CN113632690B - Cultivation method of gentiana crassicaulis, roots of gentiana crassicaulis and application of roots - Google Patents
Cultivation method of gentiana crassicaulis, roots of gentiana crassicaulis and application of roots Download PDFInfo
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- CN113632690B CN113632690B CN202110601999.5A CN202110601999A CN113632690B CN 113632690 B CN113632690 B CN 113632690B CN 202110601999 A CN202110601999 A CN 202110601999A CN 113632690 B CN113632690 B CN 113632690B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G20/00—Cultivation of turf, lawn or the like; Apparatus or methods therefor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of cultivation and management of gentiana macrophylla pall, and particularly relates to a cultivation method of gentiana macrophylla pall, roots of gentiana macrophylla pall and application of the roots, wherein the cultivation method comprises the following steps: harvesting, land selection, land preparation, matrix soil formula, seeding and seedling raising, selection and arrangement of a transplanting land, transplanting, field management, pest control and harvesting. According to the method, the seeds of the gentiana macrophylla pall are screened, the directional distribution of nutrition of the gentiana macrophylla pall is adjusted by the proportion of the matrix soil, and the field management is matched, so that the accumulation of effective components at the root is facilitated, the drug effect of the gentiana macrophylla pall is improved, and the medicinal value of the gentiana macrophylla pall is increased; but also exerts the fertility resources of the soil and reduces the pollution of the fertilizer to the soil.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of cultivation of gentiana macrophylla pall, and particularly relates to a cultivation method of gentiana macrophylla pall, roots of gentiana macrophylla pall and application of the roots.
Background
Gentiana macrophylla Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk, a perennial herb of Gentiana of Gentianaceae, is used as a medicine by root, is an important traditional and commonly used Chinese medicine in China, and is one of 4 recorded in Chinese pharmacopoeia, the root of which contains gentiopicrin, swertisin, sugar, volatile oil and other components. Has antiinflammatory, antibacterial, tranquilizing, blood pressure lowering, blood sugar increasing, anaphylactic shock resisting, antihistaminic, and plasmodium inhibiting and killing effects. Has effects of dispelling pathogenic wind and removing dampness, relieving asthenic fever, relieving rigidity of muscles and relieving pain, and can be used for treating rheumatism joint pain, spasm of tendons, hand and foot paralysis, tuberculosis hectic fever, infantile malnutritional fever, jaundice, hematochezia, dysuresia, etc. Can be widely used in Chinese medicine compatibility and pharmacy raw materials. Mainly distributed in the northwest of Yunnan, southeast of Tibet, sichuan and the like, and grown in alpine meadows, hilly lawns, bushes and forest borders with the elevation of 2100-4500 m.
With the increasing market demand of gentiana macrophylla, the price of gentiana macrophylla is also increasing. At present, a certain artificial planting area (900 hm) of gentiana macrophylla pall is available in the northwest of Yunnan province 2 To 1000hm 2 ) However, the method mainly comprises scattered planting of farmers, obviously has the defects of extensive technology and strong randomness, lacks a set of standard cultivation technology in the aspects of land selection, land preparation, seed seedling raising, transplanting, field management and the like, is difficult to ensure the quality and the yield of the large-stem gentiana macrophylla, and influences the economic benefit of the large-stem gentiana macrophylla.
In view of this, the invention is particularly proposed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cultivation method of large-stem gentiana macrophylla, which optimizes the steps of selecting seeds, raising seedlings and grading seedlings of the large-stem gentiana macrophylla, forms a set of standard cultivation technology by matching with field management, is beneficial to accumulation of effective components of the large-stem gentiana macrophylla at the root, improves the drug effect of the large-stem gentiana macrophylla, increases the medicinal value and the yield of the large-stem gentiana macrophylla, and further improves the economic benefit of planting the large-stem gentiana macrophylla.
The invention also provides the gentiana macrophylla roots harvested by adopting the standard cultivation technology, and the gentiana macrophylla roots are excellent in quality, high in yield, remarkable in economic benefit and suitable for large-scale operation.
The invention also provides application of the obtained gentiana macrophylla pall root in preparing a Chinese patent medicine.
The invention is realized by the following steps:
the invention provides a method for cultivating gentiana macrophylla pall, which sequentially comprises seed selection, seedling cultivation, transplanting land selection, land preparation of transplanting land, seedling classification, transplanting and field management;
the seedlings are divided into three grades by taking root length, diameter, root integrity, reed head integrity and existence of insect infection as standards:
wherein the root length of the first-stage seedling is more than or equal to 15cm, the diameter is more than or equal to 6mm, the root integrity is more than or equal to 98 percent, the reed head integrity is 100 percent, and the first-stage seedling is free from insect infection;
the second-level seedling has the root length of 8 to 15cm, the diameter of 2 to 6mm, the root integrity of more than or equal to 95 percent and the reed head integrity of 100 percent, and has no disease and insect infection;
the third-stage seedling has the root length of less than or equal to 8cm, the diameter of less than or equal to 2mm, the root integrity of more than or equal to 95 percent and the reed head integrity of 100 percent, and has no disease and insect infection.
The root integrity and the reed head integrity are critical to seedling growth, and are not all defective, the damage of roots or reed heads can increase the risk of insect infection, unbalanced nutrient intake is easily caused, the root integrity is usually obtained by adopting a visual inspection reading mode, the surface area of the roots of large-leaved gentian is too large, visual inspection reading is not convenient, a scanned graph is obtained by scanning the roots by adopting CT, then the defect part existing in the scanned graph is planned to be repaired, and then a calculation formula is adopted: root integrity was calculated as (total surface area-repaired surface area)/total surface area. And reed head integrity can be obtained by conventional visual reading.
The invention adopts the steps of scraping out root-wrapping soil on the root surface and then carrying out conventional strain separation and identification experiments to determine whether the roots of large-leaved gentian have the risk of infecting pathogenic bacteria.
In an optional embodiment, the seed selection comprises that the seeds can not pass through a 60-mesh screen, and/or after the seeds are dried, the thousand seed weight is more than 0.35g, and the seed screening is an important link for improving the quality and yield of the roots of the gentiana macrophylla pall.
Preferably, the seeds do not pass through a 40 mesh screen.
Preferably, the seeds are collected at a planting density of 7.5-9.5 ten thousand plants/hm 2 7.5-9.5 ten thousand plants/hm of gentiana macrophylla plants 2 The planting density of the method is closer to the growth density of wild gentiana macrophylla, so that the quality of seeds harvested from the plants is higher.
In an alternative embodiment, the raising of seedlings comprises selection of a raising place, preparation of a raising place, seed treatment, sowing and inter-seedling management in this order.
Preferably, the seedling growing land comprises a seedling growing land with an altitude of 2200m to 2400m, a pH value of 5.0 to 6.5, a sunshine ground surface temperature of 10 ℃ to 27 ℃ and a sunshine time of 5~7 hours/day.
Preferably, the soil for seedling culture comprises one or more of sandy loam, alluvial soil and dark brown soil, and the soil generally has the advantages of deep soil layer, loose soil and good air permeability, and is beneficial to the growth of gentiana macrophylla pall and the synthesis of medicinal components.
Preferably, the preparation of the seedling growing land comprises soil preparation of the seedling growing land, fertilization of the seedling growing land and bed preparation of the seedling growing land in sequence.
Preferably, the seedling land preparation comprises the steps of deeply ploughing the seedling land for 35 to 50cm, alternately freezing the seedling land for 60 to 70 days by sunshine and night, controlling the sunshine ground surface temperature to be 10 to 27 ℃, the sunshine time to be at least 5 hours/day, the night freezing temperature to be-4~5 ℃, the night freezing time to be at least 3 hours/day, and adopting temperature control equipment such as a greenhouse, a heater and the like if necessary.
Preferably, the working time of soil preparation of the seedling culture land is 11 months.
Preferably, the fertilizing of the seedling growing land comprises applying compound rotten farmyard manure or matrix soil mixed with potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer, and then deeply ploughing for 35-45cm, wherein the compound rotten farmyard manure is obtained by mixing at least two of sheep manure, pig manure and cow manure according to a random ratio.
Preferably, the seedling land preparation further comprises a fine raking step after the seedling land is deeply ploughed.
Preferably, the number of fine rake passes of the fine rake step is 2~4, and more preferably 3 passes.
Preferably, the fertilizing amount of the seedling raising field is 1.5-5.0 kg/m 2 。
Preferably, the fertilizing amount of the seedling raising field is 4.5kg/m 2 。
Preferably, the step of making the bed in the seedling growing land comprises the step of making strip beds with the length, width and height of 20-40m, 1.2m and 40cm in the seedling growing land respectively.
Preferably, the seed treatment comprises soaking the standby gentiana macrophylla seeds in water for 2h to 5h, then soaking the seeds in gibberellin solution for 5h to 8h, simultaneously carrying out ultrasonic oscillation treatment, then fishing out and mixing fine river sand (the diameter of the river sand is 3-8 mm), keeping the temperature at 15-22 ℃, keeping the humidity at 65-70%, carrying out germination acceleration treatment for 10-15 days, and sowing when 50-60% of seeds are exposed to the white.
Preferably, the seeds of gentiana macrophylla are soaked in water for 2 hours.
Preferably, the water temperature of the seed soaking water is 18-25 ℃.
Preferably, ultrasonic oscillation treatment is adopted while the seed is soaked.
Preferably, the concentration of the gibberellin solution is 100 mg/L-500 mg/L.
Preferably, the time for soaking the seed by the gibberellin solution is 5 to 8 hours.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the gentiana macrophylla seeds to the fine river sand is 1 to 6.
Preferably, the sowing comprises the steps of opening a bed surface into a ditch with the depth of 2cm and the width of 5-6 cm at a row spacing of 8-12cm, drilling seeds, raking the bed surface with a rake, covering soil with the thickness of 2-3 cm, covering pine hair or straws with the thickness of 1.5-2.5 cm, watering for one time, spreading a mulching film, covering an arch film and a shading net, wherein the arch height is 0.7-0.8 m, and the arch spacing is 1.2-1.5 m.
Preferably, the row spacing between the bed surfaces is 15cm.
Preferably, the seeding quantity of the drill seeds is 0.6-0.8 g/m 2 。
Preferably, the seed drill is performed using a dibbler.
Preferably, the inter-seedling management comprises the steps of sowing gentiana macrophylla pall seeds, covering with a flat mold and an arched film in a double-layer mode, controlling the surface temperature to be 20-28 ℃ and the humidity to be 60-75%, removing the flat mold covered by a bed surface when the emergence rate reaches 80%, removing pine hair or straws, watering with a watering can when the surface layer of soil is dried to the depth of 2-5cm and the humidity is lower than 50%, and simultaneously avoiding water accumulation on the seedbed, wherein the pH value of the soil in the seedling stage is controlled to be 5.0-6.5.
Preferably, when the drying depth of the soil surface layer is 2cm, the humidity is lower than 50%, and watering is carried out by using a watering can.
Preferably, the removal of the pine hairs or straws is done in three separate operations.
Preferably, the watering can waters a minimum of two times.
In an alternative embodiment, the nutrient content of the substrate soil mixed with the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer comprises: 70.14 to 85.26 g/kg of organic matter, 2.04 to 3.86 g/kg of total nitrogen, 1.26 to 1.56 g/kg of total phosphorus, 6.07 to 7.24 g/kg of total potassium, 92.69 to 110.78mg/kg of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, 215.16 to 228.66mg/kg of quick-acting potassium, 66.08 to 78.56mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 60.26 to 70.92mg/kg of effective iron, 40.54 to 59.57 mg/kg of effective manganese, 1.56 to 2.65 mg/kg of effective zinc and 0.98 to 1.50 mg/kg of effective copper.
The nutrient content of the substrate soil mixed with the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer limits 9 element fertilizers, organic matters and various fertilizers are blended through pH control, and the formula is characterized in that the limiting mode of adopting the element fertilizers is the most accurate after long-term and large-scale attempts of the inventor on various fertilizers due to the long cultivation period of the gentiana macrophylla, and creative labor is paid for obtaining the content.
In an optional embodiment, the transplanting land is selected from an area with the altitude of 2500 m-3000 m, the annual average temperature of 5.5-10 ℃, the coldest month average temperature of-3.5-5.5 ℃, the hottest month average temperature of 13-17.5 ℃, the annual accumulated temperature of more than or equal to 10.0 ℃, 1550.0-3200 ℃, the annual precipitation amount of 600 mm-1000 mm and the frost-free period of 120-210 days.
Preferably, the transplanting land comprises a non-continuous cropping cultivated land or a raw slope land with the gradient of 10-20 ℃, the sunshine low-temperature preservation temperature of 10-27 ℃ and the sunshine time of at least 5 hours/day, the gentiana macrophylla pall is not planted in the three years before the non-continuous cropping cultivated land or the raw slope land, and the preceding crops comprise at least one of tartary buckwheat, autumn rapes or kidney beans.
Preferably, the soil of the transplanting land is brown loam or sandy loam.
In an optional embodiment, the land preparation of the transplanting land comprises the steps of deeply ploughing twice, applying compound decomposed farmyard manure or matrix soil mixed with potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer, ditching and conditioning soil moisture to prepare a flat bed with the width of 0.8-1.0 meter, and covering with black mulching film.
Preferably, the depth of the first deep ploughing in the two deep ploughing is 30-50 cm, weeds and broken stones are removed, then sunshine is carried out, the sunshine earth surface temperature is 10-27 ℃, the sunshine time is 5~7 hours/day, and the depth of the second deep ploughing is 30-50 cm after 30 days of sunshine.
Preferably, the composite decomposed farmyard manure or the matrix soil mixed with the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer is applied, and simultaneously, calcium phosphate is also applied.
Preferably, the application amount of the matrix soil mixed with the compound decomposed farmyard manure or the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer is 5.5kg per square meter.
Preferably, the application amount of the calcium phosphate is 450-600 kg/h square meter.
Preferably, the calcium phosphateThe P content is 15-20% by mass 2 O 5 。
Preferably, the calcium phosphate contains 17% of P by mass 2 O 5 。
In an optional embodiment, the transplanting comprises digging holes on the transplanting ground in an inverted triangle shape with the row spacing of 20-25 cm and the plant spacing of 15-20 cm, then transplanting the seedlings into the holes, covering soil for 2-3 cm after planting, and watering.
Preferably, the seedling is a first-stage seedling, and/or a second-stage seedling.
In an alternative embodiment, the field management comprises weeding, pest control, top dressing, moisturizing, pinching and harvesting in sequence.
Preferably, the top dressing comprises applying compound rotten farmyard manure in the middle of 11 months of the year after transplanting, twice in the first 6 th and middle 8 th months of the second year, and once in the last 5 th month of the third year after transplanting.
Preferably, the application amount of the decomposed farmyard manure applied in 11 th month of the year is 22500-30000 kg/hm 2 。
Preferably, the fertilizers used for fertilizing twice in the first 6 th and middle 8 th of the second year comprise urea and compound fertilizers, and the compound fertilizers comprise N, P 2 O 5 And K 2 O, said N, P 2 O 5 And K 2 The mass ratio of O is 1: 0.5-3.
Preferably, N, P in the compound fertilizer for fertilizing twice in the first 6 th and middle 8 th of the second year 2 O 5 And K 2 The mass ratio of O is 1.
Preferably, the mass fraction of the N content in the compound fertilizer used for fertilizing twice in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th of the second year is 40% -50%.
Preferably, the mass fraction of the urea content in the compound fertilizer used for fertilizing twice in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th of the second year is 46%.
Preferably, the fertilizing amount for twice fertilization in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th of the year comprises 300-450 kg/hm of urea 2 And compound fertilizer 225-375 kg/hm 2 。
Preferably, the fertilizer for the first topdressing in late 5 th month of the third year comprises potassium fertilizer and compound fertilizer, and the compound fertilizer comprises N, P 2 O 5 And K 2 O, said N, P 2 O 5 And K 2 The mass ratio of O is 1.
Preferably, the N, P is used in the compound fertilizer for one topdressing in late 5 th month of the third year 2 O 5 And K 2 The mass ratio of O is 1.
Preferably, the mass fraction of K content in the potassium fertilizer in the compound fertilizer used for the first topdressing in 5 th decade of the third year is 20-70%.
Preferably, the mass fraction of K content in the potassium fertilizer in the compound fertilizer used for the first topdressing in 5 th decade of the third year is 50%.
Preferably, the one-time additional fertilizer application amount in late 5 months of the third year comprises 300-450 kg/hm of potassium fertilizer 2 And compound fertilizer 450-675 kg/hm 2 。
Preferably, the pointing time is that the gentiana macrophylla enters the bud stage.
Preferably, the number of said pinching is 2~3.
Preferably, the moisture retention comprises that the water content of the soil during the growth period of the gentiana macrophylla is 45% -65%.
Preferably, the harvesting time comprises 11 months in the second year after transplanting, and the harvesting conditions comprise withering of the plants.
The invention also provides a large-leaved gentian root obtained by the cultivation method of the large-leaved gentian.
The invention also provides the application of the roots of the gentiana macrophylla pall in preparing Chinese patent medicines.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the classification of the gentiana macrophylla pall seedlings provided by the invention not only plays a role together with other steps such as seed selection, breeding, field management and the like, is beneficial to the accumulation of effective components of the gentiana macrophylla pall at the root, improves the drug effect of the gentiana macrophylla pall, increases the medicinal value and the yield of the gentiana macrophylla pall, and simultaneously realizes the feasibility of standardized production of the cultivation of the gentiana macrophylla pall through the classification of the gentiana macrophylla pall seedlings, which is an important prerequisite for promoting the standardization of the traditional Chinese medicine of the gentiana macrophylla pall. The method comprises the steps of classifying the seedlings of the large-leaved gentian, matching with corresponding inspection regulations, and then specifying enterprise standards, local standards and even national standards, and is an effective measure for storing excellent large-leaved gentian varieties and promoting improved variety production.
The invention also provides the gentiana macrophylla roots harvested by adopting the standard cultivation technology, and the fresh weight of the gentiana macrophylla roots reaches 15000-18000 kg/hm 2 And the proportion of the harvested gentiana macrophylla roots which meet the commodity requirement accounts for more than 80%.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were conducted under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available commercially.
The features and properties of the present invention are described in further detail below with reference to examples.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a high-quality and high-yield cultivation method for gentiana macrophylla pall, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Seed selection of gentiana macrophylla
The method comprises the steps of picking mature seeds of the large-leaved gentian with the thick stem, which are planted (the planting density is 7.5 ten thousand plants per square meter per hour) in an environment imitating the growth of the wild large-leaved gentian, airing the seeds under natural conditions, selecting a standard sieve of 40 meshes for screening, and taking the seeds of the large-leaved gentian, which cannot pass through the 40-mesh sieve, and the weight of the seeds is more than 0.35g as breeding materials for later use.
(2) Seedling raising
(1) Seedling growing land selection and preparation
Selecting sandy loam with low terrain, near water source, deep soil layer, loose soil and good air permeability in an area with the altitude of about 2200m, wherein the soil is pollution-free and convenient to drain and irrigate, a slightly acidic land with the pH value of 5.5 is suitable for a land block with sufficient sunlight, preparing the land in the first 11 months to the last 11 months, namely deeply ploughing for 40cm, irradiating the land by sunlight in the daytime in the next 65 days, and freezing for night; then, applying matrix soil (composite matrix soil for short, the nutrient content is shown in table 1) mixed with the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer in the last ten days from 2 months to 3 months in the next year, wherein the using amount of the matrix soil is 4.5kg per square meter; then deeply ploughing for 40cm and finely raking for 3 times; finally, making a strip bed with the width of 1.2m, the length of 30m and the height of 40cm, finely raking the surface of the ridge bed, leveling and preparing for seeding and seedling raising.
TABLE 1 nutrient content of composite matrix soil in example 1
| Name(s) | Unit | Content (wt.) | Name (R) | Unit | Content (c) of |
| pH value | - | 5.5 | Quick-acting potassium | mg/kg | 215.16 |
| Organic matter | g/kg | 70.14 | Fast-acting phosphorus | mg/kg | 66.08 |
| Total nitrogen | g/kg | 2.04 | Effective iron | mg/kg | 60.26 |
| All-phosphorus | g/kg | 1.26 | Effective manganese | mg/kg | 40.54 |
| Total potassium | g/kg | 6.07 | Available zinc | mg/kg | 1.56 |
| Basic nitrogen of hydrolysis | mg/kg | 92.69 | Effective copper | mg/kg | 0.98 |
(2) Seed treatment
In late 2 months of the next year, the coarse-stem gentiana macrophylla seeds obtained by screening in the step (1) are soaked in water (the water temperature is 20 ℃) for 2 hours, ultrasonic oscillation treatment is carried out simultaneously, then the seeds are soaked in gibberellin solution with the concentration of 300mg/L for 6.5 hours, the seeds are fished out and mixed with fine river sand, the volume ratio of the seeds to the fine river sand is 1:7, the seeds are placed in a plastic basin, the temperature is kept at 15-22 ℃, the humidity is kept at 65-70%, germination accelerating treatment is carried out for 10-15 days, and sowing can be carried out when 50-60% of the seeds are exposed to the white.
(3) Seeding
Sowing in the middle ten days of the next 3 months to the last 4 months, wherein the sowing method comprises the steps of digging a bed surface into a ditch with the depth of 2cm and the width of 5-6 cm according to the row distance of 10cm, drilling seeds by using a dibbler according to the dosage of 0.7 g/square meter, raking the bed surface by using a rake, covering soil with the thickness of 2-3 cm, covering pine or straw with the thickness of 1.5-2.5 cm, watering for one time, spreading a mulching film, covering an arch film and a shading net, wherein the arch height is 0.7-0.8 m, and the arch spacing is 1.2-1.5 m.
(4) Management of seedling stage
After sowing seeds of gentiana macrophylla pall, covering by using a flat mold and an arched film in a double-layer mode, controlling the surface temperature to be 20 ℃ and the humidity to be 60%, and growing seedlings in about 7-12 days, when the rate of emergence can reach about 80%, removing the flat mold covered on the bed surface, and removing pine hair or straws in three times, so that the seedlings can adapt to the illumination and can be promoted to grow quickly. Timely weeding is carried out in the seedling stage, when the surface layer of the soil is dry to 2cm and the humidity is lower than 50%, watering is carried out by utilizing a watering can to prevent dry bud and dead seedlings, watering is carried out twice repeatedly each time to avoid water accumulation on a seedbed, the wet layer of the soil is kept at 8-12 cm, and the pH value of the soil is strictly controlled to be 5.0 in the seedling stage.
(3) Transplanting
(1) Selection of transplanting land: selecting the area with the altitude of 2500m, the annual average temperature of 5.5-10 ℃, the coldest month average temperature of-3.5-5.5 ℃, the hottest month average temperature of 13-17.5 ℃, the annual accumulated temperature of not less than 10.0 ℃, 1550.0-3200 ℃, the annual precipitation amount of 600-1000 mm, the frost-free period of 120-210 days, sandy loam, slope of 10-20 ℃, sufficient sunshine, non-continuous cropping cultivated land or barren slope land, no gentiana macrophylla pallida planted in the first three years and tartary buckwheat as the previous crop.
(2) Land preparation of a transplanting land: deeply turning over for 40cm from 9 late months to 10 early months of the next year, and removing weeds and broken stones to ensure that the weeds and the broken stones are fully exposed to the sun; deep turning for the second time by 40cm from 11 to 12 months in the next year; before ditching and managing the soil moisture, spreading composite thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure with the dosage of 5.5kg per square meter and simultaneously applying calcium superphosphate 500kg per square meterIn mass fraction, P in the calcium superphosphate 2 O 5 The content of (D) is 17%; making a flat bed with the width of 1.0 meter; covering with black mulching film for transplanting.
(3) Grading transplanted seedlings and transplanting the seedlings: digging seedlings of a seedling raising land in the next 10 th month, digging holes of first-level seedlings (shown in table 2) in an inverted triangle shape according to the row spacing of 20cm and the plant spacing of 20cm, transplanting the seedlings to the planting land obtained in the step (2) of the step (3), covering soil for 2-3 cm after planting, and watering.
Table 2 first stage shoot characteristics used in example 1
| Project \ level | First-class seedling |
| Root length (cm) | ≥ 15 |
| Diameter (mm) | ≥6 |
| Root integrity (%) | 98 |
| Integrity of reed head (%) | 100 |
| Presence or absence of disease and insect infection | Is free of |
(4) Transplanting field management:
(1) during the growth period of the gentiana macrophylla pall, weeds are removed in time, and diseases and insect pests are prevented; the prevention and control of the plant diseases and insect pests are as follows: when the root rot is discovered, digging a pond with roots in time to remove the plants of the gentiana macrophylla pall infected with the root rot; when the cutworm is found, the 1000-time liquid of the wettable powder is trapped and killed by poison bait or 2.5 percent of enemy;
(2) in 11 months of the next year, the land is covered with 22500kg/hm of compound decomposed farmyard manure in combination with ridging 2 ；
(3) Topdressing: and (3) dressing urea and compound fertilizer in the first 6 th and middle 8 th of the third year after transplanting in combination with intertillage weeding, wherein the dressing amount is as follows: 400kg/hm of urea with 46 percent of N content by mass fraction 2 300kg/hm of compound fertilizer 2 In the compound fertilizer, N is P 2 O 5 :K 2 The mass ratio of O is 1; covering the compartment surface with compound decomposed farmyard manure 30000kg/hm in 11-month middle ten days in the third year after transplanting in combination with hilling 2 (ii) a After transplanting, potassium fertilizer and compound fertilizer are applied in the last 5 th month of the fourth year, wherein the application amount is as follows: potash fertilizer 400kg/hm with K content of 50 mass percent 2 Compound fertilizer 500kg/hm 2 In the compound fertilizer, N is P 2 O 5 :K 2 The mass ratio of O is 1.
(4) When the gentiana macrophylla enters the bud stage, 2-3 times of pointenting and bud picking are carried out;
(5) during the growth period of the gentiana macrophylla pall, keeping the water content of soil at 45-65% by mass fraction;
(6) and (4) collecting roots of the gentiana macrophylla pall when the plants wither in 11 months in the fourth year after transplanting.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a high-quality and high-yield cultivation method for gentiana macrophylla pall, and the difference from the embodiment 1 is that the seedlings of gentiana macrophylla pall selected by the embodiment are second-level seedlings, and the characteristics are as follows:
TABLE 3 characteristics of the second-stage seedlings of gentiana macrophylla selected in example 2
| Project \ level | Second-level seedling |
| Root length (cm) | 8 ～ 15 |
| Diameter (mm) | 2 ～ 6 |
| Root integrity (%) | 95 |
| Integrity of reed head (%) | 100 |
| Presence or absence of infection by pests | Is free of |
The rest of the procedure was the same as in example 1.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a high-quality and high-yield cultivation method for gentiana macrophylla pall, and the method is different from the embodiment 1 in that the first-stage seedlings and the second-stage seedlings of the gentiana macrophylla pall with the same quantity are simultaneously selected, and the rest steps are the same as the embodiment 1.
Comparative example 1
The comparison example provides a high-quality and high-yield cultivation method for gentiana macrophylla pall, and the difference from the example 1 is that the seedlings of gentiana macrophylla pall selected by the comparison example are third-level seedlings, and the characteristics are as follows:
table 4 third-class seedlings of gentiana macrophylla selected in comparative example 1
| Project \ level | 3. Seedling stage |
| Root length (cm) | ≤ 8 |
| Diameter (mm) | ≤2 |
| Root integrity (%) | 95 |
| Integrity of reed head (%) | 100 |
| Presence or absence of disease and insect infection | Is free of |
The roots of Gentiana macrophylla pall obtained in example 1~3 and comparative example 1 were examined as follows:
(1) size detection
Measuring the diameter and length of the obtained root of gentiana macrophylla pall and recording.
(2) And (3) extract detection: the extract contents of example 1~3 and comparative example 1 were determined according to the hot-dip method under the general rule 2201 of the pharmacopoeia of traditional Chinese medicine 2015 edition using ethanol as a solvent.
(3) And (3) detecting the total ash content: the total gray content is obtained by detecting 1~3 and comparative example 1 according to traditional Chinese medicine pharmacopoeia 2015 edition general rule 2302.
(4) Detecting the content of gentiopicrin and loganin acid: according to the pharmacopoeia 2015 edition, general rule 0521 of high performance liquid chromatography determines the contents of gentiopicroside and loganin acid in example 1~3 and comparative example 1.
The detection result is as follows: see the following Table
TABLE 9 root test results of Gentiana macrophylla Roxb obtained in example 1~3 and comparative example
| Transplanting seedling | Diameter/mm | Length/cm | Extract/% | Total ash content/%) | (gentiopicroside + loganin acid)/%) | kg/mu (fresh) |
| First-class seedling (example 1) | 6.8 ～ 8.6 | 22.9 ～ 25.78 | 38.89 | 2.82 | 9.163 | 1200 |
| Second-class seedling (example 2) | 3.1 ～ 4.7 | 17.28 ～ 21.54 | 35.46 | 3.24 | 7.997 | 1000 |
| First-stage/second-stage mixed seedling (seed)EXAMPLE 3) | 4.2 ～ 5.7 | 18.78 ～ 20.66 | 32.78 | 2.94 | 9.086 | 950 |
| Third-level seedling (proportion 1) | 3.6 ～ 4.5 | 15.42 ～ 17.98 | 26.89 | 3.48 | 3.151 | 700 |
As can be seen from table 9, compared with the selection of the second-stage seedling, the first-stage/second-stage mixed seedling and the third-stage seedling, the size of the gentiana macrophylla root obtained by the cultivation of the first-stage seedling is largest, the extract is largest, the content of the effective components is highest, the gray level is minimum, and the yield is also highest, so that the cultivation of the first-stage seedling by grading the seedling in the early stage of cultivation has a remarkable economic value.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A cultivation method of gentiana macrophylla pall is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Seed selection of gentiana macrophylla
Picking and planting mature crude gentiana macrophylla in environment imitating growth of wild crude gentiana macrophyllaThe planting density of the seeds of the gentiana macrophylla is 7.5 ten thousand plants/hm 2 Airing the seeds under natural conditions, then selecting a standard sieve of 40 meshes for screening, and taking the seeds of the gentiana macrophylla which cannot pass through the 40-mesh sieve and have the grain weight of more than 0.35g as breeding materials for later use;
(2) Seedling raising
(1) Seedling growing land selection and preparation
Selecting sandy loam with low terrain, near water source, deep soil layer, loose soil and good air permeability in an area with the altitude of about 2200m, conveniently draining and irrigating soil without pollution, subacidity with the pH value of 5.5 and sufficient sunshine, preparing land in the first 11-month to 11-month ten days, deeply ploughing for 40cm, irradiating the land by sunlight in the daytime in the next 65 days, and freezing at night; then, applying matrix soil mixed with the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer in the second year from 2 late ten days to 3 early months, wherein the using amount is 4.5kg per square meter; then deeply ploughing for 40cm and finely raking for 3 times; finally, making a strip bed with the width of 1.2m, the length of 30m and the height of 40cm, finely raking the surface of the ridge bed, and leveling to prepare seeding and seedling raising;
the matrix soil of the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer contains the following nutrients: 70.14g/kg of organic matter, 2.04 g/kg of total nitrogen, 1.26 g/kg of total phosphorus, 6.07 g/kg of total potassium, 92.69 mg/kg of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, 215.16 mg/kg of quick-acting potassium, 66.08 mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 60.26 mg/kg of effective iron, 40.54 mg/kg of effective manganese, 1.56 mg/kg of effective zinc, 0.98 mg/kg of effective copper and pH 5.0;
(2) seed treatment
In late 2 months of the next year, soaking the large-leaved gentian seeds obtained by screening in the step (1) with water at 20 ℃ for 2 hours, carrying out ultrasonic oscillation treatment simultaneously, soaking the seeds with gibberellin solution with the concentration of 300mg/L for 6.5 hours, fishing out and mixing with fine river sand, placing the seeds and the fine river sand in a plastic basin, keeping the volume ratio of the seeds to the fine river sand of 1:7 at the temperature of 15-22 ℃ and the humidity of 65-70%, carrying out germination acceleration treatment for 10-15 days, and sowing when 50-60% of the seeds are exposed to the white;
(3) seeding
Sowing in the middle ten days of 3 months to 4 months in the next year, wherein the sowing method comprises the steps of digging a bed surface into a ditch with the depth of 2cm and the width of 5-6 cm according to the row distance of 10cm, drilling seeds by using a dibbler according to the dosage of 0.7 g/square meter, raking the bed surface, covering soil with the thickness of 2-3 cm, covering pine or straw with the thickness of 1.5-2.5 cm, watering thoroughly, spreading a mulching film, covering an arch film and a shading net, wherein the arch height is 0.7-0.8 m, and the arch spacing is 1.2-1.5 m;
(4) management of seedling stage
After sowing seeds of gentiana macrophylla pall, covering with a flat film and an arched film in a double-layer manner, controlling the surface temperature of the ground to be 20 ℃, and growing seedlings in 7-12 days under the condition that the humidity is 60%, removing the flat film covered on the bed surface when the rate of emergence reaches 80%, removing pine hair or straws in three times, weeding in the seedling stage, watering with a watering can when the surface layer of the soil is dried to 2cm and the humidity is lower than 50%, watering repeatedly twice each time, keeping the wet layer of the soil to be 8-12 cm, and strictly controlling the pH of the soil to be 5.0 in the seedling stage;
(3) Transplanting
(1) Selection of transplanting land: selecting an area with the altitude of 2500m, the annual average temperature of 5.5-10 ℃, the coldest month average temperature of-3.5-5.5 ℃, the hottest month average temperature of 13-17.5 ℃, the annual accumulated temperature of not less than 10.0 ℃, 1550.0-3200 ℃, the annual precipitation amount of 600-1000 mm and the frost-free period of 120-210 days, wherein the soil is sandy loam, the slope of 10-20 ℃ and the sunshine sufficient non-continuous cropping cultivated land or the wasteland, gentiana macrophylla has not been planted in the first three years, and the previous crop is tartary buckwheat;
(2) land preparation of a transplanting land: deeply turning over for the first time by 40cm from the last 9 th to the last 10 th of the second year, and removing weeds and gravels to expose the weeds and the gravels; deep turning for the second time by 40cm from the last 11 th to the last 12 th of the month; before ditching and managing the soil moisture, spreading the compound decomposed farmyard manure with the dosage of 5.5kg per square meter and simultaneously applying the calcium superphosphate of 500kg/hm 2 In mass fraction, P in the calcium superphosphate 2 O 5 The content of (D) is 17%; making a flat bed with the width of 1.0 meter; covering with black mulching film for transplanting;
(3) grading the transplanted seedlings and transplanting the seedlings: digging seedlings of a seedling raising land in the next 10 th ten days, digging holes in an inverted triangle shape by taking the first-stage seedlings according to the row spacing of 20cm and the plant spacing of 20cm, transplanting the seedlings to the transplanting land obtained in the step (2) of the step (3), covering soil for 2-3 cm after planting, and watering;
the first-class seedling is characterized in that: the root length is more than or equal to 15cm, the diameter is more than or equal to 6mm, the root integrity is 98 percent, the reed head integrity is 100 percent, and no pest infection exists;
(4) Transplanting field management:
(1) during the growth period of gentiana macrophylla pall, weeds are removed, and diseases and insect pests are prevented; the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests are as follows: when the root rot is found, digging a pond with roots to remove the large-leaved gentian plants infected with the root rot; when the cutworm is found, bait is used for trapping and killing or 2.5 percent of enemy is used for killing the wettable powder 1000 times liquid and is sprayed;
(2) in 11-month middle ten days of the next year, the compartment surface is covered with 22500kg/hm of compound decomposed farmyard manure in combination with hilling 2 ；
(3) Topdressing: in combination with intertillage weeding, urea and compound fertilizer are applied in the first 6 th and middle 8 th months of the third year after transplanting, wherein the application amount for each time is as follows: 400kg/hm of urea with 46 percent of N content by mass fraction 2 300kg/hm of compound fertilizer 2 In the compound fertilizer, N is P 2 O 5 :K 2 The mass ratio of O is 1; covering the compartment surface with compound decomposed farmyard manure 30000kg/hm in 11-month middle ten days in the third year after transplanting in combination with hilling 2 (ii) a After transplanting, potassium fertilizer and compound fertilizer are applied in the last 5 th month of the fourth year, wherein the application amount is as follows: potash fertilizer 400kg/hm with K content of 50 mass percent 2 Compound fertilizer 500kg/hm 2 In the compound fertilizer, N is P 2 O 5 :K 2 The mass ratio of O is 1;
(4) when the gentiana macrophylla enters the bud stage, 2-3 times of pointenting and bud picking are carried out;
(5) during the growth period of the gentiana macrophylla pall, keeping the water content of soil at 45-65% by mass fraction;
(6) and (4) harvesting roots of the gentiana macrophylla pall when the plants wither in 11 months in the fourth year after transplanting.
2. Roots of gentiana macrophylla pall obtained by the method for cultivating gentiana macrophylla pall according to claim 1.
3. The use of the roots of gentiana macrophylla of claim 2 in the preparation of a Chinese patent medicament.
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