EP0698075B1 - Procede et dispositif de vapocraquage d'une charge d'hydrocarbures legers et d'une charge hydrocarbures lourds - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif de vapocraquage d'une charge d'hydrocarbures legers et d'une charge hydrocarbures lourds Download PDF

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EP0698075B1
EP0698075B1 EP94926242A EP94926242A EP0698075B1 EP 0698075 B1 EP0698075 B1 EP 0698075B1 EP 94926242 A EP94926242 A EP 94926242A EP 94926242 A EP94926242 A EP 94926242A EP 0698075 B1 EP0698075 B1 EP 0698075B1
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Prior art keywords
cracking
charge
hydrocarbons
zone
light
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EP0698075A1 (fr
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M. Eric Lenglet
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Linde GmbH
PROCEDES PETROLIERS ET PETROCHIMIQUES Sarl
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Linde GmbH
PROCEDES PETROLIERS ET PETROCHIMIQUES Sarl
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/14—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils in pipes or coils with or without auxiliary means, e.g. digesters, soaking drums, expansion means
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
    • C10G2400/20—C2-C4 olefins

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for steam cracking hydrocarbons in a cracking furnace with a convection zone and a radiation zone, the method comprising a first stage of pre-cracking a feed of light hydrocarbons and a second stage of final co-cracking of the mixture of this pre-cracked feed of light hydrocarbons and a feed of heavy hydrocarbons.
  • the invention further relates to a device for steam cracking hydrocarbons, a cracking furnace with a convection zone and a radiation zone, at least one preheating tube for feeding light hydrocarbons in the convection zone for preheating this feed, this tube downstream with at least one cracking tube for feeding light hydrocarbons for pre-cracking them in the radiation zone, and includes at least one preheat tube for charging heavy hydrocarbons in the convection zone for preheating these loads.
  • the steam cracking process is well known and is one of the most important petrochemical processes.
  • a feed consisting of hydrocarbons and steam is vaporized and preheated in the convection zone of the steam cracking furnace.
  • the temperature of this feed beyond the initial cracking temperature and cracking or splitting occurs at high temperature before the cracked gases are cooled and the cracked products are fractionated.
  • feed means a mixture of hydrocarbons and water vapor. This applies to both light and heavy loads.
  • the mixture is referred to as feed either before this mixture is cracked or during the cracking of this mixture.
  • a distinction must be made between the feed and the hydrocarbon-containing fraction of the feed (the fraction without water vapor) before the cracking Feed, i.e. the hydrocarbons from the feed or from the mixture of hydrocarbons and water vapor.
  • the preheat temperatures are usually in the range between 450 and 650 ° C
  • the cracking temperatures (outlet temperature of the furnace) usually in the range between 780 and 920 ° C.
  • the high values of the temperature intervals generally concern the lightest loads, the low values the relatively heavy loads. For the feeds, cracking in the convection zone is avoided as far as possible.
  • the "initial cracking temperature” is the temperature above which cracking or splitting of the hydrocarbons occurs or occurs to a significant degree and above which the cracking takes place ever faster.
  • the initial cracking temperatures depend largely on the composition of the feed.
  • the initial crack temperature values are known to those skilled in the art.
  • compositions of the feed Composition of the hydrocarbonaceous fraction of the feed Initial crack temperature C 2 -C 3 -C 4 720 ° C naphtha 710 ° C Kerosene, atmospheric gas oil 690 ° C Vacuum gas oil 680 ° C
  • temperatures are conventional values. Since these temperatures generally do not represent sharp temperature values, temperatures that deviate by 10 to 20 K from the stated values could also be specified. The values given above correspond to very low cracking speeds. In comparison, at higher cracking speeds, the temperatures are normally at least 100 K above the specified temperature values. Such temperatures usually prevail at the outlet of the cracking furnace.
  • the aim is to greatly increase the temperature of the feed to the initial cracking temperature and beyond, because this is beneficial for the yield. Rapid cooling also favors the yield.
  • the changes in the temperature in the process essentially correspond to a "square" temperature profile.
  • the cracking intensity is essentially determined by the cracking conditions or certain parameters such as the dwell time of the feed in the cracking furnace, the temperature and the dilution. At the same time, the cracking intensity reflects the importance of the residence time and the temperature.
  • the crack intensity can be measured using various indices known to the person skilled in the art (for example using the KSF index).
  • the index of cracking intensity can be defined as the conversion of a feed of normal pentane cracked under the same conditions as temperature, residence time and dilution.
  • Co-cracking is understood to mean a process procedure with a combined cracking or splitting of light and heavy hydrocarbon inserts.
  • the heavy hydrocarbon input is usually included in the main feed.
  • the second goal of certain methods is to use a pre-cracked light feed as a diluent, which at least partially replaces the water vapor used to dilute the heavy feed.
  • a heavy feed generally a gas oil
  • the amounts of heavy feed that can be fed in this case are greatly reduced (e.g. 10% with respect to naphtha) so that the mixture is at a cracking temperature of the gas oil.
  • a process called "duocracking" has generally been proposed (see EP-B-0 110 433) in which the heavy load is pre-cracked before it is mixed with the already cracked light load.
  • the percentage of heavy feed may be slightly increased and the goal of partially replacing the pre-cracked light feed with water vapor can be achieved.
  • the sharp rise in temperature of the heavy feed is undesirable because it is pre-cracked with a very weak dilution (below 0.2).
  • the additional conversion of the light feed in the course of the final joint cracking is limited, since the heavy feed is already pre-cracked and the final joint cracking can only be carried out with a reduced cracking intensity.
  • the invention is also based on the object of demonstrating a method and a device of the type mentioned at the outset, wherein the co-cracking in coils can be carried out with a large and uniform throughput.
  • the method and device should also be economical and allow very easy control of the gap parameters.
  • the first advantage is that an important additional (maximum) cracking is achieved for the heavy load: due to the fact that the heavy load is not pre-cracked and the two loads are mixed at a temperature below the initial cracking temperatures, this corresponds to during of the sharp rise in temperature and co-cracking of the mixture reached cracking intensity of the full feed cracking intensity.
  • this complete cracking intensity allows an additional maximum cracking of the light feed. This is of particular interest and greatest advantage in view of the very heat-resistant light feeds, which cannot be cracked at more than approximately 60 to 65%, or at least not alone, without major coking problems, such as ethane.
  • the process allows additional conversion in the course of co-cracking so that approximately 70 to 85% overall conversion can be achieved.
  • the temperature required for the mixture is relatively low, so that the preheated (relatively cold) heavy feed is much larger Amounts can be used as light feed because their temperature is very high at the end of pre-cracking.
  • the light feed can also be obtained by cracking a main feed (heavy feed) such as naphtha. In this case, the amount of fractions returned hardly exceeds 15% of the amount of the heavy feed.
  • the amount of the hydrocarbon-containing light feed is less than 50%, preferably between 4% and 45%, particularly preferably between 5 and 35%, of the total amount of the two hydrocarbon-containing feeds.
  • the relatively large influence of the heavy feed thus allows a considerable dilution of the light feed during co-cracking, which reduces the coking of the furnace due to the very intensive cracking of the light feed (for example, the coking is very strong if ethane alone when converting from is split more than 65%).
  • this temperature increase takes place in contrast to the previously known methods of co-cracking by introducing the mixture into the radiation zone.
  • This increase in temperature is less than that caused by mixing, but it still remains very fast due to the low reactivity of the lightly pre-cracked feed.
  • This low reactivity is achieved by cooling the pre-cracked light feed during mixing.
  • the cooling takes place at least 60 ° C., preferably at least 80 ° C., and particularly preferably at least 100 ° C. It enables a considerable reduction in the amount of fission radicals.
  • the cooled, pre-cracked light feed thus behaves at least in part like a diluent. The temperature increase therefore falls much more than when the heavy feed is pre-cracked alone.
  • the method allows the use of relatively small amounts of the light feed, a strong additional cracking of this feed, while avoiding the coking problems associated with this heavy cracking because the heavy feed is highly diluted.
  • This heavy feed is brought to its cracking temperature much more quickly due to the presence of the light feed acting as a diluent (effect of mutual dilution).
  • This preparation according to the invention of a mixture of relatively low temperature, which leads to a cooling of the pre-cracked light feed, is surprising and is in contrast to the processes known in the prior art. Rather, these processes are primarily concerned with using a very high temperature energy source (e.g. 850 ° C) consisting of the pre-cracked light feed. Accordingly, attempts have been made in these known processes to use this heat vector at the highest possible usable heat level, that is to say for the final cracking of the heavy feed (“duocracking process”) or for a strong increase in temperature of this heavy feed by mixing.
  • a very high temperature energy source e.g. 850 ° C
  • the approach of the method according to the invention differs fundamentally from that of the known methods: Instead of attaching importance to the feeding of the light feed (feed in two respects: energy vector and heavy feed as a diluent), in the method according to the invention the heavy feed functions Feed as a diluent of this light feed tries to achieve a strong additional splitting of the light feed in order to limit its coking. As far as the energy level is concerned, the limitation of the heat level when using the heat supplied through the pre-cracked light feed does not cause any energy loss.
  • the mixed stream after the mixing, can be divided into a plurality of individual streams immediately before these individual streams are introduced into the radiation zone in order to bring the mixed stream abruptly to its initial gap temperature.
  • the The mixed stream is advantageously divided into the individual streams at a temperature which is lower than the initial cracking temperature of one of the two feed streams.
  • the mixed stream circulates at a temperature which is lower than the cracking temperatures of the two feeds.
  • the mixed stream is divided into a large number of individual streams.
  • these individual streams are introduced into the radiation zone in order to bring the mixture abruptly to a temperature which is higher than the initial cracking temperatures of the two feeds.
  • the individual currents then circulate in parallel at least in a first part of the radiation zone.
  • a plurality of cracking streams can be fed to the cracking zone from one and the same mixing zone or a large number of cracking processes can be carried out. According to known methods, this is done separately or with an at least partial merging of the streams in the end part of the cracking coil according to the so-called "split coil” technique.
  • the mixing zone often consists of distribution nozzles or Venturi tubes.
  • the choice of a low mixing temperature according to the invention essentially prevents coking of the mixing zone, so that the supply of the various streams is not disturbed. Due to the reduced temperature of the mixture, premature cracking in the separation zone can also be prevented, which would have an adverse effect on the yield.
  • any light and heavy feed can be used in accordance with the invention if only the average molecular weight of the hydrocarbon-containing fraction of the light feed is less than that of the hydrocarbon-containing fraction of the heavy feed.
  • hydrocarbon-containing light feeds are typically in the range of the molecular weight which is preferred according to the invention for the light feed.
  • the hydrocarbon-containing fraction in the feed of light hydrocarbons has an average molecular weight in the range between 25 and 60. This also corresponds to the average molecular weight of the unsaturated fractions recycled.
  • the mixtures which mainly consist of hydrocarbons from the group comprising ethane and the unsaturated recycled fractions (for example the C 4 cut ), are also particularly suitable as a hydrocarbon-containing fraction according to the invention in the feed of light hydrocarbons, the ethane being the yield in cracking or Cleavage of the unsaturated fraction due to its function as a hydrogen donor, directly or via the intermediate stage of the molecular hydrogen produced during cracking, can improve.
  • a hydrocarbon-containing fraction is therefore preferably used in the feed of light hydrocarbons, the majority of which consists of ethane, preferably of recycled ethane.
  • the hydrocarbon-containing fractions in the feed of heavy hydrocarbons are preferably in the range of an average molecular weight between 70 and 500.
  • These fractions mainly include naphtha, kerosene and gas oil (atmospheric gas oil or vacuum gas oil).
  • the process according to the invention can also be carried out with ethane as the hydrocarbon-containing fraction of the light feed and with liquefied gases (saturated or unsaturated C 3 and / or C 4 compounds) as the hydrocarbon-containing fraction of the heavy feed.
  • ethane as the hydrocarbon-containing fraction of the light feed
  • liquefied gases saturated or unsaturated C 3 and / or C 4 compounds
  • the pre-cracked light feed is subjected to a slight aging in an essentially adiabatic zone in order to reduce its temperature by 10 to 50 ° C before it is mixed with the preheated heavy load.
  • the hydrocarbon-containing fraction of the heavy feed consists mainly of heavy fractions from the group of vacuum gas oils and distillates.
  • the temperatures and amounts of the two feeds are set prior to mixing so that the preheated heavy feed does not evaporate completely and that complete evaporation this loading is done by mixing with at least part of the pre-cracked light loading.
  • the mixing can optionally also be carried out in several, in particular two, stages: mixing with part of the pre-cracked light feed so that the heavy feed completely evaporates (derivation from the "dry point"), and then mixing with the rest of the pre-cracked light feed . Between the two mixing processes, the heavy charge that has completely evaporated over part of the pre-cracked light charge can, if necessary, be overheated by convection.
  • the portion of the light feed used to completely evaporate the heavy feed may be cooled slightly, for example, by mixing with a small amount of colder water vapor if in the case of heavy loading, excessive temperatures in the mixing zone should be avoided.
  • this is not absolutely necessary, and preferably the pre-cracked light feed is not cooled (by an external fluid). Whenever possible, full evaporation of the heavy feed before the mixing zone is preferred.
  • the mixing can take place at a relatively low temperature which is sufficient to avoid premature cracking in the downstream separation zone or considerable coking of this zone.
  • the mixing zone is located outside the furnace, which considerably limits the coking of the furnace, and the mixture can reach the radiation zone undisturbed at a relatively low temperature, where the final co-cracking is carried out without the risk of premature splitting or coking.
  • the mixing zone is also the zone in which the heavy feed finally evaporates.
  • a very strong heat vector (the pre-cracked light feed) is used to completely evaporate a very heavy feed such as a vacuum gas oil or distillate with a large safety margin.
  • two or more circulation tubes can be connected to at least one can in the radiation zone of the furnace.
  • the devices according to the invention can advantageously be designed in such a way that an adiabatic zone is provided outside the radiation zone between at least one cracking tube for charging light hydrocarbons for pre-cracking them and the inlet line for at least part of the pre-cracked light hydrocarbon stream.
  • a plurality of can tubes can be connected to a device for cooling the can gases generated during co-cracking.
  • the preheating tube (s) for preheating the feed of light hydrocarbons in the convection zone within the cracking furnace can be connected to the cracking tube (s) for pre-cracking the light hydrocarbons in the radiation zone.
  • the devices according to the invention are particularly suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention.
  • a furnace 10 for steam cracking of hydrocarbons is shown very schematically, which heats by means of convection and radiation and comprises preheating, circulation and cracking tubes or bundles of preheating, circulation and cracking tubes for hydrocarbons in order to preheat and thermally heat them crack.
  • the furnace 10 shown in FIG. 1 comprises a first part A, in which heating is carried out by convection, and which is connected to a second part B, in which heating is carried out by means of radiation.
  • part B of the furnace the very strong heat flow is generally supplied via burners (not shown), the exhaust gases of which then circulate in the first part A of the furnace and provide heating by means of convection.
  • the furnace 10 shown in FIG. 1 can be supplemented by a second furnace half arranged in mirror symmetry and not shown in FIG. 1 but indicated.
  • the first part A of the furnace comprises one or more preheating tube (s) 4 for a hydrocarbon-containing heavy feed 2 and for water vapor, the hydrocarbons of this feed mainly having at least three carbon atoms (e.g. a naphtha or a gas oil).
  • Part A of the furnace also includes one or more preheat tube (s) 3 for a light feed consisting, for example, of ethane and water vapor, which tube (s) 3 are shown in phantom in Fig. 1 to remove them from the tubes for the distinguish between heavy loads in which this heavy load flows alone or in a mixture.
  • preheat tube (s) 3 for a light feed consisting, for example, of ethane and water vapor
  • the tubes 3 provided in the first part A of the furnace are connected to canned tubes 5 in the second part B of the furnace (radiation zone).
  • the downstream end of the tubes 5 is connected to an aging zone 6, which consists for example of a tube with a length between 1 and 10 m, the diameter of which is larger than the diameter of the end section of the tubes 5.
  • the pre-cracked light feed (7) and the preheated and not pre-cracked heavy feed (8) are combined and mixed in a mixing zone with the aid of inlet lines 7 and 8 to form the mixed stream 9.
  • the mixture Downstream of the mixing zone, the mixture can be divided into a plurality of individual streams (12) with the aid of a separation zone 11.
  • These currents circulate in the transport pipes 12 and are introduced into the circulation pipes 13 inside the radiation zone B of the furnace 10.
  • the supply of heat to the tubes 13 in the radiation zone B causes the temperature of the mixture to rise sharply above the initial cracking temperatures of the two feeds.
  • the tubes 13 are connected downstream with canned tubes 14.
  • the circulation pipes 13 each merge into canned pipes.
  • a plurality of circulation tubes 13 preferably open into a can 14.
  • the can 14 and also 5 can be arranged in the radiation zone B in different (known per se) ways. In particular, several canned tubes can be combined.
  • the cracked gases of the final co-cracking are then cooled in the quench cooler 15, preferably in a TLX heat exchanger (Transfer Line eXchanger).
  • TLX heat exchanger Transfer Line eXchanger
  • This steam cracking device works in the following way:
  • the light feed (1) in which the carbon-containing part preferably consists of ethane or a mixture of recycle ethane and unsaturated recycle fractions, which are composed of hydrocarbons with 3 to 6 carbon atoms - for example a mixture of 30 to 70% ethane and additionally an unsaturated one returned C 4 cut , is introduced at point 1.
  • This feed is preheated by circulation in the preheating tubes 3 (in one or more parallel passes) to a temperature in the range between 450 ° C and 680 ° C, preferably between 500 ° C and 650 ° C, either to a temperature, which is significantly below the initial cracking temperature, or, for example, to 720 ° C. if this feed is mainly C 3 and C 4 hydrocarbons or in equal proportions of ethane and C 3 and C 4 compounds contains. If two fractions are present in the same amount, the initial cracking temperature of the heavier feed is taken into account.
  • the light feed leaves the convection zone A (after point O) without any noticeable start to cracking. It is cracked or split in the radiation zone B by circulation in the tubes 5 at an initial temperature (at point I) in the range between 780 and 920 ° C., preferably between 800 and 900 ° C.
  • hydrocarbon-containing fraction in the light feed is ethane
  • a conversion in the range between 40 and 65%, preferably between 50 and 65% can be achieved during the pre-cracking, without causing the tubes 5 to coke too quickly becomes.
  • the conversion can also be significantly higher if the dilution of the light feed (proportion of water vapor) is considerable.
  • the dilution can vary between 0.2 and 1.2 (20 to 120% of the light feed).
  • the ethane is preferably converted during the pre-cracking only in the range between 30 and 55% and particularly preferably in the range between 35 and 50%, around the fractions containing 4 or 5 carbon atoms not cracking too much during the last phase of co-cracking.
  • the dilution (ratio of steam to hydrocarbon-containing fraction in the feed) of the light feed is generally in the range between 0.2 and 1.2 and preferably between 0.25 and 1.
  • the light feed is passed through the essentially adiabatic aging zone 6, where a slight cooling takes place between points I and J, for example by 10 to 50 ° C., due to the continuation of the cracking reactions.
  • This aging zone 6 is particularly important in the case of the use of ethane, since an additional conversion can take place with it, without the yield becoming significantly worse, and since the content of crack radicals before the mixing zone can be reduced. This reduces the risk of the mixture cracking prematurely.
  • the aging zone 6 can also be omitted, in particular for light feeds other than ethane.
  • the pre-cracked light feed 7 is now mixed with the heavy feed 8 after the latter has been preheated in the tubes 4 of the convection zone A.
  • the dilution of the heavy feed by the water vapor can vary between 0.05 and 1, preferably between 0.25 and 1.
  • the preheating temperature of the heavy feed is in the range between 300 and 650 ° C, preferably between 450 and 650 ° C.
  • the temperature of the pre-cracked light feed lies in the range between its initial cracking temperature and 920 ° C., preferably between 750 and 920 ° C.
  • the temperature of the mixture at point L according to the invention is lower than the initial cracking temperatures of the two feeds 1 and 2.
  • This mixture is consequently not very reactive.
  • the mixture can therefore be divided without problems in the separation zone 11 and passed from the outside of the furnace 10 into the interior of the radiation zone B, without the risk of premature cracking or coking of the lines.
  • This advantage of the process is critical because it can maintain optimal yield and avoid imbalance in downstream co-cracking. Such an imbalance could be caused by coking of these lines because they often contain throughput regulating devices such as nozzles or venturi tubes which are particularly sensitive to coking.
  • the process according to the invention can also be used to split unsaturated mixtures of ethane and C 4 hydrocarbons with an increased conversion (60 to 80% for the ethane) and positive effects with regard to the yield of cracking of the unsaturated fractions, which is increased by the higher ratio of H to C benefit from Ethan.
  • the typical temperatures at point L are in the range between 400 and 710 ° C, preferably in the range between 600 and 700 ° C.
  • the very low values 400 to 500 ° C are used in the final evaporation of a heavy feed (vacuum gas oils and distillates).
  • the co-cracking takes place beyond the initial cracking temperature in the circulation tubes 13 and in particular in the can 14.
  • four parallel ciculation tubes 13 are connected to a can 14 via the collecting point M.
  • the process temperatures in point I or J can be controlled by changing the heat of the burners and by changing the respective amount of feed. It is also possible, for example, to supply a relatively cold fluid at point O and / or at point I or J (such as, for example, water or slightly heated steam) in order to control the temperature at point J, for example.
  • a relatively cold fluid at point O and / or at point I or J such as, for example, water or slightly heated steam
  • the heavy load is preheated (step 16).
  • the light feed is preheated (step 17), then pre-cracked (step 18).
  • the two feeds are then mixed (step 19).
  • the mixture is divided and / or passed into the radiation zone (step 20), then brought to a high temperature and cracked (step 21).
  • FIG. 3 different geometries for canned coils 3-1 to 3-6 are shown, which can be used for the pre-cracking of the light feed and / or for the strong temperature increase of the mixture and the final co-cracking (tubes 5, 13 and 14 ).
  • the known, conventional coils with 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 passes (vertical lengths) or so-called split coils can also be used.
  • Fig. 4 two embodiments 4-1 and 4-2 of the mixing zone are shown, where the light loading and the heavy loading are fed to a mixing device with an annular space (either for the heavy, relatively cold loading, or for the pre-cracked light loading) the second case 4-2 is preferred when the heavy feed is not completely evaporated.
  • the invention is not limited to these mixing devices and types of coils.
  • all types of furnaces with an internal or external transition point, with a mixing zone arranged inside or outside
  • pipe coils with a mixing zone arranged inside or outside
  • mixers processes for controlling the process temperature, etc. can be used without departing from the scope of the invention.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif comportant une zone de convection (A) et une zone radiante (B) et un procédé regroupant deux étapes de vapocraquage. La première étape concerne le précraquage d'une charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1) et la seconde étape concerne le cocraquage du mélange de la charge (7) précraquée d'hydrocarbures légers et d'une charge d'hydrocarbures lourds (2). Selon l'invention, le procédé se déroule comme suit: préchauffage séparé des deux courants de charge (1, 2) dans la zone de convection (A), la température de préchauffage de chacun des courants de charge demeurant en-dessous de leur température initiale de craquage respective; précraquage (5) des hydrocarbures légers préchauffés, mélange du courant précraqué d'hydrocarbures légers (7) avec le courant préchauffé et non précraqué d'hydrocarbures lourds (8) pour former un courant mixte (9); chauffage intense du courant mixte (9), à une température supérieure à la température de craquage initiale, par acheminement du mélange dans la zone radiante (B) du four (10); cocraquage dans la zone radiante (B) du four (10) et refroidissement (15) du gaz de craquage en dehors du four (10). De préférence, les deux courants de charge (1, 2) sont chauffés à plus de 300 °C, les hydrocarbures légers préchauffés sont précraqués (5) à une température comprise entre 780 et 920 °C et les hydrocarbures légers précraqués (7) sont mélangés à la charge préchauffée (8) d'hydrocarbures lourds. Le volume et la température de chacun des deux courants (7, 8) sont fixés de manière à ce que la température du mélange (9) soit supérieure à 400 °C et inférieure à la température de craquage initiale. Le mélange (9) peut être fractionné en courants individuels (12) avant d'entrer dans la zone radiante (B). La proportion de la fraction contenant les hydrocarbures dans la charge légère (1) est inférieure à 50 %, elle se situe de préférence entre 4 et 45 % et plus particulièrement entre 5 et 35 % de l'ensemble des fractions contenant des hydrocarbures des deux charges (1, 2). Les hydrocarbures légers (1) ont de préférence un poids moléculaire moyen compris entre 25 et 60 (de préférence C2 à C5) et les hydrocarbures lourds (2) ont un poids moléculaire moyen compris entre 70 et 500 (de préférence gazoles et distillats obtenus par distillation sous vide).

Claims (19)

  1. Procédé de vapocraquage d'hydrocarbures dans un four de craquage (10) comportant une zone de convection (A) et une zone de radiation (B), le procédé comportant un premier étage de précraquage d'une charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1) et un second étage de co-craquage final du mélange provenant de cette charge pré-craquée d'hydrocarbures légers (7) et d'une charge d'hydrocarbures lourds (2), caractérisé en ce que le procédé comprend les étapes suivantes :
    a) un préchauffage séparé des deux courants de charge (1, 2) dans la zone de convection (A), la température de préchauffage de chaque courant de charge restant au-dessous de la température de craquage initiale,
    b) le précraquage (5) des hydrocarbures légers préchauffés,
    c) le mélange du courant d'hydrocarbures légers précraqués (7) avec le courant d'hydrocarbures lourds (8) préchauffés et non précraqués en formant ainsi un courant mixte (9),
    d) un fort chauffage du courant mixte (9) à une température qui est supérieure à la température initiale de craquage, pour lequel le mélange est amené dans la zone de radiation (B) du four (10),
    e) la mise en oeuvre d'un co-craquage final dans la zone de radiation (B) du four (10),
    f) le refroidissement (15) des gaz de craquage, générés au cours du co-craquage, à l'extérieur du four (10).
  2. Procédé, selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les étapes a) à c) comprennent
    a) un préchauffage séparé des deux courants de charge (1, 2) dans la zone de convection (A), à des températures de préchauffage supérieures à 300°C,
    b) le précraquage (5) des hydrocarbures légers préchauffés, à une température dans le domaine compris entre 780 à 920°C, de préférence entre 800 et 900°C, et
    c) le mélange du courant d'hydrocarbures légers précraqués (7) avec le courant d'hydrocarbures lourds (8) préchauffés et non précraqués en formant ainsi un courant mixte (9), la quantité et la température de chacun des deux courants (7, 8) étant fixées avant le mélange de telle sorte que la température du courant mixte (9) soit supérieure à 400°C et inférieure à la température initiale de craquage.
  3. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce qu'après le mélange, le courant mixte (9) est divisé en un grand nombre de courants individuels (12), juste avant que ces courants individuels (12) soient introduits dans la zone de radiation (B) pour amener le courant mixte (13) brutalement à sa température initiale de craquage.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que le courant mixte (9) est divisé en courants individuels (12) à une température qui est au-dessous de la température initiale de craquage d'un des deux courants de charge (7, 8).
  5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que la quantité de la fraction hydrocarbonée, dans la charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1) représente de préférence moins de 50 % de préférence entre 4 et 45 %, de préférence en particulier entre 5 et 35 % de la quantité totale des fractions hydrocarbonées dans les deux charges (1, 2).
  6. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que la fraction hydrocarbonée, dans la charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1) présente un poids moléculaire moyen compris entre 25 et 60 et comprend, principalement, des hydrocarbures à 2 à 5 atomes de carbone.
  7. Procédé selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que la fraction hydrocarbonée dans la charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1), comprend essentiellement un mélange d'hydrocarbures du groupe constitué par de l'éthane et des fractions insaturées, recyclées.
  8. Procédé selon la revendication 6 ou 7, caractérisé en ce que la fraction hydrocarbonée dans la charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1) se compose principalement d'éthane, de préférence d'éthane recyclé.
  9. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que la fraction hydrocarbonée, dans la charge d'hydrocarbures lourds (2) présente un poids moléculaire moyen compris entre 70 et 500.
  10. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que la fraction hydrocarbonée dans la charge d'hydrocarbures lourds (2) se compose principalement de fractions lourdes du groupe des distillats et des gazoles, obtenus par distillation sous vide.
  11. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que le courant d'hydrocarbures légers précraqués (7) est soumis, dans une zone essentiellement adiabatique (6), à une légère maturation, dans lequel la température du courant d'hydrocarbures légers, précraqués (7) est abaissée de préférence de 10° à 50°C, avant que le courant d'hydrocarbures légers précraqués (7) soit mélangé au courant d'hydrocarbures lourds préchauffés (8).
  12. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce que les températures et les quantités des deux courants d'hydrocarbures (7, 8) sont déterminés avant le mélange, de telle sorte que le courant d'hydrocarbures lourds préchauffés (8) ne soit pas complètement vaporisé avant le mélange mais que la vaporisation complète de ce courant soit obtenue par mélange avec au moins une partie du courant d'hydrocarbures légers, précraqués (7).
  13. Dispositif pour le vapocraquage d'hydrocarbures, comprenant:
    a) un four de craquage (10) avec une zone de convection (A) et une zone de radiation (B),
    b) au moins un tube de préchauffage (3) pour une charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1) dans la zone de convection (A) pour le préchauffage de cette charge, ce tube étant relié en aval avec au moins un tube de craquage (5) pour la charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1) en vue de son précraquage dans la zone de radiation (B), et
    c) au moins un tube de préchauffage (4) pour une charge d'hydrocarbures lourds (2) dans la zone de convection (A) en vue du préchauffage de cette charge,
    caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend également ce qui suit:
    d) une zone de mélange pour la formation d'un courant mixte (9), présentant au moins une conduite d'admission (7) pour au moins une partie du courant d'hydrocarbures légers précraqués, conduite qui est reliée à la partie en amont du tube de craquage (5) pour la charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1), et au moins une conduite d'admission (8) pour le courant d'hydrocarbures lourds préchauffés et non précraqués, conduite qui est reliée à la partie en amont du tube de préchauffage (4) pour une charge d'hydrocarbures lourds (2),
    e) une zone de division (11) pour la division du mélange en une pluralité de courants individuels,
    f) une pluralité de tubes de circulations (13), disposés parallèlement pour les courants individuels dans la zone de radiation (B) en vue d'une forte augmentation de la température du mélange et
    g) au moins un tube de craquage (14) pour le mélange, tube qui est relié, en amont, avec au moins l'un des tubes de circulation (13) pour les courants individuels et, en aval, aux dispositifs (15) pour le refroidissement des gaz de craquage.
  14. Dispositif pour le vapocraquage d'hydrocarbures, comprenant:
    a) un four de craquage (10) avec une zone de convection (A) et une zone de radiation (B),
    b) au moins une conduite de préchauffage (3) pour une charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1) dans la zone de convection (A) pour le préchauffage de cette charge, cette conduite étant relié en aval avec au moins un tube de craquage (5) pour la charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1) en vue du précraquage de cette dernière dans la zone de radiation (B), et
    c) au moins un tube de préchauffage (4) pour une charge d'hydrocarbures lourds (2) dans la zone de convection (A) en vue du préchauffage de cette charge,
    caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend également ce qui suit:
    d) une zone de mélange située à l'extérieur du four (10) pour la formation d'un courant mixte (9), comportant au moins une conduite d'admission (7) pour au moins une partie du courant d'hydrocarbures légers, précraqués, conduite qui est reliée à la partie en amont du tube de craquage (5) pour la charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1), et au moins une conduite d'admission (8) pour le courant d'hydrocarbures lourds préchauffés et non précraqués, conduite qui est reliée à la partie en amont du tube de préchauffage (4) pour une charge d'hydrocarbures lourds (2),
    e) au moins une conduite de transport (12) pour le transport du mélange depuis l'extérieur du four (10) vers l'intérieur de la zone de radiation (B), cette conduite (12) étant relié, en amont, à la zone de mélange et, en aval, à une conduite de circulation (13) pour le mélange dans la zone de radiation (B), et
    f) au moins un tube de craquage (14) pour le mélange, tube qui est relié, en amont, avec au moins l'une des conduites de circulation (13) pour le mélange et, en aval, aux dispositifs (15) de refroidissement des gaz de craquage générés lors du co-craquage.
  15. Dispositif pour le vapocraquage d'hydrocarbures, comprenant:
    a) un four de craquage (10) avec une zone de convection (A) et une zone de radiation (B),
    b) au moins un tube de préchauffage (3) pour une charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1) dans la zone de convection (A) pour le préchauffage de cette charge, ce tube étant relié en aval avec au moins un tube de craquage (5) pour la charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1) en vue du précraquage de cette dernière dans la zone de radiation (B), et
    c) au moins un tube de préchauffage (4) pour une charge d'hydrocarbures lourds (2) dans la zone de convection (A) en vue du préchauffage de cette charge,
    caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend également ce qui suit:
    d) une zone de mélange située à l'extérieur du four (10) pour la formation d'un courant mixte (9), présentant au moins une conduite d'admission (7) pour au moins une partie du courant d'hydrocarbures légers précraqués, conduite qui est reliée à la partie en amont du tube de craquage (5) pour la charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1), et au moins une conduite d'admission (8) pour le courant d'hydrocarbures lourds préchauffés et non précraqués, conduite qui est reliée à la partie en amont du tube de préchauffage (4) pour une charge d'hydrocarbures lourds (2),
    e) une zone de séparation (11) pour la division du mélange en une pluralité de courants individuels,
    f) des conduites de transport (12) pour le transport des courants individuels depuis l'extérieur du four (10) vers l'intérieur de la zone de radiation (B), ces conduites (12) étant reliés, en amont, à la zone de séparation (11) et, en aval, à des conduites de circulation (13) pour le mélange dans la zone de radiation (B),
    g) une pluralité de conduites de circulation (13) pour les courants individuels dans la zone de radiation (B) pour augmenter fortement la température du mélange, et
    h) au moins un tube de craquage (14) pour le mélange, tube qui est relié, en amont, avec au moins l'une des conduites de circulation (13) pour les courants individuels et, en aval, aux dispositifs (15) de refroidissement des gaz de craquage générés lors du co-craquage.
  16. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 13 à 15, caractérisé en ce que deux ou plusieurs conduites de circulation (13) peuvent être reliés, dans la zone de radiation (B) du four (10), à au moins un tube de craquage (14).
  17. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 13 à 16, caractérisé en ce qu'une zone adiabatique (6) est disposée à l'extérieur de la zone de radiation (B) entre au moins un tube de craquage (5) pour la charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1) en vue du précraquage de ces derniers et la conduite d'admission (7) pour au moins une partie du courant d'hydrocarbures légers précraqués.
  18. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 13 à 17, caractérisé en ce que plusieurs tubes de craquage (14) peuvent être reliés à un dispositif (15) de refroidissement des gaz de craquage générés pendant le co-craquage.
  19. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 13 à 18, caractérisé en ce que le/les tube(s) de préchauffage (3), pour le préchauffage de la charge d'hydrocarbures légers (1) à dans la zone de convection (A), à l'intérieur du four de craquage (10), est/sont relié(s), dans la zone de radiation, avec le/les tube(s) de craquage (5) pour le précraquage des hydrocarbures légers (1) dans la zone de radiation (B).
EP94926242A 1993-09-17 1994-09-06 Procede et dispositif de vapocraquage d'une charge d'hydrocarbures legers et d'une charge hydrocarbures lourds Expired - Lifetime EP0698075B1 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9311119A FR2710070A1 (fr) 1993-09-17 1993-09-17 Procédé et dispositif de vapocraquage d'une charge légère et d'une charge lourde.
FR9311119 1993-09-17
PCT/EP1994/002970 WO1995007959A1 (fr) 1993-09-17 1994-09-06 Procede et dispositif de vapocraquage d'une charge d'hydrocarbures legers et d'une charge hydrocarbures lourds

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US5817226A (en) 1998-10-06
JPH09505086A (ja) 1997-05-20
FR2710070A1 (fr) 1995-03-24
EP0698075A1 (fr) 1996-02-28
WO1995007959A1 (fr) 1995-03-23
DE59401172D1 (de) 1997-01-09
CN1137805A (zh) 1996-12-11

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