EP0573978A1 - Oberflächenaktive Mittel enthaltende nahtlose Kapsel - Google Patents

Oberflächenaktive Mittel enthaltende nahtlose Kapsel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0573978A1
EP0573978A1 EP93109282A EP93109282A EP0573978A1 EP 0573978 A1 EP0573978 A1 EP 0573978A1 EP 93109282 A EP93109282 A EP 93109282A EP 93109282 A EP93109282 A EP 93109282A EP 0573978 A1 EP0573978 A1 EP 0573978A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
surfactant
capsules
film
component
nozzle
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EP93109282A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0573978B1 (de
Inventor
Chitoshi Shigeno
Naoki Katada
Jun Shida
Norikazu Iwase
Hirotaka Sato
Hidenori Yorozu
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Kao Corp
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Kao Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/04—Making microcapsules or microballoons by physical processes, e.g. drying, spraying
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K8/11—Encapsulated compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/5073—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals having two or more different coatings optionally including drug-containing subcoatings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/5089—Processes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A61Q19/10—Washing or bathing preparations
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/41—Particular ingredients further characterized by their size
    • A61K2800/412—Microsized, i.e. having sizes between 0.1 and 100 microns

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to surfactant-containing seamless capsules and a method for producing them. More specifically, it relates to seamless capsules containing a surfactant component and an oily component, which can be used in the fields of pharmaceuticals, foods, luxury foods, bath additives and detergents, and a method for producing such surfactant-containing seamless capsules.
  • Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 227519/1986 and 238519/1989 disclose capsules containing a nonionic surfactant having a relatively high HLB value.
  • these capsules are produced by encapsulation using a capsule-filling machine, their film has a seam, which results in problems of content leakage and dissolution speed variation among capsules due to uneven distribution of mean film thickness, as well as undesirable appearance.
  • Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. 39193/1978 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 99177/1980 disclose seamless capsules having a multiple-layer structure obtained using a multiple-nozzle, but these capsules contain no surface-active component.
  • Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 52639/1991 discloses seamless capsules wherein a surface-active, lower fatty acid esters of sucrose is present between the hydrophilic substance and the film.
  • this disclosure does not deal with capsules containing a surfactant component and an oily component as the content.
  • Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 13508/1983 discloses seamless capsules of a pharmaceutical composition containing a dispersion of both a practically water-insoluble drug and a polyglycerol fatty acid ester in a liquid oil.
  • Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 31352/1993 discloses seamless capsules containing a hydrophilic substance and a method for production thereof.
  • these proposals pose problems such as functional reduction due to insufficient adsorption of the oily component to the skin because of its separation from water when the capsules are applied to bath additives and other uses in water.
  • these publications give no disclosure of capsules wherein the content liquid can be substantially emulsified and dispersed in water, or capsules wherein the surfactant component is substantially uniformly dispersed or dissolved in the oily component, and no disclosure of a method for production thereof.
  • the content liquid is excellently emulsifiable and dispersible in water or the surfactant component is excellently dispersible or soluble in the oily component
  • the present invention essentially relates to:
  • Element 1 is the innermost nozzle
  • element 2 an intermediate nozzle
  • element 3 the outermost nozzle
  • element 4 an inlet for the outermost nozzle
  • element 5 an inlet for the intermediate nozzle
  • element 6 an inlet for the innermost nozzle
  • element 7 a three-liter beaker
  • element 8 a motor
  • element 9 an anchor blade, "D” a blade diameter (5 cm), “H” a blade height (5 cm), “m” a blade width (1 cm), and “h” a distance between the upper side of the blade and the water surface (1 cm).
  • the surfactant-containing seamless capsules of the present invention are capsules comprising an inner layer and an outer layer.
  • the outer layer has a film-forming material.
  • the inner layer comprises a single layer or two or more concentric layers which are formed with an appropriate combination of layers such as (1) a layer comprising an aqueous dispersion containing an oily component and a surfactant component, (2) a layer comprising an aqueous dispersion containing an oily component, a surfactant component and a hydrophilic organic solvent, (3) a non-aqueous liquid layer comprising an oily component and a surfactant component, (4) a layer of an oily component, and (5) a layer of a surfactant component.
  • capsules of the present invention are available in various embodiments as follows:
  • capsules comprising two or more concentric inner layers and an outer layer having a film-forming material
  • capsules comprising three layers, namely an inner layer consisting of an intermediate layer and an innermost layer and an outer layer, include various forms as follows (the following components are contained in the outer layer/inner layer (intermediate layer)/inner layer (innermost layer), respectively).
  • the outermost layer is a layer having a film-forming material
  • the liquid used to form the film is a molten liquid of the film-forming material or a solution containing the film-forming material.
  • Any film-forming material whether hydrophilic or lipophilic, can be used for this purpose without limitation, as long as it hardens or gels upon a physical treatment such as cooling or a chemical treatment such as crosslinking reaction.
  • a physical treatment such as cooling or a chemical treatment such as crosslinking reaction.
  • a chemical treatment such as crosslinking reaction.
  • natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic hydrophilic polymers with high affinity with water are preferably used.
  • Such film-forming materials include, but are not limited to, natural hydrophilic polymers such as glue, gelatin, collagen protein, casein, sodium alginate, carrageenan, furcelan, tamarind gum, pectin, gum arabic, guar gum, xanthane gum, tragacanth gum, locust bean gum, agar and starch; semi-synthetic hydrophilic polymers such as carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, alginic acid propylene glycol ester, oxidized starch, esterified starch, etherified starch and cationized starch; and synthetic hydrophilic polymers such as sodium polyacrylate, polyethyleneimine, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide and polyvinylpyrrolidone. These hydrophilic polymers may be used singly or in combination.
  • a hydrophilic polymer As a film-forming liquid, it is preferable to use a hydrophilic polymer as a 0.1 to 80% by weight solution, more preferably a 1 to 50% by weight solution.
  • any solvent can be used without limitation, water is preferred.
  • one or more water-soluble polyhydric alcohols or derivatives thereof may be added in combination with the above hydrophilic polymer.
  • their amount is normally 5 to 100% by weight, preferably 10 to 80% by weight, based on the amount of film-forming material.
  • water-soluble polyhydric alcohols and derivatives thereof added include, but are not limited to, glycerol, sorbitol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymer, oligosaccharides and glycerides.
  • the lipophilic film-forming materials can also be used for the same purpose, including polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene rubber, vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer, vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-acrylate copolymer and ethyl cellulose, which may be used singly or in combination.
  • a solution containing a lipophilic film-forming material is used as a film-forming liquid
  • any solvent can be used without limitation, as long as it serves as a good solvent for the film-forming material.
  • solvents include dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and benzene.
  • the inner layer is a layer containing an oily component and a surfactant component which comprises a single layer or two or more concentric layers.
  • the inner layer is formed with an appropriate combination of layers such as (1) a layer comprising an aqueous dispersion containing an oily component and a surfactant component, (2) a layer comprising an aqueous dispersion containing an oily component, a surfactant component and a hydrophilic organic solvent, (3) a non-aqueous liquid layer comprising an oily component and a surfactant component, (4) a layer of an oily component, and (5) a layer of a surfactant component.
  • the surfactant used for this purpose is one or more surfactants selected from the group consisting of anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants, with preference given to surfactants having a high solubility in oils.
  • surfactants selected from the group consisting of anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants, with preference given to surfactants having a high solubility in oils.
  • two or more surfactants are used, even those having a low solubility in oils can be used, as long as their mixture has a satisfactory solubility as a whole.
  • anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, sodium lauryl sulfate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium stearate, semi-hardened beef fatty acid sodium salt, semi-hardened beef fatty acid potassium salt, potassium oleate, castor oil potassium salt, sodium alkylnaphthalene sulfonate, sodium dialkylsulfosuccinate, sodium alkyldiphenylether disulfonate, diethanolamine alkylphosphate, potassium alkylphosphate, sodium polyoxyethylene alkylsulfate, triethanolamine polyoxyethylene alkylether sulfate and sodium polyoxyethylene alkylphenylether sulfate.
  • cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to, lauryltrimethylammonium chloride, stearyltrimethylammonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, distearyldimethylammonium chloride, alkylbenzene dimethylammonium chloride, stearylamine oleate, stearylamine acetate and stearylamine acid salt.
  • nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, glycerol fatty acid esters, propylene glycol fatty acid esters, sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, propylene fatty acid esters, glycerol fatty acid esters, sucrose fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitol fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitol tetraoleate, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxypropylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl ether, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene castor oil and polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil.
  • sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters and polyoxyethylene sorbitol fatty acid esters are preferred, since their skin irritativity is low.
  • amphoteric surfactants include, but are not limited to, betaine alkyldimethylaminoacetate, alkyldimethylamine oxide, alkylcarboxymethyl-hydroxyethyl-imidazolium betaine, lecithin, laurylaminopropionic acid and alkyldiaminoethyl glycine.
  • the HLB of the nonionic surfactant for seamless encapsulation is normally 7 to 18, preferably 8 to 18, and more preferably 9 to 18.
  • nonionic surfactants Two or more nonionic surfactants can be combined, as long as the HLB value of their mixture is 7 to 18, and a nonionic surfactant having an HLB value of lower than 7 may be added to adjust the HLB in the capsules.
  • the capsules of the present invention are produced by continuously discharging liquids for formation of respective layers, using a multiple nozzle, as described later.
  • the nonionic surfactant having an HLB value of lower than 7 used for HLB adjustment may be added to any of the liquids for the inner layer.
  • the weight ratio of the surfactant component to the oily component in the capsules falls in the range of normally from 1:49 to 3:1, preferably from 1:19 to 1:1.5.
  • oily components used for the present invention include, but are not limited to, oils and fats, waxes, hydrocarbons, higher fatty acids, higher alcohols, esters, essential oils and silicone oils, which may be preferably used singly or in combination.
  • oils and fats include, but are not limited to, natural oils and fats such as soybean oil, rice bran oil, jojoba oil, avocado oil, almond oil, olive oil, cacao fat, sesame oil, persic oil, castor oil, coconut oil, mink oil, beef tallow and lard, hardened oils obtained by hydrogenation of these natural oils and fats, and synthetic triglycerides such as myristic glyceride and 2-ethylhexanoic glyceride.
  • Waxes include carnauba wax, whale wax, yellow beeswax and lanoline.
  • Hydrocarbons include sulfuric paraffin, vaseline, paraffin microcrystalline wax, ceresin, squalane and pristane.
  • Higher fatty acids include lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, lanolic acid and isostearic acid.
  • Higher alcohols include lauryl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, lanoline alcohol, cholesterol and 2-hexyldecanol.
  • Esters include cetyl octanoate, myristyl lactate, cetyl lactate, isopropyl myristate, myristyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl adipate, butyl stearate and decyl oleate.
  • Essential oils include mentha oil, jasmine oil, camphor oil, hinoki oil, tohi oil, rue oil, turpentine oil, cinnamon oil, bergamot oil, citrus oil, calamus oil, pineapple oil, lavender oil, bay oil, clove oil, hiba oil, rose oil, eucalyptus oil, lemon oil, peppermint oil, rose oil, sage oil, menthol, cineol, eugenol, citral, citronellal, borneol, linallol, geraniol, camphor, thymol, spilanthol, pinene, limonene and terpenoid compounds. Silicone oils include dimethylpolysiloxane. These examples are not to be construed as limitative.
  • the aqueous dispersion is obtained by a known technique such as direct emulsification of a mixture of one or more oily components in water using one or more surfactants selected from the group consisting of anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants as described above, or emulsification of the oily component in water via phase inversion from a water-in-oil emulsion to an oil-in-water emulsion.
  • This emulsification is achieved using known means such as various mechanical stirrers and mixers.
  • the surfactant concentration in the aqueous dispersion is normally 10 to 300% by weight, preferably 50 to 250% by weight, based on the amount of the oily component in the aqueous dispersion.
  • Surfactant concentrations of lower than 10% by weight are undesirable, since the oily component of the content does not emulsify upon capsule disintegration in water, and surfactant concentrations exceeding 300% by weight are also undesirable, since they result in an increased viscosity of the aqueous dispersion, which in turn lowers the success rate of capsule formation.
  • the oily component concentration in the aqueous dispersion is normally 2 to 150% by weight, preferably 5 to 130% by weight, based on the water content. Oily component concentrations exceeding 150% by weight are undesirable, since they result in an increased viscosity of the aqueous dispersion, which in turn lowers the success rate of the capsule formation. Oily component concentrations of lower than 2% by weight are also undesirable, since no stable aqueous dispersion can be obtained.
  • a layer may be formed by adding a hydrophilic organic solvent to the aqueous dispersion of embodiment (1), whereby the viscosity of the aqueous dispersion is reduced, which in turn improves the success rate of the capsule formation when the surfactant concentration in the aqueous dispersion is high.
  • hydrophilic organic solvents which can be used for this purpose include, but are not limited to, monohydric alcohols such as methanol, ethanol , 1-propanol and 2-propanol, dihydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol and 1,5-pentanediol, and ketones such as acetone. These hydrophilic organic solvents may be used singly or in combination.
  • the hydrophilic organic solvent concentration in the aqueous dispersion is normally 0.01 to 200% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 100% by weight, based on the water content. Hydrophilic organic solvent concentrations of lower than 0.01% by weight are undesirable, since the addition of the hydrophilic organic solvent is not significantly effective in lowering the viscosity of the aqueous dispersion. Hydrophilic organic solvent concentrations exceeding 200% by weight are also undesirable, since the resulting excessively low interfacial tension of the aqueous dispersion hampers spherical particle formation from the aqueous dispersion, which in turn lowers the success rate of capsule formation.
  • the surfactant component and oily component used are the same as those described above.
  • the oily component concentration subject to no limitation, is normally 0.01 to 300% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 200% by weight, based on the amount of the surfactant component.
  • the capsules of the present invention are prepared by continuously discharging a film-forming liquid, from the outermost nozzle and various liquids for the inner layers from the other nozzles to form multiple-layered droplets, by means of a multiple nozzle of triple or more having a sequentially increasing diameter, and subsequently hardening or gelling the film-forming material of the multiple-layered droplets.
  • the liquids discharged from the respective nozzles for the inner layers are the same components as constituting the above-described layers of embodiments (1) through (5).
  • the liquids include an aqueous dispersion containing an oily component and a surfactant component (first embodiment); an aqueous dispersion containing an oily component, a surfactant component and a hydrophilic organic solvent (second embodiment); a non-aqueous liquid comprising an oily component and a surfactant component (third embodiment); a liquid of an oil component alone (fourth embodiment); and a liquid of a surfactant component alone (fifth embodiment).
  • oily components and aqueous components are appropriately selected under the conditions that encapsulation is not interfered with.
  • a combination of components is selected in such a manner that they are substantially immiscible or sparingly miscible with each other such as an oily component and an aqueous component.
  • oily components as described above can be used.
  • Aqueous components which can be used include water, aqueous acetone solutions and aqueous lower alcohol solutions. Examples of combinations of liquids discharged from respective nozzles include (1) through (8) described above.
  • Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of the nozzle portion of a production apparatus used for the production method of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a triple nozzle with regularly aligned outlet tips
  • the nozzle is not subject to limitation as to shape etc., as long as it is a multiple nozzle of triple or more having a sequentially increasing diameter, and the nozzle outlet tips may not be aligned like this.
  • an oily component and a liquid containing a surfactant component are respectively supplied to the nozzle from the inlet 4 for the outermost nozzle, from the inlet 5 for the intermediate nozzle and the inlet 6 for the innermost nozzle, and are continuously discharged in a gas or liquid phase via outermost nozzle 3, intermediate nozzle 2 and innermost nozzle 1, respectively, to form multiple-layered droplets.
  • any liquid phase can be used without limitation, as long as it is substantially immiscible with or insoluble in the film-forming material, but a hardener or gelling agent as described later is preferred from the viewpoint of production efficiency.
  • the film-forming liquid of the multiple-layered droplets is hardened or gelled by means of physical or chemical methods to form surfactant-containing seamless capsules.
  • physical means include the method wherein the film-forming liquid is hardened by cooling in contact with a cooled hardener.
  • Chemical means include the method wherein the film-forming liquid is gelled by chemical reaction with a hardener.
  • physical or chemical means are not limited to these methods, as long as the film-forming liquid is hardened or gelled.
  • any hardener can be used without limitation, as long as it is a liquid capable of physically or chemically hardening or gelling the film-forming liquid, a substance which is substantially insoluble both in the film-forming liquid and in the film obtained by hardening is appropriately used, when hardening is achieved by cooling.
  • a substance which is substantially insoluble both in the film-forming liquid and in the film obtained by hardening is appropriately used, when hardening is achieved by cooling.
  • one or more oils are selected from the group consisting of oils and fats, waxes, hydrocarbons, higher fatty acids, higher alcohols, esters, essential oils and silicone oils.
  • a lipophilic film-forming material water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and mixtures thereof are used. Cooling temperature is also subject to no limitation, as long as it allows the film-forming liquid to harden.
  • an aqueous solution containing calcium chloride or calcium phosphate for sodium alginate; an aqueous solution containing borax, formalin or hydrochloric acid for polyvinyl alcohol; an aqueous solution containing calcium chloride or zirconium nitrate for gelatin, are appropriately selected; and crosslinking and other reactions of the film-forming liquid with these hardeners result in gelation.
  • capsule diameter can be controlled by total liquid flow rate, liquid viscosity, liquid interfacial tension, frequency as described later, and other factors.
  • average film thickness can be controlled by the flow rate ratio of the flow rate from the outermost nozzle to the total flow rate from the other nozzles. In this case, average film thickness t can be calculated using the following equation: wherein
  • liquids are continuously discharged from the respective nozzles of the multiple nozzle to form multiple-layered droplets, as stated above.
  • capsule diameter, film thickness, etc. can be made more uniform by vibrating the multiple-layered liquid column being discharged from the multiple nozzle.
  • any known vibrator can be used, and the method for vibration is not subject to limitation.
  • the nozzle may be vibrated, or a liquid flowing into the nozzle may be pulsated, or the outer phase of the multiple-layered liquid column discharged from the nozzle may be vibrated.
  • Frequency for vibration of the multiple-layered liquid column is appropriately selected according to the linear velocity of the liquid column and the liquid viscosity used.
  • capsule diameter On the basis of their relationship with frequency, flow rate discharged from nozzles, and other factors, capsule diameter can be controlled.
  • Required frequency is normally 1 to 3000 Hz, preferably 1 to 2000 Hz, and more preferably 1 to 1000 Hz, from the viewpoint of capsule formation productivity and capsule size uniformity. Frequencies of lower than 1 Hz result in insufficient vibration; frequencies exceeding 3000 Hz result in non-uniformities of capsule size. In the present invention, liquid drops may be also obtained without vibration.
  • the maximum linear velocity is preferably 1.0 to 1.3 times, more preferably 1.0 to 1.1 times, and still more preferably 1.0 to 1.05 times the minimum linear velocity.
  • Maximum-to-minimum linear velocity ratios of 1.0 to 1.3 facilitate formation of concentric capsules, resulting in a uniform film thickness. Also, capsules containing a large amount of content liquid can be stably produced by appropriately selecting respective nozzle diameters so that the maximum-to-minimum linear velocity ratios of liquids discharged from the respective nozzles fall in the above range. This also facilitates capsule formation from a combination of starting materials having a low interfacial tension, and also increases success rate of capsule formation by vibrating the multiple-layered liquid column.
  • the surfactant-containing seamless capsules can be dried to remove the water therefrom.
  • the water content in the capsules can be adjusted as necessary by known drying methods such as hot air drying, vacuum drying and freeze drying. Water can be removed from the capsules by extraction, followed by drying.
  • said water content is normally not more than 25% by weight, preferably not more than 20% by weight, and more preferably not more than 15% by weight. Water contents exceeding 25% by weight are undesirable for capsule use as dry particles because of high tackiness on the capsule surface.
  • the obtained capsules may be further subjected to extraction and removal of water using a hydrophilic organic solvent.
  • the treatment makes it possible to remove water from the capsules in shorter times than with other methods and facilitates obtaining wrinkle-free, hollow-free capsules with beautiful film surface.
  • Hydrophilic organic solvents which can be used to remove water by this method include, but are not limited to, monohydric alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol, and ketones such as acetone, which may be used singly or in combination.
  • water may be added to the hydrophilic organic solvent used.
  • the amount of water added is normally 2.5 parts by weight or less, preferably 1.0 part by weight or less, and more preferably 0.5 parts by weight or less, relative to 1 part of the hydrophilic organic solvent. Addition of water in amounts of 2.5 parts or more tends to result in deformed capsules.
  • the method described above can promote water removal from capsules while the capsules remaining free of wrinkles and hollows with more beautiful film surface.
  • the water content in the hydrophilic organic solvent may be gradually lowered as the water is removed from the capsules.
  • a hydrophobic organic solvent or a hydrophobic organic solvent and water may be appropriately added to the hydrophobic organic solvent.
  • Water extracting temperature is normally 1 to 40°C, preferably 5 to 30°C, and more preferably 10 to 20°C. Water extracting temperatures of lower than 1°C result in poor efficiency of water removal from the capsules. Water extracting temperatures exceeding 40°C are likely to result in deformed capsules.
  • the amount of hydrophilic organic solvent used is normally 0.5 to 50 parts by weight, preferably 0.7 to 30 parts by weight, and more preferably 1 to 10 parts by weight, relative to 1 part by weight of capsules containing water to be removed. Amounts of lower than 0.5 parts by weight tend to cause mutual adhesion of capsules. Amounts exceeding 50 parts by weight hamper industrially efficient extraction.
  • This extraction is achieved by a known solid-liquid extraction procedure.
  • the method for extraction is appropriately selected from known methods such as batch extraction, batch multiple-stage extraction and continuous counter-current extraction.
  • the film ratio i.e., the ratio of film weight to capsule weight
  • the film ratio is normally 5 to 60% by weight, preferably 10 to 50% by weight, and more preferably 13 to 40% by weight, from the viewpoint of capsule stability during storage and capsule disintegrability in water such as in a bath.
  • the average particle diameter of the capsules of the present invention is normally 0.2 mm to 2 cm, and from the viewpoint of productivity, preferably 3 mm to 2 cm. This is because productivity per multiple nozzle increases as the average particle diameter increasing when capsules are produced using, for example, the multiple nozzle described below.
  • the average particle diameter is expressed by weight.
  • the average film thickness of the capsules is normally 0.01 mm to 5 mm, preferably 0.03 mm to 1 mm.
  • the average film thickness is measured by a known measuring technique, e.g., a micrometer.
  • the capsules of the present invention are excellent in emulsifiability, possessing the following emulsification property as determined by an emulsifiability test.
  • 0.5 g of the content liquid is added to 2.5 liters of 40°C water, followed by stirring under the following conditions to emulsify and disperse the oily component in the inner layer. Thereafter, the dispersion is observed with naked eyes at 40°C preferably after kept standing at 40°C for 3 hours, more preferably after kept standing at 40°C for 6 hours, and particularly preferably after kept standing at 4O°C for 12 hours. It is found that the emulsion phase shows almost no separation and substantially unseparated from the water. Stirring conditions:
  • the phrase that the oily component remains emulsified and dispersed and substantially unseparated from the water means a state wherein the emulsion phase shows almost no separation without water phase formation in the emulsifiability test, or a state wherein the oily component or the mixture of the oily component and the surfactant component is not present in water in the form of oil drops freed from the emulsive dispersion.
  • the capsules of the present invention are characterized in that the surfactant component contained in the inner layer is substantially uniformly dispersed or dissolved in the oily component. This means a state wherein when 5 g of the content liquid is taken out from the capsules, transferred to a test tube and kept standing in an atmosphere at 25°C and 60% relative humidity for 6 hours, the oily component and the surfactant component do not separate from each other.
  • capsules having a seamless film and containing a surfactant component and an oily component can be provided.
  • Said capsules are also desirable from the viewpoint of appearance, and have a sharp particle diameter distribution, an uniform film thickness and an excellent solubility.
  • the capsules of the present invention are excellent in emulsive dispersibility of the content liquid and surfactant dispersibility and solubility in the oily component, they can be used in pharmaceuticals, foods, luxury foods, bath additives, detergents and other fields.
  • useful components, additives, etc. may be appropriately formulated to provide various functions for the surfactant-containing seamless capsules, which can be used in these fields.
  • the capsules of the present invention when used in bath additives, they serve well, since oily components effective on the skin can be emulsified and dispersed with surfactants.
  • the capsules themselves may be singly used as a bath additive, or may be used as a component of the bath additive composition containing a granular and/or powder bath additive base.
  • the starting materials for the granular and/or powder bath additive base vary depending on the desired indications and efficacy of the bath additive composition, one or more components are appropriately selected from the group consisting of inorganic salts, inorganic acids, organic acids, crude drugs, dyes, vitamins, flavors, etc., and used in combination.
  • such a bath additive composition can be prepared by formulating the above-described capsules encapsulating an oily component and a surfactant component, as a bath additive component, in the granular and/or powder bath additive base.
  • the amount of capsules formulated is normally 0.1 to 99%, preferably 0.5 to 80%.
  • Inorganic salts include sodium chloride, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium carbonate, borax, sodium sulfate, sodium sulfide, sodium sesquicarbonate, sodium nitrate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium polyphosphate, sodium phosphate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfide, aluminum sulfate and alum.
  • Inorganic acids include boric acid, metasilisic acid and silicic anhydride.
  • Organic acids include succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid and benzoic acid.
  • Crude drugs include fennel, phellodendron bark, chamomile flower, cinnamon, safflower, peony root, ginger, calamus, conidium rhizome, Japanese angelica root, citrus unshiu peel, atractylodes lancea rhizome, Japanese valerian, angelica dahurica root, angelicae radix, mentha herb, hoelen and ginseng.
  • Dyes include various dyes designated by a Ministerial Ordinance of the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, and natural dyes approved as food additives such as chlorophyll, riboflavin, crocin, safflower and anthraquinone.
  • Vitamins include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D and vitamin E. Others include various flavors, sulfur, sinters, mineral sand, mica powder, neutral clay, parched rice bran, fungicides, preservatives and other pharmaceutically necessary components.
  • Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the nozzle portion of a triple nozzle having a sequentially increasing diameter, used in the following examples.
  • multiple-layered droplets are prepared by the following method.
  • the resulting droplets are added dropwise to liquid paraffin cooled at 2°C to obtain capsules having a weight ratio of the surfactant component to the oily component of 1:4.
  • the resulting capsules are surfactant-containing seamless capsules comprising two concentric inner layers, namely, the innermost layer comprising an aqueous dispersion containing an oily component and a surfactant component, and the intermediate layer comprising an oily component; and the outermost layer containing a film-forming material.
  • the average particle diameter D of the capsules is determined to be 5.1 mm, with a coefficient of variance of 6.3% for particle diameter distribution.
  • the average film thickness t is 1.5 mm, as measured using a micrometer.
  • the film ratio is 41.7% by weight.
  • the surfactant-containing seamless capsules prepared in Example 1 are cooled in liquid paraffin at 4°C in the refrigerator for 12 hours and then dried for 12 hours under the conditions of 21°C and 60% relative humidity to obtain capsules having a weight ratio of the surfactant component to the oily component of 1:4.
  • the resulting capsules are surfactant-containing seamless capsules comprising a single inner layer, which substantially comprises an oily component and a surfactant component, and the outermost layer containing a film-forming material.
  • the average particle diameter D of the capsules is determined to be 4.2 mm, with a coefficient of variance of 6.6% for particle diameter distribution.
  • the average film thickness t is 0.29 mm, as measured using a micrometer.
  • the water content in the capsule is 3.5% by weight.
  • the film ratio is 25.3% by weight.
  • multiple-layered droplets are prepared by the following method.
  • the resulting droplets are added dropwise to liquid paraffin cooled at 2°C to obtain capsules having a weight ratio of the surfactant component to the oily component of 1:4.
  • the resulting capsules are surfactant-containing seamless capsules comprising two concentric inner layers, namely, the innermost layer comprising an oily component and a surfactant component and the intermediate layer comprising an oily component; and the outermost layer containing a film-forming material.
  • the average particle diameter D of the capsules is determined to be 4.8 mm, with a coefficient of variance of 7.2% for particle diameter distribution.
  • the average film thickness t is 0.9 mm, as measured using a micrometer.
  • the film ratio is 57.9% by weight.
  • multiple-layered droplets are prepared by the following method.
  • the resulting droplets are added dropwise to liquid paraffin cooled at 2°C to obtain capsules having a weight ratio of the surfactant component to the oily component of 1:4.
  • the resulting capsules are surfactant-containing seamless capsules comprising two concentric inner layers, namely, the innermost layer comprising a surfactant component and the intermediate layer comprising an oily component; and the outermost layer containing a film-forming material.
  • the average particle diameter D of the capsules is determined to be 4.6 mm, with a coefficient of variance of 8.0% for particle diameter distribution.
  • the average film thickness t is 0.9 mm, as measured using a micrometer.
  • the film ratio is 54.6% by weight.
  • multiple-layered droplets are prepared by the following method.
  • the resulting droplets are added dropwise to liquid paraffin cooled at 2°C to obtain capsules having a weight ratio of the surfactant component to the oily component of 1:4.
  • the resulting capsules are surfactant-containing seamless capsules comprising two concentric inner layers, namely, the innermost layer comprising an aqueous dispersion containing an oily component, a surfactant component and a hydrophilic organic solvent, and the intermediate layer comprising an oily component; and the outermost layer containing a film-forming material.
  • the average particle diameter D of the capsules is determined to be 5.2 mm, with a coefficient of variance of 6.1% for particle diameter distribution.
  • the average film thickness t is 1.5 mm, as measured using a micrometer.
  • the film ratio is 41.7% by weight.
  • multiple-layered droplets are prepared by the following method.
  • the resulting droplets are added dropwise to liquid paraffin cooled at 2°C to obtain capsules having a weight ratio of the surfactant component to the oily component of 1:4.
  • the resulting capsules are surfactant-containing seamless capsules comprising two concentric inner layers, namely, the innermost layer comprising an aqueous dispersion containing an oily component, a surfactant component and a hydrophilic organic solvent, and the intermediate layer comprising an oily component; and the outermost layer containing a film-forming material.
  • the average particle diameter D of the capsules is determined to be 4.5 mm, with a coefficient of variance of 4.8% for particle diameter distribution.
  • the average film thickness t is 0.3 mm, as measured using a micrometer.
  • the film ratio is 41.7% by weight.
  • multiple-layered droplets are prepared by the following method.
  • tri(caprylic acid capric acid)glycerol Coconard MT, manufactured by Kao Corporation
  • polyoxyethylene average
  • the resulting droplets are added dropwise to 3% by weight aqueous solution of calcium chloride to obtain capsules having a weight ratio of the surfactant component to the oily component of 1:4.
  • the resulting capsules are surfactant-containing seamless capsules comprising two concentric inner layers, namely, the innermost layer comprising an aqueous dispersion containing an oily component and a surfactant component, and the intermediate layer comprising an oily component; and the outermost layer containing a film-forming material.
  • the average particle diameter D of the capsules is determined to be 5.1 mm, with a coefficient of variance of 6.4% for particle diameter distribution.
  • the average film thickness t is 1.5 mm, as measured using a micrometer.
  • the film ratio is 41.7% by weight.
  • multiple-layered droplets are prepared by the following method.
  • the resulting droplets are added dropwise to water to obtain capsules having a weight ratio of the surfactant component to the oily component of 1:4.
  • the resulting capsules are surfactant-containing seamless capsules comprising two concentric inner layers, namely, the innermost layer comprising an oily component, and the intermediate layer comprising an aqueous dispersion containing an oily component and a surfactant component; and the outermost layer containing a film-forming material.
  • suspensions containing the mentioned capsules is heated to 50°C at a reduced pressure of 100 Torr for 2 hours to remove dichloromethane in the film. Thereafter, using calipers, the average particle diameter D of the capsules is determined to be 4 mm, with a coefficient of variance of 7.8% for particle diameter distribution.
  • the average film thickness t is 0.2 mm, as measured using a micrometer.
  • the film ratio is 7.9% by weight.
  • multiple-layered droplets are prepared by the following method.
  • the resulting capsules are surfactant-containing seamless capsules comprising two concentric inner layers, namely, the innermost layer comprising an aqueous dispersion containing an oily component and a surfactant component, and the intermediate layer comprising an oily component; and the outermost layer containing a film-forming material.
  • the maximum linear velocity of the liquids discharged from each nozzle is 1.18 times the minimum linear velocity thereof.
  • the average particle diameter D of the capsules is determined to be 7.5 mm, with a coefficient of variance of 6.0% for particle diameter distribution.
  • the average film thickness t is 1.2 mm, as measured using a micrometer.
  • the film ratio is 47% by weight.
  • the resulting surfactant-containing seamless capsules comprises an inner layer comprising an oily component and a surfactant component, and the outermost layer containing a film-forming material.
  • the average particle diameter D of the capsules is determined to be 4.2 mm, with a coefficient of variance of 5.9% for particle diameter distribution.
  • the average film thickness t is 0.29 mm, as measured using a micrometer.
  • the water content in the capsules is 3.0% by weight.
  • the film ratio is 25.3% by weight.
  • multiple-layered droplets are prepared by the following method.
  • the average particle diameter D of the capsules is determined to be 5.1 mm, with a coefficient of variance of 6.3% for particle diameter distribution.
  • the film ratio is 41.7% by weight.
  • multiple-layered droplets are prepared by the following method.
  • a liquid composition prepared by dissolving at 60°C a mixture comprising 50 g of purified l -carvone, 50 g of octaglycerol monooleate (manufactured by Quest International, trade name: SANTONE 8-1-0) and 20 g of decaglycerol decaoleate (manufactured by Quest International, trade name: SANTONE 10-10-0) and cooling the resulting solution to 30°C, from the innermost nozzle at a flow rate of 1.1 g/min, and an aqueous solution comprising 30% by weight of gelatin, 4% by weight of glycerol and 66% by weight of water, dissolved at 70°C and then cooled to 45°C, from the outermost nozzle at a flow rate of 1.7 g/min, are simultaneously discharged into a gas phase to form multiple-layered droplets.
  • the resulting droplets are added dropwise to liquid paraffin cooled at 2°C to obtain capsules having a weight ratio of the surfactant component to the oily component of 7:5.
  • the resulting capsules are surfactant-containing seamless capsules comprising the innermost layer comprising an oily component and a surfactant component, and the outermost layer containing a film-forming material.
  • the average particle diameter D of the capsules is determined to be 4.4 mm, as measured using calipers, with a coefficient of variance of 15.0% for particle diameter distribution.
  • the film thickness t is in the range of 0.35 to 0.75 mm, as measured using a micrometer.
  • the film ratio is 43.9% by weight.
  • the content liquids obtained in Examples 1 through 10 shows no emulsion phase separation, i.e., the oily component remains emulsified and dispersed completely in water at 40°C after emulsive dispersion and after the content liquid is kept standing at 40°C for 3, 6 and 12 hours. These content liquids are given the judgment of " ⁇ ".
  • the oily components fail to emulsify or disperse completely in water, with considerable oil floating. These content liquids are given the judgment of " ⁇ ".
  • Example 2 5 g of a content solution of the capsules obtained in Example 2 is taken out into a test tube, and kept standing under the conditions of 25°C and 60% relative humidity for 6 hours. Thereafter, its emulsifiability is observed with naked eyes.
  • the surfactant component is uniformly dispersed in the oily component.
  • a powder comprising 22.00% by weight of sodium hydrogen carbonate, 38.28% by weight of sodium carbonate, 18.00% by weight of succinic acid, 21.00% by weight of PEG6000, 0.02% by weight of dye and 0.70% by weight of flavor, is heated to 60°C, after which it is granulated using an extrusion granulator. Particles having a diameter between 355 ⁇ m and 1400 ⁇ m are selectively collected by sieving to prepare a granular bath additive base. To 20 g of this bath additive base, 10 g of the capsules obtained in Example 1 are formulated and mixed to prepare a bath additive composition.
  • the obtained bath additive composition is added to 150 liters of warm water (40°C). After the solution is stirred ten times with a stirring rod, the dissolution state is observed with naked eyes. No insoluble matter is seen, nor is there any oil floating. The obtained bath additive composition is thus judged to be excellent in solubility and emulsive dispersibility.

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EP93109282A 1992-06-12 1993-06-09 Badezusatzzusammensetzung enthaltend oberflächenaktive Mittel enthaltende nahtlose Kapsel und Verfahren zur Herrstellung der Kapsel Expired - Lifetime EP0573978B1 (de)

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US5733863A (en) * 1997-01-17 1998-03-31 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making a free-flowing particule detergent admix containing nonionic surfactant
WO2001085895A1 (en) * 2000-05-12 2001-11-15 Unilever N.V. Unit dose cleaning product
EP1407678A1 (de) * 2001-06-28 2004-04-14 Morishita Jintan Co., Ltd. Kapseln, die lebende zellen oder gewebe enthalten
WO2008056344A2 (en) * 2006-11-07 2008-05-15 Royal College Of Surgeons In Ireland Method of producing microcapsules
WO2008094988A2 (en) * 2007-01-30 2008-08-07 Beckman Coulter, Inc. Hollow microsphere particle generator
EP1608347B1 (de) * 2003-03-28 2014-08-13 Sigmoid Pharma Limited Solide orale dosierform mit nahtlosen mikrokapseln
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WO1995017174A1 (en) * 1993-12-20 1995-06-29 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making laxatives containing dioctyl sulfosuccinate
US5733863A (en) * 1997-01-17 1998-03-31 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making a free-flowing particule detergent admix containing nonionic surfactant
WO2001085895A1 (en) * 2000-05-12 2001-11-15 Unilever N.V. Unit dose cleaning product
US8859853B2 (en) 2001-06-28 2014-10-14 Morishita Jintan Co., Ltd Capsules containing vital cells or tissues
EP2279659A3 (de) * 2001-06-28 2011-02-23 Morishita Jintan Co., Ltd. Kapseln, die lebende Zellen oder Gewebe enthalten
EP1407678A4 (de) * 2001-06-28 2006-05-10 Morishita Jintan Co Kapseln, die lebende zellen oder gewebe enthalten
EP1407678A1 (de) * 2001-06-28 2004-04-14 Morishita Jintan Co., Ltd. Kapseln, die lebende zellen oder gewebe enthalten
EP1608347B1 (de) * 2003-03-28 2014-08-13 Sigmoid Pharma Limited Solide orale dosierform mit nahtlosen mikrokapseln
US9271942B2 (en) 2006-11-07 2016-03-01 Royal College Of Surgeons In Ireland Method of producing microcapsules
EP1958622A1 (de) * 2006-11-07 2008-08-20 Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mikrokapseln
WO2008056344A3 (en) * 2006-11-07 2008-07-10 Royal College Of Surgeons Ie Method of producing microcapsules
WO2008056344A2 (en) * 2006-11-07 2008-05-15 Royal College Of Surgeons In Ireland Method of producing microcapsules
WO2008094988A3 (en) * 2007-01-30 2008-10-16 Beckman Coulter Inc Hollow microsphere particle generator
WO2008094988A2 (en) * 2007-01-30 2008-08-07 Beckman Coulter, Inc. Hollow microsphere particle generator
CN108013491A (zh) * 2016-11-04 2018-05-11 内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司 一种趣味珠生产设备及方法
CN108013491B (zh) * 2016-11-04 2023-09-15 内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司 一种趣味珠生产设备及方法
CN115246664A (zh) * 2022-07-04 2022-10-28 廊坊新奥龙河环保科技有限公司 一种高氯有机物液体危废的脱氯方法
CN115246664B (zh) * 2022-07-04 2023-08-29 廊坊新奥龙河环保科技有限公司 一种高氯有机物液体危废的脱氯方法

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US5385737A (en) 1995-01-31
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EP0573978B1 (de) 1999-04-21

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