CN1322804C - Greenhouse seedlings raising and plastic mulching cultivation techniques for large-leaf gentian root - Google Patents
Greenhouse seedlings raising and plastic mulching cultivation techniques for large-leaf gentian root Download PDFInfo
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- CN1322804C CN1322804C CNB2004100366052A CN200410036605A CN1322804C CN 1322804 C CN1322804 C CN 1322804C CN B2004100366052 A CNB2004100366052 A CN B2004100366052A CN 200410036605 A CN200410036605 A CN 200410036605A CN 1322804 C CN1322804 C CN 1322804C
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a cultivating technology for the greenhouse culture of seedling of the rare traditional Chinese medicinal material of gentiana macrophylla and for plastic mulching. The present invention is characterized in that the technology comprises culture of seedling and transplantation. The culture of seedling comprises the steps of picking seeds, treating seeds, treating soil, sowing in sowing date, slightly spraying and irrigating, managing seedling beds, training stress tolerance and pulling seedling. The transplantation comprises the steps of selecting land, preparing land, fertilizing, covering films, screening seedling and transplanting. Field management comprises the steps of removing weed during cultivation, managing overwintering, fertilizing, managing water, preventing and treating disease, pest and mouse damage and harvesting. Seeds are picked up from plants that grow for more than 3 years and experience poikilothermic treatment or gibberellic acid treatment before sown. Soil for greenhouse culture of seedling is treated by fertilizer and biocidal agent. Before sowing, temperature in a greenhouse is reached above 55 DEG C and the greenhouse is continuously baked for 4 hours. When sowing is carried out in the beginning of October, seedling pulling and transplantation are carried out at the end of April in the next year. When sowing is carried out in the beginning of May, seedling pulling and transplantation are carried out in October in the current year. Paddy, beans and potatoes are selected as former stubble in a cultivated field. After previous crops are harvested, deep tillage and fertilization are carried out. After land preparation, films are spread immediately. The density of seedling is kept between 0.25 and 0.3 million plants/hm<2> in transplantation. After transplantation, the seedling can be harvested and dug when growing for 2 to 3 years. If harvest and digging are carried out between cold dew and first frost, drug.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Chinese herbal medicine planting technology field, particularly the tame key technology of rare traditional Chinese medicine bark of ash is nursed young plants in hothouses and is cultivating method mulched.
Background technology
Bark of ash is a conventional Chinese medicine, and property is flat, and flavor is hot, bitter.Function with wind-damp dispelling, clearing away damp-heat, stopping numbness pain.Be used for the tired pain of arthralgia due to wind-dampness, the contraction of muscle arteries and veins, joint, infantile malnutrition heating jaundice, have blood in stool, difficult urination, aphtha poison, vaporization heat of bone, illnesss such as hectic fever polydipsia and married woman's tire heat.It (is gentianin, Gentianine), gentianidine (is gentianidine, Gentianidine) and gentianal that the bark of ash chemical composition of Chinese materia medica mainly contains erythricine; Also contain volatile oil and carbohydrate.
The medicinal history in existing more than 2000 year of bark of ash is a decoction medicine materical crude slice commonly used, is again the primary raw material of Chinese patent drugs such as scythian lamb rhizome ball, Duhuo jisheng ball, the SHUJIN WAN that dispels the wind, anti-arthritis pill, lumbar vertebrae arthralgia pain treating bolus.Present about 30 kilograms of China's annual turnover.This product late 1980s, its price all was stabilized in about 20 yuan/kilogram to the beginning of the nineties.Rise in price after nineteen ninety-five, price is 50 yuan/kilogram at present.
Bark of ash relies on the wild resource supply the market at present fully.The wild resource regional height above sea level that distributes, weather cold, ecotope is very fragile, and main area is in China height above sea level 2200--3500m scope.Bark of ash is a herbaceos perennial, grows in alpine meadow, border, shrubbery and cheuch.The 7-9 month at bark of ash florescence, the fruit phase 8-10 month, seed maturity continues up to mid-November in mid-September.
Because the tight valency of goods is raised, the crushing collection causes the wild resource exhaustion, causes that market supply is nervous more, and this vicious circle grows in intensity, and makes bark of ash endangered.China classifies bark of ash, gentiana crassicaulis Duthie, radix gentiane dahuvicae as national three-level protective wild medicinal plant.About 1 millimeter of bark of ash seed diameter, percentage of seedgermination is extremely low, and the natural propagation rate of bark of ash is very low under the carded sliver spare out of office, and poor growth is difficult to the restorative source.Bark of ash distribution area mostly is grassland region greatly, excavates in the process, and each strain bark of ash takes the square turf of 25cm, and the soil that digs out covers the grass quilt of about radius 25cm, forms the very important wind erosion and the point source of water erosion.Excavate in a large number make the grassland destroyed riddled with gaping wounds, become one of reason of medicinal material producing region grass-land deterioration.Therefore the research and development of artificial cultivation technique promptly are the main paties of protection bark of ash wild resource; Also be to eliminate careless destroyed hidden danger, the needs of protection ecology of grassland; More provide the needs of clinical application.But the technology of still not having at present a kind of desirable artificial cultivation bark of ash.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide the artificial cultivation method of bark of ash,, provide Chinese herbal medicine medicine source, the protection ecology of grassland so that cultivate this Chinese herbal medicine in a large number.
The related bark of ash species of the present patent application really refer to gentianaceae plant bark of ash (also claiming gentiana macrophylla Gentianamacrophylla Pall.), gentiana straminea maxim (Gentiana straminea Maxim.), gentiana crassicaulis Duthie (also claiming thick stem rough gentian Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie et Burk.).The related cultivation method of the present patent application means nursing young plants in hothouses of aforementioned bark of ash species and cultivating method mulched.
In order to realize described purpose, the technical solution used in the present invention comprises the steps:
1. nurse young plants in hothouses
1.1 seed treatment
1. seed collection: the seed of gathering selects the above plant of life in 3 years (transplanting back 1 year), and during most of capsule flavescence, seed wherein becomes brown or brown, at this moment can gather in the crops seed.With scissors fruit ear is cut, put the ventilating and cooling place, after-ripening 7-8 days, threshing;
2. seed storage: behind the bark of ash seed collection, when treating the seed moisture content 12-13% left and right sides, be contained in the cotton bag and store, can not hermetically storing, storage period avoids sootiness, the plague of rats, insect pest, water wet etc.The bark of ash seed storage phase is no more than 12 months;
3. seed treatment: preceding gibberellin treatment is handled or broadcast to the storage period alternating temperature.
A. the alternating temperature of seed is handled: gather in the crops to November 30: 20 to 10 ℃ of storage temperature; December: 5 to-3 ℃ of storage temperature; January: 0 to-6 ℃ of storage temperature; February: storage temperature-3 is to 5 ℃; March: 10 to 15 ℃ of storage temperature; April: 15 to 20 ℃ of storage temperature.The percentage of seedgermination of handling by alternating temperature reaches more than 80%;
B. the gibberellin treatment of seed: broadcast preceding gibberellin treatment, concentration is 10ug/g, soaks 20 hours, and emergence rate can reach more than 90%;
1.2 nurse young plants in hothouses
1. soil treatment: soil treatment prescription: the every square metre of sheep excrement 5kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed, forest soil or peat soil 15kg, superphosphate 100g, diammonium phosphate 50g, 50% phoxim baythion 0.3g, fine sand 10kg; Mix by ploughing deeply with native soil 25cm table soil, rake is leveling carefully.Roasting canopy before broadcasting: closed greenhouse reaches more than 55 ℃ temperature of shed to continue 4 hours, irritate the moisture in the soil water of revealing the exact details, and waits to infiltrate the back sowing;
2. date of seeding: greenhouse ground temperature height, the seed of handling well can be sowed at any time, can grow seedlings two batches in 1 year, at the beginning of 5 months or sowing at the beginning of 10 months;
3. sowing: thickness of sowing 2550-2650 grain/m
2, seeding quantity 12kg/hm
2, type of seeding:, use the hand uniform broadcasting at the furrow face with fine sand seed dressing; After seed is sowed, wet soil in small, broken bits is sieved on seed, earthing 0.5-1 centimetre, cover the sunshade net immediately with the iron mesh screen;
4. microspray irrigation: sprinkling irrigation in about 2-5 days once, irrigation quantity 5-10kg/m
2, to keep the moistening degree of being of soil surface;
5. seedbed management: broadcast the seedbed, back and keep moistening.After all sprouting, seedling begins weeding for the first time.With the timely weeding of backsight weed growth situation; Thinning in the time of height of seedling 3-4 centimetre, the about 1.0cm of seedling spacing, average seedling spacing 2.5cm;
6. the degeneration-resistant exercise of seedling: progressively threw off coverlay or opened ventilating opening in 20-30 days before transplanting, strengthen ventilation gradually, reduce humidity and temperature, strengthen illumination;
7. lifting: bark of ash is grown seedlings at the beginning of 10 months and is played transplantation of seedlings the coming year by the end of April, sows at the beginning of 5 months and plays transplantation of seedlings then October.The lifting seedling age reaches and launches blade more than 4.Play seedling-growing method and be earlier with three tooth iron wooden forks the seedling turn up, turn down gently then, sort out young plant; The young plant that has dug is native by 20% a small amount of band, be bundled into the 400-500g wisp, the gunnysack or the Polywoven Bag of packing into and preserving moisture are transported to and are transplanted ground;
2. transplant
2.1 choosing ground:
1. select ground milpa environment: draining is good, and the soil is porous, more than the content of organic matter 15g/kg, and full nitrogen 0.5--3.0g/kg, full phosphorus 1.2--2.0g/kg, full potassium 15--21g/kg, rapid available phosphorus 10--15mg/kg, available potassium 100--240mg/kg, pH=6.5-8; Before stubble can select cereal class, beans, potatoes and other crops, can not continuous cropping, the rotation cycle is more than 3 years; Cultivation plot, highway both sides must be apart from beyond the highway 500m; Height above sea level 2200--3500m; 2 ℃-5 ℃ of average temperatures of the whole year; About one monthly mean temperature-15 ℃, July, mean temperature of air was about 18 ℃; 〉=10 ℃ of effective accumulated temperature are more than 1000 ℃; Frost-free season 80-135d; Mean annual precipitation 500-750mm;
2. plough deeply 30cm after the site preparation and fertilization overlay film previous crops results, apply diammonium phosphate 200kg/hm
2, or urea 150kg/hm
2With superphosphate 350kg/hm
2Apply the high-quality farmyard manure 60t/hm such as sheep excrement, pig manure that become thoroughly decomposed with ploughing
2Organic manure must adopt the method for During High-Temperature Composting to reach innoxious; Whole area width of cloth 80cm, i.e. ridge face width 60cm, the wide 20cm of furrow, the high 10cm in ridge, autumn rain finish whole ground, and overlay film immediately behind the whole ground, mulch film select that 70-80cm is wide, the powerful ultrathin membrane of thickness 0.005mm for use;
2.2 young plant screening: will rot, mouldy, seedling body has the scab insect bite, incised wound, the sick and wounded seedling that abrades, fracture are removed; The external appearance characteristic of high quality seedling is: healthy and strong, anosis insect infection, have no mechanical damage, smooth surface, diameter 5-8mm, more than the long 15cm of seedling, hundred seedling fresh weight 100-140g;
2.3 transplant: transplanted autumn in late October and carry out, transplanted spring the first tenday period of a month in May and carry out.Every ridge kind triplex row, average row be apart from 27cm, spacing in the rows 14cm, and three in the ranks the individual plant position is quincunx staggers; With the little spades of the long 20cm of wide 4cm, open the cave when planting by seeding row spacing, every cave seedling of planting, the symptom of a trend is obturaged the compacting of mulch film cut with soil according to ridge face 1-2cm;
2.4 planting density: the density of keeping a full stand of seedings is 25-30 ten thousand strains/hm
2
3. field management
3.1 intertill and clean tillage: transplant back about 30 days intertill and clean tillages for the first time spring, transplant the back intertill and clean tillage for the first time of turning green at the beginning of 10 months, intertill and clean tillage for the second time during height of seedling 10cm is afterwards according to the weeding at any time of weeds in field growing state; Behind the envelope ridge, the weeds that plant is higher are cut off the stem stalk from the weeds basal part of stem;
3.2 overwinter management: bark of ash is transplanted the back at field growing 2-3, go into the winter every year before broken the locating of mulch film want firming to seal, prevent that livestock from gnawing or trampleing on;
3.3 topdress: after bark of ash was transplanted 1 year, the fertilizer deficiency symptom appearred in full-bloom stage, imposes urea 40kg/hm
2, also can spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate 10kg/hm by 3% concentration
2
3.4 water management: transplanting ground 0--20cm soil layer weight water content is lower than 115g/kg and just need pours water; Irrigation quantity 400m
3/ hm
2
3.5 sick worm rat plague control: the bark of ash damage by disease and insect is less, rust can be used carbendazim 500mg/l concentration spraying control, and root rot is noted the rotation of crops and row's ponding, and the discovery diseased plant is rooted out with the sick cave of lime disinfection;
4 results
Dig period 4.1 receive: more than the growth 2-3, bright root diameter 2.5cm can receive when above and dig bark of ash after transplanting the land for growing field crops; Between the middle ten days and the last ten days in the October Cold Dew and the Frost's Descent, receive and dig;
4.2 bark of ash is received and dug: with three tooth iron wooden forks bark of ash one side soil is hollowed out earlier, bark of ash is dug down again, the bark of ash root that digs out shrugs off earth, receives cutout and does not hinder the root skin.
By the present invention, the rare traditional Chinese medicine bark of ash can be cultivated by large-scale artificial, and its wild resource can be effectively protected, and Qinghai-Tibet grassland is because the destruction that causes of gathering medicinal herbs is effectively suppressed simultaneously, and present technique social benefit and ecological benefits are remarkable.In addition, the present technique economic benefit is huge, and large tracts of land is promoted back producing region peasant and can be shaken off poverty and set out on the road to prosperity by the plantation bark of ash.Present technique has now been implemented 60 mu of plantations in the study base, more than bright output 15000 kg/ha, more than dry yield 5000 kg/ha.Its economic benefit is good, and gross earnings are more than 6.2 ten thousand yuan/hectare, removes 2.2 ten thousand yuan/hectare of costs, and net earnings is more than 40,000 yuan/hectare.Be equivalent to plant more than 2 times of wheat.Present technique is adapted at areas such as Gansu Province's Gannan Plateau, western Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan Province, the southeast, Qinghai and Eastern Tibet and uses.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
1. nurse young plants in hothouses
1.1 seed treatment
1. seed collection: the seed of gathering selects the above wild plant of life in 3 years (transplanting back 1 year), become brown or brown at most of capsule flavescence on September 10 seed wherein, with scissors fruit ear is cut, contain the utensil of going into not leak seed, transport back, put the ventilating and cooling place, after-ripening 7-8 days, the back threshing that dries in the sun of at 10 in morning September 18 to 2 pm is knocked fruit ear gently with waddy, shakes out seed again.
2. seed storage: behind the bark of ash seed collection, when treating the seed moisture content 12-13% left and right sides, be contained in the cotton bag and store, can not hermetically storing, storage period avoids sootiness, the plague of rats, insect pest, water wet etc.;
3. the alternating temperature of seed is handled: gather in the crops to November 30: 20 to 10 ℃ of storage temperature; December: 5 to-3 ℃ of storage temperature; January: 0 to-6 ℃ of storage temperature; February: storage temperature-3 is to 5 ℃; March: 10 to 15 ℃ of storage temperature; April: 15 to 20 ℃ of storage temperature.Percentage of seedgermination 82% by the alternating temperature processing.
1.2 nurse young plants in hothouses
1. soil treatment: soil treatment prescription: the every square metre of sheep excrement 5kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed, forest soil 15kg, superphosphate 100g, diammonium phosphate 50g, 50% phoxim baythion 0.3g, fine sand 10kg; Mix by ploughing deeply with native soil 25cm table soil, rake is leveling carefully.Roasting canopy before broadcasting: closed greenhouse reaches more than 55 ℃ temperature of shed to continue 4 hours, irritate the moisture in the soil water of revealing the exact details, and waits to infiltrate the back sowing;
2. date of seeding: October 5.
3. sowing: 2620/m of thickness of sowing
2, seeding quantity 12kg/hm
2, type of seeding:, use the hand uniform broadcasting at the furrow face with fine sand seed dressing; After seed is sowed, wet soil in small, broken bits is sieved on seed, earthing 0.5-1 centimetre, cover the sunshade net immediately with the iron mesh screen;
4. microspray irrigation: irrigation quantity is decided with weather and room temperature, sprinkling irrigation in the about 3-5 in the weather cold or the skies days once, the sprinkling irrigation in 2 days of day heat once, irrigation quantity 5-10kg/m
2
5. seedbed management: broadcast the seedbed, back and keep moistening, emerge about 20-25 days.Begin weeding for the first time after seedling all sprouts, wipe out weeds or hand-lifting removes less weeds from the weeds basal part of stem with scissors.Later on according to the timely weeding of weeds in field growing state, when 4 centimetres of heights of seedling, the field piece dense to growth of seedling will carry out thinning, the about 1.0cm of seedling spacing, average seedling spacing 2.5cm.
6. the degeneration-resistant exercise of seedling: the planting percent height of nursing young plants in hothouses, growth of seedling is fast, and seedling is planted stalwartness, but the indoor temperature and humidity height, seedling is tender and lovely, needs to carry out degeneration-resistant exercise before lifting, beginning put in a skylight gradually and leaked informaton April 10, progressively throw off coverlay, strengthen ventilation gradually, reduce humidity and temperature, strengthen illumination, impel the seedling leaves air hole structure perfect, blade surface produces wax coat, strengthens anti-adversity.Lifting on May 5 is taken exercise by preceding seedling preferably.
7. lifting: the bark of ash seedling passes the winter in the field, greenhouse, before transplanting May 5 lifting.The lifting seedling age reaches and launches 4 in blade.Play seedling-growing method and be earlier with three tooth iron wooden forks the seedling turn up, turn down gently then, sort out young plant, shake off earth.The young plant that has dug is native by 20% a small amount of band, be bundled into the 400-500g wisp, gunnysack, the Polywoven Bag of packing into and preserving moisture are transported to and are transplanted ground.
2. transplant
2.1 choosing ground:
1. select ground milpa environment: draining is good, and the soil is porous, more than the content of organic matter 16g/kg, and full nitrogen 1.5g/kg, full phosphorus 1.4g/kg, full potassium 18g/kg, rapid available phosphorus 13mg/kg, available potassium 180mg/kg, pH=6.8; Milpa height above sea level 2900m.Content of organic matter 18g/kg.Preceding stubble wheat.4.1 ℃ of average temperatures of the whole year.〉=10 ℃ of effective accumulated temperature are more than 1300 ℃.Frost-free season 95d.Mean annual precipitation 650mm.
2. plough deeply whole ground after site preparation and fertilization overlay film wheat on August 4 is received immediately, plough deeply 30cm, apply diammonium phosphate 200kg/hm
2Apply the sheep excrement 60t/hm that becomes thoroughly decomposed with ploughing
2Through During High-Temperature Composting 5--7d fermentation more than 50 ℃, to kill various parasitic ovums and pathogeny bacterium, weed seed, remove harmful organic acid and pernicious gas, make it to reach innoxious sanitary standard.Overlay film immediately behind the whole ground.Mulch film selects for use 80cm wide, the powerful ultrathin membrane of thickness 0.005mm, whole area width of cloth 80cm, i.e. ridge face width 60cm, the wide 20cm of furrow, the high 10cm in ridge.
2.2 young plant screening: will rot, mouldy, seedling body has the scab insect bite, incised wound, the sick and wounded seedling that abrades, fracture are removed; The external appearance characteristic of high quality seedling is: healthy and strong, anosis insect infection, have no mechanical damage, smooth surface, diameter 5-8mm, more than the long 15cm of seedling, hundred seedling fresh weight 132g;
2.3 transplant: transplanting time May 6.Every ridge kind triplex row, average row be apart from 27cm, spacing in the rows 14cm, and three in the ranks the individual plant position is quincunx staggers; With the little spades of the long 20cm of wide 4cm, open the cave when planting by seeding row spacing, every cave seedling of planting, the symptom of a trend is obturaged the compacting of mulch film cut with soil according to ridge face 1-2cm; Prevent wind.
2.4 planting density: the density of keeping a full stand of seedings is about 270,000 strains/hm
2
3 bark of ash field management
3.1 intertill and clean tillage: weed growth was rapid after bark of ash was transplanted, and weeding is wanted in time, eliminate weeds in the seeding stage.Generally transplanting in the time of back 30 days for the first time when intertill and clean tillage, height of seedling 10cm for the second time intertill and clean tillage, afterwards according to the weeding at any time of weeds in field growing state.Do not want cut wound during weeding or break young plant.Behind the envelope ridge, the closing of furrow face can suppress weed growth, but the higher weed growth of plant is vigorous, pulls out and easily hinders the bark of ash root system, and herbicidal methods is to cut off the stem stalk from the weeds basal part of stem, and bark of ash preserves from like this.
3.2 overwinter management: bark of ash is transplanted the back field growing 2 years, and therebetween all at field wintering, overwinter management comprises following method: around the bark of ash ground warning sign or protection network are set, prevent that livestock from gnawing or trampleing on; Checked in the ground before the annual winter that the broken place of mulch film wants firming to seal, mulch film was broken serious in 1 year, carried out stalk and covered, and protection bark of ash root system helps safe overwintering.
3.3 topdress: the fertilizer deficiency symptom appears in full-bloom stage, imposes urea 40kg/hm
2
3.4 water management: bark of ash carries out artificial supplementary irrigation, transplants the 40 side/mus of pouring water on May 14th, 1.
3.5 sick worm rat plague control: the bark of ash damage by disease and insect is less, except that infection rate height, the serious extreme case of causing harm, does not use chemical pesticide.Disease mainly contains rust and root rot, and the present embodiment rust is prevented and treated with the spraying of carbendazim 500mg/l concentration, and other diseases do not take place.
4 results
Dig period 4.1 receive: bark of ash was transplanted grown in field after 2 years, and October 20, receipts were dug.The cold-resistant anti-frost of bark of ash, after first frost, bark of ash still can continue to expand growth, for making full use of the season of growth, improves output and quality, improves drug effect.Can not receive too early and dig.But frost kill withered after, bark of ash bottom Lao Ye is withered and yellow rapidly, growth is gradually stagnated, if frozen soil, the root bar becomes fragile, and fractures easily, is unfavorable for operation.Therefore can not receive dug slow.
4.2 bark of ash is received and dug: the digging time will be considered can finish harvesting work before frozen ground.With three tooth iron wooden forks bark of ash one side soil is hollowed out earlier when receipts are dug, bark of ash is dug down again, the bark of ash root that digs out shrugs off earth, receives cutout and does not hinder the root skin.
The processing of 5 bark of ash
The bark of ash that receipts are dug is removed diseased plant, in time transports back respectively.Spread the ground airing at dry ventilation and penetrating light place 6 days, make water evaporates, airing is to root system when soft, grade by the thickness size, continue airing, be bundled into wisp about heavily about 400g with fine rule when half-dried, dry or dry to water content below 12%, the warehouse-in dampproof protection against insects is preserved.
Bright output 15000 kg/ha of present embodiment, dry yield 5000 kg/ha.Its economic benefit is good, and gross earnings are 6.2 ten thousand yuan/hectare, removes 2.2 ten thousand yuan/hectare of costs, 4.0 ten thousand yuan/hectare of net earnings.
Embodiment 2
1. nurse young plants in hothouses
1.1 seed treatment
1. seed collection: be same as embodiment 1.
2. seed storage: be same as embodiment 1.
3. seed treatment: the bark of ash seed is broadcast preceding gibberellin treatment, and concentration is 10ug/g, soaks germination rate 94% 20 hours.
1.2 nurse young plants in hothouses
1. soil treatment: substitute the forest soil 15kg with peat soil 15kg in the soil treatment prescription, all the other methods are same as embodiment 1.
2. date of seeding: sowing on May 2.
3. sowing: be same as embodiment 1.
4. microspray irrigation: be same as embodiment 1.
5. seedbed management: be same as embodiment 1.
6. the degeneration-resistant exercise of seedling: beginning was progressively thrown off coverlay or was opened ventilating opening September 10, strengthened ventilation gradually, reduced humidity and temperature, strengthened illumination.
7. lifting: lifting before bark of ash was transplanted at October 2.All the other methods are same as embodiment 1.
2. transplant
2.1 choosing ground:
1. select ground milpa environment: height above sea level 3200m.Content of organic matter 20g/kg.Preceding stubble broad bean.3.8 ℃ of average temperatures of the whole year.1100 ℃ of 〉=10 ℃ of effective accumulated temperature.Frost-free season 90d.Mean annual precipitation 670mm.
2. plough deeply 30cm after the site preparation and fertilization overlay film broad bean results, apply urea 150kg/hm
2With superphosphate 350kg/hm
2Apply the high-quality farmyard manure 60t/hm such as sheep excrement, pig manure that become thoroughly decomposed with ploughing
2Overlay film immediately behind the whole ground.Mulch film selects for use 75cm wide, the powerful ultrathin membrane of thickness 0.005mm, whole area width of cloth 80cm, ridge face width 60cm, the wide 20cm of furrow, the high 10cm in ridge.
2.2 young plant screening: will rot, mouldy, seedling body has the scab insect bite, incised wound, the sick and wounded seedling that abrades, fracture are removed; The external appearance characteristic of high quality seedling is: healthy and strong, anosis insect infection, have no mechanical damage, smooth surface, diameter 5-8mm, more than the long 13cm of seedling, hundred seedling fresh weight 115g.
2.3 transplant: transplanting time October 3.All the other methods are same as embodiment 1.
2.4 planting density: the density of keeping a full stand of seedings is 360,000 strains/hm
2
3 bark of ash field management
3.1 intertill and clean tillage: the back intertill and clean tillage for the first time of turning green in the coming year, intertill and clean tillage for the second time during height of seedling 10cm is afterwards according to the weeding at any time of weeds in field growing state.Do not want cut wound during weeding or break young plant.Behind the envelope ridge, the closing of furrow face can suppress weed growth, but the higher weed growth of plant is vigorous, cuts off the stem stalk from the weeds basal part of stem, and bark of ash preserves from like this.
3.2 overwinter management: bark of ash is transplanted the back field growing 3 years. overwinter management is same as embodiment 1.
3.3 topdress: the fertilizer deficiency symptom appears in full-bloom stage, sprays potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 times by 3% concentration, and each every mu of consumption 667 grams impose urea 40kg/hm
2
3.4 water management: rely on natural rainfall.
3.5 sick worm rat plague control: the present embodiment rust is with carbendazim 500mg/l concentration spraying control, and 30 of every mu of average root-rot diseased plants are involved root rot to eradicate in a criminal case and remove with the sick cave of lime disinfection.
4 results
Rely on natural rainfall.
Dig period 4.1 receive: bark of ash was grown 3 years after transplanting the land for growing field crops, and October 22, receipts were dug.
4.2 bark of ash is received and is dug: be same as embodiment 1.
The processing of 5 bark of ash is same as embodiment 1.
Bright output 16000 kg/ha of present embodiment, dry yield 5300 kg/ha.Its economic benefit is good, and gross earnings are 7.0 ten thousand yuan/hectare, removes 2.4 ten thousand yuan/hectare of costs, 4.6 ten thousand yuan/hectare of net earnings.
Embodiment 3
1. nurse young plants in hothouses
1.1 seed treatment
1. seed collection: be same as embodiment 1.
2. seed storage: be same as embodiment 1.
3. seed treatment: the bark of ash seed is broadcast preceding gibberellin treatment, and concentration is 10ug/g, soaks germination rate 93% 20 hours.
1.2 the technology of nursing young plants in hothouses
1. soil treatment: use peat soil 15kg in the soil treatment prescription, all the other methods are same as embodiment 1.
2. date of seeding: sowing on May 3.
3. sowing: be same as embodiment 1.
4. microspray irrigation: be same as embodiment 1.
5. seedbed management: be same as embodiment 1.
6. the degeneration-resistant exercise of seedling: beginning was progressively thrown off coverlay or was opened ventilating opening September 5, strengthened ventilation gradually, reduced humidity and temperature, strengthened illumination.
7. lifting: lifting before bark of ash was transplanted at October 3.All the other methods are same as embodiment 1.
2. transplant
2.1 choosing ground:
1. select ground milpa environment: height above sea level 3200m.Content of organic matter 20g/kg.Preceding stubble potato.3.8 ℃ of average temperatures of the whole year.1100 ℃ of 〉=10 ℃ of effective accumulated temperature.Frost-free season 90d.Mean annual precipitation 670mm.
2. plough deeply 30cm behind the site preparation and fertilization overlay film potato harvest, apply urea 150kg/hm
2With superphosphate 350kg/hm
2Apply the high-quality farmyard manure 60t/hm such as sheep excrement, pig manure that become thoroughly decomposed with ploughing
2Overlay film immediately behind the whole ground.Mulch film selects for use 80cm wide, the powerful ultrathin membrane of thickness 0.005mm, whole area width of cloth 80cm, ridge face width 60cm, the wide 20cm of furrow, the high 10cm in ridge.
2.2 young plant screening: will rot, mouldy, seedling body has the scab insect bite, incised wound, the sick and wounded seedling that abrades, fracture are removed; The external appearance characteristic of high quality seedling is: healthy and strong, anosis insect infection, have no mechanical damage, smooth surface, diameter 5-8mm, more than the long 13cm of seedling, hundred seedling fresh weight 120g.
2.3 transplant: transplanting time October 4.All the other methods are same as embodiment 1.
2.4 planting density: the density of keeping a full stand of seedings is 360,000 strains/hm
2
3 bark of ash field management
3.1 intertill and clean tillage: with embodiment 2.
3.2 overwinter management: bark of ash is transplanted the back field growing 3 years. overwinter management is same as embodiment 1.
3.3 topdress: the fertilizer deficiency symptom appears in full-bloom stage, sprays potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 times by 3% concentration, and each every mu of consumption 667 grams impose urea 40kg/hm
2
3.4 water management: rely on natural rainfall.
3.5 sick worm rat plague control: with embodiment 2.
4 results
Rely on natural rainfall.
Dig period 4.1 receive: bark of ash was grown 3 years after transplanting the land for growing field crops, and October 22, receipts were dug.
4.2 bark of ash is received and is dug: be same as embodiment 1.
The processing of 5 bark of ash is same as embodiment 1.
Bright output 16500 kg/ha of present embodiment, dry yield 5500 kg/ha.Its economic benefit is good, and gross earnings are 7.3 ten thousand yuan/hectare, removes 2.2 ten thousand yuan/hectare of costs, 5.1 ten thousand yuan/hectare of net earnings.
Claims (2)
1, a kind of bark of ash is nursed young plants in hothouses and is cultivating method mulched, it is characterized in that, it comprises the steps:
The first, nurse young plants in hothouses
1.1 seed treatment
1. seed collection: the seed of gathering selects the above plant of life in 3 years, and during most of capsule flavescence, seed wherein becomes brown or results seed when brown; With scissors fruit ear is cut, put the ventilating and cooling place, after-ripening 7-8 days, threshing;
2. seed storage: behind the bark of ash seed collection, when treating seed moisture content 12-13%, be contained in the cotton bag and store, can not hermetically storing, bunker requires shady and cool dry, and storage period avoids sootiness, the plague of rats, insect pest, water wet; The bark of ash seed storage phase is no more than 12 months;
3. seed treatment: the storage period alternating temperature handle or broadcast before use gibberellin treatment;
A. the alternating temperature of seed is handled: gather in the crops to November 30: 20 to 10 ℃ of storage temperature; December: 5 to-3 ℃ of storage temperature; January: 0 to-6 ℃ of storage temperature; February: storage temperature-3 is to 5 ℃; March: 10 to 15 ℃ of storage temperature; April: 15 to 20 ℃ of storage temperature; The percentage of seedgermination of handling by alternating temperature reaches more than 80%;
B. the gibberellin treatment of seed: broadcast preceding gibberellin treatment, concentration is 10ug/g, soaks 20 hours, and emergence rate can reach more than 90%;
1.2 nurse young plants in hothouses
1. soil treatment: soil treatment prescription: the every square metre of sheep excrement 5kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed, forest soil or peat soil 15kg, superphosphate 100g, diammonium phosphate 50g, 50% phoxim baythion 0.3g, fine sand 10kg; Mix by ploughing deeply with native soil 25cm table soil, rake is leveling carefully; Roasting canopy before broadcasting: closed greenhouse reaches more than 55 ℃ temperature of shed to continue 4 hours, irritate the moisture in the soil water of revealing the exact details, and waits to infiltrate the back sowing;
2. date of seeding: greenhouse ground temperature height, the seed of handling well is at the beginning of 5 months or sowing at the beginning of 10 months;
3. sowing: thickness of sowing 2550-2650 grain/m
2, seeding quantity 12kg/hm
2, type of seeding:, use the hand uniform broadcasting at the furrow face with fine sand seed dressing; After seed is sowed, wet soil in small, broken bits is sieved on seed, earthing 0.5-1 centimetre, cover the sunshade net immediately with the iron mesh screen;
4. sprayed once irrigation quantity 5-10kg/m in microspray irrigation: 2-5 days
2, to keep the moistening degree of being of soil surface;
5. seedbed management: broadcast the seedbed, back and keep moistening; After all sprouting, seedling begins weeding for the first time; With the timely weeding of backsight weed growth situation; Thinning during 3 centimetres of heights of seedling, seedling spacing 1.0cm, average seedling spacing 2.5cm;
6. the degeneration-resistant exercise of seedling: progressively threw off coverlay or opened ventilating opening in 20-30 days before transplanting, strengthen ventilation gradually, reduce humidity and temperature, strengthen illumination;
7. lifting: bark of ash is grown seedlings at the beginning of 10 months and is played transplantation of seedlings the coming year by the end of April, sows at the beginning of 5 months and plays transplantation of seedlings then October; The lifting seedling age reaches and launches 4 in blade; Play seedling-growing method and be earlier with three tooth iron wooden forks the seedling turn up, turn down gently then, sort out young plant; The young plant that has dug is native by 20% a small amount of band, be bundled into the 400-500g wisp, the gunnysack or the Polywoven Bag of packing into and preserving moisture are transported to and are transplanted ground;
The second, transplant
2.1 choosing ground:
1. select ground milpa environment: draining is good, and the soil is porous, more than the content of organic matter 15g/kg, and full nitrogen 0.5--3.0g/kg, full phosphorus 1.2--2.0g/kg, full potassium 15--21g/kg, rapid available phosphorus 10--15mg/kg, available potassium 100--240mg/kg, pH=6.5-8; Before stubble select cereal class, beans, potato, can not continuous cropping, the rotation cycle is more than 3 years; Cultivation plot, highway both sides must be apart from beyond the highway 500m; Height above sea level 2200--3500m; 2 ℃-5 ℃ of average temperatures of the whole year, a monthly mean temperature-15 ℃, July, mean temperature of air was 18 ℃; 〉=10 ℃ of effective accumulated temperature are more than 1000 ℃; Frost-free season 80-135d; Mean annual precipitation 500-750mm;
2. plough deeply 30cm after the site preparation and fertilization overlay film previous crops results, apply diammonium phosphate 200kg/hm
2, or urea 150kg/hm
2With superphosphate 350kg/hm
2Apply the sheep excrement that becomes thoroughly decomposed, pig manure high-quality farmyard manure 60t/hm with ploughing
2Organic manure must adopt the method for During High-Temperature Composting to reach innoxious; Whole area width of cloth 80cm, ridge face width 60cm, the wide 20cm of furrow, the high 10cm in ridge, autumn rain finish whole ground, and overlay film immediately behind the whole ground, mulch film select that 70-80cm is wide, the powerful ultrathin membrane of thickness 0.005mm for use;
2.2 young plant screening: will rot, mouldy, seedling body has the scab insect bite, incised wound, the sick and wounded seedling that abrades, fracture are removed; The external appearance characteristic of high quality seedling is: healthy and strong, anosis insect infection, have no mechanical damage, smooth surface, diameter 5-8mm, more than the long 15cm of seedling, hundred seedling fresh weight 100-140g;
2.3 transplant: transplanted autumn in late October and carry out, transplanted spring the first tenday period of a month in May and carry out; Every ridge kind triplex row, average row be apart from 27cm, spacing in the rows 14cm, and three in the ranks the individual plant position is quincunx staggers; With the little spades of the long 20cm of wide 4cm, open the cave when planting by seeding row spacing, every cave seedling of planting, the symptom of a trend is obturaged the compacting of mulch film cut with soil according to ridge face 1-2cm;
2.4 planting density: the density of keeping a full stand of seedings is 25-30 ten thousand strains/hm
2
Three, field management
3.1 intertill and clean tillage: transplant back 30 days intertill and clean tillages for the first time spring, transplant the back intertill and clean tillage for the first time of turning green at the beginning of 10 months, intertill and clean tillage for the second time during height of seedling 10cm is afterwards according to the weeding at any time of weeds in field growing state; Behind the envelope ridge, the weeds that plant is higher are cut off the stem stalk from the weeds basal part of stem;
3.2 overwinter management: bark of ash is transplanted the back at field growing 2-3, go into the winter every year before broken the locating of mulch film want firming to seal, prevent that livestock from gnawing or trampleing on;
3.3 topdress: after bark of ash was transplanted 1 year, the fertilizer deficiency symptom appearred in full-bloom stage, imposes urea 40kg/hm
2, or spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate 10kg/hm by 3% concentration
2
3.4 water management: transplanting ground 0--20cm soil layer weight water content is lower than 115g/kg and just need pours water; Irrigation quantity 400m
3/ hm
2
3.5 sick worm rat plague control: the bark of ash damage by disease and insect is less, rust carbendazim 500mg/l concentration spraying control, and root rot is noted the rotation of crops and row's ponding, the discovery diseased plant is rooted out with the sick cave of lime disinfection;
Four, results
Dig period 4.1 receive: bark of ash more than the growth 2-3, is received when bright root diameter 2.5cm is above and is dug after transplanting the land for growing field crops;
4.2 receive the excavation method: with three tooth iron wooden forks bark of ash one side soil is hollowed out earlier, bark of ash is dug down again, the bark of ash root that digs out shrugs off earth, receives cutout and does not hinder the root skin.
2, a kind of bark of ash as claimed in claim 1 is nursed young plants in hothouses and be cultivating method mulched, it is characterized in that: described receipts periods of digging is to receive to dig between the middle ten days and the last ten days in the October Cold Dew and the Frost's Descent.
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Families Citing this family (15)
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| CN102318476A (en) * | 2011-05-31 | 2012-01-18 | 山西圣济农牧发展有限公司 | Method for planting large-leaved gentian in sloping field |
| CN102657020A (en) * | 2012-05-30 | 2012-09-12 | 何淑玲 | High-yield cultivation method of Gentiana straminea Maxim in Dongyuan of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau |
| CN102783350A (en) * | 2012-09-03 | 2012-11-21 | 云南省农业科学院药用植物研究所 | Seedling culture method capable of improving emergence rate of gentiana crassicaulis |
| CN103210754B (en) * | 2012-11-23 | 2014-12-10 | 四川省农业科学院经济作物育种栽培研究所 | Method for breeding gentiana macrophylla low-altitude sound seedlings |
| CN103270883A (en) * | 2013-06-09 | 2013-09-04 | 陇西中天药业有限责任公司 | Non-woven fabric covering seedling method for gentiana macrophylla |
| CN104094761A (en) * | 2014-07-16 | 2014-10-15 | 卓尼县佛赐藏药材开发有限责任公司 | Hole sowing and seeding culture method of large-leaved gentian |
| CN105724026B (en) * | 2016-03-08 | 2019-09-27 | 广西壮族自治区药用植物园 | A kind of radix gentiane dahuvicae cultural method |
| CN106818111A (en) * | 2016-12-20 | 2017-06-13 | 庆阳敦博科技发展有限公司 | A kind of implantation methods of bark of ash |
| CN109452118A (en) * | 2018-11-02 | 2019-03-12 | 内蒙古科技大学包头医学院 | A kind of radix gentiane dahuvicae type of seeding |
| CN110800563A (en) * | 2019-12-02 | 2020-02-18 | 贵州凤冈众康生物科技有限公司 | Planting method of gentiana macrophylla |
| CN111527822B (en) * | 2020-04-24 | 2021-12-10 | 内蒙古医科大学 | Treatment method, artificial planting and wild tending method of gentiana dabryi seeds |
| CN112753511A (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-05-07 | 青海师范大学 | Artificial planting method for large-leaved gentian |
| CN113632690B (en) * | 2021-05-31 | 2022-12-23 | 丽江华利生物开发药业有限公司 | Cultivation method of gentiana crassicaulis, roots of gentiana crassicaulis and application of roots |
| CN114303840A (en) * | 2021-11-30 | 2022-04-12 | 云南省农业科学院经济作物研究所 | Planting method for reducing incidence rate of hollowing of potato tubers |
| CN115226582A (en) * | 2022-09-23 | 2022-10-25 | 云南省农业科学院园艺作物研究所 | Cultivation method for crop rotation of gentiana macrophylla pall and wheat in low latitude plateau area |
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