CN1209264A - High-efficiency water-saving wall and cultivation technology of laying out mulch film at wall and bottom and making multiple holes in fields - Google Patents
High-efficiency water-saving wall and cultivation technology of laying out mulch film at wall and bottom and making multiple holes in fields Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The high-efficiency water-saving cultivation technique mainly used for high-density planting crops (the abbreviated form of said invented cultivation technique is "GPB" method) is characterized by that, 1. hang-covering straight-wall of terraced field with plastic film to reduce evaporation and collect dew; 2. hang-covering rear wall of greenhouse with plastic film to condense superfluous water vapour in the greenhouse to lower humidity and reduce plant diseases and pests; 3. laying PE film under the cultivating layer and making holes everywhere in the crop field, and inserting root-wrapping material into every hole for applying water, fertilizer and gathering rainwater.
Description
The invention belongs to crop breeding and culture technique field, be a kind ofly be mainly used in the water saving of high planting density dry farming, the efficient low-consume that catchments is cultivated new system.The present get " extension ", " shop ", " all over " the prefix of phonetic alphabet, be called for short " the efficient comprehensive water-saving culture technique of GPB " or " GPB method " and get final product.
Professor Feng Jinchen thinks: the basic outlet of dry agricuture on cultivation step is exploitation and implements the irrigation technique that " catchmenting " combines, can get on the job with indigenous methods and spend less as far as possible with " water saving, ".On the one hand summer rain, the winter snows collection of supplying with (endogenous) naturally stored up, for the usefulness of next year spring sowing, summer work; The aspect will jump to " irrigated crop " from " irrigated soil " when utilizing the allogenic water resource to irrigate in addition, and limited fresh water is used for the most critical place.
Except that drip irrigation, infiltrating irrigation (the dark filling), sprinkling irrigation, mist are irritated " irrigated soil " this stage that all also rests on.In addition, these advanced in the world agricultural water conservation culture techniques also have following major defect:
1, is passive irrigation, initiatively catchments or to compile behind the rain function of runoff not strong.
2, the moisture content of Guan Gaiing is not to have serious surface evaporation, and suitable underground leakage is just arranged, and the production efficiency of agricultural water is still undesirable.
3, investment is bigger, and specification requirement is higher, can't implement with indigenous method again.Therefore be difficult to apply in the rural area, vast drought-hit area of developing country.
The patent of our application: " economic forest root-base water-saving cultivation series technique " (is called for short " root filling ", application number: 97103541.5)
[1], not still " irrigated crop " also do not realized " foundation irrigation ", and overcome above-mentioned a few strip defect.But its scope of application is only limited to the dry farming that planting density is no more than per 1/15 hectare of (mu) 5000 strain, is suitable for economic fruit-bearing forest and melon dish especially, especially the booth gourd, fruit and vegetable; Agricultural aquatic productive rate, economic benefit and ecological benefits are all more satisfactory.But the dry farming very high to planting density is in theory all available as some grain, cotton and oils, and be on economic benefit, unrealistic.
China conventional at present flat do habitual bold and vigorous filling (sprinkle and water) and flood irrigation, its water consumption waste is surprising, and the productivity ratio of agricultural water is less than 1 kilogram/meter
3Send today of lack of water alarm in the United Nations to the whole world, they have not had and have continued the vitality used.
The present invention will reach following two purposes:
1, arid area lack of water very often, evaporation discharge is very big again.Therefore big and good crop will be planted in the there, top priority is that limited precipitation amount in a year can be collected, and the best approach of catchmenting is that water falls there, assembles on the spot there, preserves, and take certain measure to reduce evaporation and seepage as far as possible, reach the purpose of " soil moisture conservation of catchmenting ".
2, the present invention is applicable to the water-saving culture of planting density greater than the dry farming of per 1/15 hectare of (mu) 1000 strain, is particularly suitable for dry farming grain, cotton and oil and other economic crops of planting density greater than per 1/15 hectare of (mu) 5000 strain.Reaching another patent of having applied for us---the purpose that " economic forest root-base water-saving cultivation series technique " (root filling) complements each other makes multiple dry farming can both include the series of our efficient low-consume water-saving culture in.
" biofilm " among the present invention refers to two kinds of situations:
1, (the hanging down) of hills terraced fields straight wall hanging covers plastic film.1 is the terraced fields plane among Fig. 1; 2 is the straight walls of terraced fields; 3 is that sun directional light: α is that the sun altitude of sun lights to the terraced fields plane: β is the inclination angle of sun lights to the straight wall of terraced fields.As seen from Figure 1, β=(90 °-α), establish the somewhere, summer α=60 °, β=30 ° then; And winter α=30 °, β=60 ° then, promptly the intensity of illumination of the straight wall sun of terraced fields this moment such as summer the terraced fields plane intensity of illumination; Also have strong north wind the winters in the many areas of China, and the water evaporates amount of the straight wall of terraced fields increases on foot during visible winter, thus cover plastic film at the straight wall hanging of hills terraced fields, very necessary.Its function of catchmenting in addition on the other hand because midsummer to late fall at night temperature often reduce to below the dew point, then should " biofilm " plastic film, airborne moisture content aggegation can be got up for the usefulness of irrigated crop.
Embodiment:
For implementing should " biofilm " should to select for use thick 0.1 millimeter, wide 800 centimetres canopy (farming) film, drop films is arranged for cheaply counting here usable intensity higher H DPE or LLDPE polyethylene.Then by required coverage rate size bonding, on four limits of coverage rate direction, glue about φ 10mm rope each one, in case tear mashed film; Opposite one side, every discrepancy in elevation 1.5-2 rice, sticking press mold plastic tape.Intend the straight wall of terraced fields of overlay film, must remove weeds on the wall, grass roots or tree root in advance, if weeds are more, answer spraying herbicide such as trefanocide etc., usage is seen the respective description book.Extension coating method that should " biofilm " plastic film is as shown in Figure 2: 1 is the PE plastic sheeting for farm use among Fig. 2; The 2nd, film upper end firming ditch, dark, wide equal about 20 centimetres; The 3rd, cover the mud that presses of film upper end, require during the rope that will the film upper end glues and film edge imbed entirely, and fill and lead up the firming ditch; The 4th, the collecting ditch of film lower end, wide, deeply all about 25 centimetres, bottom of trench shop film requires smooth and some inclination of bottom of trench for this reason, and the delivery port place will hang down; The 5th, the firming band of film lower end, about 25 centimetres of bandwidth cover thick about 10 centimetres of soil layer on the film, like a weir, require the rope that glue the film lower end is imbedded in the soil, and the film edge is not exposed at the soil layer outside; The 6th, be fixed on the column on the straight wall of terraced fields, 8 centimetres of column section 10 cm x, in 6 millimeters reinforcing bar 3-4 of diameter root is arranged, and every discrepancy in elevation 1.5-2 rice will stay an eyelet or prominent hook on the column, be used to bundle the press mold plastic tape; The 7th, the press mold plastic tape, spacing interval between shelterbelt D=1.5-2 rice, the place that wind is big, closeer; The 8th, collection (storage) water altar is embedded in the soil, and the delivery port of collecting ditch must be aimed at and be lower than to the altar mouth.When bonding this plastic film, two intermembranous laterally sticking connection should be pressed a ground to glue for one and take it by the downwind of the wind that often has local winter; Easily see the Way out of collecting ditch, also should place following public attention of down wind.
Effect and advantage: through measuring and calculating, behind the straight wall hanging film of semiarid zone terraced fields in winter, the water evaporates amount that reduced every day is equivalent to increase the rainfall of 2-3mm, i.e. 2-3 kg/day, rice
2, if this film has 100 meters
2, then evaporate the 200-300 kilogram of can economizing on water because of reducing every day, considerable.At mid latitudes, arranged, every meter of " biofilm " plastic film the night of dew
2Can collect dew 100-300 milliliter (gram) one night; If this film has 100 meters
2, then can collect dew in 1 year more than 2000 kilograms.
2, second of " biofilm " kind of situation is to hang to cover plastic film on the back wall in the booth of anti-season melon dish.At first can keep off the cold air that the back wall penetrates, increase canopy chamber heat insulating ability; Temperature in the daytime booth, humidity are all very high in addition, and one at dusk and at night, and canopy temperature descends, reach dew point very soon, at this moment, should steam aggegation unnecessary in the booth will be got up by " biofilm " plastic film, thereby reduced the humidity in the booth, reduced damage by disease and insect; Also these " dew " can be preserved, after sterilizing, supply the usefulness of irrigated crop.If at the back side of this film (pasting the side of booth north wall wall), brushing " HIPS plastics silver gray coating " then should " biofilm " can also play reflection action, and it can obviously strengthen the intensity of illumination in weak district earlier, north side, canopy chamber and improve the canopy room temperature.
Embodiment:
For implementing to be somebody's turn to do " biofilm ", should select for use thick 0.06-0.08mm, wide 800 centimetres HDPE or LLDPE that the polyethylene film of dripping is arranged, bonding by required coverage rate size then, in the upper end of coverage rate direction, glue one in rope about φ 10mm, the usefulness when making biofilm.Extension coating method that should " biofilm " plastic film is as shown in Figure 3: 1 is PE plastic sheeting for farm use after giving processing among Fig. 3; The 2nd, be fixed on the Reinforced hook (φ 6-8mm) on the wall behind the booth; The 3rd, film upper end glue into rope, its two is bundled on the Reinforced hook, and strains this rope; The 4th, after film hangs up,, to follow closely in the U-shaped reinforcing bar on the wall behind the booth (about φ 5mm) across rope both sides, film upper end, it can be held film and not fall down, about space D=4 meter; The 5th, film lower end collecting ditch, about 25 centimetres of furrow widths, dark about 20 centimetres, bottom of trench shop film requires bottom of trench smooth and will tilt slightly along the sticking direction of film for this reason, and the delivery port place will hang down; The 6th, the firming band of film lower end, about 25 centimetres of bandwidth cover thick about 10 centimetres of soil layer on the film, like a weir; The 7th, collection (storage) water altar is embedded in the soil, and the delivery port of collecting ditch must be aimed at and be lower than to the altar mouth.After being somebody's turn to do the sticking connection of " biofilm " plastic film, before extension covers, still need and carry out the following processing of giving: at first embrocate " metronidazole " in the film front, metronidazole is a kind of inexpensive, easy to use, can not damage the anti-drops of powdery high-efficiency high-quality that film, effect have bactericidal action lastingly concurrently, common have embrocate metronidazole on the drop films after, the water droplet that condenses in film is flowed down along film rapidly, the good reflection action that keeps face, the water droplet of can also sterilizing, therefore the trouble that water droplet is not had catch an illness can be used for crop irrigation by relieved " dew " with institute's collection; Follow at the film back side (the wall side after being covered in booth), equably brushing one deck " HIPS plastics silver gray coating ".The prescription of this coating following (by weight proportion):
Cellulose nitrate modified thermoplastic propylene 50;
Acid resin solution (solids content 30%) floats type aluminum paste 3.5;
The special-purpose mixed solvent 46.5 of HIPS adds up to 100.
Effect and advantage: the function of catchmenting is arranged, can reduce canopy chamber humidity, reduce damage by disease and insect, and can add lustre to, heat.Be used for leaf vegetables, volume increase 10-30%; Be used for solanaceous vegetable and cucumber, economic benefit is more remarkable.Extension covered the use term of validity of film more than 5 years.
" shop fixtures " among the present invention refers to the counterdie soverlay technique:
Many arid areas short of rain because the seepage loss, make the rare precipitation of produce effects several times in 1 year (＞10mm/d), leak into very soon in the soil layer below 2 meters, become the unserviceable non-available water of root system.Especially to the sand of retaining poor performance, the seepage loss is even more serious.For addressing this problem, can be under plow layer, layer overlay thickness is not less than the PE plastic film of 0.05mm, the laying degree of depth is regarded thing root system situation as and is decided, overlapping (overlap joint) 10-20 centimetre between contiguous two films, the plastic film overlap joint shop wide more than 150 centimetres of should adopting that area is big is covered, and sees that easily film is wide more, and its availability is high more; Narrow ditch then can adopt the plastic film of respective width to cover the shop separately.About 10 years service life, the thick more term of validity of film is long more.The relevant technologies index sees Table 1.
According to whole ground situation, following several embodiment is arranged:
1, flat type counterdie culture underglass technology
(1) cutting soil digs: cut soil according to Different Crop by the degree of depth shown in the table 1, and with this topsoil dig put in addition other.
(2) shop film overlap joint: layer is cut the earth when reaching the length of certain width and requirement by institute, evens and spread bottom of trench out cover suitable width plastic film, overlaps 10-20 centimetre between the two adjacent films, with antiseep.
(3) earthing on the film: remove the rigid foreign material in the topsoil of digging originally, prevent to break plastic film, soil is struck (powder) broken after, just reply and cover on institute's paving plastic film; Before not spread counterdie, the lap width of adjacent two films all will be reserved in the counterdie both sides, will stay the limit of 45 centimeter length (wide) around the last counterdie, so that attach mutually with the ridge inwall more.
(4) building the ridge prevents letting out: generally cultivate to plant to distinguish all around and will build ridge high about 12 centimetres earlier, in order to avoid this cultivates the precipitation outflow of planting the district, make the ideal of " a slit bamboo or chopped wood sky is caught in a square field " precipitation of rainfed farming, can further realize.This cultivate plant the intact counterdie of district's middle berth after, just stay 45 centimetres of long plastic films at last with around the counterdie more, behind the intact soil of the counterdie loam cake around the attached inwall that overlays on ridge, inwall,, be advisable in the film upper end with the native top that is pressed on ridge just as far as possible with the film tension.
(5) the smooth face of land: cultivate and plant after the district covered counterdie, cover soil, should be in time native smooth with showing.For terraced fields, require to be parallel to isocontour terraced fields center line, be lower than the terraced fields surface of center line both sides, form the V font structure at 5 °～10 ° at inclination angle, both sides, to alleviate the runoff impulsive force of terraced fields along contour outside ridge.When kind of plant, if combine with " making multiple holes in fields " cultivation of following introduction, better effects if then.
2, furrow type counterdie culture underglass technology
The difference of this embodiment and " flat type counterdie culture underglass technology ", only be ditch middle berth counterdie (plastic film that thick 0.05mm is above), covering film on the face of ridge, mulch film can be selected HDPE or the LLDPE ultrathin membrane of the suitable thick 0.006-0.008mm of width for use, see Fig. 4.1 is the ridge among Fig. 4; The 2nd, ditch; The 3rd, the counterdie in the ditch; The 4th, the mulch film of ridge face; The 5th, the soil of plow layer in the ditch; D is the degree of depth that counterdie is laid in the table 1, that is the soil thickness of plow layer or the most of Root Distribution of corresponding crop; L is a row spacing; G is a furrow width; α is face inclination angle, ridge, gets about 10 °, or builds up arch ridge face.Its concrete operations step is:
(1) fertilising deep ploughing: desire the field of shop fixtures film, plough comprehensively, the degree of depth is the D in the table 1; Preferably use sufficient base manure before the deep ploughing.
(2) ditching, ridging: according to the plan of this field piece crop-planting, decision L and G perform mark then on the field, by L, the G width ditching, ridging (last ridge face is at most than the high 2-5 of ground level centimetre) of shape shown in Figure 4 and requirement, the Commonly Used Size of L and G and coupling see Table 2.
(3) ditch shop fixtures film: when soil layer digs required width, length and the degree of depth in the ditch, bottom of trench should be evened and spread out the plastic film that is laminated with suitable width, the both sides of film act in accordance with furrow bank and upwards turn over subsides, and are high more than 20 centimetres, so that can accumulate the above precipitation of 200mm.
(4) ridge lid mulch film: earlier at ridge face spray herbicide, the ultrathin membrane with proper width covers the ridge face again, requires these film both sides to hang from above along furrow bank downwards, covers the outside of counterdie in the ditch, length with can with counterdie in the ditch on turn over to overlap and get final product about 2 centimetres.The formed runoff yield face of such ridge face can make invalid precipitation (＜5.0mm/d comprises dew) and little effect precipitation (5.0mm-10.0mm/d) produce runoff, and the precipitation that is originally invalid or little effect also can be preserved among gathering ground (ditch).
(5) shop root-wrapping material: the place of economic condition permission, should spread a bed thickness 5-10 centimetre root-wrapping material on the bottom of trench counterdie
[1], financial resources powerhouse can spread thicklyer for well, so that can use for many years continuously with long-acting type root-wrapping material commonly used.
(6) earthing and smooth: remove the rigid foreign material in the topsoil of digging in the original ditch, prevent to break counterdie, it is broken soil to be struck (powder), replys on the counterdie that covers in the ditch; The surface of overburden soil in the smooth then hyposulculus makes the ditch dual-side along being lower than 1-2 centimetre at edge, ridge, is beneficial to preserve rainwater.
(7) building the ridge prevents letting out: generally cultivate to plant to distinguish all around and will build ridge high about 12 centimetres earlier, in order to avoid this cultivates the precipitation outflow of planting the district, make the ideal of " a slit bamboo or chopped wood sky is caught in a square field " precipitation of rainfed farming, can further realize.After this cultivates the intact counterdie of the ditch middle berth of planting the district, the counterdie two ends are stayed more be about 45 centimetres, so that the attached inwall that overlays on two ridge after the counterdie on the inwall has covered soil, should make the film upper end be pressed on the top of ridge with soil as far as possible with the film tension.When being used as species and planting, if combine with " making multiple holes in fields " cultivation of following introduction, better effects if then.
3, the two film mulching and planting technology of furrow type
This embodiment is (5) step of having saved " furrow type counterdie culture underglass technology ", has increased that step of groove face covering film.So its operating procedure is:
(1)-(4) operation of " furrow type counterdie culture underglass technology " fully together.
(5) earthing and shaping: remove the rigid foreign material in the topsoil of digging in the original ditch, prevent to break counterdie, it is broken soil to be struck (powder), replys on the counterdie that covers in the ditch; The soil of the superiors will be pulverized very carefully, so that then its surface can be built up arch (need not compacting), the edge of arch will be lower than 1-2 centimetre at edge, ridge.
(6) groove face covering film: earlier at the groove face spray herbicide, the ultrathin membrane that will be slightly less than the ditch width then covers on the arcuate surface of ditch, makes these covering with plastic film both sides and limes marginis leave 1 centimetre of distance between left and right, is convenient to catchment when raining heavyly.
(7) building the ridge prevents letting out: the operation of (7) in " furrow type counterdie culture underglass technology " fully together.See Fig. 5,1 is the ridge among Fig. 5; The 2nd, ditch; The 3rd, the counterdie in the ditch; The 4th, the mulch film of ridge face; The 5th, the soil of plow layer in the ditch; The 6th, the mulch film of groove face; D is the degree of depth that counterdie is laid in the table 1; L is a row spacing; G is a furrow width; α is face inclination angle, ridge, gets about 10 ° or builds up arch ridge face.
Counterdie and mulch film in above three kinds of embodiments of " shop fixtures " all are to cover in the anniversary.Their effect and advantage are as follows:
1, can harvest precipitation.For the rain-fed agriculture region of annual precipitation 200mm-600mm, " shop fixtures " method can accumulation the produce effects precipitation more than 80% in 1 year; Can preserve the plastic mulching gross area of 0.832[(ridge and ditch) ÷ (the soil gross area of " shop fixtures ") * 100%] invalid and little effect precipitation.Invalid and little effect precipitation, some place accounts for the 1/3-1/2 of average annual precipitation, arid, short of rain area, their shared ratios are big more.
2, seepage and evaporating loss are little.Especially two film mulching and planting methods of furrow type, almost ne-leakage and evaporating loss reach and catchment and the purpose of water saving.
3, can no-tillage of low pollution.Because of counterdie does not have the influence of sunlight direct projection and wind, the soil layer protection is arranged again, so can surpass 10 years service life, the time of also wishing usefulness, the longer the better, so there is not such " white " problem of environmental pollution of mulch film.To the ridge face of furrow type or the ultrathin membrane of groove face covering, also needn't all change every year, as long as on the mulch film (the once visited place film does not take off) at very worn-out place, cover the new mulch film of one deck and can continue to use, to reduce pollution and cost.
4, cost is lower than drip irrigation, infiltrating irrigation, sprinkling irrigation and mist filling." flat type counterdie culture underglass technology ", per 1/15 hectare (mu) needs polyethylene film (0.05mm is thick) about 32.9 kilograms, wholesale price by existing (98 year spring) 9600 yuans/t is calculated, and the disposable cash input of per 1/15 hectare (mu) is no more than 316 yuan." furrow type counterdie culture underglass technology " presses L=G=68 centimetre pattern, and per 1/15 hectare (mu) needs counterdie and ground (face) film (0.006mm-0.008mm is thick) less than 28.9 kilograms, is no more than 280 yuan; If get L=68 centimetre, G=22 centimetre pattern, then per 1/15 hectare (mu) needs counterdie and ground (face) film to be no more than 23.7 kilograms, less than 228 yuan." furrow type two film mulching and planting technology " press L=G=68 centimetre pattern, per 1/15 hectare (mu) need counterdie and (face) film less than 31.3 kilograms, about 300 yuan; If press L=68 centimetre, G=22 centimetre pattern then needs counterdie and ground (face) film less than 25.0 kilograms, not above 240 yuan.As seen, the disposable cash input of three kinds of embodiments of " shop fixtures " all is significantly smaller than drip irrigation and mist and irritates, also less than sprinkling irrigation and infiltrating irrigation; And drip irrigation, infiltrating irrigation, sprinkling irrigation and mist filling do not have the function of catchmenting, and a large amount of evaporations or seepage loss are arranged again.
5, widely applicable.Many rain-fed agriculture region are difficult to find the water source to irrigate, even therefore richly also can't do drip irrigation, infiltrating irrigation, sprinkling irrigation and mist filling; But can do in three kinds of embodiments of " shop fixtures " any, solve " catchment+economize on water " difficult point of cultivation of rainfed farming.
Table 1, " shop fixtures " catchment with " making multiple holes in fields ", the tables of data of water-saving culture
| Sequence number | Crop title * | Counterdie is laid depth D (cm) | 1/15 hectare of (mu) planting density (strain) | 1/15 hectare of (mu) " making multiple holes in fields " hole count (individual) |
| 1 | Wheat | 25 | About 150,000 | Great drought 2668; Middle drought 2280. |
| 2 | Barley | 30 | About 200,000 | Great drought 2668: middle non-irrigated 2280. |
| 3 | Soybean | 25 | 20,000-40,000, with becoming planting season. | More than 30,000 strains, 1810; 2-3 ten thousand strains, 1718. |
| 4 | Pea | 25 | 10,000-40,000 | 2.5 more than ten thousand strains, 1718 1-2.5, ten thousand strains, 1045. |
| 5 | Broad bean | 30 | 9000-1 ten thousand | Line-spacing is less than 25,1379; Line-spacing is greater than 25,1242 |
| 6 | Corn | 30 | 3500-4000 | 568-856 |
| 7 | Upland rice | 25 | 130,000 are advisable | 2280 |
| 8 | The paddy rice drought is planted | 25-30 | 130,000-250,000 | Ditch kind paddy rice, ridge kind beans, 2668. |
| 9 | Sweet potato | / | 3,000-5,000, with becoming planting season. | 635-952 |
| 10 | Potato | / | 6000. should every strain stay the 2-3 stem. | 693-1041 |
| 11 | Cotton | 30 (seedling raising and transplanting) | 3,000-8,000, decide on soil fertility. | 723-1198 |
| 12 | Rape | 30 | 1.5 ten thousand-2.5 ten thousand, decide on level land or mountain area. | More than 20,000 strains, 1718; Below 20,000 strains, 1379. |
| 13 | Sesame | 25 | 6,000-1.5 ten thousand, look the change of plant type and planting season. | 6,000-8,000 strains, 1150; 8,000-1.5 ten thousand pearls, 1379 |
| 14 | Peanut | 30 | 1.3 ten thousand-2.5 ten thousand, look geographical conditions, planting season and become. | 1379-1431 |
| 15 | Ramie | 30 (shallow root types) | The 1000-1500 tabernaemontanus bulrush | 356-534 |
| 16 | Yellow, bluish dogbane | 25 | Bluish dogbane 1.5 ten thousand-20,000: jute 20,000-2.5 ten thousand | 1379-1718 |
| 17 | Sugarcane | 30 | 4000-8000 bar productive tiller | 798-1198 |
| 18 | Tobacco | / | About 1300 | 333-500 |
Continuous table 1, " shop fixtures " catchment with " making multiple holes in fields ", the tables of data of water-saving culture
| Sequence number | Crop title * | Counterdie is laid depth D (cm) | 1/15 hectare of (mu) planting density (strain) | 1/15 hectare of (mu) " making multiple holes in fields " hole count (individual) |
| 19 | Chinese sorghum | / | 4,000-10,000, retinal rod height, short and become. | 856-1336 |
| 20 | Grain (millet) | 30 | 2.5 ten thousand-70,000 | 1718-2280 |
| 21 | Broomcorn millet (millet) | 25 | 40,000-50,000 | 1718-2280 |
| 22 | Job's tears | 30 | 40,000-50,000 | 1718-2280 |
| 23 | Buckwheat | 30-35 | 80,000-160,000 bunch planting and drillings | Great drought 2668: middle non-irrigated 2280. |
| 24 | Jerusalem artichoke | / | About 3000 | 495-723 |
| 25 | Any of several broadleaf plants lotus root | / | 1000-1400 | 344-517 |
| 26 | Chinese yam | / | 2500-4500, by kind type large and small and decide. | 602-904 |
| 27 | Konjaku | 30 | 2000-2600 | 495-681 |
| 28 | Mung bean | 30 mesophytes classes | 8000-15000 | 1150-1379 |
| 29 | Red bean | 25-30 | 10,000-2.5 ten thousand, with becoming sowing season. | 1379-1718 |
| 30 | The cowpea rice bean | 30 | 10,000-2.5 ten thousand, look sowing season and become. | 1150-1718 |
| 31 | Sunflower | / | 2000-3000 | 495-723 |
| 32 | Ginger | 30 | 5000 | 635-952 |
| 33 | Safflower | 30 | 1.2 ten thousand-1.5 ten thousand | 1150-1379 |
| 34 | Earth almona | 25-30 | 1.5 ten thousand-2.5 ten thousand caves, every cave 1-2. | 1718-1900 |
| 35 | Stevia rebaudianum | 30 (cottage propagations) | 8000-10000 | 1150-1336 |
| 36 | Peppermint | 30 | 40,000-50,000, branch Western and China seed is arranged. | 1718-1900 |
| 37 | Land for growing field crops flowers, nursery stock | 15-20 (nursery stock) 25-30 (flowers) | Line-spacing＜15 centimetre, | 2688 |
| 15 centimetres～20 centimetres of line-spacings | 1718-2280 | |||
| 25 centimetres～30 centimetres of line-spacings | 1154-1379 | |||
| 40 centimetres of line-spacings | 872 | |||
| 60 centimetres of line-spacings | 590 | |||
| 80 centimetres of line-spacings | 450 | |||
| 38 | Land for growing field crops melon dish, grow seedlings | 15 (growing seedlings) 30 (melon dish) | Grow seedlings | 2668 |
| 20 centimetres of line-spacings | 1718 | |||
| 25 centimetres of line-spacings | 1379 | |||
| 30 centimetres～40 centimetres of line-spacings | 872-1154 | |||
| 50 centimetres～60 centimetres of line-spacings | 590-704 | |||
| 30 centimetres of line-spacings | 450 |
Annotate; * most of annual one-tenth perennial root herbaceous plant, the 70-80% of its root system is distributed in the plow layer of 0-30cm more, reaches about 30cm promptly enough so counterdie is provided with the degree of depth.
The L/G partial reference size table * of table 2, furrow type " shop fixtures "
(continuous table 2)
| ????L | ????68 | ????68 | ????68 | ????68 | ?206 | ?220 | ?220 | ?208 | ?70-80 | ?113-133 |
| G (centimetre) | ????68 | ???132 | ????22 | ????52 | ??58 | ??48 | ??46 | ??32 | ???30 | ????30 |
| ????L | ????50 | ????50 | ????60 | ????60 | 120 | ?80 | ?70 | ?90 | ?50 | ?40 |
| G (centimetre) | ????50 | ???130 | ????60 | ????40 | ?60 | 120 | ?30 | ?30 | ?30 | ?20 |
Annotate: L is a row spacing in the table, and G is a furrow width.The coupling of L/G and concrete numerical value, ever-changing; Should decide according to intercropping, cover (mixing) kind, summer sowing, crop rotation and local climate situation, as the area of arid short of rain, the ratio of L in (L+G) needs big, to increase the runoff yield face.
" making multiple holes in fields " among the present invention, be meant with specific purpose tool shown in Figure 6 on the piece of the field of raise crop, press " making multiple holes in fields " hole count shown in the table 1, generally punching between crop, in the hole, fill in some root-wrapping materials [1] then, thus reach catchment, the purpose of suction and water conservation.Fig. 6 (1) is the schematic perspective view of making multiple holes in fields card punch, and Fig. 6 (2) is the lateral projection of punching mouth, and after " making multiple holes in fields " water saving cultivation technique is popularized in an all-round way in the future, but the machinery of design specialized punches.1 is the punching mouth among Fig. 6, steel, and pointed nose is solid, and the rear end can be hollow; The 2nd, the lonely shape back of the body is protruding, and radius of curvature R=15 centimetre make the aperture of beating can be lower than the horizon, are convenient to catchment; The 3rd, step iron plate, perpendicular with the center line of punching mouth, be convenient to exert all one's strength; The 4th, dress is the hole of (handle), and aperture φ 40-45mm, hole are high 5 centimetres; The 5th, wood is (handle); The 6th, handle, thickness can be held with a firm grip with hand and is advisable, the about φ 40mm of its diameter; L 〉=33 centimetre; α=180 °-β+γ are got β=150 °～155 ° here, and γ=20 are α=45 °～50 ° ° then; D overlooks width for the punching mouth, its value so that the volume V in the hole of getting=(S * L)/3＞0.002 meter
3(2000ml) be advisable, S is the sectional area of punching mouth rear end here, and it equals (13 cm x d centimetres), this routine d=15 centimetre.
Embodiment:
1, with the making multiple holes in fields card punch by table 1 requirement hole count, in the punching of the field of raise crop, during punching, should use impulse force, and make hole and inclination angle, the ground level left and right sides at 45, aperture suitable by north, can avoid sun direct projection like this, the minimizing water evaporates; Aperture and ground intersection will be lower than the horizon, so that compile runoff behind the rain, to make full use of the precipitation of the Nature favor (endogenous).
2, the distribution of hole in the field is like this, if crop is succeeding planting, two row crops unification round then, the adjacent two rounds certain distance that need stagger mutually in order to the acting surface of expanded hole to the crops, also can increase the cut set ability of hole to rainwater, as shown in Figure 7.If the hole count of making multiple holes in fields during up to per 1/15 hectare (mu) 2668, then can be undertaken by every square metre of pattern of making a call to 4 holes, as Fig. 8.1 is the hole among Fig. 7; The 2nd, crop; L=1-1.5 rice, L
1=L/2 rice.1 is the hole among Fig. 8; The 2nd, the field piece of being a farmer; L=1 rice; L
1=1/2 meter, L
2=1/4 meter.
3, after the hole is accomplished fluently, then in each hole, fill in 0.001 (one thousandth) rice
3More than, have the root-wrapping material of powerful suction, water retaining function, require to fill at the bottom of the hole.Water filling in the hole then till filling, can be with fertilizer simultaneously in water, chemical fertilizer concentration is no more than 5/1000ths, generally grasps 2/1000ths-three, and the thin night soil of converting water more than 4 times is crossed in also available fermentation.Managing (as with grass group) at last covers the aperture, reduces water evaporates.
4, in the great drought, the hole count of " making multiple holes in fields " can enlarge 1.2 times on the basis of former higher limit, but if this value surpasses 2668 (individual) hole, then exceeds to get 2668, promptly is equivalent to every square metre of 4 holes.
Effect and advantage:
1, catchments.Increased the roughness on the face of land after the punching,, and can compile runoff behind the rain, played 1718 holes calculating, the volume in hole＞3.44 meter by 1/15 hectare (mu) so can slow down and reduce runoff behind the rain
3, since import water in the hole also can be around the hole infiltration part, the historical facts or anecdotes border amount of damming per 1/15 hectare (mu) but this 6-8 rice
3
2, water saving, joint fertilizer.Water, fertilizer is simultaneously in the hand-hole owing to filled in the root-wrapping material that powerful suction, water retaining function are arranged in the hole, so evaporate, seepage seldom.Water, fertilizer near rhizosphere, are equivalent to feed " face " lining of plant again, so availability is very high, not only economize on water but also save fertile.With this method drought resisting, per 1/15 hectare (mu) had 2-8 rice in every month
3Water just can, the day of great drought, also be no more than 12 meters
3" making multiple holes in fields " suppresses, proposes the effect of moisture in the soil in addition to soil.
3, adaptation is wide.Before the crop field planting (best), or, all can carry out the operation of " making multiple holes in fields " on demand, very big adaptability was arranged on the time in arbitrary stage that the field planting ensuing crop grows; Method is simple, can get on the job with indigenous methods, and promote the use of in the rural area that is fit to China and developing country, and the scope of application is very wide on the space; This method all is suitable for for the dry farming that per 1/15 hectare of (mu) density surpasses 1000 strains in addition, so use object also very wide.
4, non-environmental-pollution." making multiple holes in fields " water saving cultivation technique meets the requirement of " sustainable development ", because fill in the root-wrapping material in the hole, can improve the soil, and makes it granular structureization.
" biofilm ", " shop fixtures " and " making multiple holes in fields " three should organically be used in combination, and have better effect, and particularly both be used in combination of back all can be realized with suiting measures to local conditions.After the efficient comprehensive water-saving culture technique of biofilm shop fixtures one making multiple holes in fields is popularized in an all-round way in the future, but design specialized machinery is finished their work that is provided with; Laying counterdie then can implement by the way of spraying plastic resin solution.
List of references
[1] Feng Jinchen, cloudy bright far away, Feng Zheng, economic forest root-base water-saving cultivation series technique, patent publication No.: 9881, " Gazette of Patent for Invention ", 1998 the 17th phases.
Claims (5)
1, the efficient comprehensive water-saving culture technique of biofilm shop fixtures one making multiple holes in fields
The efficient comprehensive water-saving culture technique of biofilm shop fixtures one making multiple holes in fields, be a kind ofly be mainly used in the water saving of high planting density dry farming, the efficient low-consume that catchments is cultivated new system, reach " making multiple holes in fields " three parts by " biofilm ", " shop fixtures " and form.The present get " extension ", " shop ", " all over " the prefix of phonetic alphabet, be called for short " the efficient comprehensive water-saving culture technique of GPB " or " GPB method ".It is characterized in that being applicable to the dry farming of planting density greater than per 1/15 hectare of (mu) 1000 strain, be particularly suitable on the land for growing field crops, planting density is greater than dry farming grain, cotton and oil of per 1/15 hectare of (mu) 5000 strain and the cultivation of other economic crops, it can store up summer rain, the winter snows collection of natural supply (endogenous) on the one hand, for the usefulness of next year spring sowing, summer work; The aspect has not only realized the qualitative change from " irrigated soil " to " irrigated crop " when utilizing the allogenic water resource to irrigate in addition, also leaps " foundation irrigation ", makes limited freshwater resources, obtains the utilization of fullest on agricultural.This method can go up method and start, and can promote the use of in the rural area, vast drought-hit area of China and developing country.
2, biofilm
" biofilm " in the claim " the 1. efficient comprehensive water-saving culture technique of biofilm shop fixtures one making multiple holes in fields " refers to two kinds of situations:
(1) (the hanging down) of hills terraced fields straight wall hanging covers plastic film.If α is the sun altitude of sun lights to the terraced fields plane, β is the inclination angle of sun lights to the straight wall of terraced fields, easily see β=(90 °-α).If the somewhere, summer α=60 °, β=30 ° then; And winter α=30 °, β=60 ° then, promptly the intensity of illumination of the straight wall sun of terraced fields this moment such as summer the terraced fields plane intensity of illumination; Also have strong north wind the winters in the many areas of China, and the water evaporates amount of the straight wall of terraced fields increases on foot during visible winter, thus cover plastic film at the straight wall hanging of hills terraced fields, very necessary.Its function of catchmenting in addition on the other hand because midsummer to late fall at night temperature often reduce to below the dew point, then should " biofilm " plastic film, airborne moisture content aggegation can be got up for the usefulness of irrigated crop.
For implementing should " biofilm " should to select for use thick 0.1 millimeter, wide 800 centimetres canopy (farming) film, drop films is arranged for cheaply counting here usable intensity higher H DPE or LLDPE polyethylene.Then by required coverage rate size bonding, on four limits of coverage rate direction, glue about φ 10mm rope each one, in case tear mashed film; Opposite one side, every discrepancy in elevation 1.5-2 rice, sticking press mold plastic tape.Intend the straight wall of terraced fields of overlay film, must remove weeds on the wall, grass roots or tree root in advance,, answer spraying herbicide such as trefanocide etc. if weeds are more.During overlay film, earlier in edge, terraced fields straight wall upper end, dig a firming ditch, dark, wide equal about 20 centimetres, rope that then will the film upper end glues and film edge are imbedded in the soil in the ditch entirely, and fill and lead up it; There is collecting ditch the film lower end, and wide, deeply all about 25 centimetres, bottom of trench shop film require smooth and some inclination of bottom of trench for this reason, and the delivery port place will hang down, and aiming at the delivery port place has individual collection (storage) the water altar that is embedded in the soil; The film lower end is lived with soil pressure, and soil layer is wide 25 centimetres, thick about 10 centimetres, like a weir, requires the rope that glue the film lower end is imbedded in the soil, and the film edge is not exposed at the soil layer outside; Each fixes a cement column on the both sides of the straight wall of terraced fields then, 8 centimetres of column section 10 cm x, in 6 millimeters reinforcing bar 3-4 of diameter root is arranged, and every discrepancy in elevation 1.5-2 rice will stay an eyelet or prominent hook on the column, be used to bundle the press mold plastic tape; In addition, when bonding this plastic film, two intermembranous laterally sticking connection should be pressed a ground to glue for one and take it by the downwind of the wind that often has local winter; Easily see the Way out of collecting ditch, also should place following public attention of down wind.
(2) second of " biofilm " kind of situation is to hang to cover plastic film on the back wall in the booth of anti-season melon dish.At first can keep off the cold air that the back wall penetrates, increase canopy chamber heat insulating ability; Temperature in the daytime booth, humidity are all very high in addition, and one at dusk and at night, and canopy temperature descends, very fast this arrives dew point, at this moment, should steam aggegation unnecessary in the booth will be got up by " biofilm " plastic film, thereby reduced the humidity in the booth, reduced damage by disease and insect; Also these " dew " can be preserved, after sterilizing, supply the usefulness of irrigated crop.If at the back side of this film (pasting the side of booth north wall wall), brushing " HIPS plastics silver gray coating " then should " biofilm " can also play reflection action, and it can obviously strengthen the intensity of illumination in low light level district, north side, canopy chamber and improve the canopy room temperature.
For implementing to be somebody's turn to do " biofilm ", should select for use thick 0.06-0.08mm, wide 800 centimetres HDPE or LLDPE that the polyethylene film of dripping is arranged, bonding by required coverage rate size then, in the upper end of coverage rate direction, glue one in rope about φ 10mm, the usefulness when making biofilm.Behind the sticking connection of this plastic film, before extension covers, still need and carry out the following processing of giving: at first embrocate " metronidazole " pulvis in the film front, common have embrocate metronidazole on the drop films after, the water droplet that condenses in film is flowed down along film rapidly, keep the good reflection action of face, the water droplet of can also sterilizing, therefore the trouble that water droplet is not had catch an illness can be used for crop irrigation by relieved " dew " with institute's collection; Follow at the film back side (the wall side after being covered in booth), equably brushing one deck " HIPS plastics silver gray coating.The prescription of this coating is as follows: (by weight proportion):
Cellulose nitrate modified thermoplastic propylene 50;
Acid resin solution (solids content 30%) floats type aluminum paste 3.5;
The special-purpose mixed solvent 46.5 of HIPS adds up to 100.
During overlay film, first both sides of wall upper end behind booth, each fixes a Reinforced hook (φ 6-8mm), be used to bundle and the stressed membrane upper end glue into rope; After film hangs up, hammering into U-shaped reinforcing bar (about φ 5mm) on the wall behind the booth again, requiring it, do not falling down, about space D=4 meter so that hold film across rope both sides, film upper end; There is collecting ditch the film lower end, about 25 centimetres of furrow widths, and dark about 20 centimetres, bottom of trench shop film requires bottom of trench smooth and will tilt slightly along the sticking direction of film for this reason, and the delivery port place will hang down, and there is individual collection (storage) the water altar that is embedded in the soil at aligning delivery port place; At last, the film lower end will be lived with soil pressure, and soil layer is wide 25 centimetres, thick about 10 centimetres, like a weir.
3, shop fixtures
" shop fixtures " in the claim " the 1. efficient comprehensive water-saving culture technique of biofilm shop fixtures one making multiple holes in fields " refers to the counterdie soverlay technique:
Many arid areas short of rain because the seepage loss, make the rare precipitation of produce effects several times in 1 year (＞10mm/d), leak into very soon in the soil layer below 2 meters, become the unserviceable non-available water of root system.Especially to the sand of retaining poor performance, the seepage loss is even more serious.For addressing this problem, can be under plow layer, layer overlay thickness is not less than the PE plastic film of 0.05mm, the laying degree of depth is regarded thing root system situation as and is decided, overlapping (overlap joint) 10-20 centimetre between contiguous two films, the plastic film overlap joint shop wide more than 150 centimetres of should adopting that area is big is covered, and sees that easily film is wide more, and its availability is high more; Narrow ditch then can adopt the plastic film of respective width to cover the shop separately.About 10 years service life, the thick more term of validity of film is long more.The relevant technologies index sees Table 1.
According to whole ground situation, following several embodiment is arranged:
(1) flat type counterdie culture underglass technology
A, cut soil and dig: cut soil according to Different Crop by the degree of depth shown in the table 1, and with this topsoil dig put other in addition.
B, shop film overlap joint: layer is cut the earth when reaching the length of certain width and requirement by institute, evens and spread bottom of trench out cover suitable width plastic film, overlaps 10-20 centimetre between the two adjacent films, with antiseep.
Earthing on c, the film: remove the rigid foreign material in the topsoil of digging originally, prevent to break plastic film, soil is struck (powder) broken after, just reply and cover on institute's paving plastic film; Before not spread counterdie, the lap width of adjacent two films all will be reserved in the counterdie both sides, will stay the limit of 45 centimeter length (wide) around the last counterdie, so that attach mutually with the ridge inwall more.
D, build that the ridge is anti-lets out: generally cultivate and to have built ridge high about 12 centimetres earlier around planting the district,, make the ideal of " a slit bamboo or chopped wood sky is caught in a square field " precipitation of rainfed farming, can further realize in order to avoid this cultivates the precipitation outflow of planting the district.This entreat plant the intact counterdie of district's middle berth after, just stay 45 centimetres of long plastic films at last with around the counterdie more, behind the intact soil of the counterdie loam cake around the attached inwall that overlays on ridge, inwall,, be advisable in the film upper end with the native top that is pressed on ridge just as far as possible with the film tension.
E, the smooth face of land: cultivate and plant after the district covered counterdie, cover soil, should be in time native smooth with showing.For terraced fields, require to be parallel to isocontour terraced fields center line, be lower than the terraced fields surface of center line both sides, form the V font structure at 5 °～10 ° at inclination angle, both sides, to alleviate the runoff impulsive force of terraced fields along contour outside ridge.
(2) furrow type counterdie culture underglass technology
In this embodiment and this claim " (1). flat type counterdie culture underglass technology " difference, only be ditch middle berth counterdie (plastic film that thick 0.05mm is above), covering film on the face of ridge, mulch film can be selected HDPE or the LLDPE ultrathin membrane of the suitable thick 0.006-0.008mm of width for use.The laying depth D of counterdie and row spacing L, furrow width G, see Table respectively 1 with table 2 corresponding data.High both sides was low in the middle of the ridge face required, and inclination alpha is got about 10 °, or builds up arch ridge face.Its concrete operations step is:
A, fertilising deep ploughing: desire the field of shop fixtures film, plough comprehensively, the degree of depth is the D in the table 1; Preferably use sufficient base manure before the deep ploughing.
B, ditching, ridging: according to the plan of this field piece crop-planting, decision L and G perform mark then on the field, by L, the G width ditching, ridging (last ridge face is at most than the high 2-5 of ground level centimetre) of required shape and requirement, the Commonly Used Size of L and G and coupling see Table 2.
C, ditch shop fixtures film: when soil layer digs required width, length and the degree of depth in the ditch, bottom of trench should be evened and spread out the plastic film that is laminated with suitable width, the both sides of film act in accordance with furrow bank and upwards turn over subsides, and are high more than 20 centimetres, so that can accumulate the above precipitation of 200mm.
D, ridge lid mulch film: earlier at ridge face spray herbicide, the ultrathin membrane with proper width covers the ridge face again, requires these film both sides to hang from above along furrow bank downwards, covers the outside of counterdie in the ditch, length with can with counterdie in the ditch on turn over to overlap and get final product about 2 centimetres.The formed runoff yield face of such ridge face can make invalid precipitation (＜5.0mm/d comprises dew) and little effect precipitation (5.0mm-10.0mm/d) produce runoff, and the precipitation that is originally invalid or little effect also can be preserved among gathering ground (ditch).
E, shop root-wrapping material: the place of economic condition permission, should spread a bed thickness 5-10 centimetre root-wrapping material on the bottom of trench counterdie
[1], financial resources powerhouse can spread thicklyer for well, so that can use for many years continuously with long-acting type root-wrapping material commonly used.
F, earthing and smooth: remove the rigid foreign material in the topsoil of digging in the original ditch, prevent to break counterdie, it is broken soil to be struck (powder), replys on the counterdie that covers in the ditch; The surface of overburden soil in the smooth then hyposulculus makes the ditch dual-side along being lower than 1-2 centimetre at edge, ridge, is beneficial to preserve rainwater.
G, build that the ridge is anti-lets out: generally cultivate and to have built ridge high about 12 centimetres earlier around planting the district,, make the ideal of " a slit bamboo or chopped wood sky is caught in a square field " precipitation of rainfed farming, can further realize in order to avoid this cultivates the precipitation outflow of planting the district.After this cultivates the intact counterdie of the ditch middle berth of planting the district, the counterdie two ends are stayed more be about 45 centimetres, so that the attached inwall that overlays on two ridge behind the intact soil of inwall upper base membrane cover, should make the film upper end be pressed on the top of ridge with soil as far as possible with the film tension.
(3) the two film mulching and planting technology of furrow type
This embodiment be saved in this claim " (2). furrow type counterdie culture underglass technology " the 5th step, increased that step of groove face covering film; All the other both just the same.So its operating procedure is:
A ,-d, fully with the cycle and taking corresponding operation of " furrow type counterdie culture underglass technology ".
E, earthing and shaping: remove the rigid foreign material in the topsoil of digging in the original ditch, prevent to break counterdie, it is broken soil to be struck (powder), replys on the counterdie that covers in the ditch; The soil of the superiors will be pulverized very carefully, so that then its surface can be built up arch (need not compacting), the edge of arch will be lower than 1-2 centimetre at edge, ridge.
F, groove face covering film: earlier at the groove face spray herbicide, the ultrathin membrane that will be slightly less than the ditch width then covers on the arcuate surface of ditch, makes these covering with plastic film both sides and limes marginis leave 1 centimetre of distance between left and right, is convenient to catchment when raining heavyly.
G, build that the ridge is anti-lets out: fully with the operation in " furrow type counterdie culture underglass technology ".Counterdie and mulch film in above three kinds of embodiments of " shop fixtures " all are to cover in the anniversary.Table 1, " shop fixtures " catchment with " making multiple holes in fields ", the tables of data of water-saving culture
Sequence number Crop title * Counterdie is laid depth D (cm) 1/15 hectare of (mu) planting density (strain) 1/15 hectare of (mu) " making multiple holes in fields " hole count (individual)
1 Wheat 25 About 150,000 Great drought 2668; Middle drought 2280.
2 Barley 30 About 200,000 Great drought 2668; Middle drought 2280.
3 Soybean 25 20,000-40,000, with becoming planting season. More than 30,000 strains, 1810; 2-3 ten thousand strains, 1718.
4 Peas 25 10,000-40,000 2.5 more than ten thousand strains, 1718; 1-2.5 ten thousand strains, 1045.
5 Broad bean 30 8000-1 ten thousand Line-spacing is less than 25,1379; Line-spacing is greater than 25,1242.
6 Corn 30 3500-4000 568-856
7 Upland rice 25 130,000 are advisable 2280
8 The paddy rice drought is planted 25-30 130,000-250,000 Ditch kind paddy rice, ridge kind beans, 2668.
9 Sweet potato / 3,000-5,000, with becoming planting season. 635-952
10 Potato / 6000, should every strain stay the 2-3 stem. 693-1041
11 Cotton 30 (seedling raising and transplanting) 3,000-6,000, decide on soil fertility. 723-1198
12 Rape 30 1.5 ten thousand-2.5 ten thousand, decide on level land or mountain area. More than 20,000 strains, below 1718:2 ten thousand strains, 1379.
13 Sesame 25 6,000-1.5 ten thousand, look the change of plant type and planting season. 6,000-8,000 strains, 1150:8 thousand-1.5 ten thousand pearl, 1379.
14 Peanut 30 1.8 ten thousand-2.5 ten thousand, look geographical conditions, planting season and become. ????1379-1431
Continuous table 1, " shop fixtures " catchment with " making multiple holes in fields ", the tables of data of water-saving culture
Sequence number Crop title * Counterdie is laid depth D (cm) 1/15 hectare of (mu) planting density (strain) 1/15 hectare of (mu) " making multiple holes in fields " hole count (individual)
15 Ramie 30 (shallow root types) The 1000-1500 tabernaemontanus bulrush 356-534
16 Yellow, bluish dogbane 25 Bluish dogbane 1.5 ten thousand-20,000; Jute 20,000-2.5 ten thousand. 1379-1718
17 Sugarcane 30 4000-3000 bar productive tiller 798-1198
18 Tobacco / About 1300 333-500
19 Chinese sorghum / 4,000-10,000, retinal rod height, short and become. 856-1336
20 Grain (millet) 30 2.5 ten thousand-70,000 1718-2280
21 Broomcorn millet (millet) 25 40,000-50,000 1718-2280
22 Job's tears 30 40,000-50,000 1718-2280
23 Buckwheat 30-35 80,000-160,000, bunch planting and drilling. Great drought 2668: middle non-irrigated 2280.
24 Jerusalem artichoke / About 3000 495-723
25 Any of several broadleaf plants lotus root / 1000-1400 344-517
26 Chinese yam / 2500-4500, by kind refreshing type large and small and decide. 602-904
27 Konjaku 30 2000-2600 495-681
28 Mung bean 30 mesophytes classes 8000-15000 1150-1379
29 Red bean 25-30 10,000-2.5 ten thousand, with becoming sowing season. 1379-1718
30 The cowpea rice bean 30 10,000-2.5 ten thousand, look sowing season and become. 1150-1718
31 Sunflower / 2000-3000 495-723
32 Ginger 30 5000 635-952
33 Safflower 30 1.2 ten thousand-1.5 ten thousand 1150-1379
34 Earth almona 25-30 1.5 ten thousand-2.5 ten thousand caves, every cave 1-2. 1718-1900
35 Stevia rebaudianum 30 (breedings of skewer rice) 8000-10000 1150-1336
36 Peppermint 30 40,000-50,000, branch Western and China seed is arranged. 1718-1900
37 Land for growing field crops flowers, nursery stock 15-20 (nursery stock) 25-30 (flowers) Line-spacing＜15 centimetre 2688
15 centimetres～20 centimetres of line-spacings 1718-2280
25 centimetres～30 centimetres of line-spacings 1154-1379
40 centimetres of line-spacings 872
60 centimetres of line-spacings 590
80 centimetres of line-spacings 450
38 Land for growing field crops melon dish, grow seedlings 15 (growing seedlings) 30 (melon dish) Grow seedlings 2668
20 centimetres of line-spacings 1718
25 centimetres of line-spacings 1379
30 centimetres～40 centimetres of line-spacings 872-1154
50 centimetres～60 centimetres of line-spacings 590-704
80 centimetres of line-spacings 450
Annotate: the most of annual or perennial root herbaceous plant of *, the 70-80% of its root system is distributed in the plow layer of 0-30cm more, reaches about 30cm promptly enough so counterdie is provided with the degree of depth.
The L/G partial reference size table * of table 2, furrow type " shop fixtures "
????L ????68 ????68 ????68 ????68 ???206 ???220 ???220 ???208 ?70-80 ?113-133
G (centimetre) ????68 ????132 ????22 ????52 ????58 ????48 ????46 ????32 ????30 ????30
(continuous table 2)
????L ????50 ????50 ????60 ????60 ?120 ????80 ????70 ????90 ????50 ????40
G (centimetre) ????50 ???130 ????60 ????40 ??60 ???120 ????30 ????30 ????30 ????20
Annotate: L is a row spacing in the table, and G is a furrow width.The coupling of L/G and concrete numerical value, ever-changing; Should decide according to intercropping, cover (mixing) kind, multiple cropping, crop rotation and local climate situation, as the area of arid short of rain, the ratio of L in (L+G) needs big, to increase the runoff yield face.
4, making multiple holes in fields
" making multiple holes in fields " in the claim " the 1. efficient comprehensive water-saving culture technique of biofilm shop fixtures one making multiple holes in fields " is meant that the volume in hole is wanted＞0.002 meter with the generally punching between the crop on the piece of field of making multiple holes in fields card punch
3, in the hole, fill in some root-wrapping materials then, thus this to catchment, the purpose of suction and water conservation.Concrete implementation step is as follows:
(1) with the making multiple holes in fields card punch by table 1 requirement hole count, in the punching of the field of raise crop, during punching, should use impulse force, and make hole and inclination angle, the ground level left and right sides at 45, aperture suitable by north, can avoid sun direct projection like this, the minimizing water evaporates; Aperture and ground intersection will be lower than the horizon, so that compile runoff behind the rain, to make full use of the precipitation of the Nature favor (endogenous).
(2) distribution of hole in the field is like this, if crop is succeeding planting, two row crops unification round then, pitch-row 1-1.5 rice, the adjacent two rounds certain distance that need stagger mutually in order to the acting surface of expanded hole to the crops, also can increase the cut set ability of hole to rainwater.If during 2668 of hole counts of making multiple holes in fields high this per 1/15 hectare (mu), then can be undertaken by every square metre of pattern of making a call to 4 holes.For the crop on the ridge, also can realize the making multiple holes in fields processing in the staggered punching in the both sides on ridge.
(3) after the hole is accomplished fluently, then in each hole, fill in 0.001 (one thousandth) rice
3More than, have the root-wrapping material of powerful suction, water retaining function, require to fill at the bottom of the hole.Water filling in the hole then till filling, can be with fertilizer simultaneously in water, chemical fertilizer concentration must not surpass 5/1000ths, generally grasps 2/1000ths-three, and the thin night soil of converting water more than 4 times is crossed in also available fermentation.Managing (as with grass group) at last covers the aperture, reduces water evaporates.
(4) in the great drought, the hole count of " making multiple holes in fields " can enlarge 1.2 times on the basis of former higher limit, but if this value surpasses 2668 (individual) hole, then exceeds to get 2668, promptly is equivalent to every square metre of 4 holes.
5, prompting
According to claim " 2, biofilm ", " 3, the shop fixtures " briefing with " 4, making multiple holes in fields ", we submit to the user to note:
(1) " biofilm ", " shop fixtures ", " making multiple holes in fields " three should organically be used in combination, and have better effect, and particularly both be used in combination of back all can be realized with suiting measures to local conditions.
(2) after the efficient comprehensive water-saving culture technique of biofilm shop fixtures one making multiple holes in fields is popularized in an all-round way in the future, but design specialized machinery is finished their work of not putting; Also can implement and lay counterdie by the way of spraying plastic resin solution.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB981067956A CN1197451C (en) | 1998-04-10 | 1998-04-10 | High-efficiency water-saving wall and cultivation technology of laying out mulch film at wall and bottom and making multiple holes in fields |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB981067956A CN1197451C (en) | 1998-04-10 | 1998-04-10 | High-efficiency water-saving wall and cultivation technology of laying out mulch film at wall and bottom and making multiple holes in fields |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1209264A true CN1209264A (en) | 1999-03-03 |
| CN1197451C CN1197451C (en) | 2005-04-20 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CNB981067956A Expired - Fee Related CN1197451C (en) | 1998-04-10 | 1998-04-10 | High-efficiency water-saving wall and cultivation technology of laying out mulch film at wall and bottom and making multiple holes in fields |
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| CN (1) | CN1197451C (en) |
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| CN102067752A (en) * | 2010-09-29 | 2011-05-25 | 成松桥 | Perforation water storage method for improving stratum water storage capacity, increasing groundwater resources and preventing drought |
| CN103404335A (en) * | 2013-07-30 | 2013-11-27 | 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所 | Method for storing moisture and preventing drought in dry farming spring corn area |
| CN103636381A (en) * | 2013-11-29 | 2014-03-19 | 张忠福 | Micro-ridge film-covering hole sowing water-saving cultivation method for closely planted crops in irrigation areas |
| CN104920018A (en) * | 2015-05-27 | 2015-09-23 | 邓万超 | Sugarcane planting method for increasing sugar content of sugarcane |
| CN105075611A (en) * | 2015-08-21 | 2015-11-25 | 邱文娟 | Konjak plastic film mulching cultivating method |
| CN105123255A (en) * | 2015-10-21 | 2015-12-09 | 山东棉花研究中心 | Cotton-green bean inter-planting high-yield high-efficiency planting mode |
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- 1998-04-10 CN CNB981067956A patent/CN1197451C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| CN102067752A (en) * | 2010-09-29 | 2011-05-25 | 成松桥 | Perforation water storage method for improving stratum water storage capacity, increasing groundwater resources and preventing drought |
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| CN103636381A (en) * | 2013-11-29 | 2014-03-19 | 张忠福 | Micro-ridge film-covering hole sowing water-saving cultivation method for closely planted crops in irrigation areas |
| CN104920018A (en) * | 2015-05-27 | 2015-09-23 | 邓万超 | Sugarcane planting method for increasing sugar content of sugarcane |
| CN105075611A (en) * | 2015-08-21 | 2015-11-25 | 邱文娟 | Konjak plastic film mulching cultivating method |
| CN105123255A (en) * | 2015-10-21 | 2015-12-09 | 山东棉花研究中心 | Cotton-green bean inter-planting high-yield high-efficiency planting mode |
| CN106069016A (en) * | 2016-06-16 | 2016-11-09 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院经济作物研究所 | A kind of cultural method of spring planting sugarcane interplanting sweet potato |
| CN106258815A (en) * | 2016-08-08 | 2017-01-04 | 浙江省水利河口研究院 | A kind of water-saving and yield-increasing making full use of natural rainfall reduces discharging rice irrigation method |
| CN106386301A (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2017-02-15 | 合山市丰鑫农机专业合作社 | Paddy rice planting method with easy irrigation |
| CN106386301B (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2019-05-14 | 合山市丰鑫农机专业合作社 | It is easy to the paddy rice planting method irrigated |
| CN106717773A (en) * | 2016-11-22 | 2017-05-31 | 邱逸奎 | Receive the shallow agricultural climate condition for corn method of root crop |
| CN106688800A (en) * | 2017-01-09 | 2017-05-24 | 广东安元矿业勘察设计有限公司 | Novel tailing pond moisture and fertilizer retention land reclamation process |
| CN107318457A (en) * | 2017-09-04 | 2017-11-07 | 张德龙 | A kind of Chinese yam interplants the implantation methods of potato |
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