CN1602222A - 复合堇青石过滤器 - Google Patents

复合堇青石过滤器 Download PDF

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CN1602222A
CN1602222A CNA028244869A CN02824486A CN1602222A CN 1602222 A CN1602222 A CN 1602222A CN A028244869 A CNA028244869 A CN A028244869A CN 02824486 A CN02824486 A CN 02824486A CN 1602222 A CN1602222 A CN 1602222A
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mutually
polycrystalline
oxidized substance
internal combustion
particulate filter
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K·P·加德卡里
Y·卢
J·F·麦齐
C·J·沃伦
Y·谢
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Corning Inc
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Abstract

特别适用于内燃机尾气过滤用途的复合堇青石蜂窝结构体,包含占10-70重量%的非氧化物多晶相,陶瓷材料的剩余组分由一种堇青石相构成,非氧化物多晶相选自碳化物,氮化物,和硼化物。该非氧化物相优选是多晶碳化硅或多晶氮化硅,具有小于3的颗粒长径比。本发明的陶瓷体是多孔的,开口孔隙率至少是30%,优选在40%和60%之间,以及至少是5微米,更优选大于8微米并小于12微米的中位孔径。

Description

复合堇青石过滤器
发明领域
本发明涉及适用于柴油发动机尾气过滤的多通道蜂窝结构体,更具体地涉及在内燃机尾气系统中具有提高的导热性和耐热冲击性的多孔陶瓷过滤器。
发明背景
内燃机尾气过滤器要求耐热冲击性高,在严酷环境中极佳的化学和机械耐用性,以及很好的过滤效率。
堇青石整体过滤器已经被用于重型发动机接近四十年了。这些过滤器的优点包括材料消耗少,制造成本低。近年来,由于环境污染控制规则日益严格,对柴油客车过滤器的需求因此日益增加。但是,在客车中,特别是在“不受控的”再生条件下(即开始燃烧与高氧气含量和低尾气流量同时发生,或开始燃烧后随即是高氧气含量和低尾气流量,导致很高温度的冲击),现有的堇青石过滤器常易失效。在不受控的再生中,烟炱的燃烧(本身已经是高放热的反应)会使堇青石过滤体中的温度高达1300℃-1500℃或更高。
甚至当温度尚不足以使过滤器损坏时,仍足以使过滤器壁表面上的“灰”颗粒发生部分烧结,“灰”颗粒由钙,锌,镁,磷和硫等元素的氧化物组成,被发动机润滑油燃烧产生的尾气所携带,可能存在于柴油中作为添加剂的铁和铈的氧化物能帮助烟炱的燃烧。另外,铁,铜,和锌的氧化物颗粒可能来自于发动机部件的磨损。这些颗粒是不能燃烧的,因此在再生时不会被除去。在定期保养时,从过滤器上除去这些烧结的灰沉积物又很难或不可能,导致(i)过滤器孔径和孔隙率减小,反压增加,烟炱负载量容量降低;(ii)因为与过滤器材料反应形成低共熔混合物,使其下面的陶瓷材料的熔点降低。
作为堇青石整体过滤器的替代物,出现了碳化硅过滤器是个最佳选择。这种过滤器的优点来自于SiC的稳定组成,高机械强度和高导热性。但是,SiC还具有热膨胀率高和抗热冲击性差的缺点,会导致过滤器在再生周期中发生破裂。因此,目前的SiC内燃机颗粒过滤器必须设计成分段结构,尽可能减小使用时发生破裂的可能,但是这样就提高了生产成本。
发明概述
考虑到上述现有技术的缺点,本发明的一个目的是,提供一种在内燃机尾气系统中具有提高的热性能和机械性能的复合堇青石体,解决存在于内燃机尾气过滤器中的上述问题。本发明的堇青石陶瓷可以通过常规的挤压法或其它成形过程制造,因此可以提供具有任何目前所用形式,但热性能又高的陶瓷产品。
本发明提供的陶瓷体包含一种占其总重量10-70%的非氧化物多晶相,该多晶相选自碳化物,氮化物和硼化物,剩余组分是一种氧化物相,优选是堇青石(硅酸镁铝)。该非氧化物多晶相优选占其总重量10-50%,更优选占其总重量10-30%,选自多晶碳化硅和多晶氮化硅,具有小于3的颗粒长径比。除了堇青石之外,还可以含有其它适用的氧化物相包括硅酸碱金属铝盐,例如硅酸锂铝和硅酸钾铝;硅酸碱土金属铝盐,例如硅酸钙铝和硅酸钡铝。
本发明的结构是多孔的,开口孔隙率至少是30%,优选在40%和60%之间,中位孔径至少是5微米,优选在6和30微米之间,更优选在8和12微米之间。
本发明的结构在22-1000℃进一步具有约为20-45×10-7/℃的平均热膨胀系数,在其多孔棒上测量时,具有至少约为300磅/平方英寸(psi)的四点断裂模量,优选至少约为700磅/平方英寸,更优选至少约为1000磅/平方英寸。
本发明中制造复合堇青石陶瓷体的方法包括:首先提供一种由堇青石相的原料和非氧化物相混合的陶瓷批料。适用的堇青石相原料包括再利用和堇青石粉末和含有MgO,Al2O3,和SiO2的常规原料。适用的非氧化物相原料包括碳化硅粉和氮化硅粉。按比例配成该陶瓷批料,煅烧后形成混合的堇青石-非氧化物组合物。
然后采用合适的陶瓷成形过程,将混合好的陶瓷批料制成一种生坯,优选是一种多通道蜂窝结构体,优选的成形过程是挤压法。在一个优选实施方式中,将该批料与一种适用赋形剂混合形成一种塑性混合物,采用挤压法,或可经过干燥过程,形成生坯。
然后将制得的生坯在空气中1000℃-1500℃煅烧,优选约1200℃-1400℃煅烧,在该温度范围保持足够长的时间,形成一种烧结体,该保温时间优选约为1到10小时,更优选约为2到6小时。
本发明提供的复合堇青石体特别适合用来过滤内燃机尾气。
附图简要说明
附图1是实施例II-5中以千帕为单位的压力降随以克/升为单位的烟灰负载变化的关系图。
附图2是实施例II-6中以千帕为单位的压力降随以克/升为单位的烟灰负载变化的实施例关系图。
本发明详述
这里所述过滤器的种类是指“壁流”过滤器,因为交错沟槽部分堵塞形成的流动通道要求尾气在离开过滤器之前沿多孔陶瓷孔壁流过。对内燃机颗粒过滤器而言,具有约10和400孔/平方英寸(约1.5到62.0孔/平方厘米)之间的孔密度,更优选约100和200孔/平方英寸(约15.5到31孔/平方厘米)之间的蜂窝结构,被认为适用于在此结构中提供足够薄的壁表面。壁的厚度可以比其最小厚度约0.010英寸(约0.25毫米)大一些,用以提供结构完整性是,但是壁厚度通常要小于约0.030英寸(0.76毫米),使对发动机的反压降至最低。
本发明提供的产品是一种含有占其总重量10-70%的非氧化物多晶相的复合陶瓷,该非氧化物多晶相选自碳化物,氮化物和硼化物,剩余组分是多晶氧化物相。适用的氧化物相包括硅酸碱金属铝盐,例如硅酸锂铝和硅酸钾铝;硅酸碱土金属铝盐,例如硅酸镁铝,硅酸钙铝和硅酸钡铝。
在本发明一个优选实施方式的结构中,包含选自多晶碳化硅(SiC)和多晶氮化硅(Si3N4)的一种非氧化物相,占其总重量的10-50%,更优选占10-30%,该陶瓷材料的剩余组分是氧化物相,即一种堇青石(硅酸镁铝)。优选该多晶碳化硅或氮化硅相的颗粒长径比(长度/直径)小于3。
堇青石氧化物相的组成接近Mg2Al4Si5O18;但是,Mg(镁)可以有限量地被其它组分例如Fe(铁),Co(钴),Ni(镍),和Mn(锰)取代;Al(铝)被Ga(镓)取代;Si(硅)被Ge(锗)取代。而且堇青石相中,对应每54个氧原子,可以包含不超过三个碱金属(IA族)原子,两个碱土金属(IIA族)原子,或一个稀土金属(钪,钇,或镧系金属)原子。这些取代原子预计会占据堇青石相晶体结构中空缺的“沟位点”,但这些取代原子也可以少量取代Mg。在堇青石晶体结构中引入这些元素时,还会发生其它化学取代,例如Al/Si比例的变化,用以保持电荷平衡。
本发明的一个优点来自于再生时内燃机颗粒过滤器的峰值温度有所降低。本发明中“过滤器峰值温度”是指再生时过滤器中达到的最高温度。与常规堇青石过滤器相比,本发明过滤器在内燃机尾气系统中的峰值温度显著降低。向堇青石氧化物相中加入非氧化物相,能保证获得这个优点,非氧化物相会提高过滤器的导热性,而不会牺牲包括机械强度,孔隙结构,热膨胀和化学稳定性在内的氧化物特性。
因为来自尾气的碳的烟炱在孔壁上积聚,必须将其燃烧除去来维持过滤器的作用。当尾气流中达到足够温度时,或添加燃料使碳烟炱温度升高到足以使其持续燃烧时,就能点燃碳烟炱。但是,再生过程中的这个温度是不均匀的。结构的过滤器峰值温度在很大程度上取决于陶瓷材料的导热性。堇青石导热性低。所以,堇青石过滤器中的热量累积至高于其熔点。
相反,例如碳化硅和氮化硅等非氧化物材料具有高导热性,从而具有很好的热扩散性能。已经发现,加入占总重量约10-70%优选10-50%,更优选10-30%的碳化硅或氮化硅等非氧化物相,制得的复合过滤器具有提高的导热性和热响应,因此具有不致牺牲孔隙结构,低热膨胀和化学稳定性等氧化物特性的优点,因此能提高抗热冲击性能。
制得的内燃机颗粒过滤器沿其长度具有低的压力降以及对发动机降低的反压。另外,本发明的结构具有很好的开口孔隙率,中位孔径,透气性和平均热膨胀系数。因此,对内燃机尾气过滤应用而言,较好具有开口孔隙率至少是30%,优选在40%和60%之间;中位孔径至少是5微米,优选在6和30微米之间,更优选在8和12微米之间。
本发明的结构在22-1000℃还具有约为20-45×10-7/℃的平均热膨胀系数,在其多孔棒上测得的至少约是300磅/平方英寸(psi)的四点断裂模量,优选至少约为700磅/平方英寸,更优选至少约为1000磅/平方英寸。
适用于制造本发明陶瓷产品的陶瓷原料可选自任何适用来源。在本发明的优选实施方式中,制造堇青石陶瓷体的原料是粘土,滑石和氧化铝,粘土通常由片状而非堆垛状高岭土构成。适用的形成堇青石的原料混合物可参见美国专利No.3905175。
除了形成堇青石的原料之外,另一种适用的堇青石原料是再利用的堇青石粉末。“再利用的堇青石粉末”是指主要含有一种堇青石型物相的材料,该堇青石型物相由上述形成堇青石的原料制成。在生产市售堇青石陶瓷产品时,经常残留有弃去部分的多余材料。这种材料即本发明所指的“再利用”,可在本发明中经过研磨后作为堇青石原料使用,其粒径约为10到50微米。
为形成非氧化物,适用的原料包括多晶碳化硅和氮化硅颗粒,优选具有约5到30微米的中位粒径。
将各原粉末料干混在一起。使用形成堇青石的原料作为堇青石相的原料时,各原料的量应含有最终产品中堇青石形成所要求比例的MgO,Al2O3和SiO2。然后将干混合物挤压制成蜂窝结构。先要将干混料与适当的液体赋形剂混合,以便适合于挤压。赋形剂可以包含水和挤压助剂,这是使混合料具有可塑成形性并在煅烧前成形后具有足够生坯强度以防止破裂所必需的。
挤压助剂通常包括粘合剂和增塑剂;甲基纤维素是目前常用的。这种批料通常含有25-35%的水分,具有足够的可塑性,很容易挤压生成蜂窝结构。混合物中还可以含有一种成孔剂,例如石墨或聚乙烯颗粒,因此控制煅烧后产品的孔隙率。
本发明中使用的煅烧过程与堇青石陶瓷的常规煅烧过程相似。具体地说,将陶瓷生坯结构在空气中约1000℃-1500℃进行煅烧,优选在约1200℃-1400℃之间,在该温度范围的保温时间足以使坯体完成烧结或结晶,保温时间取决于所用的堇青石原料,优选约为1到10小时,更优选为3到6小时。
优选将这样形成的蜂窝结构的一部分入口的通道和一部分并不与之对应的出口通道堵住,每个并通道只堵住一个端口。堵塞深度通常约为5到20毫米不等。优选的排列是格状排列,在一给定端口上每隔一根通道被堵塞。
结合以下实施例能进一步理解本发明,以下实施例仅作为对实施本发明优选方法的说明。
实施例
表I和II提供了本发明实施例中的配料和特性情况。用再利用的堇青石粉末,形成堇青石的原料粉末,和多晶碳化硅粉末制成混合物。加入作为粘合剂的甲基纤维素,作为润滑剂的硬脂酸钠和作为成孔剂的石墨或聚乙烯颗粒。将所有干原料,包括粘合剂,润滑剂和成孔剂,在容器中称重,不添加研磨介质直接干混直至宏观上均匀。然后将该混合物转移进入一个不锈钢研磨机中,逐渐添加足量蒸馏水,使混合物具有可塑性。将混合物挤压形成约200通道/平方英寸(31通道/平方厘米)的蜂窝多孔体,其通道壁厚约为0.010到0.023英寸(0.025到0.058厘米)。
可以将挤压出的多孔体干燥,再在空气中以1150-1300℃的最高温度煅烧,并在该温度保持2到5小时,形成最终产品结构。如上所述将该结构塞紧,然后并测试其物理特性。
用水银孔隙测量仪测量百分孔隙率和中位孔径。用膨胀计测量22℃到1000℃的平均热膨胀系数(CTZ)(以℃-1单位表示)。用粉末X射线衍射仪测定一些选定样品的相组成。用圆形截面的实心棒(表I)和多孔棒(表II)测量以磅/平方英寸(psi)为单位的断裂模量(MOR)。发现实心棒的MOR数据与多孔棒的MOR数据相关,一般多孔棒的MOR是实心棒MOR的二分之一。
参见图1,该图是是实施例II-5中以千帕为单位的压力降随以克/升为单位的烟炱负载量变化的关系图,本发明制造的内燃机颗粒过滤器具有200通道/平方英寸(31通道/平方厘米)的通道密度,通道壁厚是0.023英寸(0.058厘米),直径为2英寸,长度为6英寸。本发明的过滤器对全部三种分别是2.5,11.25,和26.25标准立方英寸/分(scfm)的流量具有极佳的压力降。烟炱负载量为12克/升,13.5克/升,和16.8克/升时,再生时观测到的最高温度是934℃,952℃和1090℃,远低于市售堇青石过滤器所观测到的值。本发明的此过滤器还具有99.7%的过滤效率。
参见图2,该图是实施例III-2中压力降随烟炱负载量变化的关系图,本发明制造的内燃机颗粒过滤器具有200通道/平方英寸(31通道/平方厘米)的通道密度,通道壁厚是0.023英寸(0.058厘米),直径是2英寸,长度是6英寸。本发明的过滤器对全部三种分别是2.5,11.25,和26.25scfm的流量具有极佳的压力降特性。烟炱负载量为9.93,和15.7克/升时,再生时观测到的最高温度分别是813℃和1083℃,远低于在市售堇青石过滤器所观测到的值。本发明的此过滤器还具有98.9%的过滤效率。
                              表1
  实施例 I-1 I-2 I-3 I-4 I-5
  原料重量百分数
  粉末状再利用堇青石 73.5 68.9 64.3 68.9 68.9
  形成堇青石的原料混合物 -- -- -- -- --
  碳化硅 18.4 23.0 27.6 -- 23.0
  氮化硅 -- -- -- 23.0 --
  粒径分布(微米)
  粉末状堇青石的中位粒径 32 32 32 32 32
  形成堇青石的原料混合物的中位粒径 -- -- -- -- --
  碳化硅中位粒径 11 11 11 -- 11
  氮化硅中位粒径 -- -- -- 24 --
  成孔剂(重量%)
  聚乙烯颗粒 -- -- -- -- --
  石墨 -- -- -- -- --
  粘合剂,润滑剂,和溶剂(重量%)
  甲基纤维素 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
  硬脂酸钠 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
  水 23.6 24.6 24.3 27.7 24.9
  煅烧条件
  气氛 空气 空气 空气 空气 空气
  最高温度(℃) 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250
  保持时间(小时) 4 4 4 4 4
  煅烧成品特性
  断裂模量(实心棒)(磅/平方英寸) 1129 920 1314 459 1179
  开口孔隙率(%) 39.3 44.4 43.8 50 58.4
  中位孔径(微米) 5.5 5.5 5.1 6.8 7.9
  透气率(10-12平方米) 0.26 0.3 0.22 0.42 0.35
  从22到1000℃的平均CTE(10-7/℃) 27.7 24.1 33 23.1 30
  最终结构中碳化硅的重量百分比 20 25 30 -- 25
  最终结构中氮化硅的重量百分比 -- -- -- 25 --
                             表2
  实施例 II-1 II-2 II-3 II-4  II-5  II-6
  原料重量百分数
  粉末状再利用堇青石 61.0 48.0 -- 20.0  46.0  46.0
  形成堇青石的原料混合物 -- -- 43.0 --  --  --
  碳化硅 27.0 35.0 40.0 63.0  42.0  42.0
  氮化硅
  粒径分布(微米)
  粉末状堇青石的中位粒径 -- -- -- --  --  --
  形成堇青石的原料混合物的中位粒径 -- -- -- --  --  --
  碳化硅中位粒径 20 40 20 20  40  20
  氮化硅中位粒径
  成孔剂(重量%)
  聚乙烯颗粒 -- 10 10 --  5  5
  石墨 -- -- -- 10  --  --
  粘合剂,润滑剂,和溶剂(重量%)
  甲基纤维素 6 6 6 6  6  6
  硬脂酸钠 1 1 1 1  1  1
  水 28 30 30 25  30  30
  煅烧条件
  气氛 空气 空气 空气 空气  空气  空气
  最高温度(℃) 1300 1300 1300 1300  1300  1300
  保持时间(小时) 5 5 5 5  5  5
  煅烧成品特性
  断裂模量(实心棒)(磅/平方英寸) 1045 750 1065 --  950  --
  开口孔隙率(%) 45 49 50 54  50  --
  中位孔径(微米) 7.49 9.2 6.65 9.0  13.0  --
  透气率(10-12平方米) -- -- -- --  --  --
  从22到1000℃的平均CTE(10-7/℃) 22.8 30.0 -- --  33.0  --

Claims (35)

1.一种多通道蜂窝结构体,由陶瓷材料构成,该陶瓷材料中含有10-70重量%的非氧化物多晶相,陶瓷材料的剩余组分是堇青石相,该非氧化物多晶相选自碳化物,氮化物和硼化物,而且该非氧化物多晶相具有小于3的颗粒长径比。
2.如权利要求1所述蜂窝体,其特征在于该非氧化物多晶相选自多晶碳化硅和多晶氮化硅。
3.如权利要求2所述蜂窝体,其特征在于该非氧化物多晶相占该陶瓷材料重量的10-50%。
4.如权利要求3所述蜂窝体,其特征在于该非氧化物多晶相占该陶瓷材料重量的10-30%。
5.如权利要求6所述蜂窝体,其特征在于该非氧化物多晶相是多晶碳化硅。
6.如权利要求6所述蜂窝体,其特征在于该非氧化物多晶相是多晶氮化硅。
7.如权利要求8所述蜂窝体,其特征在于该陶瓷材料具有至少是30%的开口孔隙率和至少是5微米的中位孔径。
8.如权利要求7所述蜂窝体,其特征在于该孔隙率在40%和60%之间。
9.如权利要求8所述蜂窝体,其特征在于该中位孔径在8微米和12微米之间。
10.一种捕集和燃烧内燃机尾气的颗粒过滤器,包括一种壁流蜂窝体,该蜂窝体由一种多孔陶瓷材料构成,具有多个从其前端入口穿贯至其出口的平行封口通道,该陶瓷材料含有占10-70重量%的一种非氧化物多晶相,该陶瓷材料的剩余组分是堇青石相,该非氧化物多晶相选自碳化物,氮化物和硼化物,其中该过滤器具有至少30%的开口孔隙率和至少5微米的中位孔径。
11.如权利要求10所述过滤器,其特征在于该孔隙率在40%和60%之间。
12.如权利要求11所述过滤器,其特征在于该中位孔径在8微米和12微米之间。
13.如权利要求12所述过滤器,其特征在于该非氧化物多晶相选自多晶碳化硅和多晶氮化硅。
14.如权利要求13所述过滤器,其特征在于该非氧化物多晶相占该陶瓷材料重量的10-50%。
15.如权利要求14所述过滤器,其特征在于该非氧化物多晶相占该陶瓷材料重量的10-30%。
16.如权利要求15所述过滤器,其特征在于该非氧化物相是多晶碳化硅。
17.如权利要求15所述过滤器,其特征在于该非氧化物相是多晶氮化硅。
18.如权利要求10所述蜂窝体,其特征在于该非氧化物相具有小于3的颗粒长径比。
19.如权利要求10所述过滤器,其特征在于具有20-45×10-7/℃的平均热膨胀系数。
20.如权利要求19所述过滤器,其特征在于在其材料多孔棒上测得至少约300磅/平方英寸(psi)的四点断裂模量。
21.如权利要求20所述过滤器,其特征在于该四点断裂模量至少约为700psi。
22.如权利要求21所述过滤器,其特征在于该断裂模量至少约为1000psi。
23.一种内燃机尾气颗粒过滤器,包括一个封闭的壁流蜂窝状过滤体,该过滤体由多孔陶瓷材料构成,包括多个从前端入口贯穿至其出口的平行封口通道,其中:
该蜂窝体由一种复合陶瓷构成,该复合陶瓷含有选自碳化物,氮化物和硼化物的一种非氧化物多晶相,该非氧化物多晶相占该陶瓷体重量的10-70%,剩余组分是选自硅酸碱金属铝盐和硅酸碱土金属铝盐的一种氧化物相,
该内燃机尾气颗粒过滤器具有至少是30%的开口孔隙率,至少是5微米的中位孔径,20-45×10-7/℃的平均热膨胀系数,以及在多孔棒上测得的至少约为300磅/平方英寸(psi)的断裂模量。
24.如权利要求23所述内燃机尾气颗粒过滤器,其特征在于该非氧化物多晶相选自多晶碳化硅和多晶氮化硅。
25.如权利要求24所述内燃机尾气颗粒过滤器,其特征在于该非氧化物多晶相占10-50重量%。
26.如权利要求25所述内燃机尾气颗粒过滤器,其特征在于该非氧化物多晶相占10-30重量%。
27.如权利要求23所述内燃机尾气颗粒过滤器,其特征在于该氧化物相是选自硅酸锂铝和硅酸钾铝的硅酸碱金属铝盐。
28.如权利要求23所述内燃机尾气颗粒过滤器,其特征在于该氧化物相是选自硅酸钙铝和硅酸钡铝的硅酸碱土金属铝盐。
29.如权利要求24所述内燃机尾气颗粒过滤器,其特征在于该孔隙率在40%和60%之间。
30.如权利要求29所述内燃机尾气颗粒过滤器,其特征在于该中位孔径在8微米和12微米之间。
31.如权利要求30所述内燃机尾气颗粒过滤器,其特征在于该非氧化物多晶相是多晶碳化硅。
32.如权利要求30所述内燃机尾气颗粒过滤器,其特征在于该非氧化物多晶相是多晶氮化硅。
33.如权利要求26所述内燃机尾气颗粒过滤器,其特征在于该非氧化物多晶相具有小于3的颗粒长径比。
34.如权利要求24所述内燃机尾气颗粒过滤器,其特征在于该四点断裂模量至少约为700psi。
35.如权利要求34所述内燃机尾气颗粒过滤器,其特征在于该断裂模量至少约为1000psi。
CNA028244869A 2001-12-13 2002-10-15 复合堇青石过滤器 Pending CN1602222A (zh)

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