DE1694346B2 - Wärmehärtbare Masse zur Herstellung von isolierenden Stoffen für elektrische Drähte und Kabel - Google Patents
Wärmehärtbare Masse zur Herstellung von isolierenden Stoffen für elektrische Drähte und KabelInfo
- Publication number
- DE1694346B2 DE1694346B2 DE1694346A DEG0051492A DE1694346B2 DE 1694346 B2 DE1694346 B2 DE 1694346B2 DE 1694346 A DE1694346 A DE 1694346A DE G0051492 A DEG0051492 A DE G0051492A DE 1694346 B2 DE1694346 B2 DE 1694346B2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- percent
- mass
- filler
- ethylene
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims description 8
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 title claims description 4
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium orthosilicate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000391 magnesium silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052919 magnesium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000019792 magnesium silicate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003961 organosilicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 11
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 5
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] Chemical compound [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004709 Chlorinated polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003020 cross-linked polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004703 cross-linked polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetylene Chemical compound C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007706 flame test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000005046 Chlorosilane Substances 0.000 description 1
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000008116 calcium stearate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013539 calcium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- KOPOQZFJUQMUML-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorosilane Chemical class Cl[SiH3] KOPOQZFJUQMUML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- YYLGKUPAFFKGRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyldiethoxysilane Chemical compound CCO[Si](C)(C)OCC YYLGKUPAFFKGRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- FWDBOZPQNFPOLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(triethoxy)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C=C FWDBOZPQNFPOLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZZRGHKUNLAYDTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxy(methyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[SiH2]C ZZRGHKUNLAYDTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009931 harmful effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002681 hypalon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- YJOMWQQKPKLUBO-UHFFFAOYSA-L lead(2+);phthalate Chemical compound [Pb+2].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O YJOMWQQKPKLUBO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ARYZCSRUUPFYMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxysilane Chemical compound CO[SiH3] ARYZCSRUUPFYMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012763 reinforcing filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
- H01B13/06—Insulating conductors or cables
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/14—Peroxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
- C08K9/04—Ingredients treated with organic substances
- C08K9/06—Ingredients treated with organic substances with silicon-containing compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
- H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
- H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
- H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
- H01B3/441—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from alkenes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
- H01B7/02—Disposition of insulation
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US59141466A | 1966-11-02 | 1966-11-02 | |
| US59141566A | 1966-11-02 | 1966-11-02 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE1694346A1 DE1694346A1 (de) | 1972-03-16 |
| DE1694346B2 true DE1694346B2 (de) | 1975-01-23 |
Family
ID=27081145
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE1694346A Granted DE1694346B2 (de) | 1966-11-02 | 1967-10-31 | Wärmehärtbare Masse zur Herstellung von isolierenden Stoffen für elektrische Drähte und Kabel |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3553348A (OSRAM) |
| JP (1) | JPS5031187B1 (OSRAM) |
| BE (1) | BE705353A (OSRAM) |
| BR (1) | BR6793851D0 (OSRAM) |
| DE (1) | DE1694346B2 (OSRAM) |
| FR (1) | FR1543109A (OSRAM) |
| GB (1) | GB1153030A (OSRAM) |
| NL (1) | NL151417B (OSRAM) |
| SE (1) | SE331754B (OSRAM) |
Families Citing this family (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1425575A (en) * | 1972-04-28 | 1976-02-18 | Raychem Ltd | Adhesive |
| BE794718Q (fr) * | 1968-12-20 | 1973-05-16 | Dow Corning Ltd | Procede de reticulation d'olefines |
| CA1004386A (en) * | 1971-06-14 | 1977-01-25 | National Distillers And Chemical Corporation | Fire retardant polymeric uni-insulation compositions |
| GB1396120A (en) * | 1972-10-28 | 1975-06-04 | Dow Corning Ltd | Crosslinking process |
| US3960739A (en) * | 1973-06-21 | 1976-06-01 | General Electric Company | Method of stabilizing the dielectric strength of polyolefin polymers, and the stabilized compositions and products thereof |
| US4069190A (en) * | 1975-05-12 | 1978-01-17 | General Electric Company | Heat resistant ethylene-propylene rubber and insulated conductor product thereof |
| CA1093728A (en) * | 1976-11-10 | 1981-01-13 | Gary L. Stutzman | Thermosetting compositions for injection molding |
| DE2821651C2 (de) * | 1977-07-18 | 1983-02-24 | General Electric Co., Schenectady, N.Y. | Polymere elektrische Isoliermasse, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und ihre Verwendung |
| US4299713A (en) * | 1979-07-19 | 1981-11-10 | National Distillers And Chemical Corp. | Electrical tree and water tree resistant polymer compositions |
| US4400429A (en) * | 1980-12-22 | 1983-08-23 | National Distillers And Chemical Corporation | Tree retardant additive composition for polymeric insulation |
| US4456654A (en) * | 1982-05-24 | 1984-06-26 | Eaton Corporation | Electrical cable insulated with an elastomeric flame retardant composition |
| US4613533A (en) * | 1982-07-01 | 1986-09-23 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Thermoplastic elastomeric compositions based on compatible blends of an ethylene copolymer and vinyl or vinylidene halide polymer |
| US4627993A (en) * | 1982-07-01 | 1986-12-09 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Thermoplastic elastomeric compositions based on compatible blends of an ethylene copolymer and vinyl or vinylidene halide polymer |
| US4434253A (en) | 1982-09-27 | 1984-02-28 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Low density closed-cell foamed articles from ethylene copolymer/vinyl or vinylidene halide blends |
| US4391923A (en) * | 1982-09-27 | 1983-07-05 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co. | Low density closed-cell foamed articles from ethylene copolymer/vinyl or vinylidene halide blends |
| DE3717971A1 (de) * | 1987-05-27 | 1988-12-08 | Hoogovens Aluminium Kabelwerk | Elektrischer isolierstoff mit hoher elektrischer zeitstandfestigkeit |
| US5270366A (en) * | 1992-12-16 | 1993-12-14 | Vista Chemical Company | Lead stabilized, flexible polymeric blends containing polyvinylchloride |
| US5439965A (en) * | 1993-09-16 | 1995-08-08 | Quantum Chemical Corporation | Abrasion resistant crosslinkable insulation compositions |
| US6787694B1 (en) | 2000-06-01 | 2004-09-07 | Cable Design Technologies, Inc. | Twisted pair cable with dual layer insulation having improved transmission characteristics |
| FR2810330B1 (fr) * | 2000-06-19 | 2002-08-30 | Cit Alcatel | Composition isolante resistante a l'huile et a la propagation du feu et procede de mise en oeuvre de celle-ci |
| SE529631C2 (sv) * | 2006-12-05 | 2007-10-09 | Abb Research Ltd | Silikongummi med förbättrad hydrofob stabilitet |
| JP2016095993A (ja) * | 2014-11-13 | 2016-05-26 | 日立金属株式会社 | 電線およびケーブル |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2928802A (en) * | 1955-12-01 | 1960-03-15 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Cyclodiene chlorosilane modified mineral pigment, polymer composition containing same, and method of making |
| US3148169A (en) * | 1960-12-01 | 1964-09-08 | Gen Electric | Curable polyethylene composition comprising a peroxide containing tertiary carbon atos, clay filler, and an electrical conductor insulated with the composition |
| US3260694A (en) * | 1962-01-09 | 1966-07-12 | Phelps Dodge Copper Prod | Cross-linked chlorinated polyethylene |
| US3259688A (en) * | 1964-01-02 | 1966-07-05 | Gen Electric | High voltage insulated electrical cable with layer of irradiated semiconductive ethylene copolymer |
-
1966
- 1966-11-02 US US591415A patent/US3553348A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1967
- 1967-10-03 SE SE13543/67A patent/SE331754B/xx unknown
- 1967-10-06 GB GB45831/67A patent/GB1153030A/en not_active Expired
- 1967-10-13 BR BR193851/67A patent/BR6793851D0/pt unknown
- 1967-10-19 BE BE705353D patent/BE705353A/xx unknown
- 1967-10-23 NL NL676714360A patent/NL151417B/xx unknown
- 1967-10-30 FR FR126413A patent/FR1543109A/fr not_active Expired
- 1967-10-31 DE DE1694346A patent/DE1694346B2/de active Granted
- 1967-11-01 JP JP7062867A patent/JPS5031187B1/ja active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR6793851D0 (pt) | 1973-03-15 |
| DE1694346A1 (de) | 1972-03-16 |
| JPS5031187B1 (OSRAM) | 1975-10-08 |
| NL151417B (nl) | 1976-11-15 |
| SE331754B (OSRAM) | 1971-01-11 |
| GB1153030A (en) | 1969-05-21 |
| US3553348A (en) | 1971-01-05 |
| FR1543109A (fr) | 1968-10-18 |
| NL6714360A (OSRAM) | 1968-05-03 |
| BE705353A (OSRAM) | 1968-03-01 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C3 | Grant after two publication steps (3rd publication) | ||
| E77 | Valid patent as to the heymanns-index 1977 | ||
| EHJ | Ceased/non-payment of the annual fee |