CY1111892T1 - Υδροφιλα πολυμερη και η χρηση τους σε ηλεκτροχημικα στοιχεια - Google Patents

Υδροφιλα πολυμερη και η χρηση τους σε ηλεκτροχημικα στοιχεια

Info

Publication number
CY1111892T1
CY1111892T1 CY20111100394T CY111100394T CY1111892T1 CY 1111892 T1 CY1111892 T1 CY 1111892T1 CY 20111100394 T CY20111100394 T CY 20111100394T CY 111100394 T CY111100394 T CY 111100394T CY 1111892 T1 CY1111892 T1 CY 1111892T1
Authority
CY
Cyprus
Prior art keywords
membrane
polymer
electrodes
hydrophilic
chemicals
Prior art date
Application number
CY20111100394T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Donald James Highgate
Original Assignee
Itm Power (Research) Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GBGB0121714.0A external-priority patent/GB0121714D0/en
Priority claimed from GB0200422A external-priority patent/GB0200422D0/en
Priority claimed from GB0200421A external-priority patent/GB0200421D0/en
Application filed by Itm Power (Research) Limited filed Critical Itm Power (Research) Limited
Publication of CY1111892T1 publication Critical patent/CY1111892T1/el

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/42—Nitriles
    • C08F220/44—Acrylonitrile
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0006—Organic membrane manufacture by chemical reactions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/0088—Physical treatment with compounds, e.g. swelling, coating or impregnation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/40—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. salts, amides, imides, nitriles, anhydrides, esters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/40—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. salts, amides, imides, nitriles, anhydrides, esters
    • B01D71/401—Polymers based on the polymerisation of acrylic acid, e.g. polyacrylate
    • B01D71/4011—Polymethylmethacrylate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/40—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. salts, amides, imides, nitriles, anhydrides, esters
    • B01D71/42—Polymers of nitriles, e.g. polyacrylonitrile
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/40—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. salts, amides, imides, nitriles, anhydrides, esters
    • B01D71/42—Polymers of nitriles, e.g. polyacrylonitrile
    • B01D71/421—Polyacrylonitrile
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/44—Polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, not provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/26-B01D71/42
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/44—Polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, not provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/26-B01D71/42
    • B01D71/441—Polyvinylpyrrolidone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/10—Esters
    • C08F220/40—Esters of unsaturated alcohols, e.g. allyl (meth)acrylate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/52—Amides or imides
    • C08F220/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
    • C08F220/58—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing oxygen in addition to the carbonamido oxygen, e.g. N-methylolacrylamide, N-(meth)acryloylmorpholine
    • C08F220/585—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing oxygen in addition to the carbonamido oxygen, e.g. N-methylolacrylamide, N-(meth)acryloylmorpholine and containing other heteroatoms, e.g. 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid [AMPS]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F226/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
    • C08F226/06—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
    • C08F226/08—N-Vinyl-pyrrolidine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F226/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
    • C08F226/06—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
    • C08F226/10—N-Vinyl-pyrrolidone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
    • C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
    • C08J5/2206—Films, membranes or diaphragms based on organic and/or inorganic macromolecular compounds
    • C08J5/2218—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • C08J5/2231—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
    • C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
    • C08J5/2206—Films, membranes or diaphragms based on organic and/or inorganic macromolecular compounds
    • C08J5/2218—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • C08J5/2231—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
    • C08J5/2243—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds obtained by introduction of active groups capable of ion-exchange into compounds of the type C08J5/2231
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
    • C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
    • H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
    • H01B1/122—Ionic conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0289—Means for holding the electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04291—Arrangements for managing water in solid electrolyte fuel cell systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
    • H01M8/1027—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having carbon, oxygen and other atoms, e.g. sulfonated polyethersulfones [S-PES]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
    • H01M8/103—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having nitrogen, e.g. sulfonated polybenzimidazoles [S-PBI], polybenzimidazoles with phosphoric acid, sulfonated polyamides [S-PA] or sulfonated polyphosphazenes [S-PPh]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/1069—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes
    • H01M8/1072—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes by chemical reactions, e.g. insitu polymerisation or insitu crosslinking
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
    • B01D2323/30—Cross-linking
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
    • B01D2323/34—Use of radiation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
    • B01D2323/40—Details relating to membrane preparation in-situ membrane formation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/10—Catalysts being present on the surface of the membrane or in the pores
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/14—Membrane materials having negatively charged functional groups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/16—Membrane materials having positively charged functional groups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/26—Electrical properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/36—Hydrophilic membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/42—Ion-exchange membranes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2333/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2333/18—Homopolymers or copolymers of nitriles
    • C08J2333/20—Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylonitrile
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2339/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2339/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of monomers containing heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as ring member
    • C08J2339/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of N-vinyl-pyrrolidones
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
    • H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
    • H01M8/186—Regeneration by electrochemical means by electrolytic decomposition of the electrolytic solution or the formed water product
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
  • Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Conductive Materials (AREA)

Abstract

Ένα υδρόφιλο διασταυρωμένο πολυμερές το οποίο μπορεί να ληφθεί με συμπολυμερισμό υδρόφοβων και υδρόφιλων μονομερών που δίδουν ένα διασταυρωμένο υδρόφιλο πολυμερές κατά τον πολυμερισμό- ένα μονομερές που περιλαμβάνει μία έντονα ιοντική ομάδα- και νερό, είναι χρήσιμο ως μεμβράνη σε ένα συγκρότημα το οποίο μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί σε μία διάταξη ηλεκτρολύσεως ή σε ένα στοιχείο καυσίμου. Γενικότερα, ένα συγκρότημα ηλεκτροδίων μεμβράνης περιλαμβάνει ηλεκτρόδια και μία ιοντο-εναλλακτική μεμβράνη η οποία περιλαμβάνει ένα υδρόφιλο πολυμερές που διαθέτει μία έντονα ιοντική ομάδα. Μία μέθοδος παραγωγής ενός συγκροτήματος ηλεκτροδίων μεμβράνης το οποίο διαθέτει ηλεκτρόδια και μία ιοντο-εναλλακτική μεμβράνη, περιλαμβάνει την εισαγωγή μεταξύ των ηλεκτροδίων ενός υλικού ή υλικών από τα οποία μπορεί να διαμορφωθεί η μεμβράνη, και τη διαμόρφωση της μεμβράνης επιτόπου.
CY20111100394T 2001-09-07 2011-04-18 Υδροφιλα πολυμερη και η χρηση τους σε ηλεκτροχημικα στοιχεια CY1111892T1 (el)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB0121714.0A GB0121714D0 (en) 2001-09-07 2001-09-07 Hydrphilic polymers and their use in electrochemical cells
GB0200422A GB0200422D0 (en) 2002-01-09 2002-01-09 Membrane electrode assembly
GB0200421A GB0200421D0 (en) 2002-01-09 2002-01-09 Hydrophilic polymers and their use in electrochemical cells
EP05077932A EP1643581B1 (en) 2001-09-07 2002-09-09 Hydrophilic polymers and their use in electrochemical cells

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CY1111892T1 true CY1111892T1 (el) 2015-11-04

Family

ID=27256277

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CY20111100394T CY1111892T1 (el) 2001-09-07 2011-04-18 Υδροφιλα πολυμερη και η χρηση τους σε ηλεκτροχημικα στοιχεια

Country Status (19)

Country Link
US (2) US7318972B2 (el)
EP (2) EP1428284B1 (el)
JP (2) JP4598392B2 (el)
KR (1) KR100905356B1 (el)
CN (2) CN102646841B (el)
AT (2) ATE498213T1 (el)
AU (1) AU2002321637B2 (el)
CA (2) CA2459340C (el)
CY (1) CY1111892T1 (el)
DE (2) DE60239168D1 (el)
DK (2) DK1643581T3 (el)
EA (1) EA006564B1 (el)
ES (1) ES2256513T3 (el)
GB (1) GB2380055B (el)
HK (2) HK1085055A1 (el)
MX (1) MXPA04002161A (el)
NZ (2) NZ552602A (el)
PT (1) PT1643581E (el)
WO (1) WO2003023890A2 (el)

Families Citing this family (45)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8309603B2 (en) * 2004-06-07 2012-11-13 University Of Tennessee Research Foundation SARMs and method of use thereof
GB0319799D0 (en) * 2003-08-22 2003-09-24 Itm Power Ltd Photovoltaic cell
GB0329459D0 (en) * 2003-12-19 2004-01-28 Itm Power Ltd Hydrophilic materials used as ionically active membranes
JP2005235625A (ja) * 2004-02-20 2005-09-02 Shin Etsu Chem Co Ltd 電解質膜用液状硬化性樹脂組成物、電解質膜の製造方法及び電解質膜・電極接合体の製造方法
GB0413515D0 (en) * 2004-06-16 2004-07-21 Itm Power Ltd Method of production
MXPA06014591A (es) * 2004-06-16 2007-03-23 Itm Fuel Cells Ltd Montaje de membrana electrodo con manejo de agua/flujo ionico controlado.
KR20070083631A (ko) * 2004-09-21 2007-08-24 아이티엠 퓨얼 셀즈 엘티디. 연료 전지 같은 전기화학 전지의 용도
AU2006263609A1 (en) * 2005-06-27 2007-01-04 Itm Power (Research) Ltd. Membrane electrode assemblies
JP5024500B2 (ja) * 2005-09-20 2012-09-12 株式会社リコー 固体電解質、燃料電池、及び電子機器
DE102005051887A1 (de) * 2005-10-29 2007-05-03 Pemeas Gmbh Membran für Brennstoffzellen, enthaltend Polymere, die Phosphonsäure-und/oder Sulfonsäuregruppen umfassen, Membran-Elektroden-Einheit und deren Anwendung in Brennstoffzellen
GB2447836A (en) 2006-02-07 2008-09-24 Itm Power Combustion system comprising an electrolyser
GB0611600D0 (en) * 2006-06-13 2006-07-19 Itm Fuel Cells Ltd Improvements to membranes
GB0615139D0 (en) * 2006-07-29 2006-09-06 Itm Fuel Cells Ltd Alternative membrane production method
US10010521B2 (en) 2006-08-24 2018-07-03 University Of Tennessee Research Foundation SARMs and method of use thereof
US9730908B2 (en) 2006-08-24 2017-08-15 University Of Tennessee Research Foundation SARMs and method of use thereof
US9844528B2 (en) 2006-08-24 2017-12-19 University Of Tennessee Research Foundation SARMs and method of use thereof
SE530389C2 (sv) * 2006-10-06 2008-05-20 Morphic Technologies Ab Publ Protonledande membran för en bränslecell eller en på bränslecellteknik baserad reaktor samt förfarande för framställning av membranet
SE530458C2 (sv) * 2006-10-06 2008-06-10 Morphic Technologies Ab Publ En bränslecell eller en på bränslecellteknik baserad reaktor försedd med ett protonledande membran samt förfaranden för framställning därav
US7718302B2 (en) * 2006-10-16 2010-05-18 United Technologies Corporation Electrochemical deoxygenation of fuel by electrolysis
JP4586794B2 (ja) * 2006-11-07 2010-11-24 トヨタ自動車株式会社 固体高分子電解質並びにその製造方法及びこれを用いた燃料電池用膜・電極接合体
GB0706634D0 (en) * 2007-04-04 2007-05-16 Itm Fuel Cells Ltd Membrane production
GB2464014B (en) * 2007-07-07 2012-07-04 Itm Power Research Ltd Electrolysis of salt water
ES2882803T3 (es) 2009-08-26 2021-12-02 Evoqua Water Tech Pte Ltd Membranas de intercambio iónico
GB0916179D0 (en) 2009-09-16 2009-10-28 Smith Rachel L Coaxial device
WO2011051720A1 (en) * 2009-11-02 2011-05-05 Itm Power (Research) Limited Ionic membrane preparation
GB2475148B (en) * 2009-11-02 2013-05-29 Itm Power Research Ltd Hydrophilic polymer membranes
US20110265862A1 (en) 2010-04-29 2011-11-03 Donald James Highgate Photovoltaic cell containing a polymer electrolyte
CA2814699C (en) 2010-10-15 2019-08-06 Siemens Industry, Inc. Anion exchange membranes and process for making
WO2012051610A1 (en) 2010-10-15 2012-04-19 Siemens Industry, Inc. Process for making a monomer solution for making cation exchange membranes
GB201109281D0 (en) * 2011-06-02 2011-07-20 Itm Power Research Ltd Membrane
SG10201701224UA (en) * 2012-03-12 2017-04-27 Merck Patent Gmbh Removal of protein aggregates from biopharmaceutical preparations in a flowthrough mode
ES2655681T3 (es) * 2012-09-28 2018-02-21 Fujifilm Corporation Membrana polimérica funcional y método para su producción
CA2884791C (en) 2012-10-04 2021-09-07 Evoqua Water Technologies Llc High-performance anion exchange membranes and methods of making same
WO2014058469A1 (en) 2012-10-11 2014-04-17 Evoqua Water Technologies Llc Coated ion exchange membranes
GB201307979D0 (en) 2013-05-02 2013-06-12 Itm Power Research Ltd Membrane additive
GB201309806D0 (en) * 2013-05-31 2013-07-17 Itm Power Research Ltd Catalysts and methods of depositing same
GB201309805D0 (en) * 2013-05-31 2013-07-17 Itm Power Research Ltd New polymer
KR101891522B1 (ko) 2013-12-12 2018-08-24 이엠디 밀리포어 코포레이션 아크릴아미드 함유 필터를 사용한 단백질 분리
DE102014103286B4 (de) * 2014-03-12 2022-10-27 Schmid Energy Systems Gmbh Seriell verschalteter Verbund aus Zellen, insbesondere für ein Redoxflow-Speichersystem, und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
GB201523101D0 (en) 2015-12-30 2016-02-10 Augmented Optics Ltd Nerve contact devices
GB201604248D0 (en) * 2016-03-11 2016-04-27 Augmented Optics Ltd Electrically conducting hydrophilic co-polymers
GB201604249D0 (en) 2016-03-11 2016-04-27 Augmented Optics Ltd Improved hydrophilic compositions
US11367889B2 (en) * 2017-08-03 2022-06-21 Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated Electrochemical stack with solid electrolyte and method for making same
US11891468B1 (en) * 2022-07-29 2024-02-06 Dioxycle Polymers and membranes with acrylamide moiety
WO2024121358A1 (en) * 2022-12-09 2024-06-13 Basf Se Alkaline anion exchange blend membrane

Family Cites Families (48)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4036788A (en) 1975-02-11 1977-07-19 Plastomedical Sciences, Inc. Anionic hydrogels based on heterocyclic N-vinyl monomers
JPS5631405A (en) * 1979-08-22 1981-03-30 Asahi Glass Co Ltd Selective perameable membrane
JPH02221106A (ja) * 1989-02-21 1990-09-04 Mitsubishi Electric Corp 金属酸化物系イオン導電体の製法
DE4190481C2 (de) * 1990-03-16 1997-05-28 Ricoh Kk Fester Elektrolyt, Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung und dessen Verwendung
JP2948376B2 (ja) * 1991-10-15 1999-09-13 三菱重工業株式会社 反応膜の製造方法及び電気化学セルの製造方法
US5597661A (en) * 1992-10-23 1997-01-28 Showa Denko K.K. Solid polymer electrolyte, battery and solid-state electric double layer capacitor using the same as well as processes for the manufacture thereof
AU5957094A (en) * 1993-01-15 1994-08-15 Allied-Signal Inc. Process for producing ion exchange membranes, and the ion exchange membranes produced thereby
JPH06342665A (ja) * 1993-03-18 1994-12-13 Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd プロトン交換膜型燃料電池用イオン交換膜
US5403462A (en) * 1993-06-24 1995-04-04 Yissum Research Development Company Of The Hebrew Univeristy Of Jerusalem Electrochemical electrodes and methods for the preparation thereof
US5525436A (en) * 1994-11-01 1996-06-11 Case Western Reserve University Proton conducting polymers used as membranes
US6149810A (en) * 1994-11-23 2000-11-21 Lynntech, Inc. Membrane with supported internal passages
US6054230A (en) * 1994-12-07 2000-04-25 Japan Gore-Tex, Inc. Ion exchange and electrode assembly for an electrochemical cell
JP3555999B2 (ja) 1994-12-07 2004-08-18 ジャパンゴアテックス株式会社 高分子電解質型燃料電池用高分子固体電解質・電極接合体の製造方法
US5814372A (en) * 1995-10-19 1998-09-29 Millipore Corporation Process for forming porous composite membrane
CN1206503A (zh) * 1995-12-28 1999-01-27 纽约州立大学研究基金会 用于增强型聚合物电化学电池的磺化聚苯醚基共混膜
JP3767756B2 (ja) 1996-01-12 2006-04-19 株式会社豊田中央研究所 電解質膜の製造方法
US5643689A (en) * 1996-08-28 1997-07-01 E.C.R.-Electro-Chemical Research Ltd. Non-liquid proton conductors for use in electrochemical systems under ambient conditions
EP0954544B1 (en) * 1996-10-01 2002-03-27 Celanese Ventures GmbH Process for producing polymeric films for use as fuel cells
US6258276B1 (en) * 1996-10-18 2001-07-10 Mcmaster University Microporous membranes and uses thereof
US6444343B1 (en) 1996-11-18 2002-09-03 University Of Southern California Polymer electrolyte membranes for use in fuel cells
EP1677379A1 (en) * 1997-03-25 2006-07-05 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Polymer electrolyte fuel cell
US6203949B1 (en) * 1997-08-22 2001-03-20 Yardney Technical Products, Inc. Solid electrolyte for an electrochemical cell composed of an inorganic metal oxide network encapsulating a liquid electrolyte
US6248469B1 (en) * 1997-08-29 2001-06-19 Foster-Miller, Inc. Composite solid polymer electrolyte membranes
US5910378A (en) * 1997-10-10 1999-06-08 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Membrane electrode assemblies
JPH11302410A (ja) 1998-04-24 1999-11-02 Nissan Motor Co Ltd イオン交換膜およびその製造方法
JPH11310649A (ja) 1998-04-28 1999-11-09 Tokuyama Corp 陽イオン交換膜およびその用途
JP2000119420A (ja) * 1998-10-19 2000-04-25 Nissan Motor Co Ltd イオン交換膜およびその製造方法
JP3218291B2 (ja) * 1998-12-14 2001-10-15 住友電気工業株式会社 電池用隔膜
JP2002534774A (ja) * 1999-01-08 2002-10-15 ビービーエー ノンウーブンズ シンプソンビル インコーポレーテッド 再充電可能なアルカリ電池用の耐久性のある親水性不織マット
JP2000277131A (ja) 1999-03-24 2000-10-06 Nissan Motor Co Ltd イオン交換膜およびその製造方法
CN1167832C (zh) * 1999-04-07 2004-09-22 大连新源动力股份有限公司 薄层疏水催化层电极、膜电极三合一组件的制备方法
JP2001035509A (ja) * 1999-07-19 2001-02-09 Agency Of Ind Science & Technol イオン伝導性膜
US6523699B1 (en) 1999-09-20 2003-02-25 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Sulfonic acid group-containing polyvinyl alcohol, solid polymer electrolyte, composite polymer membrane, method for producing the same and electrode
JP2003518174A (ja) 1999-12-21 2003-06-03 オムノヴア ソリユーシヨンズ インコーポレーテツド ポリビニルアルコールコポリマー組成物
AU2371601A (en) 2000-01-05 2001-07-16 Novartis Ag Hydrogels
US6780935B2 (en) 2000-02-15 2004-08-24 Atofina Chemicals, Inc. Fluoropolymer resins containing ionic or ionizable groups and products containing the same
JP2001294706A (ja) * 2000-04-12 2001-10-23 Nitto Denko Corp プロトン伝導性多孔性膜とそれより得られるプロトン伝導性フィルム
US6395325B1 (en) * 2000-05-16 2002-05-28 Scimed Life Systems, Inc. Porous membranes
US20020150811A1 (en) * 2000-08-30 2002-10-17 Chikano Yoshito Fuel cell unit and its manufacturing method
JP2002075406A (ja) 2000-08-30 2002-03-15 Sanyo Electric Co Ltd 燃料電池セルユニットとその製造方法
AU2002225809A1 (en) * 2000-11-30 2002-06-11 Mti Microfuel Cells, Inc. Fuel cell membrane and system with integrated gas separation
US20020127474A1 (en) * 2001-01-09 2002-09-12 E.C.R.-Electro-Chemical Research Ltd. Proton-selective conducting membranes
US6503378B1 (en) * 2001-04-23 2003-01-07 Motorola, Inc. Polymer electrolyte membrane and method of fabrication
DE60214166T2 (de) 2001-05-08 2007-07-12 Ube Industries, Ltd., Ube Polymerelektrolyt für eine brennstoffzelle des festpolymertyps und brennstoffzelle
JP3599041B2 (ja) * 2001-05-08 2004-12-08 宇部興産株式会社 固体高分子型燃料電池用高分子電解質及び燃料電池
JP4168642B2 (ja) * 2002-02-28 2008-10-22 東京エレクトロン株式会社 被処理体収納容器体及び処理システム
EP1483316B1 (de) 2002-03-06 2007-09-19 Pemeas GmbH PROTONENLEITENDE ELEKTROLYTMEMBRAN MIT GERINGER METHANOLDURCHLÄSSIGKEIT UND DEREN ANWENDUNG IN BRENNSTOFFZELLEN
US7773291B2 (en) * 2006-06-01 2010-08-10 Light Resonance Technologies, Llc. Light filter/modulator and array of filters/modulators

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2459340A1 (en) 2003-03-20
DK1643581T3 (da) 2011-05-02
CN100355139C (zh) 2007-12-12
HK1067790A1 (en) 2005-04-15
US20080095925A1 (en) 2008-04-24
KR100905356B1 (ko) 2009-07-01
ATE498213T1 (de) 2011-02-15
CN1565066A (zh) 2005-01-12
AU2002321637B2 (en) 2006-03-09
DE60239168D1 (de) 2011-03-24
EP1643581A2 (en) 2006-04-05
MXPA04002161A (es) 2004-06-29
JP5091080B2 (ja) 2012-12-05
EP1428284B1 (en) 2005-12-21
GB2380055B (en) 2003-09-10
KR20040047809A (ko) 2004-06-05
HK1085055A1 (en) 2006-08-11
DE60208215D1 (de) 2006-01-26
CN102646841A (zh) 2012-08-22
EA200400404A1 (ru) 2004-12-30
ATE313858T1 (de) 2006-01-15
DK1428284T3 (da) 2006-05-08
NZ552602A (en) 2008-05-30
ES2256513T3 (es) 2006-07-16
CN102646841B (zh) 2016-03-23
WO2003023890A3 (en) 2004-02-19
GB0220892D0 (en) 2002-10-16
CA2459340C (en) 2011-06-21
WO2003023890A2 (en) 2003-03-20
US9447217B2 (en) 2016-09-20
CA2736066C (en) 2013-07-30
EA006564B1 (ru) 2006-02-24
EP1428284A2 (en) 2004-06-16
NZ531551A (en) 2007-03-30
EP1643581A3 (en) 2007-05-02
EP1643581B1 (en) 2011-02-09
CA2736066A1 (en) 2003-03-20
JP2009084694A (ja) 2009-04-23
PT1643581E (pt) 2011-03-02
DE60208215T2 (de) 2006-07-20
JP4598392B2 (ja) 2010-12-15
US7318972B2 (en) 2008-01-15
JP2005502990A (ja) 2005-01-27
US20030113603A1 (en) 2003-06-19
GB2380055A (en) 2003-03-26

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CY1111892T1 (el) Υδροφιλα πολυμερη και η χρηση τους σε ηλεκτροχημικα στοιχεια
Lee et al. A stretchable ionic diode from copolyelectrolyte hydrogels with methacrylated polysaccharides
DE60124779D1 (de) Leitendes elektrolyt auf basis von polyaminen
ATE537238T1 (de) Elektrolytzusammensetzung, elektrochemische zelle und ionisches flüssigkristallmonomer
KR101713240B1 (ko) 유기젤 전도제 및 그를 포함하는 전자 장치
DE602004018380D1 (de) Polymerelektrolyt mit aromatischer sulfonvernetzung
JP7385694B2 (ja) 電気活性親水性バイオポリマー
ATE409202T1 (de) Aromatisches nitril enthaltendes ionenleitendes sulfoniertes polymermaterial
DE602004008077D1 (de) Elektrisch angetriebenes ventil mit einer mikroporösen membran
ATE269171T1 (de) Verfahren zum herstellen von polymeren mit nichtlinearen optischen eigenschaften
JP2007035599A (ja) 燃料電池用高分子電解質、電解質膜および燃料電池
Zhao et al. Properties of a poly (acrylamide‐co‐diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) hydrogel synthesized in a water–ionic liquid binary system
CA2536102C (en) Photovoltaic cell
WO2001037360A1 (en) Electrical power source
US20190015557A1 (en) Nerve contact devices
WO2009004142A3 (fr) Procede de fixation sur un microsysteme de composes a liaisons peptidiques, tels que des proteines, et microsysteme incorporant ces composes
AU2003217020A1 (en) Polymerisation method, polymers and uses thereof
AR033398A1 (es) Obtencion de polimeros solidos macroporosos mediante polimerizacion radioinducida