EP0416480A2 - Steuerung einer Hinterradlenkung für ein Fahrzeug - Google Patents
Steuerung einer Hinterradlenkung für ein Fahrzeug Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0416480A2 EP0416480A2 EP19900116774 EP90116774A EP0416480A2 EP 0416480 A2 EP0416480 A2 EP 0416480A2 EP 19900116774 EP19900116774 EP 19900116774 EP 90116774 A EP90116774 A EP 90116774A EP 0416480 A2 EP0416480 A2 EP 0416480A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- rear wheel
- steering
- wheels
- difference
- angle
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
- B60T8/17—Using electrical or electronic regulation means to control braking
- B60T8/1755—Brake regulation specially adapted to control the stability of the vehicle, e.g. taking into account yaw rate or transverse acceleration in a curve
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D7/00—Steering linkage; Stub axles or their mountings
- B62D7/06—Steering linkage; Stub axles or their mountings for individually-pivoted wheels, e.g. on king-pins
- B62D7/14—Steering linkage; Stub axles or their mountings for individually-pivoted wheels, e.g. on king-pins the pivotal axes being situated in more than one plane transverse to the longitudinal centre line of the vehicle, e.g. all-wheel steering
- B62D7/15—Steering linkage; Stub axles or their mountings for individually-pivoted wheels, e.g. on king-pins the pivotal axes being situated in more than one plane transverse to the longitudinal centre line of the vehicle, e.g. all-wheel steering characterised by means varying the ratio between the steering angles of the steered wheels
- B62D7/159—Steering linkage; Stub axles or their mountings for individually-pivoted wheels, e.g. on king-pins the pivotal axes being situated in more than one plane transverse to the longitudinal centre line of the vehicle, e.g. all-wheel steering characterised by means varying the ratio between the steering angles of the steered wheels characterised by computing methods or stabilisation processes or systems, e.g. responding to yaw rate, lateral wind, load, road condition
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T2260/00—Interaction of vehicle brake system with other systems
- B60T2260/02—Active Steering, Steer-by-Wire
- B60T2260/022—Rear-wheel steering; Four-wheel steering
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to a steering control system for a vehicle. More particularly, the invention relates to an improved rear wheel steering system for a vehicle which is adapted for detecting slip of driven wheels to determine a rear wheel steering angle based thereon.
- a Japanese Patent First Publication No. 57-60974 discloses a rear wheel steering system. This system is operable to detect acceleration or centripetal force acting on a vehicle body during turns to steer rear wheels based thereon to the same phase as a steered angle of front wheels in a case of a front-wheel drive (FWD) vehicle or to a phase opposite the front wheels in a case of a rear-wheel drive (RWD) vehicle for preventing spin of the FWD vehicle from occurring which is caused by driven wheel slippage during turning with acceleration or, in the case of rear-wheel drive vehicles preventing drift-out from occurring.
- FWD front-wheel drive
- RWD rear-wheel drive
- the above prior art steering system is however provided with an acceleration sensor which is installed on a part of the vehicle body to detect acceleration including an unnecessary component induced by vehicle motion such as vertical displacement or pitching due to uneven road or acceleration, resulting in unsuitable rear wheel steering control.
- a Japanese Patent First Publication No. 62-71761 discloses a rear wheel steering system which controls a steering operation for rear wheels based on a difference in rotational speeds between driven and compliance wheels to prevent spin or drift-out due to driven wheel slippage (i.e., due to rotational speed of the driven wheels higher than that of the compliance wheels) during turning with acceleration from occurring.
- the prior art rear wheel steering control system is responsive to a difference in rotational speeds between the driven and compliance wheels during turns to correct a steering ratio (i.e., a ratio of the steering angle of the rear wheels to the front wheels) based thereon and controls rear wheel steering according to the corrected steering angle ratio.
- a steering ratio i.e., a ratio of the steering angle of the rear wheels to the front wheels
- this system has a drawback in that there is a tendency for the rear wheel steering control to become unstable when a brake pedal is depressed during turning.
- braking slips this difference in rotational speeds due to braking will be referred as braking slips.
- braking slips in addition to driven wheel slip being detected as a rotational speed difference between the driven and compliance wheels, a steering ratio set according to such a detected value becomes unsuitable, further reducing steering stability during turns.
- a rear wheel steering control system for a vehicle which comprises a first means for monitoring a steered angle of front wheels to provide a signal indicative thereof, a second means for monitoring rotational speeds of wheels respectively to determine a difference in rotational speed between the front and rear wheels and providing a signal indicative thereof, a third means responsive to the signal from the second means to determine a correction value for a rear wheel steering angle based on the magnitude of the difference in rotational speed between the front and rear wheels, the third means providing a rear wheel target steering angle based on the correction value and the steered angle of the front wheels to provide a signal indicative thereof, a fourth means for monitoring braking operation to provide a signal indicative thereof, a fifth means responsive to the signal from the fourth means for stopping a rear wheel steering control cycle to hold the correction value to a value prior to the braking operation, and a sixth means for controlling an actual steering angle of the rear wheels according to the rear wheel target steering angle.
- a rear wheel steering control system for a vehicle which comprises a first means for detecting a steered angle of front wheels to provide a signal indicative thereof, a second means responsive to the signal from the first means to determine a rear wheel steering angle in a preselected relation to the steered angle of the front wheels, a third means for monitoring rotational speeds of wheels respectively to determine a difference in rotational speeds between the front and rear wheels and providing a signal indicative thereof, a fourth means responsive to the signal from the third means to determine a correction value for the rear wheel steering angle determined by the second means, based on the magnitude of the difference in rotational speeds between the front and rear wheels, the fourth means adjusting the rear wheel steering angle based on the correction value to provide a rear wheel target steering angle and providing a signal indicative thereof, a fifth means for monitoring braking operation to provide a signal indicative thereof, a sixth means responsive to the signal from the fifth means to hold the correction value to a value prior to the braking operation, and a seventh means for controlling
- a steering control system according to the present invention is shown which is incorporated in a front-wheel drive (FWD) vehicle.
- This system includes generally a front wheel steering unit 1, a rear wheel steering unit 11, and a steering controller 20 operable to detect torque of driven wheels and to adjust a rear wheel target steering angle.
- the front wheel steering unit 1 includes a steering wheel 2, a rack-and-pinion steering gear 3, relay rods 4a and 4b, and knuckle arms 5a and 5b.
- the rack-and-pinion steering gear 3 serves to convert rotational motion of the steering wheel 2 into stroke motion to laterally displace the relay rods 4a and 4b for steering front wheels 6a and 6b.
- Drive shafts 7a and 7b are connected to the front wheels 6a and 6b respectively to transmit drive torque thereto provided from an engine 10.
- Each drive shaft is connected to an output shaft 9a of a transmission 9 through a differential gear 8.
- the rear wheel steering unit 11 includes a hydraulic cylinder 12 such as a spring centered double acting hydraulic pressure cylinder, tie rods 13a and 13b, and rear knuckle arms 14a and 14b coupling intermediate the tie rods and rear wheels 15a and 15b respectively.
- the hydraulic cylinder 12 is hydraulically communicated with an electromagnetic proportional pressure control valve (not shown) which is connected to a pressure source (not shown).
- the control valve is responsive to a rear wheel steering angle signal ⁇ r output from the steering controller 20 to provide hydraulic pressure to either of the chambers in the hydraulic cylinder 12, displacing the tie rods 13a and 13b to steer rear wheels in a preselected direction.
- the steering control system further includes a left front wheel rotational speed sensor 21 for determining speed V1 of the left front wheel, a right front wheel rotational speed sensor 22 for determining speed V2 of the right front wheel, a left rear wheel rotational speed sensor 23 for determining speed V3 of the left rear wheel, a right rear wheel rotational speed sensor 24 for determining speed V4 of the right rear wheel, a steering angle sensor 25 for determining a steered angle ⁇ of the steering wheel 2, and a brake sensor 26 for detecting depression or braking operation of a brake pedal (not shown) to provide a braking operation signal S BK to which a brake lamp switch may be applicable (which outputs a 'H' level signal in operation).
- Theses sensors provide signals indicative of detected parameters to the steering controller 20, which calculates a rear wheel target steering angle ⁇ r based on those signals.
- step 100 the steering controller 20 reads the steered angle ⁇ from the steered angle sensor 25.
- step 200 the wheel speeds V1 to V4 are input from the rotational speed sensors 21 to 24 to the steering controller 20.
- step 300 vehicle speed V is determined based on the wheel speeds derived in step 200 according to the following equation.
- V (V1 + V2 + V3 + V4)/4 (1)
- step 400 a difference in rotational speeds ⁇ V between the front and rear wheels is determined according to the following relation.
- step 500 the steering controller reads the braking operation signal S BK output from the braking operation sensor 26.
- step 600 it is determined as to whether the braking operation signal represents a level 'H' or not, or to determine whether a braking system is operating or not. If not, the routine proceeds to step 700 wherein a correction ⁇ K for calculation of a rear wheel steering angle, as will be described hereinafter in detail, is determined based on the difference in rotational speeds between the front and rear wheels derived in step 400. For instance, a preselected table as shown in step 700 can be used.
- This table shows a curve defined by a parameter which varies dependent upon variation in the rotational speed difference ⁇ V or slips of the driven wheels to obtain a greater value of the correction ⁇ K and the ⁇ V becomes high.
- the routine proceeds to step 800 wherein a rear wheel target steering angle ⁇ r (i.e., a corrected angle) is mathematically calculated according to the following equation which includes proportional members (K X ⁇ ) and differential members (T X ⁇ ).
- ⁇ r K X ⁇ - T X ⁇ (3)
- K : K′ - ⁇ K K′ a coefficient of a reference characteristic of rear wheel steering variable according to vehicle speed ⁇ : a steering angle of a steering wheel ⁇ : a steering angular velocity of a steering wheel T : a coefficient variable dependent upon the vehicle speed
- the rear wheel target steering angle ⁇ r is obtained by subtracting a value (T X ⁇ corresponding to the steering angular velocity ⁇ (d ⁇ /dt) from a value given by multiplying the steered angle ⁇ at that time by the coefficient K.
- the coefficient K is increased dependent upon increase in the vehicle speed while the coefficient T is decreased dependent upon the increase in the vehicle speed which is defined by measurement based on the type of vehicle.
- the correction ⁇ K is used for correcting the K of the proportional members (K X ⁇ ).
- the proportional members (K X ⁇ ) is decreased (or becomes minus) to provide a rear wheel steering angle ⁇ r in a phase opposite a steered angle of the front wheels.
- increase in driven wheel slip increase in the ⁇ V
- drift-out in induced which directs the front wheels (i.e., the driven wheels) toward the outside of a turning radius generating understeering.
- Provision of the opposite phase rear wheel steering angle ⁇ r can however improve response of yawing torque to direct a steering characteristic to "neutral steering" (or to small oversteering) for emphasizing steering response.
- step 600 if a YES answer is obtained, the routine directly proceeds to step 800 passing over step 700 wherein no renewal of the correction ⁇ K is made. Therefore, the correction value ⁇ K is held just before braking operation. As a result, even if any of wheels lock in the braking operation causing braking slips, no change of the rear wheel steering angle ⁇ r due to the braking slips is made, resulting in improved turning stability.
- the difference in rotational speeds ⁇ V between the front and rear wheels obtained by the above equation (2) includes a first component of a difference in rotational speeds between the front and rear wheels (this will be referred as ⁇ V1 hereinafter) which corresponds to slips of the driven wheels caused by acceleration during turning and a second component of a difference in rotational speeds between the front and rear wheels (this will be referred as ⁇ V2) caused by a difference in turning tracks therebetween.
- This ⁇ V2 tends to affect the rear wheel steering control greatly when turning with a minimum turning radius wherein a difference in turning tracks between the front and rear wheels becomes great.
- the following processes may be applicable to the calculation for the correction ⁇ K in place of step 700 as shown in Fig. 2 so that the component of the ⁇ V2 is canceled to correspond the ⁇ V to the ⁇ V1 substantially for ensuring the proper rear wheel steering control.
- step 720 a turning radius R of the vehicle is calculated according to the following equation.
- R (t r X V)/V3 - V4 (4) where t r is a tread of the vehicle.
- step 740 a difference in rotational speeds ⁇ V R between the front and rear wheels is estimated which corresponds to ⁇ V2. This estimate is accomplished by referring to a table as shown in Fig. 4.
- FIG. 4 an example for estimating the front-rear wheel rotational speed difference ⁇ V R according to a relation between the turning radius R and vehicle speed V.
- the ordinate axis indicates the ⁇ V R wherein front wheel rotational speed is greater than rear wheel rotational by the rotational speed difference component ⁇ V R obtained by the turning track difference dependent upon the turning radius R to correct the proportional members (K X ⁇ ) of the rear wheel steering equation (3) utilizing the resultant value ( ⁇ V′).
- the rear wheel steering can be controlled based on the precise amount of driven wheel slip to effectively prevent spin due to acceleration during turning in the case of RWD vehicles and drift-out from occurring in the case of FWD vehicles.
- a feature of the present invention is that calculation of the correction ⁇ K, for the rear wheel target steering angle, dependent upon the difference in rotational speeds ⁇ V between the front and rear wheels is made only when the braking system is not operated and a value of the correction ⁇ K just before the braking operation is held when the braking system is operated during turns.
- the present invention avoids a tendency toward steering instability caused by unsuitable rear wheel steering control due to the difference in rotational speeds between the front and rear wheels (i.e., braking slips) generated by lock of a wheel or wheels when the brake pedal is depressed during turns.
- an operation signal of an ABS (anti-skid brake system) or a deceleration signal from a front-rear deceleration sensor may be used to detect braking operation.
- the invention may be applicable to a rear-wheel drive vehicle wherein the K of the above equation (3) is defined by a relation of K′ + ⁇ K to provide a rear wheel steering angle in the same phase as a steered angle of the front wheels when slips of the driven wheels are great so as to prevent spin from occurring.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Steering Control In Accordance With Driving Conditions (AREA)
- Steering-Linkage Mechanisms And Four-Wheel Steering (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP1230147A JPH0392483A (ja) | 1989-09-04 | 1989-09-04 | 後輪操舵制御装置 |
JP230147/89 | 1989-09-04 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0416480A2 true EP0416480A2 (de) | 1991-03-13 |
EP0416480A3 EP0416480A3 (en) | 1991-09-25 |
EP0416480B1 EP0416480B1 (de) | 1994-11-17 |
Family
ID=16903326
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP90116774A Expired - Lifetime EP0416480B1 (de) | 1989-09-04 | 1990-08-31 | Steuerung einer Hinterradlenkung für ein Fahrzeug |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5103925A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0416480B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JPH0392483A (de) |
DE (1) | DE69014174D1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0481363A (ja) * | 1990-07-20 | 1992-03-16 | Toyota Motor Corp | 四輪操舵車の後輪操舵制御装置 |
JPH04118381A (ja) * | 1990-09-05 | 1992-04-20 | Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd | 四輪操舵装置の制御方法 |
US5388046A (en) * | 1990-11-22 | 1995-02-07 | Mazda Motor Corporation | Traction controller for a vehicle |
US5276620A (en) * | 1991-03-25 | 1994-01-04 | Bottesch H Werner | Automatic countersteering system for motor vehicles |
US5258912A (en) * | 1991-06-24 | 1993-11-02 | General Motors Corporation | Wheel understeer speed control |
US5314037A (en) * | 1993-01-22 | 1994-05-24 | Shaw David C H | Automobile collision avoidance system |
US5529138A (en) * | 1993-01-22 | 1996-06-25 | Shaw; David C. H. | Vehicle collision avoidance system |
US5488555A (en) * | 1993-05-27 | 1996-01-30 | Ford Motor Company | Method and apparatus for four wheel steering control |
JPH07323859A (ja) * | 1994-06-01 | 1995-12-12 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 車両運動制御装置 |
JP3360528B2 (ja) * | 1996-06-19 | 2002-12-24 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 車両運動制御装置 |
JP4828698B2 (ja) * | 1998-06-22 | 2011-11-30 | コンティネンタル・テーベス・アクチエンゲゼルシヤフト・ウント・コンパニー・オッフェネ・ハンデルスゲゼルシヤフト | 車両の走行安定性を制御する制御回路 |
JP4239725B2 (ja) * | 2003-07-30 | 2009-03-18 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 車両および車両の制御方法 |
JP4603596B2 (ja) * | 2008-05-16 | 2010-12-22 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 車体流れ抑制装置 |
PL3114075T3 (pl) * | 2014-03-03 | 2022-01-03 | Xtreme Manufacturing, Llc | Sposób i system dla układu sterowania urządzenia podnośnikowego |
CN104709341B (zh) * | 2015-01-19 | 2017-05-17 | 盐城工学院 | 车辆后轮辅助转向的控制系统及其控制方法 |
DE102015214176A1 (de) * | 2015-07-27 | 2017-02-02 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Verfahren zur Fahrerunterstützung bei Wasserglätte auf einem Fahrbahnuntergrund |
JP6988267B2 (ja) * | 2017-08-28 | 2022-01-05 | 株式会社ジェイテクト | 駆動力制御装置及び車両の制御方法 |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2148812A (en) * | 1983-10-17 | 1985-06-05 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Steering system for vehicles |
JPS61135865A (ja) * | 1984-12-04 | 1986-06-23 | Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd | 四輪操舵装置 |
JPS61241277A (ja) * | 1985-04-19 | 1986-10-27 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | 自動車の4輪操舵装置 |
JPS63112280A (ja) * | 1986-10-30 | 1988-05-17 | Mazda Motor Corp | 車両の4輪操舵装置 |
JPS63151581A (ja) * | 1986-12-17 | 1988-06-24 | Mazda Motor Corp | 車両の4輪操舵装置 |
DE3904920A1 (de) * | 1988-02-18 | 1989-08-31 | Nissan Motor | Steuereinrichtung fuer ein kraftfahrzeug mit vierradantrieb |
JPH06271761A (ja) * | 1993-03-22 | 1994-09-27 | Kuraray Co Ltd | ポリウレタン組成物 |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5760974A (en) * | 1980-09-02 | 1982-04-13 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Vehicle steering system |
GB2151997B (en) * | 1983-12-23 | 1987-09-03 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Steering system for vehicles |
JPS61235275A (ja) * | 1985-04-10 | 1986-10-20 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 前後輪操舵車両の後輪操舵制御方法 |
JPS6271761A (ja) * | 1985-09-25 | 1987-04-02 | Toyota Motor Corp | 前後輪操舵車両の後輪操舵制御装置 |
JPH0823577B2 (ja) * | 1986-07-07 | 1996-03-06 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Gps受信機 |
JPS63162375A (ja) * | 1986-12-26 | 1988-07-05 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | 自動車の後輪操舵装置 |
JPS649176A (en) * | 1987-06-27 | 1989-01-12 | Yoshio Sugino | Preparation of seal pressed flower |
US4939653A (en) * | 1987-07-29 | 1990-07-03 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Method of and apparatus for controlling steering operation of a motor vehicle with steerable front and rear wheels |
JP2532107B2 (ja) * | 1987-10-08 | 1996-09-11 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 4輪操舵車両の操舵制御装置 |
JPH01237265A (ja) * | 1988-03-17 | 1989-09-21 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 前後輪操舵車両 |
-
1989
- 1989-09-04 JP JP1230147A patent/JPH0392483A/ja active Pending
-
1990
- 1990-08-30 US US07/574,685 patent/US5103925A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-08-31 DE DE69014174T patent/DE69014174D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-08-31 EP EP90116774A patent/EP0416480B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2148812A (en) * | 1983-10-17 | 1985-06-05 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Steering system for vehicles |
JPS61135865A (ja) * | 1984-12-04 | 1986-06-23 | Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd | 四輪操舵装置 |
JPS61241277A (ja) * | 1985-04-19 | 1986-10-27 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | 自動車の4輪操舵装置 |
JPS63112280A (ja) * | 1986-10-30 | 1988-05-17 | Mazda Motor Corp | 車両の4輪操舵装置 |
JPS63151581A (ja) * | 1986-12-17 | 1988-06-24 | Mazda Motor Corp | 車両の4輪操舵装置 |
DE3904920A1 (de) * | 1988-02-18 | 1989-08-31 | Nissan Motor | Steuereinrichtung fuer ein kraftfahrzeug mit vierradantrieb |
JPH06271761A (ja) * | 1993-03-22 | 1994-09-27 | Kuraray Co Ltd | ポリウレタン組成物 |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 10, no. 331 (M-533)(2387) 11 November 1986, & JP-A-61 135 865 (DAIHATSU) 23 June 1986 * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 11, no. 86 (M-572)(2533) 17 March 1987, & JP-A-61 241 277 (FUJI HEAVY IND) 27 October 1986 * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 12, no. 356 (M-745)(3203) 26 September 1988, & JP-A-63 112 280 (MAZDA) 17 May 1988 * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 12, no. 416 (M-759)(3263) 04 November 1988, & JP-A-63 151 581 (MAZDA) 24 June 1988 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69014174D1 (de) | 1994-12-22 |
EP0416480B1 (de) | 1994-11-17 |
JPH0392483A (ja) | 1991-04-17 |
US5103925A (en) | 1992-04-14 |
EP0416480A3 (en) | 1991-09-25 |
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