CN1318488C - 金属链烷二硫醇作为生产不饱和橡胶硫化橡胶的硫化剂的用途 - Google Patents
金属链烷二硫醇作为生产不饱和橡胶硫化橡胶的硫化剂的用途 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1318488C CN1318488C CNB2005100762805A CN200510076280A CN1318488C CN 1318488 C CN1318488 C CN 1318488C CN B2005100762805 A CNB2005100762805 A CN B2005100762805A CN 200510076280 A CN200510076280 A CN 200510076280A CN 1318488 C CN1318488 C CN 1318488C
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- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- rubber
- sulphur
- mixture
- alkanedithiols
- metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000004636 vulcanized rubber Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 26
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 17
- LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanethiol Chemical compound SC LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 10
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 244000043261 Hevea brasiliensis Species 0.000 description 7
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000019241 carbon black Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 229920003052 natural elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 229920001194 natural rubber Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 7
- YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC(S)=NC2=C1 YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane Substances CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005987 sulfurization reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical group C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229960001866 silicon dioxide Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920000459 Nitrile rubber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010057 rubber processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- OTOIUCLFSQHFOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-sulfonylmorpholine Chemical compound O=S(=O)=C1COCCN1 OTOIUCLFSQHFOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZZMVLMVFYMGSMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-n-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)-1-n-phenylbenzene-1,4-diamine Chemical compound C1=CC(NC(C)CC(C)C)=CC=C1NC1=CC=CC=C1 ZZMVLMVFYMGSMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AJBQZPRNZQRLGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC=CC=C1.C1(C(C)=CC(N1)=O)=O Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1.C1(C(C)=CC(N1)=O)=O AJBQZPRNZQRLGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004902 Softening Agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;zinc Chemical compound [Zn].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- AFZSMODLJJCVPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzothiazol-2-yl disulfide Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC(SSC=3SC4=CC=CC=C4N=3)=NC2=C1 AFZSMODLJJCVPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004683 dihydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- -1 silicon halide Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- LGBYJXBCVZKJBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[(2-oxoazepan-1-yl)disulfanyl]azepan-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCN1SSN1C(=O)CCCCC1 LGBYJXBCVZKJBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YMHOBZXQZVXHBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine Chemical compound COC1=CC(CCN)=C(OC)C=C1Br YMHOBZXQZVXHBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000248349 Citrus limon Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005979 Citrus limon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005698 Diels-Alder reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000545067 Venus Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003963 dichloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);diacetate Chemical compound [Mn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- IUJLOAKJZQBENM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropan-2-amine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC(SNC(C)(C)C)=NC2=C1 IUJLOAKJZQBENM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CMAUJSNXENPPOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-n-cyclohexylcyclohexanamine Chemical compound C1CCCCC1N(C1CCCCC1)SC1=NC2=CC=CC=C2S1 CMAUJSNXENPPOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QBQOBZNQTAFENX-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-cyclohexylsulfanyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2-amine Chemical compound C1CCCCC1SNC1=NC2=CC=CC=C2S1 QBQOBZNQTAFENX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- JYPIENNPOPULKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N s-butylthiohydroxylamine Chemical group CCCCSN JYPIENNPOPULKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004383 yellowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZUBNXRHITOZMOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;octadecanoic acid;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Zn+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZUBNXRHITOZMOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/36—Sulfur-, selenium-, or tellurium-containing compounds
- C08K5/37—Thiols
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Tires In General (AREA)
Abstract
Description
对照1: | 1份硫 |
实施例1:实施例2:实施例3:实施例4: | 1.54份实施例1的化合物,1.24份硫1.12份实施例2的化合物,0.93份硫1.28份实施例3的化合物,0.45份硫1.12份实施例4的化合物,0.93份硫 |
相对于对照1的转矩 | 相对于对照1的返原 | |
对照1实施例1实施例2实施例3实施例4 | 100%94%91%97%97% | 100%4%8%5%73% |
对照 | 本发明 | |
混合物编号 | 1 | 2 |
NR(TSR 5,Defo 1000)红印级氧化锌硬脂酸N330碳黑N-(1,3-二甲基丁基)-N’-苯基-对苯二胺芳香族增塑剂硫CBS本发明实施例1的锌己烷基二硫醇 | 1005345251.51.50 | 1005345251.51.53.0 |
对照 | 本发明 | |
混合物编号 | 1 | 2 |
160℃/60分钟t01(分钟)t90(分钟)S’最大(dNm) | 1.853.8814.44 | 0.665.0613.92 |
S’最终(dNm)返原(%) | 11.818.3 | 13.642.0 |
对照 | 本发明 | |
混合物编号 | 1 | 2 |
硫化:160℃/8分钟强度(MPa)断裂拉伸应变(%)100模量(MPa)300模量(MPa)在23℃的硬度(肖氏A)在23℃的弹性(%)磨损(mm3)Roelig 0℃tanδE’(MPa)E”(MPa)Roelig 60tanδE’(MPa)E”(MPa) | 305592.111.661531340.1696.7551.1250.0775.1410.395 | 315792.010.759501450.1686.4961.0930.0764.9120.370 |
对照 | 本发明 | |
混合物编号 | 1 | 2 |
硫化:160℃/120分钟强度(MPa)断裂拉伸应变(%)100模量(MPa)300模量(MPa)在23℃的硬度(肖氏A)在23℃的弹性(%)磨损(mm3)Roelig0℃tanδE’(MPa)E”(MPa)Roelig 60tanδE’(MPa)E’’(MPa) | 25.35531.79.157472360.1916.8731.2870.1044.6750.486 | 26.74812.011.460511480.1746.8011.3420.0865.0540.435 |
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102004022106A DE102004022106A1 (de) | 2004-05-05 | 2004-05-05 | Verwendung von Metall-Alkandithiole als Vernetzungsagenzien für ungesättigte Kautschuke |
DE102004022106.5 | 2004-05-05 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN1727382A CN1727382A (zh) | 2006-02-01 |
CN1318488C true CN1318488C (zh) | 2007-05-30 |
Family
ID=34935778
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CNB2005100762805A Expired - Fee Related CN1318488C (zh) | 2004-05-05 | 2005-04-30 | 金属链烷二硫醇作为生产不饱和橡胶硫化橡胶的硫化剂的用途 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7375164B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1593706A1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2005320545A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1318488C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE102004022106A1 (zh) |
HK (1) | HK1088028A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5362429B2 (ja) * | 2009-04-24 | 2013-12-11 | 東洋ゴム工業株式会社 | スチールコード被覆用ゴム組成物及び空気入りタイヤ |
JP6016448B2 (ja) * | 2012-05-10 | 2016-10-26 | ニチアス株式会社 | ゴム成形体の製造方法 |
CN103483720A (zh) * | 2013-08-30 | 2014-01-01 | 淮安飞翔液晶材料有限公司 | 水溶性有机辅助热稳定剂 |
CN104370784B (zh) * | 2014-12-11 | 2017-02-22 | 北京彤程创展科技有限公司 | 一种环烷基硫化锌化合物及其制备方法 |
CN105218419B (zh) * | 2015-10-14 | 2017-03-29 | 北京彤程创展科技有限公司 | 一种有机硫醇锌盐的制备方法 |
CN105294521A (zh) * | 2015-11-11 | 2016-02-03 | 北京彤程创展科技有限公司 | 一种有机硫化金属化合物及其制备和应用 |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5221559A (en) * | 1989-02-17 | 1993-06-22 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin-Michelin & Cie | Method of treating a metallic reinforcement so as to favor its adherence to a rubber base composition and of producing an article with said reinforcements; reinforcements and articles obtained by these |
US5310826A (en) * | 1989-04-26 | 1994-05-10 | Akzo N.V. | Thiolic compound polymerization cocatalysts |
JPH08104717A (ja) * | 1994-10-03 | 1996-04-23 | Nippon Zeon Co Ltd | 共役ジエン重合ゴムまたは共役ジエン−芳香族ビニル化合物共重合ゴム、その製造方法および加硫性ゴム組成物 |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2008479A1 (de) * | 1970-02-24 | 1971-09-09 | Huels Chemische Werke Ag | Verfahren zum Vulkanisieren von Homobzw. Copoiymerisaten konjugierter Diene |
JPS56149446A (en) * | 1980-04-21 | 1981-11-19 | Bridgestone Corp | Mastication of natural rubber or synthetic diene rubber |
JPS6281441A (ja) * | 1985-10-03 | 1987-04-14 | Japan Synthetic Rubber Co Ltd | フツ素ゴム組成物 |
DE59205083D1 (de) | 1991-08-30 | 1996-02-29 | Huels Chemische Werke Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Dienkautschuk-Vulkanisaten |
-
2004
- 2004-05-05 DE DE102004022106A patent/DE102004022106A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2005
- 2005-04-26 EP EP05009157A patent/EP1593706A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-04-30 CN CNB2005100762805A patent/CN1318488C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-05-02 US US11/119,582 patent/US7375164B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-05-02 JP JP2005134497A patent/JP2005320545A/ja not_active Withdrawn
-
2006
- 2006-07-25 HK HK06108248A patent/HK1088028A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5221559A (en) * | 1989-02-17 | 1993-06-22 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin-Michelin & Cie | Method of treating a metallic reinforcement so as to favor its adherence to a rubber base composition and of producing an article with said reinforcements; reinforcements and articles obtained by these |
US5310826A (en) * | 1989-04-26 | 1994-05-10 | Akzo N.V. | Thiolic compound polymerization cocatalysts |
JPH08104717A (ja) * | 1994-10-03 | 1996-04-23 | Nippon Zeon Co Ltd | 共役ジエン重合ゴムまたは共役ジエン−芳香族ビニル化合物共重合ゴム、その製造方法および加硫性ゴム組成物 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
HK1088028A1 (en) | 2006-10-27 |
US20060025538A1 (en) | 2006-02-02 |
CN1727382A (zh) | 2006-02-01 |
DE102004022106A1 (de) | 2005-11-24 |
JP2005320545A (ja) | 2005-11-17 |
US7375164B2 (en) | 2008-05-20 |
EP1593706A1 (de) | 2005-11-09 |
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