DE2440929A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von reinem aluminiumoxyd - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von reinem aluminiumoxydInfo
- Publication number
- DE2440929A1 DE2440929A1 DE2440929A DE2440929A DE2440929A1 DE 2440929 A1 DE2440929 A1 DE 2440929A1 DE 2440929 A DE2440929 A DE 2440929A DE 2440929 A DE2440929 A DE 2440929A DE 2440929 A1 DE2440929 A1 DE 2440929A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- sulfuric acid
- heat treatment
- temperature
- minerals
- aluminum oxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 35
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 9
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 60
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 47
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;sodium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Al+3] ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001388 sodium aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- -1 halloynite Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010454 slate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- VNSBYDPZHCQWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;aluminum;dioxido(oxo)silane;sodium;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na].[Al].[Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O VNSBYDPZHCQWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001679 gibbsite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001648 diaspore Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052622 kaolinite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 32
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 15
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur trioxide Chemical compound O=S(=O)=O AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004131 Bayer process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000021395 porridge Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 3
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical class [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- HPTYUNKZVDYXLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;trihydroxy(trihydroxysilyloxy)silane;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Al].[Al].O[Si](O)(O)O[Si](O)(O)O HPTYUNKZVDYXLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002817 coal dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052621 halloysite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000382928 Oxya Species 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] Chemical compound [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YPNPCVTYEPGNDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-H [U+6].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O Chemical compound [U+6].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O YPNPCVTYEPGNDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002734 clay mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010438 granite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014413 iron hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical class [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Fe+2] NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009972 noncorrosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052903 pyrophyllite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/02—Aluminium oxide; Aluminium hydroxide; Aluminates
- C01F7/20—Preparation of aluminium oxide or hydroxide from aluminous ores using acids or salts
- C01F7/26—Preparation of aluminium oxide or hydroxide from aluminous ores using acids or salts with sulfuric acids or sulfates
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
- Ceramic Products (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA00735996A ZA735996B (en) | 1973-08-31 | 1973-08-31 | Improvements in alumina production |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE2440929A1 true DE2440929A1 (de) | 1975-07-17 |
Family
ID=25566785
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2440929A Pending DE2440929A1 (de) | 1973-08-31 | 1974-08-27 | Verfahren zur herstellung von reinem aluminiumoxyd |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3983212A (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JPS5051497A (enExample) |
| AU (2) | AU7264174A (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA1017578A (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE2440929A1 (enExample) |
| FR (1) | FR2242473B1 (enExample) |
| GB (1) | GB1426420A (enExample) |
| IL (1) | IL45554A (enExample) |
| IN (1) | IN141769B (enExample) |
| IT (1) | IT1021117B (enExample) |
| NO (1) | NO141088C (enExample) |
| ZA (1) | ZA735996B (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2653762C3 (de) * | 1976-11-26 | 1979-06-28 | Kernforschungsanlage Juelich Gmbh, 5170 Juelich | Verfahren zur Aufarbeitung von Rotschlamm |
| US4242313A (en) * | 1980-03-21 | 1980-12-30 | Extraction Research & Development, Inc. | Processes for the recovery of alumina from fly ash and production of cement constituents |
| US4468375A (en) * | 1982-09-27 | 1984-08-28 | Aluminum Company Of America | Production of alumina from aluminum-containing mineral ores with sodium bicarbonate |
| US4567026A (en) * | 1984-10-24 | 1986-01-28 | Internorth, Inc. | Method for extraction of iron aluminum and titanium from coal ash |
| US4595581A (en) * | 1984-12-10 | 1986-06-17 | Aluminum Company Of America | Boehmite production by precipitation from sodium aluminate solution at elevated temperatures |
| US6468483B2 (en) | 2000-02-04 | 2002-10-22 | Goldendale Aluminum Company | Process for treating alumina-bearing ores to recover metal values therefrom |
| RU2170211C1 (ru) * | 2000-07-11 | 2001-07-10 | Душанин Борис Михайлович | Способ переработки кремнеземсодержащего сырья |
| RU2215690C2 (ru) * | 2001-05-07 | 2003-11-10 | Лебедев Валерий Николаевич | Способ переработки нефелинового концентрата |
| RU2200707C1 (ru) * | 2001-07-02 | 2003-03-20 | Специальное конструкторско-технологическое бюро "Наука" Красноярского научного центра СО РАН | Способ получения окиси алюминия из золошлаковых отходов |
| JP5596539B2 (ja) | 2007-05-21 | 2014-09-24 | オーバイト アルミナ インコーポレイテッド | アルミニウム鉱石からアルミニウム及び鉄を抽出する方法 |
| US9260767B2 (en) | 2011-03-18 | 2016-02-16 | Orbite Technologies Inc. | Processes for recovering rare earth elements from aluminum-bearing materials |
| BR112013028371A2 (pt) | 2011-05-04 | 2017-02-14 | Orbite Aluminae Inc | processo de recuperação de ao menos um elemento terra-rara e/ou de ao menos um metal raro selecionado dentre in, zr, li e ga a partir de ao menos um material |
| WO2012162817A1 (en) | 2011-06-03 | 2012-12-06 | Orbite Aluminae Inc. | Methods for preparing hematite |
| IN2014DN03007A (enExample) | 2011-09-16 | 2015-05-08 | Orbite Aluminae Inc | |
| JP6025868B2 (ja) | 2012-01-10 | 2016-11-16 | オーバイト アルミナ インコーポレイテッドＯｒｂｉｔｅ Ａｌｕｍｉｎａｅ Ｉｎｃ． | 赤泥を処理するプロセス |
| US9181603B2 (en) | 2012-03-29 | 2015-11-10 | Orbite Technologies Inc. | Processes for treating fly ashes |
| BR112015000626A2 (pt) | 2012-07-12 | 2017-06-27 | Orbite Aluminae Inc | processos para preparação de óxido de titânio e outros produtos variados |
| BR112015006536A2 (pt) | 2012-09-26 | 2017-08-08 | Orbite Aluminae Inc | processos para preparar alumina e cloreto de magnésio por lixiviação com hcl de vários materiais. |
| WO2014075173A1 (en) | 2012-11-14 | 2014-05-22 | Orbite Aluminae Inc. | Methods for purifying aluminium ions |
| CN104591244B (zh) * | 2014-12-23 | 2016-11-30 | 贵州师范大学 | 分子筛吸附杂质提取高纯氧化铝的方法 |
| CN109672470B (zh) * | 2018-12-28 | 2021-04-13 | 航天东方红卫星有限公司 | 一种小卫星星上软件上注和重构地面测试验证方法及系统 |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1137617A (en) * | 1914-10-29 | 1915-04-27 | Mineral Products Company | Method of making alkali-soluble alumina. |
| US1457787A (en) * | 1920-09-28 | 1923-06-05 | Moldenke Process Corp | Process of treating aluminous materials |
| US2120840A (en) * | 1934-08-20 | 1938-06-14 | Bohn Aluminium & Brass Corp | Cyclic process for treating alunite |
| US2350575A (en) * | 1941-03-11 | 1944-06-06 | Pennsylvania Salt Mfg Co | Manufacture of aluminum sulphate products |
| US2551944A (en) * | 1947-04-19 | 1951-05-08 | Robert C Haff | Method of recovering alumina from alumina-bearing ores |
-
1973
- 1973-08-31 ZA ZA00735996A patent/ZA735996B/xx unknown
-
1974
- 1974-08-19 GB GB3641474A patent/GB1426420A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-08-22 NO NO74743022A patent/NO141088C/no unknown
- 1974-08-23 AU AU72641/74A patent/AU7264174A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-08-27 DE DE2440929A patent/DE2440929A1/de active Pending
- 1974-08-27 IL IL45554A patent/IL45554A/en unknown
- 1974-08-29 IT IT26732/74A patent/IT1021117B/it active
- 1974-08-29 US US05/501,788 patent/US3983212A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1974-08-30 CA CA208,194A patent/CA1017578A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-08-30 FR FR7430396A patent/FR2242473B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-08-31 JP JP49100491A patent/JPS5051497A/ja active Pending
- 1974-09-28 IN IN2189/CAL/1974A patent/IN141769B/en unknown
- 1974-11-20 AU AU75571/74A patent/AU7557174A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS5051497A (enExample) | 1975-05-08 |
| FR2242473A1 (enExample) | 1975-03-28 |
| NO743022L (enExample) | 1975-03-03 |
| IT1021117B (it) | 1978-01-30 |
| IL45554A0 (en) | 1974-11-29 |
| CA1017578A (en) | 1977-09-20 |
| ZA735996B (en) | 1975-01-29 |
| GB1426420A (en) | 1976-02-25 |
| NO141088B (no) | 1979-10-01 |
| FR2242473B1 (enExample) | 1979-06-15 |
| IL45554A (en) | 1977-05-31 |
| NO141088C (no) | 1980-01-09 |
| IN141769B (enExample) | 1977-04-16 |
| US3983212A (en) | 1976-09-28 |
| AU7557174A (en) | 1976-05-20 |
| AU7264174A (en) | 1976-02-26 |
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