EP0317711B1 - Racket for playing a game with a ball - Google Patents

Racket for playing a game with a ball Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0317711B1
EP0317711B1 EP88112740A EP88112740A EP0317711B1 EP 0317711 B1 EP0317711 B1 EP 0317711B1 EP 88112740 A EP88112740 A EP 88112740A EP 88112740 A EP88112740 A EP 88112740A EP 0317711 B1 EP0317711 B1 EP 0317711B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
racket
free
head portion
fibers
layers
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88112740A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0317711A3 (en
EP0317711A2 (en
Inventor
Mark L Karasek
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wilson Sporting Goods Co
Original Assignee
Wilson Sporting Goods Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wilson Sporting Goods Co filed Critical Wilson Sporting Goods Co
Priority to AT88112740T priority Critical patent/ATE83163T1/de
Publication of EP0317711A2 publication Critical patent/EP0317711A2/en
Publication of EP0317711A3 publication Critical patent/EP0317711A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0317711B1 publication Critical patent/EP0317711B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A63B49/10—Frames made of non-metallic materials, other than wood
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A63B2049/0201—Frames with defined head dimensions
    • A63B2049/0203—Frames with defined head dimensions height
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A63B2049/0201—Frames with defined head dimensions
    • A63B2049/0204—Frames with defined head dimensions width
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A63B2049/0207—Frames with defined overall length
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A63B2049/0211—Frames with variable thickness of the head in a direction perpendicular to the string plane
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A63B49/022—String guides on frames, e.g. grommets
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A63B49/03—Frames characterised by throat sections, i.e. sections or elements between the head and the shaft
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B60/00—Details or accessories of golf clubs, bats, rackets or the like
    • A63B60/002—Resonance frequency related characteristics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B60/00—Details or accessories of golf clubs, bats, rackets or the like
    • A63B60/48—Details or accessories of golf clubs, bats, rackets or the like with corrugated cross-section

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to a game racket having a handle portion, a loop-shaped head portion, and a throat portion joining the handle portion and the head portion, the racket having a longitudinal axis which is aligned with the centerline of the handle and a midplane which extends through the longitudinal axis parallel to the plane of the loop-shaped head portion.
  • Stiffness and distributions may be controlled in two ways.
  • One method would be the use of specialized reinforcement materials in portions of the body, where these materials would have greater strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios.
  • Another method of controlling stiffness and wait distributions would be varying the geometry of the cross-section of the body, more specifically using a constant amount of material in the cross-section while varying the area-moment-of-inertia of the section so that the stiffness-to-weight ratio is varied.
  • Increasing stiffness increases the vibrational frequencies and decreases dynamic deformation amplitudes.
  • Increasing weight reduces vibrational frequencies and decrease dynamic deformation amplitudes.
  • Tennis rackets exhibit vibrational characteristics similar to those described above for simple beams due to ball/racket impacts which occur during play. Laboratory testing was performed on various rackets. Test results indicate that for conventional tennis rackets under "free-free” constraint conditions, the first mode of bending is in the range 100 Hz to 170 Hz. Conventional rackets under "clamped-free” constraint conditions exhibit frequency ranges for the first and second modes of bending between 25 Hz to 50 Hz and 125 Hz to 210 Hz, respectively. US-A-4,664,380 (DE-A-3434898) states that the resonance frequency of the racket described therein under "clamped-free" constraint is from 70 to 200 Hz.
  • equation 1 must be used to modify the frequency values so that the second mode of bending under "clamped-free” conditions approximates the first mode frequency values for "free-free".
  • ball/racket impact times range between 2 and 7 milliseconds, with the average being between 2 and 3 milliseconds.
  • the head portion of the racket is deflecting back due to the force input from the ball.
  • the ball leaves the strings some time between the point of ball/racket impact when the racket begins deforming and shortly after the racket has reached the maximum point of deflection.
  • the flight path of the shot is affected (see Figure 12) and energy is lost since the racket has not returned to its undeformed position where the rebound angle is zero and the racket head speed is a maximum.
  • EP-A-0168041 does not disclose the frequency of either the first mode of bending under free-free contraint or the frequency of the second mode of bending under clamped-free constraint. Rather, EP-A-0168041 merely describes vibrating an implement with a vibrator to determine the mechanical impedance and varying the structure of the racket so that a primary minimum value of the mechanical impedance falls within a specified range of frequency of from 110 to 500 Hz. There is no disclosure in the document regarding the frequency of the first mode of bending under free-free constraint conditions.
  • US-A-4291574 refers to a frequency F1 of vibration perpendicular to the racket face with the ends free, and the racket is held at the nodal pivot at the handle end.
  • the maximum frequency disclosed is only 170 Hz.
  • the ball flight path will be unaffected and the accuracy of the shot is improved (see Figure 13).
  • the racket head speed is a maximum at this point, greater energy is imparted to the ball, and a more powerful shot results.
  • Changing the deformation period of the tennis ball is not considered a desirable solution to the problem. Therefore, for optimum performance the tennis racket must be designed so that the frequency of the dominant vibrational mode excited in the racket during play is matched with the duration of the ball/racket contact.
  • one-half of the period of the first mode of bending for a tennis racket under "free-free” constraint conditions should be equal to the dwell time of the tennis ball on the strings.
  • the first mode of bending under "free-free” constraint conditions is chosen because this is the dominant vibrational mode excited during play.
  • the optimum tennis racket would have a first mode of bending under "free-free” constraint conditions between 170 Hz and 250 Hz since ball/racket impact times of 2 to 3 milliseconds are common.
  • the frequency range under "clamped-free” conditions considering a 685.8 mm (27 inch) racket suspended by a rigid support at 76.2 mm (3 inches) on the handle, would be between 215 Hz and 315 Hz for the second mode of bending.
  • One specific embodiment of the racket has a frequency range between 200 Hz and 210 Hz for the first mode of bending under "free-free” constraint conditions, and a frequency between 230 Hz and 265 Hz for the second mode of bending under "clamped-free” conditions.
  • Figs. 1-9 illustrate one particular embodiment of a tennis racket 15 which has such frequencies.
  • the racket 15 includes a frame 17 which has a handle portion 18, a throat portion 19, and a head portion 20.
  • the throat portion 19 includes a pair of frame members 21 and 22 which diverge from the handle portion 18 and merge with the head portion 20.
  • a yoke piece 23 extends between the throat pieces 21 and 22 and forms the bottom of the head portion, which is generally loop-shaped or oval.
  • the tennis racket also includes a plurality of longitudinal strings 24 and cross strings 25 which extend into conventional openings in the head portion 20 and yoke piece 23.
  • a plastic bumper 26 extends around the top of the head portion to protect the head from scuffs and abrasions. The bumper is held in place by the strings, and the bumper also protects the strings from abraiding against the holes in the racket frame.
  • a plastic insert 27 extends between the end of the bumper 26 and the throat portion 19 to protect the strings in the lower portion of the head.
  • the racket also includes a conventional handle cladding 28 and end cap 29 on the handle portion 18.
  • the handle cladding can be formed from a spirally wound strip of leather.
  • Figs. 3 and 4 illustrate the racket frame 17 without the strings and the handle cladding.
  • each of the frame portions 18-23 is formed from a tubular frame member having a wall thickness of about 1.143 mm to 1.27 mm (0.045 to about 0.050 inch).
  • the tubular frame member is formed from layers of resin-impregnated graphite fibers which are wrapped around an inflatable bladder. As is well known in the art, when the racket frame is placed in a mold, the bladder is inflated to force the layers of graphite fiber against the mold until the resin cures.
  • Fig. 9 illustrates the layers 31-42 of resin-impregnated graphite fibers which are used to form the tubular frame members of the preferred embodiment.
  • Each of the layers 31-42 includes unidirectional graphite fibers which are oriented in the direction indicated by the cross hatching.
  • Layers 31, 32, and 35-42 include graphite fibers having a modulus of elasticity of about 227528.4 x 106 N/m2 (33,000,000 pounds per square inch).
  • Layers 33 and 34 include graphite fibers having a modulus of elasticity of about 310266 x 106 N/m2 (45,000,000 pounds per square inch).
  • the outer layer 43 of the racket frame which is illustrated in Fig. 9 is a layer of paint.
  • the outer surface of the head is provided with a groove 45 in which the string holes 46 are located.
  • the groove 45 also serves to position the bumper 25 and the insert 26 (Fig. 2).
  • the height of the racket frame is determined with respect to Fig. 4 and measures the dimension of the racket perpendicular to a midplane MP which extends through the longitudinal centerline CL of the handle portion 18.
  • the longitudinal centerline CL also forms the longitudinal axis of the racket in Fig. 3.
  • the strings of the racket lie in the midplane MP, and the bending of the racket which is illustrated in Figs. 10 and 11 occurs in a plane which extends perpendicularly to the midplane.
  • the height of the racket frame in Fig. 4 increases continuously from the dimension A at the top of the head portion of the frame to the dimension B in the throat portion of the frame.
  • the height of the racket decreases continuously from the dimension B to the dimension C at the top of the handle portion 18.
  • the height of the handle portion increases from the dimension C to the dimension D and then remains continuous to the bottom of the handle portion.
  • the maximum height B of the racket frame occurs in the area where the throat members 21 and 22 merge with the head portion 20. Comparing Figs. 3 and 4, the maximum dimension B is generally aligned with the center of the yoke piece 23 where the yoke piece is intersected by the longitudinal centerline CL. Comparing Figs. 6 and 7, the height of the yoke piece 23 is substantially less than the height of the yoke members 21 and 22 and the head portion 20 in the area of the maximum height B.
  • the inside longitudinal dimension E of the head portion was 34.962 cm (13.7647 inches), the inside transverse dimension F of the head portion was 25.797 cm (10.1563 inches), and the overall length L was 68.4784 cm (26.960 inches).
  • the height A at the top of the head portion was 2.7686 cm (1.090 inches), the maximum height B was 3.81 cm (1.500 inches), the height C was 2.54 cm (1.000 inch), and the height D varied depending upon the handle size in accordance with conventional handle dimensions.
  • the overall width G of the head portion at the top of head portion was 0.9652 cm (0.380 inch).
  • the height H of the yoke piece 23 was 2.7432 cm (1.080 inches), and the width I was 1.016 cm (0.400 inch).
  • the ratio of the maximum height B to the minimum height A of the head portion was 1.5/1.09 or 1.376.
  • the area moment of inertia of the racket at the point on the frame of maximum cross-sectional height was 13.73 cm4 (0.33 inch4).
  • the frequency of the first mode of bending under free-free constraint conditions was 204 Hz, and the frequency of the second mode of bending under clamped-free conditions was 230 Hz.
  • the inside longitudinal dimension E of the head portion was 31.8 cm (12.520 inches), the inside transverse dimension F was 23.698 cm (9.330 inches), and the length L was 68.42 cm (26.938 inches).
  • the height A at the top of the head was 2.3368 cm (0.920 inches), the maximum height B was 3.175 cm (1.250 inches), the height C was 2.54 cm (1.000 inch), and the height D varied depending upon the handle size.
  • the width G of the head portion at the top of the head was 1.0287 cm (0.405 inch).
  • the height H of the yoke piece 23 was 2.2987 cm (0.905 inch), and the width I was 1.14224 cm (0.4497 inch).
  • the ratio of the maximum height B to the minimum height A of the head portion was 1.25/0.92 or 1.3587.
  • the frequency of the first mode of bending under free-free conditions was 208 Hz, and the frequency of the second mode of bending under clamped-free conditions was 230 Hz.
  • the shape and dimensions of the racket frame illustrated in Figs. 3-9 provide moments of inertia with respect to the midplane MP such that the racket is stiffer than conventional rackets and has the desired frequency of 170 to 250 Hz for the first mode of bending under free-free constraint or 215 to 315 Hz for the second mode of bending under clamped-free constraint.
  • the ratio of the maximum height B to the minimum height A is desirably about 1.35 to about 1.38.
  • the use of the relatively high modulus graphite fibers in layers 33 and 34 permits the weight of the frame to be reduced sufficiently to accommodate the bumper 26 while maintaining the overall weight of the racket within the normal range.
  • the frame uses about 270 grams of graphite fibers and resin, which can be conventional resin.
  • a large head racket and a midsize racket having specific shape and dimensions are described herein for achieving the desired stiffness and frequency. It will be understood, however, that other shapes and dimensions could be used so long as the resulting stiffness provides the desired frequency.
  • the important objective is to achieve a frequency of the first mode of bending under free-free constraint between 170 Hz and 250 Hz or a frequency of the second mode of bending under clamped-free constraint of between 215 Hz and 315 Hz.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Golf Clubs (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
  • Massaging Devices (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)
EP88112740A 1987-08-04 1988-08-04 Racket for playing a game with a ball Expired - Lifetime EP0317711B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88112740T ATE83163T1 (de) 1987-08-04 1988-08-04 Schlaeger fuer ballspiele.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US7999187A 1987-08-04 1987-08-04
US79991 1987-08-04

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0317711A2 EP0317711A2 (en) 1989-05-31
EP0317711A3 EP0317711A3 (en) 1990-05-16
EP0317711B1 true EP0317711B1 (en) 1992-12-09

Family

ID=22154098

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88112740A Expired - Lifetime EP0317711B1 (en) 1987-08-04 1988-08-04 Racket for playing a game with a ball

Country Status (20)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0317711B1 (pt)
JP (2) JPS6437967A (pt)
KR (1) KR910009207B1 (pt)
CN (1) CN87213828U (pt)
AR (1) AR245599A1 (pt)
AT (1) ATE83163T1 (pt)
AU (1) AU608254B2 (pt)
BR (1) BR8704476A (pt)
CA (1) CA1318696C (pt)
DE (2) DE3876605T2 (pt)
DK (1) DK169163B1 (pt)
ES (2) ES2008281A6 (pt)
FI (1) FI89334C (pt)
GB (1) GB2208356B (pt)
GR (1) GR3007278T3 (pt)
IN (1) IN170468B (pt)
MX (1) MX169436B (pt)
NO (1) NO173686C (pt)
NZ (1) NZ222358A (pt)
ZA (1) ZA878042B (pt)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11541282B2 (en) 2018-03-12 2023-01-03 Wilson Sporting Goods Co. Racquet configured with increased flexibility in multiple directions with respect to a longitudinal axis

Families Citing this family (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT393967B (de) * 1989-09-11 1992-01-10 Head Sportgeraete Gmbh Ballschlaeger, insbesondere tennisschlaeger
US5540434A (en) * 1990-08-21 1996-07-30 Wilson Sporting Goods Co. Tennis racket
US5062634A (en) * 1990-08-31 1991-11-05 Wilson Sporting Goods Co. Squash racket
DE4037568A1 (de) * 1990-11-26 1992-05-27 Donnay Int Sa Tennisschlaeger
EP0487963B1 (de) * 1990-11-26 1995-11-08 S.A. Donnay International Tennisschläger
FR2678843A1 (fr) * 1991-07-11 1993-01-15 Taylor Made Golf Co Tete de club de golf.
GB2262892A (en) * 1991-12-31 1993-07-07 Lo Kun Nan Racket frame with shock absorbing characteristics.
JPH06315547A (ja) * 1993-03-09 1994-11-15 Yamaha Corp テニス用ラケットフレーム
US5368295A (en) * 1993-06-02 1994-11-29 Wilson Sporting Goods Co. Tennis racket
GB2279881A (en) * 1993-06-24 1995-01-18 Tang Yu Fu Racket frame and racket.
JPH077663U (ja) * 1993-06-30 1995-02-03 光男 羅 ラケット
JP2726223B2 (ja) * 1993-10-05 1998-03-11 住友ゴム工業株式会社 テニスラケット
TW304438U (en) 1994-12-01 1997-05-01 Wilson Sporting Goods Co Ltd Aerodynamic tennis racquet
AT1069U1 (de) * 1995-08-22 1996-10-25 Head Sport Ag Tennisschläger
US6106417A (en) * 1995-08-22 2000-08-22 Head Sport Aktiengesellschaft Lightweight tennis racket having high frequency
JP6776883B2 (ja) * 2016-12-26 2020-10-28 住友ゴム工業株式会社 テニスラケットフレーム
DE202021002644U1 (de) 2021-08-11 2021-09-21 Head Technology Gmbh Ballspielschlägerrahmen mit verbesserter Torsion
DE102021004130B3 (de) 2021-08-11 2022-08-11 Head Technology Gmbh Ballspielschlägerrahmen mit verbesserter Torsion

Family Cites Families (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US31419A (en) * 1861-02-12 Improvement in plows
US4291574A (en) * 1976-01-05 1981-09-29 Frolow Jack L Tennis racket
JPS5317930A (en) * 1976-08-04 1978-02-18 Kokusai Electric Co Ltd Method of controlling output frequency of series connected type inverter
JPS59225A (ja) * 1982-06-25 1984-01-05 Nec Corp 双方向性制御回路
DE3578314D1 (de) * 1984-07-10 1990-07-26 Sumitomo Rubber Ind Ballschlaggeraet.
DE8427999U1 (de) * 1984-09-22 1987-03-26 Kuebler, Siegfried, 7770 Überlingen Schläger für Spiele mit begrenzt elastischem Ball
JPH0429621Y2 (pt) * 1988-01-23 1992-07-17

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11541282B2 (en) 2018-03-12 2023-01-03 Wilson Sporting Goods Co. Racquet configured with increased flexibility in multiple directions with respect to a longitudinal axis
US11986706B2 (en) 2018-03-12 2024-05-21 Wilson Sporting Goods Co. Racquet configured with increased flexibility in multiple directions with respect to a longitudinal axis
US11986705B2 (en) 2018-03-12 2024-05-21 Wilson Sporting Goods Co. Racquet configured with increased flexibility in multiple directions with respect to a longitudinal axis

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN87213828U (zh) 1988-08-24
FI874269A (fi) 1989-02-05
FI874269A0 (fi) 1987-09-29
DE3826545A1 (de) 1989-03-30
NO874084L (no) 1989-02-06
NZ222358A (en) 1989-09-27
DE3876605T2 (de) 1993-05-19
CA1318696C (en) 1993-06-01
IN170468B (pt) 1992-03-28
NO173686C (no) 1994-01-19
GR3007278T3 (pt) 1993-07-30
DE3876605D1 (de) 1993-01-21
DK169163B1 (da) 1994-09-05
NO173686B (no) 1993-10-11
ATE83163T1 (de) 1992-12-15
AU8012587A (en) 1989-02-09
FI89334C (fi) 1993-09-27
NO874084D0 (no) 1987-09-29
JPS6437967A (en) 1989-02-08
AR245599A1 (es) 1994-02-28
KR890003419A (ko) 1989-04-14
GB8720149D0 (en) 1987-09-30
BR8704476A (pt) 1988-02-17
EP0317711A3 (en) 1990-05-16
ZA878042B (en) 1988-07-27
MX169436B (es) 1993-07-05
DK510887A (da) 1989-02-05
JP2507397Y2 (ja) 1996-08-14
FI89334B (fi) 1993-06-15
KR910009207B1 (ko) 1991-11-05
ES2037158T3 (es) 1993-06-16
DK510887D0 (da) 1987-09-28
EP0317711A2 (en) 1989-05-31
AU608254B2 (en) 1991-03-28
ES2008281A6 (es) 1989-07-16
GB2208356B (en) 1991-08-07
GB2208356A (en) 1989-03-30
JPH0591726U (ja) 1993-12-14

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