DE3306311C2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- DE3306311C2 DE3306311C2 DE3306311A DE3306311A DE3306311C2 DE 3306311 C2 DE3306311 C2 DE 3306311C2 DE 3306311 A DE3306311 A DE 3306311A DE 3306311 A DE3306311 A DE 3306311A DE 3306311 C2 DE3306311 C2 DE 3306311C2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- nickel
- percent
- concentration
- ligand
- productivity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000005840 aryl radicals Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 8
- FEVFLQDDNUQKRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(4-methylphenyl) phosphite Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1OP(OC=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)OC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 FEVFLQDDNUQKRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000005669 hydrocyanation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- ISBHMJZRKAFTGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent-2-enenitrile Chemical compound CCC=CC#N ISBHMJZRKAFTGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CFEYBLWMNFZOPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent-4-enenitrile Chemical compound C=CCCC#N CFEYBLWMNFZOPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- -1 Methoxyphenyl Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- BTGRAWJCKBQKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N adiponitrile Chemical compound N#CCCCCC#N BTGRAWJCKBQKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- UVKXJAUUKPDDNW-NSCUHMNNSA-N (e)-pent-3-enenitrile Chemical compound C\C=C\CC#N UVKXJAUUKPDDNW-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UVKXJAUUKPDDNW-IHWYPQMZSA-N (z)-pent-3-enenitrile Chemical compound C\C=C/CC#N UVKXJAUUKPDDNW-IHWYPQMZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDCJAPJJFZWILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylbutanedinitrile Chemical compound CCC(C#N)CC#N GDCJAPJJFZWILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FPPLREPCQJZDAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpentanedinitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)CCC#N FPPLREPCQJZDAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002302 Nylon 6,6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DQTRYXANLKJLPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorophosphonous acid Chemical compound OP(O)Cl DQTRYXANLKJLPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- CDPKWOKGVUHZFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloro(methyl)phosphane Chemical compound CP(Cl)Cl CDPKWOKGVUHZFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000040 m-tolyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(*)=C([H])C(=C1[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001037 p-tolyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C([H])=C1*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/04—Nickel compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0231—Halogen-containing compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
- B01J31/0255—Phosphorus containing compounds
- B01J31/0257—Phosphorus acids or phosphorus acid esters
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
- B01J31/0271—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds also containing elements or functional groups covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0231
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
- B01J31/185—Phosphites ((RO)3P), their isomeric phosphonates (R(RO)2P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/24—Phosphines, i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C253/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles
- C07C253/08—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by addition of hydrogen cyanide or salts thereof to unsaturated compounds
- C07C253/10—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by addition of hydrogen cyanide or salts thereof to unsaturated compounds to compounds containing carbon-to-carbon double bonds
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/351,421 US4416825A (en) | 1982-02-23 | 1982-02-23 | Preparation of zerovalent nickel complexes |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE3306311A1 DE3306311A1 (de) | 1983-09-01 |
| DE3306311C2 true DE3306311C2 (enExample) | 1991-08-01 |
Family
ID=23380859
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19833306311 Granted DE3306311A1 (de) | 1982-02-23 | 1983-02-23 | Verfahren zur herstellung von nullwertigen nickelkomplexen |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4416825A (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JPS58157795A (enExample) |
| KR (1) | KR900003458B1 (enExample) |
| BE (1) | BE895990A (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA1204119A (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE3306311A1 (enExample) |
| FR (1) | FR2523974B1 (enExample) |
| GB (1) | GB2115421B (enExample) |
| IT (1) | IT1164587B (enExample) |
| LU (1) | LU84656A1 (enExample) |
| NL (1) | NL8300658A (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (30)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4537982A (en) * | 1982-08-03 | 1985-08-27 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Production of organic nickel compounds |
| US4539302A (en) * | 1984-04-30 | 1985-09-03 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Recovery of zerovalent nickel complexes |
| US6139445A (en) * | 1998-08-14 | 2000-10-31 | Frank D. Werner | Golf club face surface shape |
| FR2850966B1 (fr) | 2003-02-10 | 2005-03-18 | Rhodia Polyamide Intermediates | Procede de fabrication de composes dinitriles |
| FR2854891B1 (fr) | 2003-05-12 | 2006-07-07 | Rhodia Polyamide Intermediates | Procede de preparation de dinitriles |
| FR2854892B1 (fr) | 2003-05-12 | 2005-06-24 | Rhodia Polyamide Intermediates | Procede de fabrication de dinitriles |
| ES2532982T3 (es) | 2005-10-18 | 2015-04-06 | Invista Technologies S.À.R.L. | Proceso de preparación de 3-aminopentanonitrilo |
| EP1996598B1 (en) | 2006-03-17 | 2013-10-16 | Invista Technologies S.à.r.l. | Method for the purification of triorganophosphites by treatment with a basic additive |
| US7919646B2 (en) | 2006-07-14 | 2011-04-05 | Invista North America S.A R.L. | Hydrocyanation of 2-pentenenitrile |
| US7880028B2 (en) | 2006-07-14 | 2011-02-01 | Invista North America S.A R.L. | Process for making 3-pentenenitrile by hydrocyanation of butadiene |
| US7709674B2 (en) | 2006-07-14 | 2010-05-04 | Invista North America S.A R.L | Hydrocyanation process with reduced yield losses |
| EP2146930A2 (en) | 2007-05-14 | 2010-01-27 | INVISTA Technologies S.à.r.l. | High efficiency reactor and process |
| WO2008157218A1 (en) | 2007-06-13 | 2008-12-24 | Invista Technologies S.A.R.L. | Process for improving adiponitrile quality |
| WO2009091790A1 (en) | 2008-01-15 | 2009-07-23 | Invista Technologies S.A.R.L. | Hydrocyanation of pentenenitriles |
| CN101910119B (zh) | 2008-01-15 | 2013-05-29 | 因温斯特技术公司 | 用于制备和精制3-戊烯腈，和用于精制2-甲基-3-丁烯腈的方法 |
| FR2926816B1 (fr) | 2008-01-25 | 2010-05-14 | Rhodia Operations | Procede de fabrication de composes comprenant des fonctions nitriles |
| FR2932477B1 (fr) | 2008-06-17 | 2013-01-18 | Rhodia Operations | Procede de fabrication de composes nitriles a partir de composes a insaturation ethylenique |
| US8247621B2 (en) | 2008-10-14 | 2012-08-21 | Invista North America S.A.R.L. | Process for making 2-secondary-alkyl-4,5-di-(normal-alkyl)phenols |
| FR2937321B1 (fr) | 2008-10-21 | 2010-10-22 | Rhodia Operations | Procede de fabrication de composes comprenant des fonctions nitriles |
| FR2941455B1 (fr) | 2009-01-29 | 2011-02-11 | Rhodia Operations | Procede de fabrication de composes comprenant des fonctions nitriles |
| JP5615920B2 (ja) | 2009-08-07 | 2014-10-29 | インヴィスタ テクノロジーズ エスアエルエル | ジエステルを形成するための水素化およびエステル化 |
| WO2011075494A1 (en) * | 2009-12-18 | 2011-06-23 | Invista Technologies S.A.R.L. | Nickel metal compositions and nickel complexes derived from basic nickel carbonates |
| WO2012005910A1 (en) | 2010-07-07 | 2012-01-12 | Invista Technologies S.A. R.L. | Process for making nitriles |
| WO2012033555A1 (en) | 2010-09-07 | 2012-03-15 | Invista Technologies S.A.R.L. | Nickel compositions for preparing nickel metal and nickel complexes |
| EP2718013A2 (en) | 2011-06-10 | 2014-04-16 | Invista Technologies S.à.r.l. | Nickel calcination and reduction process including a fluidizing bed reactor |
| JP6054957B2 (ja) | 2011-06-10 | 2016-12-27 | インヴィスタ テクノロジーズ エスアエルエルＩＮＶＩＳＴＡ ＴＥＣＨＮＯＬＯＧＩＥＳ Ｓ．ａ．ｒ．ｌ． | ニッケル結晶子を含む粒子状ニッケル |
| JP2014530221A (ja) | 2011-10-07 | 2014-11-17 | インヴィスタテクノロジーズ エスアエルエル | ニトリルの作製方法 |
| EP2928597B1 (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2019-07-17 | INVISTA Textiles (U.K.) Limited | Improved process for producing pentenenitriles |
| WO2014089492A1 (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2014-06-12 | Invista North America S.A.R.L. | Composition for improved nickel-ligand solubility |
| CN105531257B (zh) | 2013-07-17 | 2019-12-17 | 英威达纺织（英国）有限公司 | 通过蒸馏将溶剂与镍催化剂分离 |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL266664A (enExample) * | 1960-07-07 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| NL146830C (enExample) * | 1960-07-22 | |||
| NL134223C (enExample) * | 1960-12-05 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| US3152158A (en) * | 1961-01-23 | 1964-10-06 | Cities Service Res & Dev Co | Method of preparing tetrakis (triorganophosphite) nickel compounds |
| US3631191A (en) * | 1970-04-08 | 1971-12-28 | Du Pont | Synthesis of zero valent nickel-tetrakis triaryl phosphite complexes |
| US3668086A (en) * | 1970-07-28 | 1972-06-06 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Electrochemical generation of soluble nickel(o) catalysts |
| US3671560A (en) * | 1970-09-29 | 1972-06-20 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Manufacture of palladium or platinum-containing compounds |
| US3859327A (en) * | 1972-10-25 | 1975-01-07 | Du Pont | Process for recovery of nickel from a deactivated hydrocyanation catalyst |
| US3903120A (en) * | 1973-06-19 | 1975-09-02 | Du Pont | Preparation of zerovalent nickel complexes from elemental nickel |
| US4055582A (en) * | 1976-05-10 | 1977-10-25 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Synthesis of nickel and palladium organophosphorus complexes |
-
1982
- 1982-02-23 US US06/351,421 patent/US4416825A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1983
- 1983-02-21 FR FR8302766A patent/FR2523974B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1983-02-22 JP JP58027103A patent/JPS58157795A/ja active Granted
- 1983-02-22 NL NL8300658A patent/NL8300658A/nl not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1983-02-22 CA CA000422132A patent/CA1204119A/en not_active Expired
- 1983-02-22 IT IT47749/83A patent/IT1164587B/it active
- 1983-02-22 GB GB08304943A patent/GB2115421B/en not_active Expired
- 1983-02-23 DE DE19833306311 patent/DE3306311A1/de active Granted
- 1983-02-23 LU LU84656A patent/LU84656A1/fr unknown
- 1983-02-23 KR KR1019830000734A patent/KR900003458B1/ko not_active Expired
- 1983-02-23 BE BE0/210183A patent/BE895990A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT1164587B (it) | 1987-04-15 |
| KR900003458B1 (ko) | 1990-05-19 |
| GB8304943D0 (en) | 1983-03-23 |
| NL8300658A (nl) | 1983-09-16 |
| GB2115421A (en) | 1983-09-07 |
| DE3306311A1 (de) | 1983-09-01 |
| CA1204119A (en) | 1986-05-06 |
| JPH0369915B2 (enExample) | 1991-11-05 |
| KR840003644A (ko) | 1984-09-15 |
| LU84656A1 (fr) | 1983-09-08 |
| GB2115421B (en) | 1985-09-25 |
| BE895990A (fr) | 1983-08-23 |
| US4416825A (en) | 1983-11-22 |
| JPS58157795A (ja) | 1983-09-19 |
| IT8347749A0 (it) | 1983-02-22 |
| FR2523974B1 (fr) | 1986-09-12 |
| FR2523974A1 (fr) | 1983-09-30 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8110 | Request for examination paragraph 44 | ||
| 8125 | Change of the main classification |
Ipc: C07F 15/04 |
|
| D2 | Grant after examination | ||
| 8364 | No opposition during term of opposition |