CN112673946B - Method for brewing, heating and seedling raising of pod peppers in high and cold mountainous areas in south - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for raising seedlings of pod peppers in alpine mountain areas in south by brewing heat and raising temperature, which improves links in the seedling breeding process by researching vegetable cultivation facilities and seedling raising technologies in south, effectively improves the ground temperature, improves the microenvironment of a seedling raising greenhouse, cultivates strong seedlings and provides excellent seedling foundations for subsequent high-efficiency cultivation of high-mountain vegetables or early-spring alternate low-temperature cultivation in other seasons.

Description

Method for brewing, heating and seedling raising of pod peppers in alpine and cold southern mountainous areas

[ technical field ] A method for producing a semiconductor device

The invention relates to the technical field of pepper planting, in particular to a method for brewing and raising temperature of pod peppers in alpine mountain areas in south.

[ background ] A method for producing a semiconductor device

Capsicum, belonging to Solanaceae, is a perennial herb with one year or a limited number, the content of vitamin C is the first in vegetables, and the fruit peel contains capsaicin and has pungent taste, and can stimulate appetite. At present, pepper has become one of the major commercial crops planted by agricultural growers. In the traditional method for planting the peppers by farmers in mountainous areas, pepper seeds are directly scattered on fine soil for seedling culture treatment, and after seedlings grow to a certain degree, the seedlings are transplanted to a planting base for planting.

The seedling raising in chili protected area is realized through controlling and regulating temperature, humidity, illumination, nutrients and other conditions to provide conditions for the growth and development of chili seedling. In the cold winter and spring in the alpine mountain areas in south, the technology is cold, high in humidity and harsh in planting environment, and the research and development of the high-quality and efficient winter and spring seedling raising technology are very important. The high-temperature, high-humidity or low-irradiation seedlings grow too fast to cause overgrowth seedlings, the low temperature, the dryness and the like cause overgrowth to cause runt seedlings, the overgrowth seedlings or the runt seedlings can greatly influence the later growth of the pepper seedlings, and even the later adult yield and the product quality are influenced.

Currently, the current practice is. For existing research on pepper seedling raising, for example, a pepper seed seedling raising method disclosed in document CN201811098593 includes the following steps: (1) selecting pepper seeds with strong disease resistance, good stress resistance, excellent quality and high yield; (2) soaking pepper seeds in warm water, wrapping the pepper seeds with wet cloth for 1-2 days, keeping the sand cloth wet, and accelerating germination of the pepper seeds; (3) transferring the pepper seeds subjected to germination acceleration into a seedling culture nutrient solution for culture; (4) when the pepper buds in the seedling culture plate grow to 10-20 cm, selecting strong pepper buds of excellent varieties; (5) when the pepper grows out and reaches 2-3cm in length, covering a transparent freshness protection package with the length of 8cm and the diameter of 2-4cm on the pepper; (6) picking, storing and transporting the peppers. For another example, document CN201811361631 pepper seedling raising method discloses the following steps: (1) uniformly mixing attapulgite, sweet wormwood residue, sawdust, neem residue and vinasse to obtain a matrix; (2) sterilizing a pepper planting field, and then spreading a matrix with the thickness of 5-8cm on the pepper planting field; (3) decocting tobacco into tobacco liquid, cooling the tobacco liquid to 45-55 deg.C, soaking pepper seeds in cold water for 10-15min, and scalding the seeds in the tobacco liquid for 23-30 min; accelerating germination of the hot pepper seeds for 4-5 days in a humid environment; (4) sowing the pepper seeds after germination acceleration on a pepper planting field mixed with a matrix, and spreading the matrix with the thickness of 0.1-0.3cm on the pepper seeds; obtaining pepper seedlings after pepper seeds germinate and grow into plants with the height of 18-25 cm; (5) managing a pepper planting field: after the pepper seeds are sowed and before mature pepper seedlings are obtained, weeding, watering and pest control are carried out on a pepper planting field in time. However, the researches are directed at pepper, and do not further relate to pod pepper, and do not further aim at practical seedling raising technology in alpine mountain areas, and the method is essentially different from the method, and the method is a more specific operation method which can be mastered.

The pod pepper is a plant of capsicum of solanaceae, the pepper fruit is finger-shaped, facing the sky, high in pungency degree, dry and fresh, stable in price, remarkable in economic benefit, and capable of increasing the planting area year by year, and becomes a main way for obtaining stable income in mountainous areas, particularly high-altitude areas. In south alpine mountainous areas, such as Guangxi pod pepper planting, the southern Guizhong area is used to grow seedlings in 11-12 months, and in the northern Guizhong alpine mountainous areas, the seedlings can be sold in different seasons in the 2-3 months. However, in this season, in alpine mountainous areas in northwest of Guizhou, the weather is low in temperature and rainy, the seedlings are prone to cataplexy, root rot and weak in growth, the seedling transportation cost is high from other places, the transportation is inconvenient, and the planting season is difficult to catch up with. At present, the traditional direct seeding or plug seedling method is generally adopted in high-altitude mountain areas, and a small arched shed is added for heat preservation. However, cold and rainy weather still seriously affect the germination speed, emergence rate and seedling growth speed of seeds, and strong seedlings are difficult to breed.

Therefore, the research on the seedling raising method of the peppers in the southern alpine and cold mountain areas is urgent.

[ summary of the invention ]

The invention aims to provide a method for raising seedlings by brewing heat and raising temperature of pod peppers in alpine mountainous areas in south by researching southern vegetable cultivation facilities and seedling raising technologies, so that the ground temperature is effectively improved, the microenvironment of a seedling raising greenhouse is improved, strong seedlings are cultivated, and a good seedling foundation is provided for the follow-up high-efficiency cultivation of alpine vegetables or the alternate-season cultivation such as early spring and the like.

The invention relates to a method for brewing, heating and seedling raising of pod peppers in alpine and cold southern mountainous areas, which comprises the following steps:

1) variety selection: a pod pepper variety which is suitable for cultivation in winter and spring and has strong disease resistance and strong stress resistance is selected;

2) and (3) sowing period: sowing seeds in middle and last ten days of 2 months in alpine mountain areas with high altitude of more than 750m in south;

3) site selection and facility preparation: selecting a land with flat terrain, high dryness, thick soil, leeward and sunny exposure and convenient irrigation and drainage to build a seedling raising shed and a seedling bed;

4) preparing a heat brewing seedbed:

(1) making a seedling bed: digging soil on the surface layer of the ground to prepare a half-pit seedbed, paving 10-15 cm-thick straws or corn stalks in the pit, scattering 1 cm-thick semi-hydrated lime on the pit, paving 5-8 cm-thick straws on the lime, uniformly sprinkling water on the seedbed, paving 1-2 cm-thick fine soil on the seedbed, compacting, and covering with a mulching film to obtain the seedbed;

(2) double-film covering: spreading the inner film on the tray surface with microfilm or mulching film, covering the bed surface with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film arch, and compacting the soil around;

(3) and (3) seedbed disinfection: after digging the seedbed pit, sterilizing the seedbed;

5) sowing and seedling raising:

(1) seed treatment: the harvested seeds are disinfected before sowing to kill carried pathogenic bacteria, viruses and ova, and the following 3 methods are adopted according to the requirements:

dry heat disinfection:

putting the seeds into a thermostat at 68-70 ℃, starting a white light lamp, standing for 68-72 hours to effectively kill virus diseases, bacterial fungal diseases and ova, and paying attention to: the method confirms that the water content of the seeds is between 7 and 8 percent;

② a seed soaking method by warm soup:

packaging seeds with mesh bags, fastening bag openings, placing the seeds in hot water of 50-55 ℃ for scalding, continuously shaking and turning for about 8-10min, keeping the water temperature by heating water in the whole process, not directly spraying the seeds when adding the boiled water to prevent high-temperature scalding, soaking the seeds for 5-6h after the water temperature is reduced to 30 ℃, effectively killing viruses and worm egg living bodies, and breaking dormancy;

thirdly, a medicament seed soaking disinfection method:

soaking the seeds subjected to dry heat disinfection or hot water seed scalding disinfection in a 1% copper sulfate solution, a 10% trisodium phosphate solution or a 2% sodium hydroxide solution for 10min respectively, taking out the seeds, washing the seeds with clear water, filtering off the water on the surfaces of the seeds to avoid overgrowth, root swelling and root rot caused by waterlogging, wrapping the filtered seeds with wet gauze, placing the seeds at 28-32 ℃ for accelerating germination, and sowing the seeds when 70% of the seeds are exposed to the white;

the three methods select a dry heat disinfection method and a medicament treatment or a warm water seed scalding method and a medicament treatment according to the serious pest and disease damage condition of a seed production base;

(2) preparing a seedling culture substrate: the preparation of the pepper seedling culture substrate needs to be fully supported: the early stage fertility is flat, the middle stage fertility is promoted, the later stage fertility is stable, the disinfection and the subacidity principle are strict, and the grass carbon, the vermiculite and the perlite are used according to the proportion of 5.5: 3.5: 1, mixing in proportion, adding 1kg of organic fertilizer into each cubic meter of matrix, turning over for 3-4 times by a shovel, uniformly stirring, adding 40-50% of water (according to the dryness and humidity of the matrix, the water content of the prepared standard matrix is better that the matrix is agglomerated by a hand and does not go out of water when falling to the ground), controlling the pH value of the prepared matrix to be 5.6-7.0 because the pepper needs a slightly acidic environment, regulating by limestone because the grass peat is strong in acidity, and adding 3-5kg of decomposed limestone into each cubic meter of matrix to regulate to the required pH value;

sterilizing the prepared substrate by using zineb, hymexazol and pulex, uniformly mixing 50g of 70 percent zineb per cubic meter into the substrate, adding 4 to 5kg of 99 percent hymexazol raw powder into water, or adding 10ml of pulex into 15kg of water, uniformly spraying wine on the substrate, and dishing and sowing;

(3) dibbling: selecting 50 or 72-hole trays with medium growth of pod pepper, sowing the seeds after germination acceleration in a seedling tray with 1 seed per hole and covering a substrate of 0.5 cm;

(4) after sowing, placing the seedling tray in a small arched shed, and covering a greenhouse film in time;

(5) inserting an agricultural thermometer on the ground in the center of the seedbed, recording the temperature of the seedbed at 6:00 a.m., 12:00 a.m., and 19:00 a.m. every morning, preventing the temperature from being too high or too low to take measures in time, testing and monitoring the temperature for 12 hours, and placing a seedling tray after the temperature is suitable for germination and basically stable;

6) and (3) water and fertilizer management in a pepper seedling stage:

(1) the seedlings do not need to be watered and fertilized before emergence;

(2) after the seedlings come out of the earth, opening films at two ends of the small arched shed in the daytime to perform ventilation cooling;

(3) after 5 leaves and 1 heart to 6 leaves and 1 heart of the seedling, slightly applying a seedling-extracting fertilizer according to the growth vigor of the seedling;

(4) keeping the seedling tray matrix moist in the initial growth stage, controlling the moisture and avoiding excessive growth;

7) and (3) pest control in the seedling stage:

preventing and treating seedling damping-off, damping-off and epidemic diseases; preventing aphids and whiteflies;

8) strong seedling index:

the physiological seedling age of the strong pepper seedlings is 50-60 days in spring, the early-maturing variety has 8-10 true leaves, and the middle-maturing and middle-late-maturing varieties have 10-14 true leaves; the external form standard and physiological and biochemical indexes of strong seedlings meet the requirements.

The pod pepper variety described in step 1) of the present invention is selected from pod pepper varieties with the following trade names: bright yang day, red cinnamon crown, red predominant fire, bright crown and beautiful beauty.

The half-pit seedbed in the step 4) is a half-pit seedbed with the width of 1.6m, the depth of 20-25cm and the length of 12m, the depth of the seedbed is adjusted according to the altitude and the temperature, and the altitude of more than 800 m is increased to 30-35 cm.

The water is uniformly sprinkled on the seedbed in the step 4), and is uniformly sprinkled on the seedbed according to 1L of water per square (depending on the humidity of the filler).

The double-film covering in the step 4) means that the inner film is flatly paved on the cave dish surface by using a micro-film or a mulching film with the width of 1.5m, the outer film is tightly covered on the bed surface by using a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) shed film with the width of 2m, and the periphery of the bed surface is subjected to soil raising and compaction.

The seedbed disinfection in the step 4) is to use 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, or 500 times of 25% metalaxyl wettable powder, or 500 times of 50% thiram wettable powder for seedbed disinfection after digging a seedbed pit.

The seed treatment in the step 5) has very good prevention effect on damping off, damping off and the like in the seedling stage.

The step 5) of preventing the temperature from being too high or too low to take measures in time refers to the following steps:

the temperature of the seedbed is too low: firstly, the quality of a heating base is not enough, or fermentation is performed at the early stage; secondly, the slope of the selected site of the seedbed is too large, the selected back wind is warm, the slope is small, and the ground temperature can be utilized to the maximum extent to slow the slope; controlling watering; fourthly, deepening the seedbed; increasing the thickness of the greenhouse film, or covering a straw curtain, compacting the periphery, and covering a seedling tray with a mulch film to preserve soil moisture;

over-high temperature of the seedbed: firstly, controlling water quantity; secondly, opening a door of the seedling shed for ventilation; thirdly, if the soil is higher but not lower in the earlier stage, the thickness of the soil on the uppermost layer is thickened, and a mulching film on the soil is cancelled; fourthly, fully knowing the decomposition degree of the temperature-increasing substrate, the local air temperature and convection factors when designing the seedbed;

testing and monitoring the temperature for 12 hours, wherein the temperature is suitable for germination, and the seedling tray can be placed after the temperature is basically stable: the proper temperature is 25-28 ℃, if the water shortage exceeds 30 ℃, the seedling burning risk exists, the root dehydration is easy to cause, the seedling bed is particularly heated and warmed, and under the conditions that the heating matrix such as cow and sheep manure, grass and lime is excessive and the watering is excessive, the temperature is possibly overhigh in the early stage and is controlled at 25-28 ℃ and is not more than 30 ℃.

The light application of the seedling-raising fertilizer in the step 6) is combined with watering and is carried out every 666.67m ² 0.5 percent of urea and monopotassium phosphate are poured for 1 time every 5-8 days, and the application is continuously carried out for 3 times.

The seedling-stage pest control in the step 7) is mainly used for controlling seedling-stage damping-off, damping-off and epidemic diseases, prok or azoxystrobin medicaments are selected for spraying and controlling after seedling emergence, the condition development condition is observed, and the prok or azoxystrobin medicaments are sprayed once every 6 days; the pesticide has less insect damage in seedling stage, and can be used for preventing aphids and whiteflies, when early-stage pest occurs, 2000 times liquid of 2% avermectin missible oil, 1500 times liquid of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder and 1000 times liquid of 1% emamectin benzoate missible oil are used for preventing and controlling, and the pesticide is sprayed once in 5 days according to pest occurrence conditions.

The external form standard of the strong seedlings in the step 8) refers to that the plants are tall and strong, the seedlings are 15-20 cm high, the leaves are spread, the leaves are green and glossy, the stems are 0.4-0.5 cm thick, the internodes are short, the first inflorescence buds, the root system is developed, and no disease and insect symptoms exist.

The physiological and biochemical indexes of the strong seedlings in the step 8) comprise: firstly, the absorption function of the root system after field planting is recovered quickly, and the seedlings can be slowly grown in a short time; secondly, the stress resistance is strong, and the drought resistance and the cold resistance are shown, so that the method has strong adaptability to adverse environmental conditions.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:

1. the Guangxi pepper is planted, the seedlings are grown for 5-6 months in the southwest area of Guizhou by common open field habit in 11-12 months, the seedlings are grown in the northern Guangxi alpine area of Guizhou in 2-3 months, and the seedlings are harvested in 8-10 months. The seedling growing seasons in 2-3 months are mostly low-temperature overcast and rainy and short-exposure days, sudden collapse, root rot, weak growth vigor and difficulty in reaching the planting seasons easily occur in the seedling growing process, and compared with the traditional plug seedling, the hot brewing and temperature increasing seedling growing technology for the peppers in the alpine mountainous areas in the south, which is disclosed by the invention, is easier to control excessive growth, saves the cost, shortens the seedling age and grows strong seedlings. The method has the advantages of common required facilities, simple method, strong operability, obvious effect and greatly improved production ratio; the temperature in the seedling raising small arch shed is effectively improved, and the humidity is reduced; the vegetable cultivation can be realized by utilizing the mountain terrain, the vegetable can be listed in different seasons, the market season of large-batch vegetables cultivated in common open fields is avoided, and the economic benefit is high.

2. According to the method for cultivating the hot peppers in the southern alpine mountain area, disclosed by the invention, the hot-brewing and temperature-increasing seedling cultivation technology is easier to control excessive growth, saves the cost, shortens the seedling age and breeds strong seedlings compared with the traditional seedling cultivation technology by cooling the hot-brewing matrix such as cow and sheep manures, grass and lime in water and combining the vegetable cultivation facility and the hot pepper cultivation technology.

3. According to the method for brewing and heating seedling raising of peppers in the alpine mountainous areas in south, the comprehensive seedling disease prevention and control system integrating high-temperature seed soaking of seeds, seed soaking of seed agents, seedbed matrix disinfection and spraying of high-efficiency agents after seedlings is formed, the emergence rate and the strong seedling rate of seedling raising in the alpine mountainous areas in spring can be greatly improved, and the seedling resistance is improved. Due to the adoption of heat brewing and temperature increasing, the key problems of seed rotting, low budding rate, slow growth, uneven seedlings and incapability of field planting to catch up with seasons of seedling growing in winter and spring in a cold mountain area under a warm and humid adverse condition are solved, 15-30 days can be brought forward for early field planting of pod peppers planted in the cold mountain area, products can be brought into the market in the early stage, and a foundation is laid for effectively preventing high-temperature diseases such as bacterial wilt, epidemic disease, anthracnose and sunscald possibly encountered in the fruit harvesting period.

[ description of the drawings ]

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an environmental temperature chart of three modes of continuously monitoring seedling raising greenhouses in alpine mountain areas according to an embodiment of the invention and a comparative example.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an environmental humidity meter for continuously monitoring three modes of seedling raising greenhouses in alpine mountain areas in an embodiment of the invention and a comparative example.

[ detailed description ] embodiments

The following examples are provided to further illustrate the embodiments of the present invention.

Example 1:

a method for brewing, heating and seedling raising of pod peppers in southern alpine mountain areas comprises the following steps:

1) variety selection: the pod pepper variety which is suitable for cultivation in winter and spring and has strong disease resistance and strong stress resistance is selected, and the variety is demonstrated as follows: a1 (day of yangyang), a2 (cinnamon crown red), A3 (red-winning fire), a4 (gorgeous crown), control variety: a5 (brilliant beauty);

2) and (3) sowing period: sowing seeds in middle and late ten days of 2 months in alpine mountainous areas with high altitude of more than 750m in south, specifically demonstrating in white cave villages (altitude of 800-;

3) site selection and facility preparation: selecting a land with flat terrain, high dryness, thick soil, leeward and sunny exposure and convenient irrigation and drainage to build a seedling raising shed and a seedling bed;

4) preparing a heat brewing seedbed:

(1) making a seedling bed: digging surface layer mellow soil to make a half-pit seedbed with the width of 1.6m, the depth of 25cm and the length of 12m, paving 15cm thick straws or corn stalks in the pit, scattering 1cm thick half-grown lime on the pit, paving 5-8cm straws on the lime, uniformly sprinkling water on the seedbed, paving 1L of fine soil with the water per square surface, compacting the fine soil with the depth of 1-2cm, and covering a mulching film to obtain the seedbed;

(2) double-film covering: the inner film is spread on the cave dish surface by using a micro-film or a mulching film with the width of 1.5m, the outer film is tightly covered on the bed surface by using a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) shed film with the width of 2m, and soil is filled and compacted at the periphery;

(3) and (3) seedbed disinfection: after digging a seedbed pit, sterilizing the seedbed by using 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder;

5) sowing and seedling raising:

(1) seed treatment: the harvested seeds are disinfected before sowing to kill carried pathogenic bacteria, viruses and ova, and the following 3 methods are adopted according to the requirements:

dry heat disinfection:

putting the seeds into a thermostat at 68-70 ℃, starting a white light lamp, standing for 68-72 hours to effectively kill virus diseases, bacterial fungal diseases and ova, and paying attention to: the method confirms that the water content of the seeds is between 7 and 8 percent;

② a seed soaking method with warm soup:

packaging the seeds with a mesh bag, tightening the bag opening, then placing the seeds into hot water of 50-55 ℃ for scalding, continuously shaking and turning for about 8-10min, keeping the water temperature by heating water in the whole process, not directly spraying the seeds with the hot water to prevent high-temperature scalding, soaking the seeds for 5-6h after the water temperature is reduced to 30 ℃, effectively killing virus and worm egg living bodies, and breaking dormancy;

thirdly, a medicament seed soaking disinfection method:

soaking the seeds subjected to dry heat disinfection or hot water seed scalding disinfection in a 1% copper sulfate solution, a 10% trisodium phosphate solution or a 2% sodium hydroxide solution for 10min respectively, taking out the seeds, washing the seeds with clear water, draining off the water on the surfaces of the seeds to avoid excessive growth, root swelling and root rot caused by waterlogging, wrapping the drained seeds with wet gauze, placing the wrapped seeds at 28-32 ℃ for germination acceleration, and sowing when 70% of the seeds are exposed to the air;

the three methods select a dry heat disinfection method and a medicament treatment or a warm water seed scalding method and a medicament treatment according to the serious pest and disease conditions of a seed production base;

(2) preparing a seedling culture substrate: the preparation of the pepper seedling culture substrate needs to be fully supported: the early stage fertility is flat, the middle stage fertility is promoted, the later stage fertility is stable, the disinfection and the subacidity principle are strict, and the grass carbon, the vermiculite and the perlite are used according to the proportion of 5.5: 3.5: 1, mixing in proportion, adding 1kg of organic fertilizer into each cubic meter of matrix, turning over for 3-4 times by a shovel, uniformly stirring, adding 40-50% of water (according to the dryness and humidity of the matrix, the water content of the prepared standard matrix is better that the matrix is agglomerated by a hand and does not go out of water when falling to the ground), controlling the pH value of the prepared matrix to be 5.6-7.0 because the pepper needs a slightly acidic environment, regulating by limestone because the grass peat is strong in acidity, and adding 3-5kg of decomposed limestone into each cubic meter of matrix to regulate to the required pH value;

sterilizing the prepared substrate by using zineb, hymexazol and pulex, uniformly mixing 50g of 70 percent zineb per cubic meter into the substrate, adding 4 to 5kg of 99 percent hymexazol raw powder into water, or adding 10ml of pulex into 15kg of water, uniformly spraying wine on the substrate, and dishing and sowing;

(3) dibbling: selecting a hole tray with 50 or 72 holes when the pod pepper grows in a medium state, sowing the seeds subjected to germination acceleration in a seedling tray with 1 seed in each hole, and covering a substrate by 0.5 cm;

(4) after sowing, placing the seedling tray in a small arched shed, and covering a greenhouse film in time;

(5) inserting an agricultural thermometer on the center of the seedbed, recording the temperature of the seedbed at 6:00 a.m., 12:00 a.m., 19:00 a.m., 6:00 a.m., preventing the temperature from being too high or too low to take measures in time, testing and monitoring the temperature for 12 hours, ensuring that the seedbed is suitable for germination, placing a seedbed on the seedbed after the temperature is basically stable: the appropriate temperature is 25-28 ℃, if the water shortage exceeds 30 ℃, the seedling burning risk exists, the root dehydration is easy to cause, the seedling bed is particularly brewed and heated, and under the condition that the heat brewing matrix such as cow and sheep manure, grass and lime are excessive and the watering is excessive, the temperature is possibly overhigh in the early stage and is controlled at 25-28 ℃ and does not exceed 30 ℃;

the temperature of the seedbed is too low: firstly, the quality of a heating base is not enough, or fermentation is performed at the early stage; secondly, the slope of the selected site of the seedbed is too large, the selected back wind is warm, the slope is small, and the ground temperature can be utilized to the maximum extent to slow the slope; controlling watering; fourthly, deepening the seedbed; increasing the thickness of the greenhouse film, or covering a straw curtain, compacting the periphery, and covering a seedling tray with a mulch film to preserve soil moisture;

over-high temperature of the seedbed: firstly, controlling water quantity; secondly, opening a door of the seedling shed for ventilation; thirdly, the thickness of the soil on the uppermost layer is thickened and the mulching film on the soil is cancelled if the soil is higher but not lower in the earlier stage; fourthly, fully knowing the decomposition degree of the temperature-increasing substrate, the local air temperature and convection factors when designing the seedbed;

6) and (3) water and fertilizer management in a pepper seedling stage:

(1) the seedlings do not need to be watered and fertilized before emergence;

(2) after the seedlings come out of the earth, opening films at two ends of the small arched shed in the daytime to perform ventilation cooling;

(3) after 5 leaves and 1 heart to 6 leaves and 1 heart of the seedling, slightly applying seedling-lifting fertilizer according to the growth condition of the seedling, and watering in combination for 666.67m ² 0.5 percent of urea and monopotassium phosphate are poured for 1 time every 8-10 days and are continuously applied for 3 times;

(4) keeping the matrix of the seedling tray moist in the initial growth stage, controlling the moisture and avoiding excessive growth;

7) and (3) pest control in the seedling stage:

mainly preventing and treating seedling damping-off, damping-off and epidemic diseases, selecting a pulex medicament to carry out pesticide spraying prevention and treatment after seedling emergence, observing the condition development condition, and spraying once in 6 days;

the pesticide is less in insect damage in the seedling stage, aphids and whiteflies are prevented, when early pest occurs, 2000-fold liquid of 2% abamectin missible oil, 1500-fold liquid of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder and 1000-fold liquid of 1% emamectin benzoate missible oil are used for preventing and treating, and the pesticide is sprayed once in 5 days according to the pest situation;

preventing and treating seedling damping-off, damping-off and epidemic diseases; preventing aphids and whiteflies;

8) strong seedling index:

the physiological seedling age of the strong pepper seedlings is 50-60 days in spring, the early-maturing variety has 8-10 true leaves, and the middle-maturing and middle-late-maturing varieties have 10-14 true leaves;

the external form standard of strong seedlings is as follows: the plant is tall and strong, the seedling height is 15-20 cm, the leaves are spread, the leaves are green and glossy, the stem is 0.4-0.5 cm thick, the internode is short, the first inflorescence buds, the root system is developed, and the disease and insect symptoms do not exist;

physiological and biochemical indexes: firstly, the absorption function of the root system after field planting is recovered quickly, and the seedlings can be slowly grown in a short time; secondly, the stress resistance is strong, and the drought resistance and the cold resistance are shown, so that the method has strong adaptability to adverse environmental conditions.

Comparative example 1:

traditional seedling culture: direct seeding and cultivating, cultivating seedlings according to local traditional soil preparation + small arched shed, and other reference examples.

Comparative example 2:

and (3) carrying out plug seedling on a nutrient medium: the specification of 50 or 70 hole trays is adopted, and turf, vermiculite and perlite are used according to the proportion of 5.5: 3.5: mixing the components in the ratio of 1 to obtain a nutrient medium, adding water into the nutrient medium, uniformly stirring (adding water standard: the nutrient medium is held by hands to form a dough without dripping water and is scattered when falling to the ground), and dishing;

preparing a seedbed: digging the surface layer of the soil to prepare a seedbed with the width of 1.6m and the length of 12 m;

after germination accelerating, sowing. Double film coverage was performed: the inner membrane is spread on the bed surface by using a micro-membrane or a mulching film with the width of 1.5m, the outer membrane is arched and covered tightly by using a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane with the width of 2m, and the periphery of the bed surface is compacted by soil.

Other reference examples are given.

The experimental results are as follows:

TABLE 1 environmental temperature chart for continuously monitoring three modes of seedling raising greenhouse in alpine mountain area (outdoor is control group, conventional seedling raising is comparative example 1, plug seedling raising is comparative example 2, brewing heat and increasing temperature is example 1, the same below)

TABLE 2 temperature comparison table for three different time periods for continuously monitoring three modes of seedling raising greenhouse in alpine mountain area

TABLE 3 comparison of winter and spring pod pepper thermal-brewing and temperature-increasing seedling raising technology and common plug-seedling raising in alpine mountain area

Results and analysis:

1. the germination temperature of the pod pepper is 25-30 ℃, the average temperature outside a greenhouse is 12.12 ℃, the lowest temperature is 7 ℃, the average temperature of the traditional seedling raising (comparative example 1) is 14.59 ℃, the average temperature of the plug seedling raising (comparative example 2) is 15.18 ℃, and the average temperature of the heat brewing and warming (example 1) is 17.82 ℃. Wherein, the outdoor temperature and the traditional seedling raising temperature are lower and are not suitable for the growth of seedlings, and the temperature required by the growth in the seedling stage is basically met by plug seedling raising, heat brewing and temperature raising. Compared with plug seedling, the temperature variation range of the brewing thermal heating technology is smaller and more stable, the humidity is lower, and the seedlings can emerge for 10-15 days in advance.

2. Under the heat brewing and temperature increasing seedling raising technology, the seedling rate of the heat brewing and temperature increasing group is averagely increased by 5.86 percent compared with that of a control plug seedling raising group, the strong seedling rate is increased by 24.54 percent, the plant height of a standard seedling is averagely increased by 4.26cm, and the length of a main root is increased by 0.4 cm. Greatly improving the growth vigor of the seedlings.

The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, several modifications and variations can be made without departing from the inventive concept of the present invention, which falls into the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A method for brewing, heating and seedling raising of pod peppers in southern alpine mountain areas is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:

1) variety selection: a pod pepper variety which is suitable for cultivation in winter and spring and has strong disease resistance and strong stress resistance is selected; the variety of pod pepper is selected from the following varieties of pod pepper with the trade names: day of bright yang, red cinnamon crown, red predominant fire, bright crown and beautiful beauty;

2) and (3) sowing period: sowing seeds in middle and last ten days of 2 months in alpine mountain areas with high altitude of more than 750m in south;

3) site selection and facility preparation: selecting a land with flat terrain, high dryness, thick soil, leeward and sunny exposure and convenient irrigation and drainage to build a seedling raising shed and a seedling bed;

4) preparing a heat brewing seedbed:

(1) making a seedling bed: digging surface layer of mature soil to make a half-pit seedbed with width of 1.6m, depth of 20-25cm and length of 12m, paving 10-15cm thick rice straws or corn stalks in the pit, scattering 1cm thick half-burnt lime on the pit, paving 5-8cm rice straws on the lime, uniformly sprinkling water on the seedbed, then paving 1-2cm of fine soil on the seedbed for compaction, and covering a mulching film to obtain the seedbed; the depth of the half-pit seedbed is adjusted according to the altitude and the temperature, and the height of more than 800 meters is increased to 30-35 cm;

(2) double-film covering: spreading the inner film on the tray surface with microfilm or mulching film, covering the bed surface with polyvinyl chloride film, and compacting the soil around;

(3) and (3) seedbed disinfection: after the seedbed pit is dug, sterilizing the seedbed;

5) sowing and seedling raising:

(1) seed treatment: the harvested seeds are disinfected before sowing to kill carried pathogenic bacteria, viruses and ova, and the following 3 methods are adopted according to the requirements:

dry heat disinfection:

putting the seeds into a thermostat at 68-70 ℃, starting a white light lamp, and standing for 68-72 hours to effectively kill virus diseases, bacterial fungal diseases and insect eggs, wherein the method confirms that the water content of the seeds is between 7 and 8 percent;

② a seed soaking method by warm soup:

packaging seeds with mesh bags, fastening bag openings, placing the seeds into hot water of 50-55 ℃ for scalding, continuously shaking and turning for 8-10min, keeping the water temperature by heating the water in the whole process, not directly spraying the seeds when the water is added so as to prevent high-temperature scalding, soaking the seeds for 5-6h after the water temperature is reduced to 30 ℃, effectively killing viruses and worm egg living bodies, and breaking dormancy;

thirdly, a medicament seed soaking disinfection method:

soaking seeds subjected to dry-heat disinfection or hot water seed scalding disinfection in a 1% copper sulfate solution, a 10% trisodium phosphate solution or a 2% sodium hydroxide solution for 10min respectively, taking out the seeds, washing the seeds with clear water, draining the surface moisture of the seeds to avoid overgrowth, root swelling and root rot caused by waterlogging, wrapping the drained seeds with wet gauze, placing the wrapped seeds at 28-32 ℃ for germination acceleration, and sowing when 70% of the seeds are exposed to the white;

according to the three methods, a dry heat disinfection method and a medicament treatment method or a warm water seed scalding method and a medicament treatment method are selected according to the serious pest and disease conditions of a seed production base;

(2) preparing a seedling culture substrate: the grass peat, vermiculite and perlite are mixed according to the proportion of 5.5: 3.5: 1 proportion, adding 1kg of organic fertilizer into each cubic meter of matrix, turning over for 3-4 times by a shovel, uniformly stirring, adding 40-50% of water, controlling the pH value of the prepared matrix to be 5.6-7.0, adjusting by limestone, and adding 3-5kg of decomposed limestone into each cubic meter of matrix to adjust to the required pH value;

sterilizing the prepared substrate by using zineb, hymexazol and pulex, uniformly mixing 50g of 70 percent zineb per cubic meter into the substrate, adding 4 to 5kg of 99 percent hymexazol raw powder into water, or adding 10ml of pulex into 15kg of water, uniformly spraying wine on the substrate, and dishing and sowing;

(3) dibbling: selecting 50 or 72-hole trays with medium growth of pod pepper, sowing the seeds after germination acceleration in a seedling tray with 1 seed per hole and covering a substrate of 0.5 cm;

(4) after sowing, placing the seedling tray in a small arched shed, and covering a greenhouse film in time;

(5) inserting an agricultural thermometer on the ground in the center of the seedbed, recording the temperature of the seedbed at 6:00 a.m., 12:00 a.m., and 19:00 a.m. every morning, preventing the temperature from being too high or too low to take measures in time, testing and monitoring the temperature for 12 hours, and placing a seedling tray after the temperature is suitable for germination and basically stable;

6) and (3) water and fertilizer management in a pepper seedling stage:

(1) watering and fertilizing are not needed before seedling emergence;

(2) after the seedlings come out of the earth, opening films at two ends of the small arched shed in the daytime to perform ventilation cooling;

(3) after 5 leaves and 1 heart to 6 leaves and 1 heart of the seedling, slightly applying a seedling-extracting fertilizer according to the growth vigor of the seedling;

(4) keeping the seedling tray matrix moist in the initial growth stage, controlling the moisture and avoiding excessive growth;

7) and (3) pest control in the seedling stage:

preventing and treating seedling damping-off, damping-off and epidemic diseases; preventing aphids and whiteflies;

8) strong seedling index:

the physiological seedling age of the hot pepper strong seedlings is 50-60 days in spring, the early-maturing variety has 8-10 true leaves, and the middle-maturing and middle-late-maturing varieties have 10-14 true leaves; the external form standard and physiological and biochemical indexes of strong seedlings meet the requirements.

2. The method for brewing, warming and seedling raising of pod pepper in southern alpine mountain areas according to claim 1, characterized in that:

uniformly splashing the water on the seedbed in the step 4), wherein 1L of water per square area is uniformly splashed on the seedbed;

the double-film covering in the step 4) means that an inner film is flatly paved on the cave dish surface by using a micro-film or a mulching film with the width of 1.5m, an outer film is tightly covered on the bed surface by using a polyvinyl chloride shed film with the width of 2m, and soil is filled and compacted around the bed surface;

and 4) the seedbed disinfection, namely after digging seedbed pits, disinfecting the seedbed by using 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, or 500 times of 25% metalaxyl wettable powder, or 500 times of 50% thiram wettable powder.

3. The method for brewing, warming and seedling raising of pod pepper in southern alpine mountain areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: the step 5) of preventing the temperature from being too high or too low to take measures in time refers to the following steps:

the temperature of the seedbed is too low: firstly, the quality of a heating base is not enough, or fermentation is performed at the early stage; secondly, the slope of the selected site of the seedbed is too large, the selected back wind is warm, the slope is small, and the ground temperature can be utilized to the maximum extent to slow the slope; controlling watering; fourthly, deepening the seedbed; increasing the thickness of the greenhouse film, or covering a straw curtain, compacting the periphery, and covering a seedling tray with a top film to preserve soil moisture;

over-high temperature of the seedbed: firstly, controlling water quantity; secondly, opening a door of the seedling shed for ventilation; thirdly, if the soil is higher but not lower in the earlier stage, the thickness of the soil on the uppermost layer is thickened, and a mulching film on the soil is cancelled; fourthly, fully knowing the decomposition degree of the warming substrate, the local air temperature and convection factors when designing the seedbed;

the test and monitoring temperature is 12 hours, the temperature is suitable for germination, and the suitable temperature for placing the seedlings on a seedling tray after the temperature is basically stable is 25-28 ℃.

4. The method for brewing, warming and seedling raising of pod pepper in southern alpine mountain areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: the light application of the seedling raising fertilizer in the step 6) is to combine watering every 666.67m ² 0.5 percent of urea and monopotassium phosphate are poured for 1 time every 8-10 days and are continuously applied for 3 times.

5. The method for brewing, warming and seedling raising of pod pepper in southern alpine mountain areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: the seedling-stage pest control in the step 7) is mainly used for controlling seedling-stage damping-off, damping-off and epidemic diseases, prok or azoxystrobin medicaments are selected for spraying and controlling after seedling emergence, the condition development condition is observed, and the prok or azoxystrobin medicaments are sprayed once every 6 days; the pesticide has less insect damage in seedling stage, and can be used for preventing aphids and whiteflies, when early-stage pest occurs, 2000 times liquid of 2% avermectin missible oil, 1500 times liquid of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder and 1000 times liquid of 1% emamectin benzoate missible oil are used for preventing and controlling, and the pesticide is sprayed once in 5 days according to pest occurrence conditions.

6. The method for brewing, warming and seedling raising of pod peppers in southern alpine mountain areas according to claim 1, characterized in that:

the external form standard of the strong seedlings in the step 8) refers to that the plants are tall and strong, the seedlings are 15-20 cm high, the leaves are spread, the leaves are green and glossy, the stems are 0.4-0.5 cm thick, the internodes are short, the first inflorescence buds, the root system is developed, and no disease and insect symptoms exist;

the physiological and biochemical indexes of the strong seedlings in the step 8) comprise: firstly, the absorption function of the root system after field planting is recovered quickly, and the seedlings can be slowly grown in a short time; secondly, the stress resistance is strong, and the drought resistance and the cold resistance are shown, so that the method has strong adaptability to adverse environmental conditions.

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