EP0533957B1 - Drehkolbenverdichter - Google Patents

Drehkolbenverdichter Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0533957B1
EP0533957B1 EP92908527A EP92908527A EP0533957B1 EP 0533957 B1 EP0533957 B1 EP 0533957B1 EP 92908527 A EP92908527 A EP 92908527A EP 92908527 A EP92908527 A EP 92908527A EP 0533957 B1 EP0533957 B1 EP 0533957B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
vane
roller
oil
rotary
refrigerant
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP92908527A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0533957A1 (de
EP0533957A4 (en
Inventor
Takashi Sunaga
Takeo Komatsubara
Itsuo Iwahashi
Yasuki Takahashi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sanyo Electric Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Sanyo Electric Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from JP8245091A external-priority patent/JPH04314988A/ja
Priority claimed from JP3090723A external-priority patent/JPH04321793A/ja
Application filed by Sanyo Electric Co Ltd filed Critical Sanyo Electric Co Ltd
Publication of EP0533957A1 publication Critical patent/EP0533957A1/de
Publication of EP0533957A4 publication Critical patent/EP0533957A4/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0533957B1 publication Critical patent/EP0533957B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04C18/00—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids
    • F04C18/30—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids having the characteristics covered by two or more of groups F04C18/02, F04C18/08, F04C18/22, F04C18/24, F04C18/48, or having the characteristics covered by one of these groups together with some other type of movement between co-operating members
    • F04C18/34—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids having the characteristics covered by two or more of groups F04C18/02, F04C18/08, F04C18/22, F04C18/24, F04C18/48, or having the characteristics covered by one of these groups together with some other type of movement between co-operating members having the movement defined in group F04C18/08 or F04C18/22 and relative reciprocation between the co-operating members
    • F04C18/356—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids having the characteristics covered by two or more of groups F04C18/02, F04C18/08, F04C18/22, F04C18/24, F04C18/48, or having the characteristics covered by one of these groups together with some other type of movement between co-operating members having the movement defined in group F04C18/08 or F04C18/22 and relative reciprocation between the co-operating members with vanes reciprocating with respect to the outer member
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01C—ROTARY-PISTON OR OSCILLATING-PISTON MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01C21/00—Component parts, details or accessories not provided for in groups F01C1/00 - F01C20/00
    • F01C21/08—Rotary pistons
    • F01C21/0809—Construction of vanes or vane holders
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04C29/00—Component parts, details or accessories of pumps or pumping installations, not provided for in groups F04C18/00 - F04C28/00
    • F04C29/02—Lubrication; Lubricant separation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04C2210/00—Fluid
    • F04C2210/26—Refrigerants with particular properties, e.g. HFC-134a
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2210/00—Working fluid
    • F05B2210/10—Kind or type
    • F05B2210/14—Refrigerants with particular properties, e.g. HFC-134a
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2280/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05B2280/10—Inorganic materials, e.g. metals
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2280/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05B2280/50—Intrinsic material properties or characteristics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2201/00—Metals
    • F05C2201/02—Light metals
    • F05C2201/021—Aluminium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2201/00—Metals
    • F05C2201/04—Heavy metals
    • F05C2201/0433—Iron group; Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel
    • F05C2201/0448—Steel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2225/00—Synthetic polymers, e.g. plastics; Rubber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2251/00—Material properties

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a rotary compressor which uses fluorocarbon as a refrigerant and, more particularly, to a rotary compressor in which 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (hereinafter called R134a) is used as a refrigerating machine oil to restrain abrasion of sliding members of the rotary compressor due to hydrolysis of the oil as well as the occurrence of an oil sludge.
  • R134a 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
  • R12 dichlorodifluoromethane
  • This R12 is subject to fluorocarbon regulation because of the environmental problem of destruction of an ozone layer, and R134a is being studied as a substituent refrigerant for R12 as disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Publication (unexamined) No. 1-271491/1989.
  • the refrigerant R134a does not have good compatibility with a currently used refrigerating machine oil such as a mineral oil and an alkyl benzene oil.
  • This inferior compatibility leads to the problem that imperfect lubrication of a compressor is caused by an insufficient return of the oil to the compressor or by the suction of a refrigerant which is separated from the oil when the compressor is cold started.
  • the present inventors investigated a polyolester oil to obtain a refrigerating machine oil compatible with the refrigerant R134a.
  • a polyolester oil is used with a rotary compressor, a fatty acid is generated by hydrolysis of the polyolester oil due to sliding frictional heat generated by line contact between a vane and a roller, and the fatty acid corrodes the sliding members to cause abrasion thereof.
  • problems which impair the durability of compressors. For example, dust particles resulting from the abrasion adversely affect the organic material such as a magnet wire of a power element of the compressor.
  • EP-A-378176 discloses features set out in the preamble to claim 1.
  • JP-A-62-55490 discloses a roller type rotary refrigerant compressor with vanes made of carbon impregnated with aluminum.
  • US-A-4615663 discloses a vane compressor with composite vanes made of carbon, aluminum and aluminum carbide.
  • EP-A-355889 discloses a rotor blade for compressors made of reinforced plastics material.
  • the present inventors have carried out researches so that the refrigerant R134a and a refrigerating machine oil consisting of the polyolester oil can be combined for use in a rotary compressor. From the researches, the present inventors have found that the polyolester oil for lubricating sliding members of the rotary compressor undergoes hydrolysis due to frictional heat generated at the sliding members and a fatty acid generated by the hydrolysis corrodes the sliding members, and that the hydrolysis of the polyolester oil can be restrained by reducing the frictional heat generated at the sliding members. This invention has been achieved on the basis of the above findings.
  • An object of the present invention is to solve the above-described problems, and is intended to reduce frictional heat generated at sliding members and restrain hydrolysis of a polyolester oil due to the frictional heat if the polyolester oil, which has compatibility with the refrigerant R134a, is used as a refrigerating machine oil.
  • the present invention provides a rotary compressor comprising a rotary compression element having sliding members, wherein 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is employed as a refrigerant to be compressed by said rotary compression element, and a polyolester oil composed of a polyhydric alcohol and a fatty acid is employed as an oil to lubricate the sliding members, said oil having compatibility with the refrigerant, wherein
  • a desired result of this construction is that when the polyolester oil is used as a lubricant to respective contact surfaces of the roller and the vane, hydrolysis of the ester oil is inhibited so that corrosion of the sliding members can be prevented.
  • the vane is formed of an aluminum composite material which contains a reinforcing material such as a carbon.
  • the vane is formed of a reinforced plastics.
  • the present invention is arranged in the above-described manner, it is possible to lower the temperature of frictional heat due to sliding contact between the sliding members which are lubricated by the oil using the polyolester oil having compatibility with the refrigerant R134a, whereby it is possible to prevent the polyolester oil from easily undergoing hydrolysis.
  • Fig. 1 is a vertical sectional view of a rotary compressor.
  • Fig. 2 is a sectional view of the rotary compressor, taken along line A-A of Fig. 1.
  • a power element 2 is housed in an upper side of the sealed container 1, while a rotary compression element 3 which is driven by the power element 2 is housed in a lower side of the sealed container 1.
  • the power element 2 is made up of a stator 5 having a coil winding 4 electrically insulated by an organic material and a rotor 6 provided inside of the stator 5.
  • the rotary compression element 3 is made up of a cylinder 7, a roller 10 which is rotated along the inner wall of the cylinder 7 by an eccentric portion 9 of a rotary shaft 8, a vane 12 which is pressed by a spring 11 and a high-pressure refrigerant discharged into the sealed container 1 in such a manner as to be pressed against the peripheral face of the roller 10 to partition the interior of the cylinder 7 into an intake side and a discharge side, and upper and lower bearings 13 and 14 for sealing the corresponding apertures of the cylinder 7 and for rotatably supporting the rotary shaft 8.
  • the upper bearing 13 has a discharge hole 15 which communicates with the discharge side of the cylinder 7.
  • the upper bearing 13 also has a discharge valve 16 for opening/closing the discharge hole 15 and a discharge muffler 17 which is mounted to cover the discharge valve 16.
  • the vane 12 is formed of a composite aluminum material prepared by impregnating a carbon powder with a molten aluminum alloy material.
  • the roller 10 is formed of an iron alloy or an aluminum material having a surface subjected to anodizing.
  • the vane 12 has, because of its carbon material content, higher melting point and hardness than the roller 10, thereby raising a temperature at which adhesive wear develops between the vane 12 and the roller 10. More specifically, the vane 12 formed of the composite aluminum material can resist abrasion even if it is in line contact with the roller 10. Accordingly, it is possible to restrain acceleration of abrasion due to dust particles resulting from the abrasion and it is also possible to reduce frictional heat due to the sliding contact between the vane 12 and the roller 10.
  • the vane 12 may be formed of a plastics material having a refrigerant resistance.
  • the plastics material may be formed of, for example, engineering plastics such as polyester ether ketones, polyimides, polyamide imides, polyphenylene sulfides, aromatic polyesters, polyether sulfones and polyether imides.
  • the roller 10 is formed of an iron material such as a carbon having a melting point and a hardness higher than the roller 10 formed of the iron material can have its abrasion resistance improved.
  • the oil 18 lubricates the respective sliding-contact surfaces of the roller 10 and the vane 12 both of which constitute sliding members of the rotary compression element 3.
  • a refrigerant flowing into the cylinder 7 of the rotary compression element 3 and compressed by a cooperative work of the roller 10 and the vane 12 is R134a having compatibility with the oil 18 which is a polyolester oil.
  • a discharge pipe 20 is secured to an upper wall of the sealed container 1 and discharges the refrigerant compressed by the rotary compression element 3 to the outside of the sealed container 1.
  • the refrigerant R134a which has flown into the intake side of the cylinder 7 through the intake pipe 19 is compressed by a coopertive work of the roller 10 and the vane 12, and opens the discharge valve 16 and is discharged into the discharge muffler 17 through the discharge hole 15.
  • the refrigerant in the discharge muffler 17 passes through the power element 2 and is discharged outward from the sealed container 1 through the discharge pipe 20.
  • the oil 18 is supplied to an lubricates the respective sliding-contact surfaces of the sliding members, such as the roller 10 and the vane 12, of the rotary compression element 3.
  • the oil 18 also serves to prevent the refrigerant compressed in the cylinder 7 from leaking into a low-pressure side along the sliding-contact surfaces.
  • the roller 10 and the vane 12, which partition the interior of the cylinder 7 into the intake side and the discharge side, are formed of the iron material and the carbon-containing composite aluminium material, respectively. Accordingly, a temperature at which adhesive wear develops between the vane 12 and the roller 10 is made higher so that it is possible to reduce sliding frictional heat generated by pressing one end of the vane 12 against the peripheral face of the roller 10 by means of the spring 11 and the internal high pressure of the sealed container 1. For this reason, if the polyolester oil is used as the oil 18 which is supplied to the respective sliding-contact surfaces of the roller 10 and the vane 12, hydrolysis of such an ester oil is restrained so that corrosion of the sliding members can be prevented.
  • a stationary piece 21 corresponding to a vane had at one end thereof a curved face and was subjected to load L.
  • a rotary piece 22 corresponding to a roller was rotated for 20 hours while an oil 23 made from a polyolester oil was being supplied to the portion of the rotary piece 22 which was in pressure contact with the stationary piece 21.
  • 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is employed as a refrigerant to be compressed by the rotary compression element
  • a polyolester oil composed of a polyhydric alcohol and a fatty acid is employed as an oil which has compatibility with the refrigerant and which lubricates the sliding members of the rotary compression element
  • the vane which is one of the sliding members of the rotary compression element is formed of a material having a hardness higher than the roller. Accordingly, a temperature at which adhesive wear develops is made higher at the respective sliding-contact surfaces of the vane and the roller to restrain generation of frictional heat.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Applications Or Details Of Rotary Compressors (AREA)

Claims (5)

  1. Drehkolbenverdichter umfassend ein Rotationsverdichtungselement (3) mit Schiebegliedern einschließlich einem Schieber und einer Walze, worin 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluorethan als Kältemittel verwendet ist, das durch das Rotationsverdichtungselement (3) verdichtet wird, und ein Polyolesteröl gebildet aus einem mehrwertigen Alkohol und einer Fettsäure verwendet ist als Öl zum Schmieren der Schiebeglieder, wobei das Öl mit dem Kältemittel verträglich ist, worin der Drehkolbenverdichter ferner einen abgedichteten Behälter (1) umfaßt, in dem das Rotationsverdichtungselement (3) angeordnet ist, und die Schiebeglieder des Rotationsverdichtungselements einen Schieber (12) umfassen, der aus einem Material gebildet ist mit einer Härte und einem Schmelzpunkt, die höher sind als die der Walze (10).
  2. Drehkolbenverdichter nach Anspruch 1, worin der Schieber aus einem Aluminiumverbundwerkstoff gebildet ist, der Kohlenstoff als Verstärkungsmaterial enthält.
  3. Drehkolbenverdichter nach Anspruch 1, worin der Schieber aus einem verstärkten Kunststoff gebildet ist.
  4. Drehkolbenverdichter nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, worin das Rotationsverdichtungselement (3) ferner einen Zylinder (7) umfaßt, worin die Walze (10) entlang der Innenwand des Zylinders (7) rotiert.
  5. Drehkolbenverdichter nach Anspruch 4, worin der Schieber (12) gegen eine Umfangsfläche der Walze (10) gedrückt wird, um das Innere des Zylinders (7) in eine Einlaß- und eine Ausgabeseite zu trennen.
EP92908527A 1991-04-15 1992-04-13 Drehkolbenverdichter Expired - Lifetime EP0533957B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP82450/91 1991-04-15
JP8245091A JPH04314988A (ja) 1991-04-15 1991-04-15 回転型圧縮機
JP90723/91 1991-04-22
JP3090723A JPH04321793A (ja) 1991-04-22 1991-04-22 回転型圧縮機
PCT/JP1992/000461 WO1992018772A1 (en) 1991-04-15 1992-04-13 Rotary compressor

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0533957A1 EP0533957A1 (de) 1993-03-31
EP0533957A4 EP0533957A4 (en) 1993-11-03
EP0533957B1 true EP0533957B1 (de) 1997-01-02

Family

ID=26423462

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP92908527A Expired - Lifetime EP0533957B1 (de) 1991-04-15 1992-04-13 Drehkolbenverdichter

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0533957B1 (de)
KR (1) KR0180894B1 (de)
DE (1) DE69216337T2 (de)
WO (1) WO1992018772A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5503540A (en) * 1993-01-06 1996-04-02 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Device for discharging compressed gas of rotary type gas compressor
JPH07293468A (ja) * 1994-04-28 1995-11-07 Toshiba Corp 密閉形コンプレッサ
CN1080385C (zh) * 1994-09-16 2002-03-06 三洋电机株式会社 密闭式电动压缩机
SG75080A1 (en) * 1994-11-29 2000-09-19 Sanyo Electric Co Refrigerating apparatus and lubricating oil composition
US5672054A (en) * 1995-12-07 1997-09-30 Carrier Corporation Rotary compressor with reduced lubrication sensitivity
JP2001263280A (ja) * 2000-03-15 2001-09-26 Sanyo Electric Co Ltd 回転圧縮機
JP3723458B2 (ja) * 2001-02-14 2005-12-07 三洋電機株式会社 回転圧縮機
GB0419496D0 (en) * 2004-09-02 2004-10-06 Wabco Automotive Uk Ltd Improvements relating to vacuum pumps
EP1643128A3 (de) * 2004-09-30 2011-12-14 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Verdichter
JP2011001897A (ja) 2009-06-19 2011-01-06 Panasonic Corp 圧縮機
JP2011047329A (ja) * 2009-08-27 2011-03-10 Panasonic Corp ロータリ圧縮機
JP2014020209A (ja) * 2012-07-12 2014-02-03 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd ２段圧縮機および２段圧縮システム
CN112567188A (zh) * 2018-11-08 2021-03-26 松下电器产业株式会社 制冷剂压缩机和使用了其的设备

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2905376A (en) * 1958-01-29 1959-09-22 Paul H Davey Jr Light metal vane for rotary compressor
JPS60204992A (ja) * 1984-03-29 1985-10-16 Diesel Kiki Co Ltd ベ−ン型圧縮機
JPS6255490A (ja) * 1985-09-04 1987-03-11 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 回転圧縮機
JPS6385269A (ja) * 1986-09-29 1988-04-15 Toshiba Corp コンプレツサ
JPS63154883A (ja) * 1986-12-17 1988-06-28 Matsushita Refrig Co ロ−タリ−圧縮機
GB2220448B (en) * 1988-07-05 1992-09-30 T & N Technology Ltd Improvements in or relating to rotor blades
US4851144A (en) * 1989-01-10 1989-07-25 The Dow Chemical Company Lubricants for refrigeration compressors

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69216337D1 (de) 1997-02-13
KR930701694A (ko) 1993-06-12
DE69216337T2 (de) 1997-07-10
EP0533957A1 (de) 1993-03-31
KR0180894B1 (ko) 1999-05-01
WO1992018772A1 (en) 1992-10-29
EP0533957A4 (en) 1993-11-03

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