CN1222256A - 热强化小型转化炉 - Google Patents

热强化小型转化炉 Download PDF

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CN1222256A
CN1222256A CN97195467A CN97195467A CN1222256A CN 1222256 A CN1222256 A CN 1222256A CN 97195467 A CN97195467 A CN 97195467A CN 97195467 A CN97195467 A CN 97195467A CN 1222256 A CN1222256 A CN 1222256A
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heat
reburner
reactant
chemotron
catalyst
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CN100367556C (zh
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M·S·舒
E·D·霍格
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ZTEK Corp
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Abstract

一种天然气转化炉(10),它包括许多导热板(12),板间穿插着催化剂板(14)且带有让反应物通过的内部或外部歧管。催化剂板与导热板紧密地接触,以便使它的温度紧随导热板的温度,这种设计是为了在板的平面内实现接近等温的状态。在多种优选实施方案中,可以使用一种或多种催化剂,它们沿流动方向分布在导热板的平面内。该转化炉可以作为蒸汽转化炉使用或者作为部分氧化转化炉使用。当作为蒸汽转化炉使用时,蒸汽转化(吸热的)反应所需的热能由辐射和/或传导的方式从外部提供给导热板。这时产生CO、H2、水蒸汽和CO2。当作为部分氧化转化炉使用时,天然气借助于燃烧催化剂和转化催化剂的存在而被氧化。这时产生CO、H2、水蒸汽和CO2。因为催化剂板和导热板之间紧密热接触,使得在叠层组件内没有多余的温度产生。板设计的具体情况可以各种各样以便提供各种歧管装置,为引入、预热和排放反应物提供一个或多个入口和出口。

Description

热强化小型转化炉
发明背景
本发明涉及转化炉,尤其是把燃料转化成适合于电化学转换器使用的燃料物质的转化装置。特别是涉及一种适用于蒸汽转化或部分氧化转化的平板型转化炉。
传统烃类燃料做为燃料电池的燃料反应物使用在本领域是众所周知的。烃类燃料在进入电化学转换器之前,一般须经过预处理并转化成较简单的反应物。按传统方法,燃料的预处理首先是让烃类燃料通过一个脱硫装置,然后经过一个转化炉,再是经过一个移位(shift)反应器(仅用于以H2为燃料的燃料电池)来产生一种合适的燃料原料。
目前广泛地在工业上使用的传统蒸汽转化炉,包括由加速转化反应用的一种催化剂材料组成的转化器部件和一个用于为吸热转化反应提供热量的燃烧器。一般地,一个蒸汽源与转化器部件相连以提供蒸汽。该燃烧器通常是在大大高于转化反应所需的温度下工作,同时大大高于常规燃料电池如固态氧化物燃料电池的工作温度。因此,该燃烧器必须作为独立于燃料电池的一个分离装置工作,因此大大增加了全部动力系统的体积、重量、成本和复杂程度。另外,燃烧器不是唯一适合于利用通常来自燃料电池的废热的装置。还有,燃烧器的额外燃料消耗限制了动力系统的效率。
典型管式转化炉包括许多管道,这些管道一般由高熔点金属合金制成。每条管道包含一种填充在其中带有合适转化催化剂表面涂层的粒状或球形材料。管道直径一般在9cm到16cm之间变化,管道的受热长度一般在6和12米之间。燃烧区设置在管道外部,一般处于燃烧器内。管道表面温度由燃烧器保持在900℃范围内,以确保在管道内流动的烃类燃料在500℃和700℃之间的温度下与蒸汽适当地催化反应。这种传统的管式转化炉依靠管道内热置换器的传导和对流来为转化分配热量。
平板式转化炉在本领域是已知的,它的一个例子在Koga等人的美国专利No.5,015,444中有图示和描述。其中描述的转化炉具有用于燃料/蒸汽混合物流和燃料/空气混合物流的交替平面缝隙空间。空间内燃料/空气物流的燃烧为燃料/蒸汽混合物流的转化提供热量。这种设计的一个缺点是转化炉依靠处于两个相邻平面缝隙空间之间的热置换器来加速燃料转化过程。
Yasumoto等人的美国专利No.5,470,670描述了一个一体化燃料电池/转化炉结构,它具有燃料电池和转化炉板的交替叠层。热转换器从放热的燃料电池通过分离板的厚度向吸热的转化炉传热。这种设计的一个缺点是在这种燃料电池/转化炉结构中难以达到温度均匀一致,而这一点在小型且高效的化学和电化学装置的设计中是最重要的。这种燃料电池/转化炉结构也需要复杂且笨重的反应物歧管来在交替的燃料电池层和转化炉层之间连接反应物流。
电化学转换器,如燃料电池,可作为通过电化学反应把来自燃料材料的化学能直接转换成电能的系统是已知的。一种通常用于燃料电池能量产生系统的燃料电池是固态氧化物燃料电池。这种固态氧化物燃料电池产生电能并释放出温度为约1000℃的废热。
一种典型的燃料电池主要由串联的电解质单元组成,其中装有燃料和氧化剂电极,类似的串联内部连接器设置在电解质单元之间以提供串联的电接触。当一种燃料,如氢气,被引到燃料电极以及一种氧化剂,例如氧气,被引到氧化剂电极时,引起了电化学反应,于是在两个电极之间通过电解质产生电流。
通常,电解质是一种具有低离子电阻的离子导体,因此在转换器工作条件下允许一种离子从一个电极-电解质界面向对面电极-电解质界面传递。电流能从内部连接板流到外部负载。
常规固态燃料电池除了上面列出的特性,还包括具有多孔燃料的电解质以及施加于该电解质相反一侧的氧化剂电极材料。该电解质一般是一种氧离子传导材料,例如稳定化的氧化锆。氧化剂电极一般保持在一种氧化性气氛中,它通常是一种高导电性的钙钛矿,例如,掺杂锶的亚锰酸镧(LaMnO3(Sr))。燃料电极一般保持在一种富燃料的或还原性的气氛中,它通常是一种陶瓷合金,如氧化锆-镍(ZrO2/Ni)。固态氧化物燃料电池的内部连接板一般由在氧化性和还原性气氛中都稳定的导电材料构成。
技术上还需要一个把由燃料电池产生的废热用于转化用途的装置。尤其需要设计一个与电化学转换器紧密结合的转化炉。
下面将结合某些优选实施方案描述本发明。然而,应该清楚在不超出本发明的实质和范围的条件下,本技术领域的技术人员可以进行各种变化和改进。
发明概述
本发明的一个目的是提供一种板式转化炉,它具有优良的热特性且能与燃料电池有效地在热量方面结合在一起。本发明还涉及一种既可以做为蒸汽转化炉使用又能做为部分氧化转化炉使用的板式转化炉。当做为蒸汽转化炉使用时,它从一个热源如燃料电池得到热量,同时从一个来源如燃料电池的排出气得到蒸汽。蒸汽可以由任何常规来源,比如一个蒸汽锅炉,从外部提供,或者可以由装在常规燃料电池排出口到转化炉的歧管来提供。热源也可以是一个燃料反应器。当做为部分氧化转化炉使用时,它燃烧相对一小部分如约25%的进料反应气来为吸热转化反应提供热量。转化炉最适合在不需要其它热输入(热源)也不需另外提供蒸汽的自动热平衡条件下工作。它也适合在能利用燃料电池废热的部分氧化条件下工作。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种板式转化炉,其中催化剂与导热板定向地,例如沿细长的气流方向紧密热接触,以保持平面内板块的平均温度,从而实现有效的转化反应,同时消除或减少对转化炉的催化剂或结构材料有害的热点的出现。“平面内”这个词是用来表示板块的平的表面或侧面。
本发明还有一个目的是提供一种板式转化炉,它适合于或者在蒸汽转化时或者在部分氧化转化时利用剂燃料电池提供的废热来供给吸热反应。
本发明还有另一个目的是提供一种板式转化炉,它把进料的反应物预热到适合转化反应的温度。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种板式转化炉,它内部带有多路输入歧管,如此可使反应物分别引入到转化炉,待反应物在转化炉内充分混合后,再进入转化炉的氧化区和转化区。
本发明的转化炉具有一种可加速有效燃料转化的热增强特点。按照一种情况,转化炉包括带有交替排列的导热板的平板式催化剂结构。后一个特点大大提高了转化炉的热特性,得到一个相对紧凑的转化炉结构。因此,转化炉能与电化学转换热能上和物理上结合,有效地转化烃类燃料并产生电流。
本发明利用上述有效传热技术得到系统内温度均匀(等温面)和能量平衡来克服常规转化炉在体积方面的缺点。这种温度均匀性减少了需要转化的进料反应物的转化物料的量。另外,吸热转化反应所需的热能来自热综合电化学转换器的废热。例如,在正常工作条件下,转换器产生过量的热或废热,这种热用于维持符合转化所要求的工作温度(在约500℃和700℃之间的范围)。紧凑化和管路简单化对为工业用转化炉结构和系统集成提供基础是必要的。
本发明的其它一般目的和更具体的目的从下面的附图和描述中将在一定程度上变得显而易见和更加明显。
附图简述
本发明的上述目的和其它目的,特点和优点通过下面的描述和附图将变得清楚,在不同的附图中,对相同的部分用相同的参考符号表示。这些附图说明了本发明的原理,其中虽然不成比例,但它示出了相对的尺寸。
图1是根据本发明的一个外部燃料转化炉的一个具体装置的横截面图;
图2A-2C是图1的催化剂和转化板的各种具体装置的横截面图;
图3是一个装配好的具有内部转化能力的电化学转换器的立体图;
图4是一个能实现内部转化的电化学剂转换器的电解质元件和内部连接元件的更详细立体图;
图5是说明流过外部歧管的反应物流的本发明的电解质元件和内部连接元件的装配横截面图;和
图6用图说明内部连接板在吸热转化片、发热燃烧片和放热燃料电池片之间的热传递功能,形成一个等温平面内温度。
例示性实施方案的描述
图1是本发明的转化炉10的横截面图。转化炉10包括大量导热板12和转化板14,它们交替叠在一起形成一种沿着轴线28延伸的叠板状转化结构13。转化炉包括一条流体管道16,它与板块12,14的内部区域12A,14A保持流体连通。转化炉10最好装在一个气密的壳体或箱体20内。图示的转化炉可以用于完成蒸汽转化和氧化转化。转化过程所需热量可由烃类燃料的部分氧化从内部提供或者由一个外界热源从外部提供,象波纹线26示出的,热能通过辐射、传导或对流方式传到转化炉10。
要由转化炉10转化的反应物通过轴向流体歧管16引入装置中。反应物最好包括烃类燃料和转化添加剂,如空气、氧、水或CO2,的混合物,它们或者在引入到歧管16之前或者在转化炉内进行预混合。图示转化炉10包括至少一条用于把燃料/转化添加剂混合物输送到转化炉的歧管,而不是为每种气体成分提供分别的输入歧管。预混合反应物引到转化炉10提供了一种相对简单的设计。
反应混合物22可由任何合适的手段、如通过流体管道,引入到歧管16。混合物22通过处于相邻导热板12和转化板14之间的反应物通道24而进入转化炉的内部。这些通道可以包括任何表面凹槽或突起,它可以通过压纹形成,它构成从歧管16延伸到叠板状转化结构13的外周表面13A的一条基本连续的流体通道。该通道也可以通过利用导热板或转化板来形成,这些板由多孔材料制成或者在其上面涂敷有或形成有一种高效转化炉催化剂物质,这样就允许反应物通过该转化炉。
这些各种板安排和结构的例子示于图2A-2C中。图2A图示出转化板14和导热板12的叠板式安排。转化板最好带有一种形成在其上面的与导热板12紧密接触的转化催化材料36。示出的导热板12被压纹而形成反应物流动通道。混合物22被引入轴向歧管16并进入反应物通道。该混合物在叠板式板式转化炉的周边排出。
转化炉催化剂材料可以由固态或多孔材料构成。图2B示出当使用多孔转化材料时混合物流过转化炉10的情况。多孔转化材料的使用放宽了所示转化炉的压纹要求。
如图2C所示的另一个实施方案中,转化炉10包括许多块叠板38或仅仅是由导热材料和转化材料复合而形成的塔状结构。这种复合板38能通过在一种含有合适转化材料的混合物中掺入一种合适的导热材料来获得。所获的叠板结构工作情况大体上与图1、2A和2B中所示的上面描述的叠板式转化结构13的情况相同。
普通技术人员将知道存在转化炉10的其它实施方案,例如其中转化板14由一种多孔材料构成且有一种转化催化材料分散于其中或涂敷在其表面上。多孔材料的应用是该外部转化炉的一个优点,因为它在不牺牲效率的前提下放宽了转化系统的气密要求。
当反应物通过反应物通道且在转化板14之上或通过该转化板时,反应物混合物在叠板式转化结构10内转化。催化材料与转化板14的结合加速了烃类燃料转化成更简单反应物的过程。引入到歧管16的反应物混合物流除了烃类燃料外,还可以包含H2O,O2和CO2。例如,甲烷(CH4)能在催化剂作用下转化成氢气、水、一氧化碳和二氧化碳的混合物。
当转化炉做为蒸汽转化炉使用时,它接受含有天然气(或甲烷)和蒸汽的反应物气体混合物。蒸汽转化催化剂可以以一种环状带子的形式形成于转化板上。转化反应所需热能最好由导热板12从气密容器径向地向内传导。选择导热板的厚度和热导率来提供径向(或在平面内)有效热流以便向吸热转化反应提供热量。导热板可以包括一个整体的伸出部分,该部分伸入轴向反应物歧管16以用来预热进来的反应物,这种情况将在下面更详细地描述。
当转化炉做为部分氧化转化炉使用时,它接受含有天然气(或甲烷)和空气或氧气的反应气体混合物。一种或多种转化催化材料可以分布在转化板上的环状带子中。根据一个方面,转化板可以包括一个含有燃烧催化剂92的内区,和一个含有能够加速用水蒸汽(蒸汽转化)和二氧化碳来转化甲烷的催化剂的径向外区90。这些吸热转化反应用的热能通过导热板12从燃烧带径向地传给转化区。还可以包括用于其它反应的催化剂,例如在有H2O的情况下使CO转换成H2和CO2,这种常规转化反应。选择导热板12的厚度和热导率,以便在内部燃烧区和外部转化区之间提供有效径向热流,从而为吸热转化反应提供热能。导热板12也从燃烧区提供有效辐射热流来预热进入通道24中的进料反应物,从而使其达到接近工作温度,例如至少约300℃。系统的热能最好通过气密壳体20从外部热源传给转化炉10。
图中示出的转化炉10能用于转化这样的反应物,例如烷烃(链烷烃)、与醇(羟基)结合的烃、与羧基结合的烃、与羰基结合的烃、与烯烃(链烯烃)结合的烃,与醚结合的烃,与酯结合的烃,与胺结合的烃,与芳族衍生物结合的烃,及与其它有机衍生物结合的烃。
可以将转化炉10的转化材料区定位和以各种不同的比例混合,以便使转化气体产量达到最大。
转化板14可以由任何合适的转化催化材料构成,这种材料在约200℃和约800℃之间的温度范围下工作。可用材料种类的例子包括铂、钯、铬、氧化铬、镍、氧化镍、含镍化合物、及其它合适的过渡金属及其氧化物。转化板14还可以包括一种陶瓷支撑板,象图2A和2B中示出的那样,在该板上涂敷有转化材料。因此,本发明的转化板14可以包括任何多层叠板式转化板结构,该结构包括用于加速烃类燃料转化成合适反应物的合适转化催化剂。
导热板12可以由任何合适的导热材料构成,包括金属,例如铝、铜、铁、钢合金、镍、镍合金、铬、铬合金、铂;和非金属,如碳化硅、及其它复合材料。可以选择导热板12的厚度来使导热板12的平面内内保持一个最小的温度梯度,从而为最佳转化反应提供一个等温区域以及降低转化板14内的热应力。导热板12在每个板12的平面内最好形成一种接近于等温的条件。由导热板12形成的等温表面通过向转化板整个表面提供一个基本上均匀的温度和热量供应来提高整个转化过程的效率。
另外,通过在反应物通道内反应混合物的均匀分布,使得导热板沿着叠板轴线(沿着叠板式转化炉13的外部周围表面)形成等热条件,从而阻止冷点或热点沿叠板方向扩展。这将改善转化炉10的热特性并改善系统的整体特性。这里所用的术语“等温”条件或区域是指一种基本上为恒温的状态,也就是在轴向或平面方向上只有很小的温度变化。按照本发明的技术,可以预料只有约50℃的温度变化。
转化燃料或反应物沿叠板状转化结构13的周边部分13A排出,如波纹线30所示。反应物,如转化燃料产品,从周边排出的方式允许反应物的歧管装置相对简单。然后排出的流体介质由气密壳体20收集并通过出管32排出。因此气密壳体20起一种周边歧管的作用。
在一个替代实施方案中,反应混合物22可引入到由壳体20形成的周边歧管中,然后沿着周边进入叠板式的转化结构13中。反应物穿过转化板14和导热板12径向地向内流动,并通过轴向歧管16排出。
对于一种没有气密性材料或绝热材料的开放性周边表面来说,可以使得转化反应混合物至少能从叠板周边的大部分,优选是从接近其整个周边部分排出。因此,本发明的外部转化炉10具有一个紧凑的,简单的,精致的外部转化结构。
气密壳体20最好由导热材料例如金属组成。在所示实施方案中,气密壳体20从一个外部热源通过辐射吸收热量,接着把该热量通过辐射传给叠板13,从而传给导热板12。导热板12从叠板13的外周表面13A向内朝着反应物歧管16传热,从而为转化反应提供所需的热量。
在另一个实施方案中,转化结构10的外表面与气密壳体的内表面接触,从而把热能传递给导热板。
圆柱结构的气密性壳体尤其适于增压型的转化操作。容器内的压力最好在约环境压力和约50大气压之间。
用于使轴向反应物流分布达到均匀的技术如下。反应物流通道24设计成能够保证在反应物通道中的全部反应物流压力降明显地大于或超过在反应物歧管16中的反应物流的压力降。更准确地说,通道24的流动阻力明显大于轴向歧管16的流动阻力。根据优选实验,通道24内反应物流压力约比歧管内反应物流压力大十倍。该压力差保证了反应物沿着反应物歧管16和反应物通道24以及基本上从转化器叠板13顶部到底部,在轴向和水平方向上均匀分布。该均匀流动分布确保沿转化结构10的轴有一个等温状态。
根据一个优选实施方案,叠板式转化结构13为圆柱状,且板块的直径在约1英寸和约20英寸之间,其厚度在约0.002英寸和约0.2英寸之间。这里用的术语“圆柱”是用来描述各种几何结构,该结构是沿纵轴方向叠放的,且具有至少一条做为反应物混合物通道的内部反应物歧管。
本领域普通技术人员知道,可以应用其它几何结构,如具有内部或外部歧管的长方形或直线形结构。具有长方形结构的板块可以叠放并与外部歧管连在一起,以便提供和收集反应物和转化反应生成物。
转化炉10的板块12,14相对较小的尺寸保证了一个把烃类燃料转化成合适反应产物的紧凑型板式转化炉,该转化炉易于与现有动力系统和装置组合在一起。示出的转化炉10可以与电化学转换器,如固体氧化物燃料电池,进行热能结合。在转化过的燃料引入到燃料电池这种特殊应用中,反应所需热量由燃料电池产生的废热提供。
根据本发明的另外一个实施,图1的转化炉结构还可以作为板式燃烧器使用。具体地说,烃类燃料可以在有空气或其它氧化剂存在的情况下被氧化,不管有还是没有合适的催化材料。本发明的燃烧器具体实施方案包括交替叠放在一起的导热板12和催化剂板14,正如前面对图1中转化炉所描述的那样。燃烧器可以有一根向燃烧器引入反应物的输入歧管16。进来的反应物可以包含烃类燃料和氧化剂,如空气。烃类燃料和氧化剂可以分别用歧管引入燃烧器或者将它们预先混合。例如,如果使用基本上为气密型的材料构成板块12,14,那么反应物或者在进入燃烧器之前或者在输入歧管中预先进行混合。反之,如果两种板块皆由多孔材料所构成,那么反应物可以分别通过歧管引入。穿过板块的多孔材料的反应物在反应物通道内与其它反应物混合。燃烧或氧化后的反应物在燃烧器叠板的周边排出。根据燃料的类型,氧化后的反应物或生成物包括CO2,H2O和其它稳定的燃烧产物。
燃烧器的导热板与转化炉的导热板相同,其作用是在板的平面内传导热量以便形成等温面。导热板的厚度设计成能够保持板平面内最小温度梯度,以便为最佳燃烧反应提供一个等温区域,如果以空气为氧化剂,那么就可产生较少的NOx,同时可以降低催化剂板14中的热应力。
另外,等温条件可以通过使反应物沿叠板的轴向均匀地分布来保持,从而避免了冷点和热点沿叠板方向扩展。这样可以改善燃烧器的所有热特性,并可改善燃烧器的所有使用性能。
所示的燃烧器同前面结合转化炉10提到的一样,还包括反应物流通道24。反应物通道24设计成能够确保在反应物通道24中的整个反应物流压力降远远大于反应物歧管16中反应物流的压力降。更准确地说,通道24中的流动阻力明显大于轴向歧管16中的流动阻力。该压力差确保在燃烧器的整个轴向长度内反应物在轴向和水平方向上均匀分布。
氧化的反应物可在燃烧器的周边部分排出。排出的流体介质可被围绕着燃烧器的气密壳体20收集。
在一个替代实施方案中,燃烧器可以包括一组由导热材料和催化材料复合构成的多个叠板。该复合板可以通过将合适的导热材料与合适的催化材料混合的方法获得。所获的叠板结构可以与图1所示及前面所描述的叠板转化结构13基本上一样地操作。
在一个替代实施方案中,燃烧器可以包括由导热材料和催化材料通过将合适的导热材料与合适的催化材料混合的方法复合而成的一个圆柱形结构。得到的转化结构可以与图1所示及前面所描述的叠板转化结构13基本上一样地操作。
前面讨论的关于转化炉的所有其它特征对燃烧器来说同样适用。
图3示出一个转化炉的立体图,该转化炉与一个根据本发明的优选实施方案的电化学转换器进行内部结合。示出的内部转化电化学转换器40由电解质板50和连接板60交替层状排列组成。连接板一般是热和电的良导体。结构中形成的孔或歧管为燃料和氧化剂气体,如输入的反应物,提供导管。形成于连接板中的反应物流动通路,图4,使这些气体的分配和收集变得容易。
内部转化电化学转换器40的板50,60由一根装于连杆装置42的弹簧压住。连杆装置42包括一根位于中心氧化剂歧管47中标号为44的连杆,如图4所示,它包括一个固定螺母44A。装在内部转化电化学转换器40两端的一对端板46均匀地夹在由连接板和电解质板50,60构成的叠板上,借此保持板块之间的电接触,和保证在装置内的合适位置进行气体密封。
图3至图5示出电化学转换器40的基本电池单元,它包括电解质板50和连接板60。在一个实施方案中,电解质板50可由陶瓷材料,如稳定化的氧化锆材料ZrO2(Y2O3),氧离子导体、多孔氧化剂电极材料50A和淀积在其上面的多孔燃料材料50B构成。用于氧化剂电极的典型材料是钙钛矿材料,如LaMnO3(Sr)。用于燃料电极的典型材料是金属陶瓷,如ZrO2/Ni和ZrO2/NiO。
连接板60最好由导电导热连接材料构成。适于制造连接板的材料包括金属,例如铝、铜、铁、钢合金、镍、镍合金、铬、铬合金、铂、铂合金;非金属材料,例如碳化硅、La(Mn)CrO3,及其它导电材料。连接板60在相邻的电解质板之间起电连接器的作用,并在燃料和氧化剂反应物之间起隔板作用。另外,连接板60通过在板的平面内(如,穿过表面)传导热量来形成一个等温表面,正如下面进一步详细讨论的那样。如图4所示,连接板60具有一个中间孔62和一组居中、同轴径向地朝外排列的孔64。第三组外部孔沿着板块60的外部圆柱部分或周边分布。
连接板60可以具有织构状表面。该织构表面60A上最好有很多波纹,这些波纹由已知的压纹技术制得并且它们形成很多相连的反应物流通路径。最好,连接板的两侧表面都有波纹。虽然示出的中间和外部孔64和66分别具有选定数目的孔,但是本领域普通技术人员将知道任何数目的孔或分布型式都可以采用,这决定于系统、反应物流和歧管装置的需要。
同样,电解质板50具有一个中间孔52,一组居中孔54和外部孔56,它们的位置分别与连接板60上的孔62、64和66对应。
如图4中所示,反应物流量调节元件80可装在电解质板50和连接板60之间。流量调节元件80做为板50、60之间流体流动阻滞器使用,它限制反应物在其流路中的流量。因此,流量调节元件80保证流量更均匀。优选的流量调节元件是一个金属丝网或筛网,但是可以应用任何合适的结构来保证能够按一个选出的和确定的比例来限制反应物的流量。
参考图4,电解质板50和连接板60交替叠放在一起并使它们的相应孔对齐。这些孔形成轴向(对应于叠板)歧管,这些歧管向电池单元供应输入反应物,并排出余下的燃料。具体情况是,中间孔52、62形成输入氧化剂歧管47,同轴孔54,64形成输入燃料歧管48,对齐的外部孔56、66形成废燃料歧管49。
在连接板的周边部分没有峰脊或其它突起结构,从而提供了能与外部环境边通的排出口。反应物流动通道在流动方向把输入反应物的歧管47和48与转化炉40的外周边连起来,从而允许反应物排出转换器。
内部转化电化学转换器是一个圆柱形结构的叠板装置,且至少电解质板和导热板中至少一块的直径在约1英寸和约20英寸之间,其厚度在约0.002英寸和约0.2英寸之间。
本发明的内部转化电化学转换器40具有如下所述的附加特征。当在有蒸汽存在情况下工作时,内部转化操作接受含有天然气(或甲烷)和水蒸汽的反应物气体混合物。蒸汽转化催化剂90(图5)分布于环形带中,该带子在电解质板50上并处于燃料电极材料50B之前。用于转化反应的热能由板块60径向地传至转化区。对板的厚度和导热系数的设计可向内部转化区90和外部燃料电池区(如区50B)之间提供充足的辐射热流,从而为吸热转化反应提供热能,并预热进料反应物。
内部转化还可由部分氧化反应完成。在该情况下,示出的转换器40接受含有天然气(或甲烷)和空气或氧气的反应物气体混合物。一种或多种催化剂分布于在电解质板50上在燃料电极50B之前的环状区中。如图5中所示,电解质板包括含有燃烧催化剂92的内区,含有加速用水蒸汽(蒸汽转化)和用二氧化碳转化甲烷的催化剂的径向外区90。这些吸热转化反应所需热能从燃烧区92辐射传到转化区90。用于其它反应,例如转化反应等的催化剂也可混入。对导热板的厚度和导热系数的设计可向内燃烧区90和径向外转化区90之间提供充足的辐射热流从而为吸热反应提供热能,并预热进料反应物。附加的热能可从放热燃料电池反应获得,该反应由图示为沿板块直径的最外区域的燃料电极50B进行。
在示出的电化学转换器40中,燃烧催化剂92、转化催化剂90和转化催化剂(它也能用作转化催化剂80的径向向外区域)也可以涂敷在流量调节元件上,该调节元件装在电解质板和导热板之间。
转化炉可以使用径向地以各种比例混合的催化剂,以便使产品气体的产量达到最大。
上面讨论的关于外部转化炉和转化区的全部转化特征同样适用于这种内部转化电化学转换器。例如,连接板60可以包括伸出部分72A和72B,每一部分皆可用来预热进料反应物。
本发明的内部转化电化学转换器40可以是一个燃料电池,如一个固态氧化燃料电池,熔融的碳酸盐燃料电池、碱燃料电池、磷酸燃料电池、及质子膜燃料电池。本发明的优选燃料电池是固态氧化物燃料电池。本发明的内部转化电化学转换器40的工作温度最好高于600℃,优选在约900℃和1100℃之间,更优选在1000℃以上。
普通技术人员将知道,图中示出的燃烧、转化和燃料电极区仅仅代表在使用转换器40作为转化炉时,电化学操作的相对位置。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,内部转化电化学转换器40可以具有任何期望的几何构造,比如直线型结构。叠板结构可以包括矩形电解质板50和带有歧管从外部连在其上面的矩形连接板60。催化材料和电极材料可以按带子形式涂敷在电解质板上并使其垂直于反应物流动剂的方向。如图5中所示,燃料流24垂直于延长的区域92、90和50B。连接板60把热能传导给吸热转化催化剂区90,放热燃烧催化剂区92,及放热燃料电池区50B,如图6所示,获得了一个基本上在平面内的等温条件。
图6示出了进料反应物,例如烃类燃料和转化燃料,的等温条件,当反应物的通道穿过电解质板50时,所说等温条件就依靠导热板来建立。将操作过程中燃料的温度作为纵坐标,而将燃料的流动方向作为横坐标。当操作过程中不用导热板在平面内传热的情况下,在转化结构中,如波形线110所示,燃料温度在燃料流动方向上发生明显变化。如图所示,进来的燃料开始被预热,例如被伸出的表面72A和72B预热。该预热阶段112对应于燃料温度上升,使燃料达到转换器40的工作温度。在放热的部分氧化或燃烧阶段114,燃料温度进一步升高,直至燃料流到达转化阶段116。吸热转化阶段需要大量的热能来维持转化操作。燃料然后流到燃料电池反应阶段118,在这里燃料又被加热,例如被转换器40的相对较热的操作环境加热。该类似正弦波的燃料温度曲线110降低了转换器的整个工作效率,并使某些元件(电解质板50)承受不希望的热应力。在转换器40内引入导热(连接)板可使温度曲线变得平滑,并象等温曲线120所示的那样,在全部工作阶段内沿着转换器叠板在平面内和轴向形成基本上的等温条件。
根据一种操作方式,内部转化电化学转换器在有催化剂存在的条件下将烃类燃料和H2O转化,产生H2和CO,它们再进入用于发电的燃料电池部分(如燃料电极50B)。上述过程产生废物H2O和CO2。来自放热燃料电池反应的热量在平面内传导给导热板,用于支持吸热的转化反应。
根据另一种操作方式,内部转化电化学转换器在有催化剂存在的条件下将烃类燃料转化,产生H2和CO,它们再进入用于发电的燃料电池部分。上述过程产生废物H2O和CO2。来自放热燃料电池反应的热量在平面内传导给导热板60,用于支持缓和地放热的部分氧化转化反应。
内部转化电化学转换器可以放入为增压操作而设计的壳体内。
本发明的另一个显著特点是伸出的加热表面72D和72C把来自氧化剂和燃料外部歧管47和48的反应物加热到转换器的工作温度。具体地说,伸入氧化剂歧管47的伸出表面72D加热氧化剂反应物,而伸入燃料歧管48的伸出表面72C加热燃料反应物。高温导热连接板60通过从燃料电池带向伸出表面或端部传导热量促进对进料反应物的加热,从而把进料反应物加热至工作温度。因此伸出表面起加热板作用。这种反应物加热结构形成了一个结构紧凑的转换器,这种转换器适合于与动力系统进行热量结合,从而实现超常的系统效率。
图3-5所示的电化学转换器40也适合于实现化学转化和生产,同时作为副产品伴生电流。
根据该实施方案,电化学转换器40适合于从一个能源得到电流,它在转换器内引起电化学反应,将进料反应物中所含的特定污染物还原成无害物质。因此,例如电化学转换器40可与一种含有包括NOx和烃类物质在内的特定污染物结合。转换器40在催化剂的存在下将污染物还原成无害物,包括N2,O2和CO2
因此可以看出,本发明有效地实现了上述的目的,这些情况从上面的描述已可看清。由于上述结构可在不背离本发明范围的条件下进行某些更改,因此,所有包含在上面描述中的内容或附图中所示的内容都应被解释为说明性的而不是局限于此。
同时还应该理解,下面的权利要求将覆盖本文描述的本发明的所有一般的和具体的特征,以及对本发明范围的全部陈述,用一名话说,这些内容应该落入保护范围内。

Claims (127)

1.一种用于在操作过程中将反应物转化成反应产物的板式转化炉,所说的转化炉包括:
许多与一种或多种用于加速转化反应的催化剂相结合的催化剂板和许多由导热材料构成的导热板,所说催化剂板和所说导热板交替叠放一起形成转化结构,该导热板在平面内传导热量用来支持转化过程。
2.权利要求1的转化炉,其中所说的转化过程包括一种或多种转化反应,所说的转化反应包括发生在两种或多种反应物质之间的有催化剂促进的化学反应,和有催化剂促进的单一物质的热解。
3.权利要求1的转化炉,其中所说的转化结构包括至少一根用于向其中引入反应物的轴向歧管和至少一根用于让反应产物从转化结构排出的歧管。
4.权利要求1的转化炉,其中所说的转化结构具有一个用于与外部环境进行热交换的开放周边表面。
5.权利要求1的转化炉,其中所说的转化结构包括至少一根用于向其中引入反应物的轴向反应物歧管和用于从转化结构的周边部分排出反应产物的周边排出装置。
6.权利要求1的转化炉,它还包括
一个导热的气密壳体,它设置在叠板转化结构上用来形成周边轴向歧管,以及
用于让反应物质进入周边轴向歧管的装置,其中反应物质由气密壳体所容纳。
7.权利要求1的转化炉,它还包括具有通过辐射、传导和对流中的一种方式来使外部环境与所说导热板进行热交换的装置的导热的气密壳体。
8.权利要求1的转化炉,其中转化结构的外表面与气密壳体的内表面接触,所说气密壳体能把热量传给导热板。
9.权利要求1的转化炉,它还包括一个用于增压转化操作的圆柱结构气密壳体。
10.权利要求1的转化炉,其中导热板包括用于在导热板的平面内建立基本上等温条件的装置。
11.权利要求1的转化炉,其中所说的转化结构包括至少一根用于向其中引入反应物的轴向反应物歧管,而且其中的导热板包括整体地形成在其上并伸入到轴向反应物歧管中以用来加热进料反应物的伸出装置。
12.权利要求1的转化炉,其中至少导热板和催化剂板中的一块包括一个具有用于让反应物流过板块表面的通道的平面内表面。
13.权利要求1的转化炉,它还包括:
形成于转化结构中的一个轴向歧管
形成于导热板和催化剂板之间的通道,和
用于在导热板和催化剂板之间的整个通道上产生反应物物流压力降的装置,该压力降明显大于轴向歧管内反应物物流的压力降。
14.权利要求1的转化炉,它还包括形成于催化剂板和导热板之间用于让进料反应物物流流过一块板表面的通道,所说通道保持基本上均匀的压力降,从而保证沿转化结构的轴向具有一个基本不变的反应物物流流量。
15.权利要求1的转化炉,它还包括用于在沿转化结构的轴向上产生基本上均匀温度条件的装置。
16.权利要求1的转化炉,其中催化剂板由多孔的催化材料组成,该多孔材料形成用于让进料反应物流过板块至少一部分的通道。
17.权利要求1的转化炉,其中导热板由多孔的导热材料组成,该多孔材料形成用于让进料反应物流过板块的通道。
18.权利要求1的转化炉,其中导热板由至少一种非金属材料组成,如碳化硅,及复合材料。
19.权利要求1的转化炉,其中导热板由至少一种金属如铝、铜、铁、钢合金、镍、镍合金、铬、铬合金、铂、铂合金构成。
20.权利要求1的转化炉,其中催化剂板由具有催化材料涂层的陶瓷支撑板构成。
21.权利要求1的转化炉,其中催化剂材料从下面一组材料中选出,该组材料包括铂、钯、镍、氧化镍、铁、氧化铁、铬、氧化铬、钴、氧化钴、铜、氧化铜、锌、氧化锌、钼、氧化钼、及其他合适的过渡金属及其氧化物。
22.权利要求1的转化炉,其中催化剂板由铂、镍、氧化镍、铬和氧化铬中的至少一种组成。
23.权利要求1的转化炉,其中反应物包括烃类物质,和O2、H2O、及CO2中的至少一种。
24.权利要求1的转化炉,其中,反应物包括下列物质中的至少一种,它们是烷烃、羟基、与羧基结合的烃、与羰基结合的烃、链烯烃、与醚结合的烃、与酯结合的烃、与胺结合的烃、与芳族衍生物结合的烃,以及与其他有机衍生物结合的烃。
25.权利要求1的转化炉,它还包括用于与排出转化炉并进入外部燃料电池的反应产物结合的装置。
26.权利要求23的转化炉,其中,烃类燃料与H2O和CO2中的至少一种进行吸热的催化转化,从而产生H2、CO、H2O和CO2,吸热转化所需热量由外部燃料电池产生的能量来提供,所说的能量由导热板通过平面内的热传导由燃料电池传过来。
27.权利要求23的转化炉,其中,烃类燃料和O2进行催化燃烧和转化反应,从而产生H2、CO、H2O和CO2,外部燃料电池的放热燃烧和放热反应中的至少一种通过导热板的平面内热传导来补充吸热转化反应所需能量。
28.权利要求23或24的转化炉,其中,CO和H2O进行催化移位反应,形成CO2和H2
29.权利要求1的转化炉,其中转化结构具有大体上圆柱形状。
30.权利要求1的转化炉,其中转化结构是圆柱形的,且至少催化剂板和导热板之一的直径在约1英寸和约20英寸之间,其厚度在约0.002英寸和约0.2英寸之间。
31.权利要求1的转化炉,其中转化结构具有大体上矩形结构。
32.一种用于在操作过程中将反应物转化成反应产物的转化炉,该转化炉包括:
一种多孔的导热材料,其中掺合有一种或多种催化材料以形成转化结构,导热材料传递热能来支持转化过程。
33.一种用于在操作过程中将反应物转化成反应产物的板式转化炉,该转化炉包括:
许多板块,它们由一种掺合有一种或多种用于加速转化过程的催化材料的转化催化材料的导热材料组成,所说的板块叠放在一起以形成转化结构,这些板块在板平面内传导热能来支持转化过程。
34.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中所说的转化结构包括至少一根用于向其中引入反应物的轴向歧管和至少一根用于让反应产物从转化结构排出的歧管。
35.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中所说的转化结构具有一个用于与外部环境进行热交换的开放周边表面。
36.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中所说的转化结构包括至少一根用于向其中引入反应物的轴向反应物歧管和用于从转化炉的周边部分排出反应产物的排出装置。
37.权利要求32或33的转化炉,它还包括
一个导热的气密壳体,它设置在叠板转化结构周围以形成周边轴向歧管,以及
用于让反应物质进入周边轴向歧管的装置,其中反应物质被包容在气密壳体中。
38.权利要求32或33的转化炉,它还包括一个具有用于由辐射、传导和对流方式中的一种方式实现所说转化结构与外部环境进行热交换的装置的导热气密壳体。
39.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中转化结构的外表面与气密壳体的内表面接触,所说气密壳体能向转化结构传导热量。
40.权利要求32或33的转化炉,它还包括一个用于允许增压转化操作的圆柱形结构的气密壳体。
41.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中,转化结构包括用于在整个转化结构中提供一个基本上等温条件的装置。
42.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中所说的转化结构包括至少一根用于向其中引入反应物的轴向反应物歧管,而且其中转化结构包括整体上结合在一起并伸入到轴向反应物歧管中以用来加热反应物的伸出装置。
43.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中所说的转化结构包括用于让反应物在整个结构中流动的通道。
44.权利要求32或33的转化炉,它还包括:
一根形成于转化结构内的轴向歧管,
用于让反应物在转化结构平面内流动的通道,和
用于在整个通道上产生反应物物流压力降的装置,该压力降明显大于轴向歧管内反应物物流的压力降。
45.权利要求43的转化炉,其中,所说通道保持基本上不变的压力降,从而保证沿转化结构的轴向具有一个基本不变的反应物流量。
46.权利要求32或33的转化炉,它还包括用于产生沿转化结构轴向基本上均匀温度条件的装置。
47.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中导热材料由非金属材料如碳化硅,和复合材料中的至少一种组成。
48.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中导热材料由金属如铝、铜、铁、钢合金、镍、镍合金、铬、铬合金、铂、铂合金中的至少一种组成。
49.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中催化剂材料选自下面一组材料,该组材料包括铂、钯、镍、氧化镍、铁、氧化铁、铬、氧化铬、钴、氧化钴、铜、氧化铜、锌、氧化锌、钼、氧化钼、及其他合适的过渡金属及其氧化物。
50.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中反应物包括烃类物质,和O2,H2O,及CO2中的至少一种。
51.权利要求32或33的转化炉,它还包括用于与排出转化炉并进入外部燃料电池的反应产物结合的装置。
52.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中的反应物包括一种烃类燃料和H2O与CO2中的至少一种,它们进行催化转化,从而产生H2、CO、H2O和CO2,其中外部燃料电池的放热反应通过导热材料向转化结构的吸热转化反应提供所需热量。
53.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中的反应物包括一种烃类燃料和O2,它们进行催化燃烧和转化反应,从而产生H2、CO、H2O和CO2,且外部燃料电池的放热燃烧和放热反应中的至少一种反应通过导热材料向转化结构的吸热转化反应提供所需热量。
54.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中转化结构具有大体上圆柱形状。
55.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中转化结构是圆柱形的,并且其直径在约1英寸和约20英寸之间。
56.权利要求32或33的转化炉,其中转化结构具有大体上矩形结构。
57.一种用于氧化烃类燃料以产生热量的燃烧器,所说的燃烧器包括:
多块由导热材料构成的导热板和多块带有一种或多种氧化催化材料的催化剂板,所说的催化剂板和所说的导热板交替叠放在一起形成燃烧器结构;
其中催化剂板的催化材料加速烃类燃料的氧化来形成反应物质;和
其中导热板适于把氧化过程中产生的热量通过辐射、传导和对流之一的方式传给周围介质。
58.权利要求57的燃烧器,其中燃烧器结构具有用于与外部环境进行热交换的开放周边表面。
59.权利要求57的燃烧器,其中所说的燃烧器结构包括至少一根用于向其中引入反应物的反应物歧管和用于从燃烧器结构的周边部分排放反应物质的周边排放装置。
60.权利要求57的燃烧器,它还包括一个配置于燃烧器结构周围的导热壳体并且有通过反射、传导和对流方式中的一种方式实现外部环境与所说导热板进行热能交换的装置。
61.权利要求57的燃烧器,其中燃烧器结构的外表面与配置在燃烧器周围的导热壳体的内表面接触,所说的壳体在操作过程中从导热板传导热能。
62.权利要求57的燃烧器,其中导热板包括用于在导热板平面内提供一个基本等温条件的装置。
63.权利要求57的燃烧器,其中所说的燃烧结构包括至少一根用于向其中引入反应物的轴向反应物歧管,且其中的导热板包括整体上结合在一起并伸入到轴向反应物歧管中以用来预热烃类燃料的伸出装置。
64.权利要求57的燃烧器,其中导热板和催化剂中的至少之一的平面内表面包括用于让烃类燃料流过板块表面的通道。
65.权利要求57的燃烧器,它还包括:
一根形成于燃烧器结构内的轴向歧管,
形成于导热板和催化剂板之一的平面表面用于让燃料流过板块表面的通道,和
用于在整个通道上产生反应物物流压力降的装置,该压力降明显大于轴向歧管内反应物物流的压力降。
66.权利要求64的燃烧器,其中的通道保持基本上不变的压力降,从而保证沿燃烧器结构的轴向具有一个基本不变的反应物流量。
67.权利要求57的燃烧器,它还包括用于在沿燃烧器结构的一个外表面上形成基本均匀温度条件的装置。
68.权利要求64的燃烧器,其中的催化剂板由多孔的催化材料组成,该多孔材料形成通道并让反应物流经该板块。
69.权利要求64的燃烧器,其中的导热板由多孔的导热材料组成,该多孔材料形成通道并让反应物流经该板块。
70.权利要求57的燃烧器,其中的导热板由碳化硅构成。
71.权利要求57的燃烧器,其中的导热板由至少一种高熔点金属构成。
72.权利要求57的燃烧器,其中的催化剂板由具有催化材料涂层的陶瓷支撑板构成。
73.权利要求72的燃烧器,其中的催化剂涂层材料选自铂、镍、氧化镍、铬和氧化铬中的至少一种。
74.权利要求57的燃烧器,其中的催化剂板由铂、镍、氧化镍、铬和氧化铬中的至少一种组成。
75.权利要求57的燃烧器,其中的烃类燃料在进入轴向歧管之前或在该轴向歧管内与一种氧化剂反应物进行预混合。
76.权利要求57的燃烧器,其中的燃烧器结构具有大体上圆柱形状。
77.权利要求57的燃烧器,其中燃烧器结构是圆柱形并且至少催化剂板和导热板之一的直径在约1英寸至约20英寸之间,其厚度在约0.002英寸至约0.2英寸之间。
78.一种用于氧化烃类燃料以产生热能的燃烧器,所说的设备包括:
一种多孔的导热材料,其中掺入一种或多种催化材料来形成燃烧器结构;
其中催化材料加速烃类燃料的氧化来形成反应产物,和
其中导热材料适于把氧化过程中产生的热能通过辐射、传导和对流之一的方式传给周围介质。
79.一种用于氧化烃类燃料以产生热能的燃烧器,所说的设备包括:
许多由导热材料中掺入一种或多种催化材料而构成的板,该板被叠放在一起以形成燃烧器结构;
其中催化材料加速烃类燃料的氧化来形成反应产物,和
其中导热材料把氧化过程中产生的热能通过辐射、传导和对流之一的方式传给周围介质。
80.一种电化学转换器,它包括:
许多在其两面上淀积有反应性材料的气密电解质板,所说板具有一个燃料流侧面,且其上施加有选自燃烧催化剂,转化催化剂,移位催化剂和燃料电极材料中的至少一种反应性材料,
所说板具有氧化剂流,并在其上面施加有选自氧化剂电极材料的反应性材料,
许多由导热材料构成的气密导热板,所说电解质板和所说导热板被交替地叠放在一起来形成叠板装置,和
用于预热和转化在叠板装置内电解质板的燃料流一侧烃类燃料的内部转化装置,所说的转化是借助于能从叠板装置的燃料电池反应部分传递热量的导热板来完成的。
81.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中的电解质板形成一个用于传递电解质离子的介质。
82.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中的转换器实现化学转换和生产,同时消耗氧气以产生电能。
83.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中导热板的一侧面面对在其上面施加有燃烧催化剂,转化催化剂和移位催化剂中至少一种的燃料流侧面。
84.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中,燃烧催化剂,转化催化剂和移位催化剂中至少一种可以涂敷在流量调节元件上,所说的流量调节元件安装在电解质板和导热板之间。
85.权利要求80的电化学转换器,它还包括形成于叠板装置中的多根轴向歧管,至少其中的一根适于接纳烃类燃料反应物,让燃料在电解质板的一个表面上流动并在板的外部边缘排出;至少所说歧管中的一根适合于接纳氧化剂反应物,让氧化剂流过电解质板的另一面并在板的外部边缘排出。
86.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中的叠板装置具有矩形结构并带有适于接纳烃类燃料反应物的边缘,所说的反应物流入处于电解质板的一侧表面之上的空间并从对面板的边缘排出;而第三板块的边缘适合于接纳流入处于电解质板的另一侧表面之上的空间并从第四板的边缘流出的氧化剂反应物。
87.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中所说的导热板包括用来调整叠板组件平面内温度分布以便达到基本上平面内等温条件的装置。
88.权利要求85的电化学转换器,其中所说的歧管供应装置用来调整进入沿着叠板组件轴向的两块板之间的空间内流量均匀分布,从而提供一个轴向等温条件。
89.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中连接板的导热导电材料由至少一种非金属材料构成。
90.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中连接板的导热导电材料由镍、镍合金、铬、铬合金、铂、铂合金中的至少一种构成。
91.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中连接板的导热导电材料由铝、铜、铁、钢合金中的至少一种构成。
92.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中燃料电极由镍、含镍化合物、铬、和含铬化合物中的至少一种构成。
93.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中燃料催化剂由铂、铂化物、镍和镍化物中的至少一种构成。
94.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中转化催化剂由镍、含镍化合物、铬和含铬化合物中的至少一种构成。
95.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中转化催化剂由铂、钯、镍、氧化镍、铁、氧化铁、铬、氧化铬、钴、氧化钴、铜、氧化铜、锌、氧化锌、钼和氧化钼中的至少一种构成。
96.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中,部分氧化发生在形成于电解质和导热板中至少之一的表面上的燃烧催化剂之上。
97.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中,内部转化反应发生在电解质板和导热板之一的一个表面上的转化催化剂之上。
98.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中,燃料电池反应发生在电解质板的反应性材料之上。
99.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中的转化催化剂和燃料电极材料在电解质的表面上相互混合,使得在操作过程中基本上同时转化燃料并开始电化学反应。
100.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中的燃料催化剂、转化催化剂和燃料电极材料在电解质板的表面上相互混合,使得基本上同时开始燃料反应物的部分氧化和转化。
101.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中进入到转换器的烃类燃料在有H2O的存在下进行催化转化,产生H2和CO,所说的转化燃料经受燃料电池反应,形成含H2O和CO2的废物;其中来自放热燃料电池反应的热量在平面内传给导热板以支持吸热的转化反应。
102.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中进入到转换器的烃类燃料部分地与O2催化燃烧,产生H2和CO,所说部分燃烧的燃料经受放热的燃料电池反应,形成含H2O和CO2的废物,其中产生于放热燃料电池反应的热量在平面内传给导热板来提供足以支持缓和的放热部分氧化转化反应所需的温度。
103.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中的反应物包括至少下列物质中的一种,它们是羟基烷烃、与羧基结合的烃、与羰基结合的烃、链烯烃、与醚结合的烃、与酯结合的烃、与胺结合的烃、与芳族衍生物结合的烃以及与其他有机衍生物结合的烃。
104.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中的转换器是选自由固体氧化物燃料电池、熔融碳酸盐燃料电池、碱性燃料电池、质子交换膜燃料电池和磷酸燃料电池中的一种燃料电池。
105.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中电解质板由氧化锆基材料和二氧化铈基材料之一构成。
106.权利要求80的电化学转换器,它还包括装在一根歧管内的内部反应物加热装置,用于加热流经所说歧管的所说反应物中至少一种的至少一部分。
107.权利要求106的电化学转换器,其中所说的内部反应物加热装置包括导热的并从所说导热板形成一体地向外伸出的表面,该伸出表面伸入到至少一根所说的歧管中。
108.权利要求107的电化学转换器,其中所说的燃料电池反应产生废热,该废热把所说反应物加热到接近所说工作温度,所说废热由所说连接板和所说伸出表面传给所说反应物。
109.权利要求80的电化学转换器,它还包括周边排放装置、用于从叠板组件的周边部分排放转化过的燃料。
110.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中至少是导热板和电解质板之一包括反应物通道,用于让反应物从轴向反应物歧管流过板块的表面。
111.权利要求110的电化学转换器,其中的通道包括用于在板的至少一个表面上保持基本不变的压力降的装置,从而保证在板的表面上有一个基本不变的反应物流。
112.权利要求110的电化学转换器,其中电解质板的活性涂层是多孔的,该多孔涂层形成反应物通道。
113.权利要求80的电化学转换器,它还包括用于在形成于导热板和相对电解质板之间的空间内产生反应物物流压力降的装置,该压力降明显大于轴向歧管中的反应物物流压力降。
114.权利要求80的电化学转换器,它还包括用于产生反应物在整个所说叠板上基本上均匀径向流动分布的装置。
115.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中叠板组件是圆柱形的并且至少电解质板和导热板之一的直径在约1英寸至约20英寸之间,其厚度在约0.002英寸至约0.2英寸之间。
116.权利要求80的转化炉,它还包括一个圆柱形气密壳体,它包括围在叠板的周围从而允许进行增压转化操作。
117.权利要求80的电化学转换器,其中的转换器是一个电化学催化转换器,它适合于接受来自外界能源的电流,所说的电流在所说转换器内引起电化学反应,该转换器适于将含在进料反应物中的选定污染物还原成无害物质。
118.权利要求116的电化学转换器,其中的催化转换器还包括用于接受含有选定污染物的废物的装置,所说污染物包括NOx和烃类物质,该催化转换器包括用于将NOx和烃类物质还原成N2、O2和CO2之一的无害物质的装置。
119.一种催化转换器,它包括:
多块气密的转换器板,该转换器板具有施加在第一烃类气体一侧,由转换器催化剂和第一电极材料中之一组成的反应性物质;以及施加在第二缓冲气体一侧,由第二电极材料组成的反应性物质;
多块由导热材料组成的气密导热板,所说转换器板和所说导热板交替地叠放在一起形成转换器装置;
用于把烃类气体引入到转换器板的烃类气体一侧和把缓冲气体引入到转换器板的第二缓冲气体一侧的装置;
用于从外界动力源得到电能的装置;和
用于将烃类气体转化成无害物质的装置。
120.权利要求19的电化学转换器,其中的导热板包括用于使导热板平面内达到基本等温条件的装置。
121.权利要求19的电化学转换器,其中的导热板由一种基本上气密的电解质材料形成。
122.权利要求19的电化学转换器,其中的导热板是气密的离子导体。
123.权利要求19的电化学转换器,其中转换器板至少一面的电极涂层包括镍或含镍化合物。
124.权利要求19的电化学转换器,其中转换器板至少一面的电极涂层包括铂。
125.权利要求19的电化学转换器,其中转换器板至少一面的电极涂层包括钯。
126.权利要求19的电化学转换器,其中所说转换器得到的电流引起一个电化学反应,该反应将烃类气体中的选定污染物还原成无害物质。
127.权利要求19的电化学转换器,其中所说的装置适于接收含有包括NOx和烃类物质的选定污染物,该催化剂转换器还包括用于将NOx和烃类物质还原成无害物质的装置。
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US6183703B1 (en) 2001-02-06
NO984721L (no) 1998-12-07

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