fractions.
  • the three bioactive fractions from the second silica column were each further purified by cyano HPLC with the same conditions used above (except 1 ml/min) to give three series of bioactive fractions.
  • the ammonium formate was removed by passing the sample through a C-18 SPE column, washing first with water and then eluting with methanol.
  • the main cytotoxicity and morphology-changing activity of each series was found in a peak comparable to that discussed above. However the activity was spread throughout most of the fractions.
  • Silica TLC (3:12:2:2 chloroform/1-butanol/acetic acid/water) indicated that fraction A (0.4 mg) contained one spot (R f 0.47), which was pink by ninhydrin.
  • Fraction B (1.3 mg) showed this same spot as well as one slightly lower (R f 0.44, red by ninhydrin), while fraction C (0.2 mg) contained both of these and a third one (R f 0.34, purple by ninhydrin). All three showed good cytotoxicity and pointed-cell forming activity, with A exhibiting slightly more activity than B and significantly more than C. This indicated that the uppermost TLC spot must be from compound(s) which caused the morphological change in L1210 cells. These fractions were not purified further, but analyzed as mixtures. Quantitative bioassay results are discussed below.
  • a live clam was anesthetized with diethyl ether and then dissected into nine parts: foot, digestive system, gonads, siphon, gills, heart, mantle, adductor muscles, and the remainder of the visceral mass (with foot, digestive system and gonads removed). These were identified by comparison to illustrations of other clams.
  • Each organ was homogenized in 3:1 methanol/toluene and the resulting extract was then triturated with dichloromethane and methanol to remove salts.
  • Inhibition Pointed a Inhibition Pointed a Inhibition Pointed foot 100 0, ad 100 0, ad 93 0,0 digestive 96 0,18 62 0,0 0 0,0 system gonads nr nr 99 56,100 90 32,100 siphon 100 ad, ad 50 0,0 0 0,0 gills 100 ad, ad 100 50, ad 98 100,93 heart 100 ad, ad nr 0,0 38 0,0 mantle 100 0,0 99 0,0 95 0,0 adductor 100 added 100 0,0 95 0,0 muscles visceral 100 10, ad 100 2, ad 94 0,0 mass cooked 100 0 100 0 0 97 0 foot cooked 91 21 25 0 0 0 foot
  • sphingosine 4
  • This compound has one more oxygen and two less hydrogens than 1 .
  • the analogy appeared valid because high resolution measurement of m / z 300 for the spisulosines indicated that it was a doublet corresponding to the M+H of a higher homologue ( 2 ) of m / z 286 (300.3270, C 19 H 42 NO, -0.4 mmu), together with sphingosine ( 4 ) itself (300.2914, C 18 H 38 NO 2 , ⁇ -1.1 mmu). This also helped to explain the presence of alkene protons in the 1 H NMR spectrum.
  • Compound 4 showed matrix adducts of the M+H ion at m / z 452.2885 (C 22 H 46 NO 4 S 2 , ⁇ -1.7 mmu), 604.2831 (C 26 H 54 NO 6 S 4 , ⁇ 0.3 mmu) and 606.2995 (C 26 H 56 NO 6 S 4 , ⁇ 3.6 mmu), 5 exhibited matrix adducts of the M+H ion at m / z 464.2888 (C 23 H 46 NO 4 S 2 , ⁇ -2.0 mmu) and 618.2940 (C 27 H 56 NO 6 S 4 , ⁇ 5.1 mmu).
  • dibenzyl malonate ( 147 ) was alkylated with tetradecyl bromide ( 148 ).
  • the resulting dibenzyl tetradecylamalonate ( 149 ) was then condensed with N-phthaloyl-L-alanyl chloride ( 150 ) to give 2-phthalimido-3-octadecanone ( 151 ) after removal of the benzyl groups and decarboxylation.
  • This ketone was treated with excess sodium borohydride, which resulted in the reduction of one of the phthalimido carbonyls in addition to the ketone, producing both 152, which had one phthalimido carbonyl reduced to the carbinolamine, and 153, which was further reduced. These two products could be readily separated from each other by silica flash chromatography.
  • spisulosines were quite simple compounds, as illustrated in Figures 1A-IF, they exhibited a very unusual type of bioactivity. As discussed above, the spisulosines caused a distinct morphological change in L1210 leukemia cells, in addition to cytotoxicity. This bioactivity, which was recorded as the percentage of living cells in which altered morphology was observed, could be observed sometimes as early as 13 h after the start of the assay and reached a maximum at 50-60 h, after which it decreased. Generally 60 cells were observed to determine this number, except in assays in which less than this number of cells remained alive.
  • the morphological effect was usually measured 30-35 h after the start of the assay and again about 24 h later, while the cytotoxicity was determined when the number of cells in the controls reached approximately 8000, usually in 3 days after the assay was begun. It should be noted that the pointed cells were live cells and that they were counted as such for the cytotoxicity reading. Also, assays in which 100% cytotoxicity was recorded may still have contained live cells ( ⁇ 0.5%) which may or may not have been pointed. All morphologically-changed cells were counted in the pointed cell percentage.
  • sphingosine 4
  • stearylamine 131
  • Sphingomyelins are well-known derivatives of 4 in which a phosphoryl choline unit has been added to the primary alcohol and the amine is acylated by a fatty acid.
  • the cytotoxicity of the phosphorylcholine derivative of 4 ( 163, Sigma) may be, at least, partially due to hydrolysis of 163 to 4.
  • Sphingosine and other long-chain amines are known to be cytotoxic. This bioactivity, as measured against Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, has been shown to be maximal for 18-carbon homologues. All four stereoisomers of sphingosine were found to be almost equally active. Reduction of the double bond of 4 to produce dihydrosphingosine ( 164 ) did not affect the cytotoxicity. Addition of an N -methyl group to 164 also caused no significant change in the bioactivity, while acylation of the amine caused a large decrease in the cytotoxicity.
  • cytotoxicity was reported for the related compounds ( 134, 135, 140-142 ) which have been isolated from other marine sources, however, they may not have been tested in this type of assay.
  • a mixture of 134 and 135 was active against C . albicans (8-mm zone of inhibition for 19 ⁇ g of a mixture of the two).
  • Xestaminol A was reported to exhibit weak activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. It also showed antihelminthic activity against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Both 140 and 142 showed some activity against reverse transcriptase.
  • the bioactivity of the spisulosines may be due to their similarity to sphingosine.
  • spisulosine 285 would be considered 1-deoxysphinganine.
  • the spisulosines may compete with sphingosine for binding sites or be incorporated into sphingolipids such as sphingomyelins, ceramides or gangliosides. In either case, the spisulosines could disrupt the cellular functions controlled by these compounds. Sphingosine and its derivatives are involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation.
  • Sphingosine is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C, competing with diacylglycerol for the binding site, which may explain its cytotoxicity. Structure-activity studies have shown that this inhibition requires a positively charged amine and thus N -acyl derivatives were inactive. If the spisulosines act by competing with sphingosine, this would explain the relative lack of activity of the acetylated compounds (AcB). There is growing evidence that sphingosine may act as a second messenger by regulating protein kinase C activity. It has also been shown to inhibit the differentiation of HL-60 cells treated with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate, a known protein kinase C activator.
  • the spisulosines should be tested for inhibition of protein kinase C. It is unknown whether inhibition of this enzyme could cause the morphological effects observed for the spisulosines, but protein kinase C is involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.
  • NMR spectra were obtained on General Electric GN 500 and QE 300 and Varian U400 spectrometers. Samples for NMR analysis were dissolved in CDCl 3 or CD 3 OD. Chemical shifts ( ⁇ ) are reported in ppm downfield of tetramethylsilane (TMS) and referenced to the residual solvent peak or TMS. Low and high resolution FABMS spectra were recorded on either a VG ZAB-SE or a VG 70-SE4F spectrometer, using a 3:1 mixture of dithiothreitol -dithioerythritol (magic bullet) as the matrix.
  • FABMS/MS spectra were recorded on a VG 70-SE4F with the same matrix, using helium as the collision gas.
  • CI mass spectra were recorded on a VG VSE spectrometer, operating in the alternating CI/EI mode with methane as the reagent gas.
  • IR spectra were obtained on an IBM IR/32 FTIR spectrometer. Optical rotations were measured on a JASCO DIP-370 digital polarimeter.
  • HPLC was carried out using an Alltech Econosphere cyano column (4.6 x 250 mm, 5 ⁇ m particle size).
  • the HPLC system used consisted of a Beckman Model 114M pump, a Rheodyne 71 injector and either an Isco V 4 or Beckman 165 variable wavelength detector or a Waters 990 photodiode array detector.
  • Analytical thin layer chromatography was performed on a pre-coated silica gel (Merck 60 F-254) and cyano bonded-phase (EM Science CN F 254S HPTLC) plates. Spots were visualized by UV (254 nm), ninhydrin (5% in ethanol), phosphomolybdic acid (5% in ethanol) and/or iodine.
  • Silica column chromatography was carried out on either 50-200 ⁇ m or 40-63 ⁇ m silica gel (Merck). Other column chromatography used Chromatorex ODS (Fuji-Division 100-200 mesh) and Sephadex LH-20 (Pharmacia).
  • High speed countercurrent chromatography was performed on an Ito multilayer coil separator-extractor (P.C., Inc.) with a #10 coil and a Milton-Roy mini-Pump.
  • Solid phase extraction was carried out on normal phase (silica, Alltech Maxi-Clean), reversed-phase (C-18, Waters Sep-Pak), and bonded-phase (CN, Fisher PrepSep) columns.
  • Cytotoxicity assays against L1210 murine lymphocytic leukemia cells were performed by dissolving the samples in methanol and/or hexane were applied to the dry assay wells and the solvent was allowed to evaporate. Cells (1000) were added in minimum essential medium (MEM, I ml) and incubated 37 °C. Inhibition of growth was recorded as the estimated percentage of living cells in sample wells versus that in control wells. This was measured when the control wells reached 8000 cells, generally three days after the start of the assay.
  • MEM minimum essential medium
  • Morphologically-changed cells were counted as living cells when determining the per cent inhibition of growth. Morphological changes were assessed throughout the assay period. The percentage of pointed cells was determined by counting the number of altered cells in approximately 60 living cells. This percentage varied with the length of time the assay had been running. It generally reached its maximum about 50 hours after the start of the assay, but pointed cells could be observed as early as 13 hours after the start of the assay and could usually still be seen when the per cent growth inhibition was measured. The percentages of pointed cells were often counted both after about 35 and after 55 hours. The time that this measurement was made is indicated with the data.
  • Antimicrobial assays were performed using the filter disk diffusion method. Paper disks (6.35 or 12.7 mm, Schleicher & Schuell) were impregnated with samples (50-500 ⁇ g) in solution and allowed to dry. These disks were then placed on agar seeded with either Bacillus subtilis, Penicillium melinii (formerly P. atrovenetum ), Micrococcus luteus (formerly Sarcina lutea ), Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These plates were incubated for 12-24 h (32-35 °C, except P. melinii , 25-27 °C).
  • the aqueous layer was further extracted with dichloromethane (2 x 75 ml), which gave a yellow-brown residue (18.6 mg) after removal of the solvent.
  • the aqueous layer was then extracted with ethyl acetate (75 ml).
  • the lower phase was the organic layer due to the presence of some dichloromethane which had remained in the aqueous phase after the last step.
  • the upper layer was further extracted with the ethyl acetate (245 ml), the upper organic layer back-extracted with water (100 ml), and the two ethyl acetate extracts were combined to give a yellow residue (36.8 mg) after removal of the solvent.
  • the combined aqueous layers were concentrated by one-half and extracted twice with 1-butanol (150 ml, 75 ml).
  • the combined butanol layers were back-extracted with water (75 ml), resulting in a yellow residue (132.8 mg) after removal of the butanol.
  • the combined aqueous layers were concentrated to give an oily light yellow residue (946.1 mg).
  • Each extract was triturated with dichloromethane and methanol to remove salts to give the toluene (302.2 mg), dichloromethane (18.6 mg), ethyl acetate (36.7 mg), butanol (120.9 mg) and aqueous (590.4 mg) extracts which were assayed.
  • the toluene extract (21.55 g) was partitioned between methanol and hexane (1.5 1 each). The methanol layer was further extracted with hexane (4 x 11). The combined hexane layers were concentrated to about 1.8 1 and both extracts chilled (-10 °C). The two layers which resulted in each case were separated. The combined hexane layers were then extracted with methanol (0.5 1). This process resulted in a hexane and three methanol extracts of which the first methanol extract (6.8 g) contained the most bioactivity.
  • This bioactive methanol fraction was separated by flash silica chromatography employing a chloroform/methanol step gradient (100:0, 99:1, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, 70:30, 50:50, 0:100) to give 12 fractions. While the third, fourth, seventh and eighth fractions possessed some cytotoxicity, they showed no pointed-cell forming activity. This activity was found in the last two fractions along with most of the cytotoxicity.
  • each of the 12 fractions thus obtained was neutralized by (a) adding chloroform (one-quarter volume), (b) washing with 5% sodium bicarbonate until the pH of the aqueous layer was above 7 (2-3 x half volume), and then (c) washing the organic layer with water (half volume).
  • the third, and fourth and fifth fractions possessed all of the pointed cell-forming activity and essentially all of the cytotoxicity.
  • each of these fractions was separately purified by HPLC on a cyano column with 3:1 methanol/0.01 M ammonium formate (1 ml/min). Six fractions, of which the most bioactive was the fifth, were collected from each silica fraction. The ammonium formate was removed from each fraction by adding water (2-8 ml), applying the sample to an SPE column (C-18), washing with water (5-10 ml) and then eluting with methanol (5 ml).
  • the aqueous phase was extracted with toluene (2 x 1.5 1) and dichloromethane (3 x 1.5 1). The remaining aqueous phase was concentrated by one-half and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 1 1). The resulting aqueous layer was diluted with water (21) and extracted twice with 1-butanol (1.5 1, 1 1). Removal of the solvents and trituration with dichloromethane and methanol resulted in the toluene (14.1 g), dichloromethane (0.75g), ethyl acetate (1.3 g), 1-butanol (0.2 g) and aqueous (1.9 g) extracts which were assayed.
  • the toluene extract was partitioned between hexane and methanol (750 ml each). The resulting methanol layer was further extracted with hexane (2 x 750 ml, 2 x 500 ml). The hexane layers were combined and concentrated to about 3 1 and then both extracts were chilled (-10 °C) which caused each to separate into two layers. The combined methanol layers were concentrated in vacuo to give a brown residue (methanol extract 1, 536 g). The hexane layers were further concentrated to about 1 l and back-extracted with methanol (500 ml). The solvent was removed from each of these to give the methanol extract 2 (4.26 g) and the hexane extract (4.52 g).
  • fraction D The seventh fraction (t r 15.8 min, white amorphous solid, 0.3 mg, 2x10 -4 % yield) proved to contain the bioactive compounds and is referred to here as fraction D.
  • Silica TLC (1-BuOH/AcOH/H 2 O, 4:1:5, upper layer) showed four spots by phosphomolybdic acid visualization: R f 0.53 (major), 0.35 (major), 0.31 (minor), and 0.19 (minor).
  • the inactive sixth fraction showed all the same spots except Rf 0.53.
  • fraction D The FABMS spectrum of fraction D showed intense peaks at m / z 286.3019, 300.3270 and 268.3019, and weaker peaks at m / z 314, 438, 452, 464, 590, 592, 669, 797, 809 and 825.
  • the last three ions listed were also observed in most of the other HPLC fractions and appeared to correspond to the TLC spot at R f 0.3 5.
  • a second portion of the first methanol extract described above (633 mg) was subjected to HSCCC.
  • the second to fifth fractions (85 mg), containing the majority of the bioactivity, were chromatographed on a C-18 flash column, eluting with a methanol/water/chloroform step gradient (90:10:0, 95:5:0, 100:0:0, 95:0:5, 90:0:10, 50:0:50). This gave 10 fractions which were all bioactive.
  • the fourth to sixth fractions from the first HSCCC run were combined with a side fraction from the Sephadex LH-20 column discussed under fraction D (270 mg).
  • This material was subjected to HSCCC, using the same conditions as the second run just described except that the flow rate was 3 ml/min. This resulted in nine fractions of which the second and third contained most of the cytotoxicity and cell-altering activity.
  • These two fractions were combined (42 mg) and separated on a flash C-18 column, using a methanol/water step gradient (80:20, 90:10, 95:5, 100:0). This resulted in 12 fractions of which the eighth to eleventh showed morphology-altering activity and cytotoxicity.
  • a third portion of the first methanol extract (468 mg) was separated by flash silica chromatography, using the solvent system chloroform/1-butanol/acetic acid/water (8:12:1:1).
  • each of the 10 fractions thus obtained was neutralized by (a) adding water (half the volume of the fraction) and separating the two phases, (b) extracting the aqueous layer with chloroform (half volume x 2), (c) washing the combined organic layers with 5% sodium bicarbonate until the pH of the aqueous layer was above 7 (2 to 3 x half volume), and then (d) washing the organic layer with water (half volume).
  • the fractions eluting later than this one also showed both cytotoxic and pointed cell-forming activity, although less potent.
  • a live clam was placed in a container with about 10 ml of diethyl ether and chilled (4 °C) for 20 h. It was dissected into nine organs: foot, digestive system (including the stomach, intestines and crystalline style sac), gonads, siphon, gills, heart, mantle, adductor muscles, and the remainder of the visceral mass. Each organ was first soaked in methanol/toluene (3:1, 10 ml/g sample) and then homogenized in a Virtis blender. The extracts were filtered and the solvent was removed.
  • the assignment of the 2S,3R configuration is based on comparison of the chemical shifts of the benzyl protons in 60 to literature values for the syn and anti diastereomers of 2-(N,N-dibenzylamino)-3-pentanol.
  • the anti isomer has a chemical shift difference of 0.29 ppm and the syn is 0.52 ppm. Comparison of other syn-anti pairs show the range for the syn isomer to be 0.44 to 0.54 ppm and the anti 0.05 to 0.29 ppm. The value for 60 is 0.29 ppm.
  • Each diastereomer was separately deprotected by the method of Osby et al. Each isomer was dissolved in 2-propanol/water (6:1, 0.1 M for 152a and 152b, 0.7 M for 152c and 152d). Sodium borohydride (5-10 equivalents) was added to each solution, which was then stirred at 25 °C for 24 h. Each solution was then adjusted to pH 4.5 with acetic acid and stirred at 80 °C for an additional 24 h. Ammonium formate was added to bring the pH of each solution to above 7 and then the solvent was removed from each by a stream of nitrogen.
  • fraction B A portion of fraction B (560 ⁇ g) dissolved in acetic anhydride (200 ⁇ L) and pyridine (400 ⁇ L) and was stirred at 25 °C for 4.5 h, at which time no starting material could be observed by TLC.
  • Triacetylsphingosine ( 133 )
  • (2S, 3S)-2-amino-3-octadecanol ( 154 , 150 ⁇ g, 0.5 ⁇ mol) in acetic anhydride (50 ⁇ l) and pyridine (100 ⁇ l) was stirred at 25 °C for 5 h, at which time no starting material could be observed by TLC.
  • fraction A 40 ⁇ g was dissolved in acetone (200 ⁇ L) to which 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (20 ⁇ L) was added. This solution was stirred at 25 °C for 24 h, after which the solvent was removed by a stream of nitrogen.
  • FABMS indicated that a small amount of the acetonide 146 was formed: m / z 592, 452, 438, 326.3430, 300, 286, 268.
  • (2S, 3R)-2-amino-3-octadecanol ( 155 , 750 ⁇ g, 2.6 ⁇ mol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (100 ⁇ L) to which 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (0.85 mg, 5.3 ⁇ mol) and triethylamine (0.4 ⁇ L, 2.9 ⁇ mol) was added. The solution was stirred for 5 h and then the solvent removed by a stream of nitrogen.
  • the crude product 158 was analyzed without purification: IR (NaCl) 36, 2919, 2851, 1742, 1713, 1551, 1470, 1395, 1321, 49, 1239, 1094, 1061, 1001, 768, 743, 664 cm -1 ; FABMS m / z 785, 623, 474, 406, 362, 328, 312, 286, 268. Anal. Calcd. For C 19 H 38 NO 2 : 312.2903 (M+H). Found: 312.2903 (HRFABMS).
  • Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), antibodies against tubulin and phalloidin were all obtained from Sigma. Fluorescein- and Texas red-labelled goat antimouse antibody were obtained from Amersham (U. K.). Antibody raised against the Rho protein was obtained from Sta Cruz Biotechn.
  • Vero cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum. Spisulosine or LPA were added to these cultures to a concentration of 0.2 - 1.0 ⁇ g and 50-10 ⁇ M respectively, from 4 to 24 hours. Cells were counted with the drug exclusion haemocytometer procedure using a solution of 0.4% Trypan blue in Hanks buffered Saline (Celis and Celis, "General Procedures for Tissue Culture in Cell Biology, a Laboratory Handbook” Academic Press Inc, Vol 1, pp. 5-17.)
  • Example A Spisulosine 285 causes changes in cell morphology
  • FIG. 3 is a microphotograph for the results in Example A. Cell shaped was altered from polygonal (untreated cells, panel a) to a fusiform shape (panel b). Panel c represents a higher magnification of the culture to which spisulosine was added.
  • Vero cells were incubated in the presence (panel b, d) or absence (a, c) of 0.5 ⁇ M spisulosine for 4 hours.
  • Cells grown in coverslips were fixed with methanol at - 20°C (for tubulin antibody) or with 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline PBS (w/v) for phalloidin incubation.
  • the cells were washed with 0.2% Triton X100 in PBS.
  • the coverslips were washed with PBS and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with the tubulin antibody (diluted 1/1000 in PBS) or with phalloidin (1 mg/ml).
  • the coverslips incubated with the tubulin antibody were overlaid with fluorexein or Texas red-labelled goat antimouse antibodies (diluted 1:50 in PBS).
  • the coverslips were mounted with Mowiol and stored in the dark at 4°C until observation.
  • Figure 4 is a microphotograph for the results in Example B.
  • Panel 'a' represents cells stained with phalloidin (actin stain) and not treated with spisulosine.
  • Panel 'b' represents cells stained for phalloidin and treated with spisulosine.
  • Panel 'c' represents cells stained for tubulin and not treated with spisulosine.
  • Panel 'd' represents cells stained for phalloidin and treated with spisulosine.
  • Rho The small GTP binding protein Rho is involved in the formation of actinmyosin "stress fibres" (Hall, A., Science, 279, 1998, p 509 - 514). Therefore, the electrophoretic mobility and cellular distribution of Rho was analysed in cells treated with spisulosine.
  • Figure 5 is an electrophoretogram of Example C.
  • equivalent amounts of protein from a cell extract from untreated (a) or from 0.5 ⁇ M spisulosine treated (20 hour) cells (b) were fractionated by gel electrophoresis and blotted onto nitrocellulose paper to analyse the amount of the Rho protein.
  • Subcellular fractionation was carried out by placing cells in a hypotonic buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 20mM HEPES pH 7.4, 2 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF, 10 ⁇ g/ml aprotinin, leupeptine and pestatine), and lysing them with a Dounce.
  • the homogenate was first centrifuged at 750 g for 5 minutes to remove nuclei and unbroken cells, and the supernatant was further centrifuged at 30,000 g for 1 hour (4°C) to isolate a pelleted particulate fraction (putative membrane fraction) and a supernatant.
  • the different fractions were characterised by electrophoresis and Western Blotting using an antibody against the Rho protein.
  • Rho No significant change in the amount or mobility of Rho was observed on treatment of cells with spisulosine. However, a decrease in the proportion of Rho associated with the particulate fraction was observed.
  • LPA is known to increase the level of stress fibres in cells by activation of the Rho protein.
  • Vero cells were incubated in the absence (a) or presence (b) of 10 ⁇ M LPA for 2 hours, or in the presence (c) of 0.5 ⁇ M spisulosine for 20 hours, or in the presence (d) of first 10 ⁇ M LPA (2 hours) and afterwards with 0.5 ⁇ M spisulosine for an additional 18 hours.
  • Figure 6 is a microphotograph for the results in Example D.
  • Panel b indicates the effect of LPA in increasing the level of actin.
  • Incubation of Vero cells with spisulosine for 24 hours results in the appearance of rounded cells, see panel c. These cells detach from the culture dish and die.
  • the addition of LPA prior to spisulosine prevents the morphological change promoted by spisulosine.
  • Spisulosine 285 was tested in in vivo studies against xenograft models of human prostate cancer (PC-3) and human renal cancer (MRI-H-121). These models use subcutaneously implanted solid human tumours that grow and increase in volume over time. The mean volume of tumour growth in control animals provides the basis for comparison. For active compounds the tumour growth is inhibited either completely (%T/C values ⁇ 1%, or negative), or partially (> 1% T/C - 50% T/C). A level of activity that is less than 40% T/C is considered statistically significant.
  • the doses of spisulosine used were given at the maximum tolerated, non lethal dose (MTD), 1/2 MTD and 1/4 MTD. Delivery of the drug was by the intraperitoneal route.
  • Spisulosine 285 is effective against both tumour types, significantly reducing the tumour size in the case of the human prostate cancer model PC-3 at higher doses. Spisulosine 285 reduces the growth of the human renal cancer, with effects continuing up to a few weeks after the last dose of the drug.
  • the range of IC50 potencies against the tumour cell lines are from nanomolar, 1.05 E-09 nM, to fentamolar, 3.51 E-15 fM. It is exceptional to go beyond the nM and pM range to find a drug which has activity in the fM range.
  • the activities against the solid tumours were generally 1 log more potent than against the leukemias and lymphomas.
  • the most slow growing were the most sensitive, culminating with the very slow growing hepatoma SK-HEP-1.
  • the best therapeutic indices compared to the CV-1 normal cell line were seen with the slow growing solid tumours, since the IC50 potency (2.76 E-11) was comparable to the leukemia/lymphomas.
  • the solid tumour TIs ranged from 1-20 units and the TI for the hepatoma was >3 log.
  • the renal tumour cell line was in the most active group, pM potencies, which correlates well to the in vivo xenograft data.

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US6306911B1 (en) * 2000-02-07 2001-10-23 Ortho-Mcneil Pharmaceutical, Inc. Substituted amino acids as neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitors
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AU2001262518B2 (en) * 2000-06-06 2006-10-26 Pharma Mar, S.A. Antitumoral compounds
FR2811556B1 (fr) * 2000-07-11 2002-09-06 Oreal Composition comprenant un precurseur de ceramides, utilisation pour ameliorer l'epiderme naturel ou reconstruit , equivalent de peau obtenu
US7563810B2 (en) 2002-11-06 2009-07-21 Celgene Corporation Methods of using 3-(4-amino-1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)-piperidine-2,6-dione for the treatment and management of myeloproliferative diseases
US8034831B2 (en) 2002-11-06 2011-10-11 Celgene Corporation Methods for the treatment and management of myeloproliferative diseases using 4-(amino)-2-(2,6-Dioxo(3-piperidyl)-isoindoline-1,3-dione in combination with other therapies
WO2004064713A2 (en) * 2003-01-20 2004-08-05 Vib Vzw The use of yop preoteins or rho gtpase inhibitors as caspase-1 inhibitors
CN100360515C (zh) * 2004-04-09 2008-01-09 中国科学院上海药物研究所 抗肿瘤活性成份陵水醇、制备方法和用途
WO2006034849A1 (en) * 2004-09-27 2006-04-06 Pharma Mar, S.A., Sociedad Unipersonal Antitumoral pharmaceutical compositions comprising a spisulosine and a cyclodextrin
RU2010101416A (ru) * 2007-06-19 2011-07-27 Такеда Фармасьютикал Компани Лимитед (Jp) Профилактическое/лекарственное средство от рака
CN102206163B (zh) * 2011-05-06 2013-07-10 中国海洋大学 一种长链碱的分离制备方法
WO2014118556A2 (en) * 2013-01-31 2014-08-07 Research Foundation Of The City University Of New York Selective inhibitors and allosteric activators of sphingosine kinase
CN104758275A (zh) * 2015-03-05 2015-07-08 青岛申达高新技术开发有限公司 一种治疗结肠癌的药物组合物及其应用
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